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Microbial art

Microbial art, also known as agar art or germ art, is a form of bioart that involves culturing living microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and fungi on nutrient-rich agar medium within petri dishes to create intricate, evolving patterns and images.^[1]^[2] These designs emerge over days as the microbes replicate and produce pigments, resulting in dynamic, living artworks that blend scientific precision with artistic expression.^[3] Unlike traditional painting, microbial art is temporary and biological, often destroyed after viewing to prevent contamination, and it highlights the aesthetic potential of microscopic life.^[4]^[1] The practice traces its origins to the early 20th century, with Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming pioneering "germ paintings" in the 1920s and 1940s by arranging pigmented bacteria and molds on agar or blotting paper to depict scenes like buildings and bacteriophages.^[3]^[4] Fleming's works, created as personal curiosities, were not widely exhibited until rediscovered in later decades, marking the intersection of microbiology and visual art.^[1] The field expanded in the late 20th century alongside the bioart movement, incorporating genetic engineering and bioluminescence, but it gained mainstream recognition in 2015 through the American Society for Microbiology's (ASM) annual Agar Art Contest, which now attracts international participants from over 30 countries.^[4]^[3] Creating microbial art requires sterile laboratory techniques to ensure safety and control, typically starting with the preparation of agar plates—a jelly-like substance derived from seaweed—infused with nutrients to support microbial growth.^[2] Artists then inoculate the medium using sterilized tools like paintbrushes, loops, or pipettes to streak or arrange non-pathogenic strains, such as Escherichia coli or Serratia marcescens, selected for their natural pigments (e.g., red from prodigiosin or blue from engineered genes).^[1]^[3] The plates are incubated at around 37°C (98.6°F) for 24–72 hours, allowing colonies to multiply and form the image, sometimes enhanced with 3D layering or time-lapse photography for added complexity.^[4]^[2] Safety protocols, including gloves, biosafety cabinets, and autoclaving for disposal, are essential due to the potential risks of using even low-hazard microbes.^[3] Beyond aesthetics, microbial art serves as a powerful tool for science communication and education, demystifying microbes by showcasing their beneficial and creative roles rather than solely their pathogenic associations.^[4] Notable practitioners include artist-scientist Hunter Cole, whose bioluminescent installations like Living Light (2010–2017) explore bacterial communication, and microbiologist Balaram Khamari, whose 2020 ASM entry Microbial Peacock earned second place in the traditional category.^[1] Workshops and contests, such as those hosted by ASM and the Microbe Institute, engage students and the public, fostering creativity while teaching concepts like microbial growth and genetics.^[2]^[3] This interdisciplinary field continues to evolve, incorporating advanced techniques like bioprinting to bridge art, biology, and society.^[4]

Overview and History

Definition and Scope

Microbial art is an artistic practice that involves culturing live microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, or protists, to form intentional patterns and images on nutrient-rich media like agar plates.^[5] This form of bioart leverages the natural growth and reproduction of these organisms to create visual compositions, where the microbes themselves act as the medium, producing colors through their pigments and shapes through controlled proliferation.^[4] The living nature of the artwork is central, as the pieces evolve over time, reflecting dynamic biological processes rather than static representations.^[6] The scope of microbial art encompasses both two-dimensional designs confined to flat surfaces like petri dishes and more expansive three-dimensional installations that incorporate microbial growth into sculptural or architectural forms.^[7] In two-dimensional works, artists typically inoculate agar with pigmented strains to depict landscapes, portraits, or abstract motifs, relying on microbial pigmentation—derived from compounds like carotenoids or melanins—for vibrant hues.^[8] Three-dimensional applications extend this to installations where microbes colonize varied substrates, creating textured, evolving structures that highlight growth dynamics as a formative element.^[9] This breadth allows microbial art to bridge aesthetic expression with scientific inquiry, emphasizing the impermanence and vitality of biological systems.^[10] Microbial art is distinct from broader bioart practices, which may involve living tissues, genetic engineering, or multicellular organisms beyond microorganisms, often addressing ethical or philosophical themes in biotechnology.^[11] Unlike microscopic photography, which documents pre-existing microbial forms through imaging techniques without intervention in their cultivation, microbial art actively designs and directs the growth patterns of the organisms to achieve artistic intent.^[12] These boundaries underscore microbial art's focus on the intentional manipulation of microbial communities for visual and conceptual impact, setting it apart as a specialized intersection of microbiology and creativity.^[13]

Historical Origins

The origins of microbial art trace back to the early 20th century, when Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming began creating "germ paintings" in the 1920s at St. Mary's Hospital in London.^[14] Using a wire loop to inoculate pigmented bacteria onto agar plates or blotting paper immersed in nutrient agar, Fleming produced colorful images such as ballerinas, houses, soldiers, mothers feeding children, and stick-figure scenes, employing species like Staphylococcus albus (white), Staphylococcus aureus (gold), Serratia marcescens (red), Proteus vulgaris (brown), and Sarcina lutea (lemon yellow).^[14] These works represented landscapes and portraits formed by bacterial growth, marking an early fusion of microbiology and visual expression.^[14] Fleming's motivations appear to have been recreational, serving as a hobby to unwind amid his rigorous research, though the exact inspirations remain unclear and may have stemmed from his daily bacterial observations or interactions with artist patients.^[14] Six of his germ paintings were reproduced in André Maurois's 1959 biography of Fleming, highlighting their significance as personal artifacts.^[15] This artistic practice also sharpened Fleming's observational skills, contributing to his 1928 discovery of penicillin through noticing an accidental mold growth inhibiting bacterial colonies in a petri dish.^[14] He presented his technique formally at the Second International Congress for Microbiology in London in 1936, providing one of the earliest documented scientific discussions of microbial imagery.^[4] Following World War II, microbial art emerged more prominently in scientific visualization, with researchers documenting bacterial colony patterns for educational and analytical purposes.^[4] By the 1970s and 1980s, it evolved into intentional artistic exploration, particularly through the work of Israeli physicist Eshel Ben-Jacob, who in the late 1980s began studying self-organizing patterns in Paenibacillus species grown on agar plates.^[4] Ben-Jacob enhanced these natural formations—such as branching and swirling designs—with dyes like Coomassie blue for better visualization, framing them as "bacteria art" to illustrate microbial cooperation and complexity.^[4] This period shifted microbial art from mere recreation to a tool for revealing bacterial behaviors. In the 21st century, microbial art gained widespread popularization through online sharing platforms and integration into the broader bioart movement, which emphasizes living materials in creative practices.^[4] The term "agar art" emerged around this time to describe the technique of culturing pigmented microbes on agar for pictorial designs, aligning with increased accessibility via digital communities.^[4] Key events include the first documented exhibitions in the 1990s at scientific conferences, where such works served as outreach to engage audiences with microbiology.^[16]

Scientific Foundations

Microbial Growth and Pigmentation

Microbial culturing relies on nutrient agar, a solidified medium composed of peptone, beef extract, sodium chloride, and agar, which provides essential carbon, nitrogen, and mineral salts to support bacterial proliferation. This jelly-like substrate maintains a semi-solid environment conducive to colony development, typically incubated at 37°C to mimic human body temperature optimal for mesophilic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens.^[17]^[18] Bacterial growth on agar follows distinct phases, beginning with a lag period of adaptation, followed by exponential reproduction through binary fission, where cell numbers double iteratively, leading to visible colony formation as clusters of 10^6 to 10^9 cells aggregate into opaque masses. This exponential phase drives rapid expansion, with colony radii increasing logarithmically until nutrient depletion initiates a stationary phase, after which decline may occur due to waste accumulation. In thin bacterial films, pattern formation often exhibits diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA), where nutrient diffusion from the agar constrains growth at colony edges, producing fractal, branching morphologies akin to dendritic structures observed in Bacillus subtilis biofilms.^[19] Pigmentation in microbes arises from chromogenic compounds synthesized during growth, enabling visible patterns without external dyes. For instance, Serratia marcescens produces prodigiosin, a red tripyrrole pigment secreted into the medium, imparting a vivid crimson hue to colonies under aerobic conditions. Similarly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa generates pyocyanin, a blue-green phenazine derivative that diffuses through the agar, creating teal tones in surrounding areas. These pigments' expression is modulated by environmental factors; neutral to slightly alkaline pH (7.0-8.5) enhances prodigiosin yield in Serratia via optimal biosynthetic activity,^[20] while neutral to alkaline media (pH 7-8) optimize pyocyanin production in Pseudomonas via upregulated phenazine operons, and variations in carbon sources like glucose can suppress or amplify coloration through catabolite repression.^[21]^[22] Colonies become visible after incubation periods of 24 to 72 hours at 37°C, during which initial turbid spots evolve into defined patterns as cell density reaches optical thresholds; for non-pigmented species like E. coli, ultraviolet illumination or Gram staining reveals contours by highlighting cellular structures or metabolic activity. This temporal progression underscores the ephemerality of microbial patterns, as living colonies continuously evolve—expanding, mutating, or senescing within days—rendering the artwork transient and responsive to ongoing biological processes.^[23]^[24]

Safety and Ethical Considerations

Microbial art practitioners typically operate in Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) laboratories when using non-pathogenic bacterial strains, such as non-pathogenic Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis, which pose minimal risk to healthy individuals under standard microbiological practices.^[25] These practices include wearing personal protective equipment like lab coats, gloves, and eye protection; disinfecting workspaces with 70% ethanol or bleach; avoiding mouth pipetting; and ensuring access to handwashing facilities and emergency equipment.^[25] Post-creation, artworks are sterilized via autoclaving at 121°C for at least 15-30 minutes to kill microbes and prevent environmental contamination or accidental release.^[3]^[26] Health risks arise primarily from mishandling, such as aerosolization during inoculation or accidental exposure through cuts or ingestion, potentially leading to infections if pathogenic strains like E. coli O157:H7 are inadvertently used or cross-contaminated.^[27] Although microbial art emphasizes non-pathogenic organisms, guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommend artists follow BSL-1 protocols, including proper waste disposal in biohazard containers and immediate decontamination of spills, to mitigate these hazards.^[28] In educational or community settings, such as school labs, additional supervision ensures compliance to avoid outbreaks.^[3] Ethical considerations in microbial art center on the treatment of living organisms as artistic media, prompting debates about the welfare of microbes as basic life forms and the implications of genetic modification. Bioethicists argue that while microbes lack sentience, their manipulation raises questions of respect for life, akin to broader biotechnology concerns.^[29] Genetic engineering in art, such as inserting fluorescent genes, has sparked "playing God" critiques, highlighting risks of normalizing unchecked human intervention in biology and potential unintended ecological impacts.^[30] Sustainability issues also emerge, as producing artworks requires resources like nutrient agar and energy for incubation, though practices like agar art can promote awareness of microbial roles in environmental sustainability, such as in antimicrobial resistance education.^[31] Preserving microbial artworks presents unique challenges, as living cultures evolve or degrade unlike static media like paint; common methods include photography for documentation or chemical fixation with 2-3.7% formaldehyde for 1 minute to halt growth and maintain visual integrity on agar plates.^[32] Formaldehyde fixation, while effective for species like E. coli and Serratia marcescens, can cause color fading or bacterial loss over time, and its use as a carcinogen raises ethical concerns about toxicity in handling and display, though it enhances biosafety by rendering microbes non-viable.^[32] These approaches balance artistic permanence with responsible disposal, avoiding long-term biohazards. In the 2020s, exhibitions of bioart in the EU and US have increasingly required biohazard disclosures under general laboratory and public health regulations, such as OSHA standards in the US for labeling infectious materials and the EU's Biological Agents Directive (2000/54/EC) for risk assessments, ensuring venues inform visitors of potential microbial residues even in fixed works.

Techniques and Methods

Traditional Agar Art

Traditional agar art employs basic microbiological culturing to produce visual designs on agar plates, using naturally pigmented bacteria as the medium's "paint" to form growing colonies that reveal patterns over time. This hands-on approach relies on standard lab practices without genetic engineering or specialized equipment, emphasizing aseptic technique to prevent contamination while guiding microbial growth into artistic forms.^[33] Essential materials include petri dishes filled with nutrient agar such as brain heart infusion (BHI) or R2A medium, sterile inoculating loops, cotton swabs, or toothpicks for application, and pigmented bacterial strains like Micrococcus luteus for yellow colonies, Bacillus subtilis for cream to brown tones, Serratia marcescens for red, and Chromobacterium violaceum for purple.^[33]^[34]^[4] The process starts with pouring molten agar into petri dishes and allowing it to solidify, creating a transparent canvas. Artists then inoculate the agar surface by streaking or dabbing suspensions of selected bacteria using sterile tools to outline the design, often tracing over a paper template placed beneath the plate for precision. The inoculated plates are sealed with parafilm to maintain sterility and incubated in a warm, dark environment—typically at 30–37°C for 2–5 days—to facilitate colony development and pigment expression without external interference.^[33]^[34]^[4] To achieve intricate patterns, techniques include pointillism-like dotting with swabs for detailed colony clusters, continuous streaking with loops for bold lines, and layering by sequentially applying different strains to overlap colors and create depth in compositions such as landscapes or portraits.^[34]^[4] Variations extend to alternative media like gelatin, which can substitute for agar in homemade or educational setups to support bacterial growth while offering a softer texture.^[35] This method is inherently time-intensive, as artists must wait days for full colony maturation and pattern emergence, and it has gained prominence in educational contexts since the 2010s, notably through initiatives like the American Society for Microbiology's Agar Art Contest launched in 2015.^[36]^[33]

Advanced Bioengineering Approaches

Advanced bioengineering approaches in microbial art leverage synthetic biology to create dynamic, responsive, and visually complex artworks beyond traditional culturing methods. Genetic engineering techniques enable the expression of fluorescent genes in bacterial genomes, allowing artists to produce glowing patterns visible under ultraviolet light. For instance, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, originally derived from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, can be introduced into non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strains via plasmid transformation, as in the pGLO system, resulting in colonies that emit bright green fluorescence when excited by UV radiation.^[37] This approach has been applied in educational and bioart contexts to craft intricate designs, such as landscapes or abstract forms, where bacterial growth reveals luminescent features over time.^[37] Synthetic pigments represent another frontier, where operon modifications engineer novel colors in bacteria, expanding the palette available for microbial art. Metabolic engineering pathways, such as by introducing the full pyocyanin biosynthetic pathway from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including the phenazine operon (phzA1B1C1D1E1F1G1) and modifying genes phzM and phzS, have been implemented in E. coli to produce blue pyocyanin, a phenazine pigment not naturally synthesized by the host.^[38] This approach yields vibrant, water-soluble hues that diffuse through agar media, enabling gradient effects in artworks that mimic watercolor techniques. By tuning promoter strength and pathway flux via synthetic biology tools, artists achieve consistent pigmentation levels, with yields reaching up to 18.8 mg/L in optimized strains, sufficient for scalable petri dish-scale creations.^[39]^[38] Such engineered pigments offer ecological advantages over chemical dyes, as they are biodegradable and derived from renewable microbial sources.^[22] Programmable growth patterns emerge from quorum sensing circuits, which allow bacteria to self-organize into complex morphologies without manual intervention. These synthetic circuits, often based on the LuxI/LuxR system from Vibrio fischeri, enable density-dependent gene expression that propagates signals across populations, forming emergent structures like rings or fractals on agar plates.^[40] Inspired by International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competitions in the 2010s, projects have demonstrated Turing-like pattern formation in E. coli, where oscillating quorum sensing modules create dynamic, evolving designs that respond to environmental cues such as nutrient gradients.^[41] In microbial art, this results in living canvases that "draw" themselves, with patterns resolving over 24-48 hours of incubation, highlighting the intersection of computation and biology.^[42] Hybrid techniques integrate microbes with non-biological elements to produce multidimensional artworks. Combining bacteria with electronics, such as in bacteria-powered displays, utilizes microbial fuel cells where Shewanella oneidensis generates electricity to drive LED patterns, creating interactive bioelectronic installations that light up in response to metabolic activity.^[43] Similarly, 3D bioprinting employs microbial inks—viscous hydrogels laden with engineered cells—to fabricate sculptural forms with embedded pigmentation or fluorescence, achieving resolutions down to 100 μm for intricate, self-sustaining structures.^[44] These methods allow for wearable or architectural-scale art, where printed bacterial consortia metabolize over weeks, altering color or shape in real-time.^[45] Advancements in the 2020s have introduced optogenetics for light-responsive microbial art, enabling external control over cellular behaviors with high spatiotemporal precision. By expressing light-sensitive proteins like channelrhodopsin in bacteria, artists can trigger gene expression cascades using blue or red light pulses, modulating pigment production or motility to form responsive patterns.^[46] For example, optogenetic circuits in E. coli allow illumination-directed assembly of fluorescent aggregates, creating artworks that evolve with projected light patterns, as demonstrated in therapeutic prototypes adaptable to artistic contexts.^[47] This technology, building on microbial photoreceptors, supports non-invasive manipulation, with activation thresholds as low as 1 μW/cm², paving the way for interactive installations that blur biology and digital media.^[48]

Notable Artists and Works

Pioneers

Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), a Scottish physician and microbiologist best known for his 1928 discovery of penicillin, was also an early pioneer in microbial art during the 1920s and 1930s. Working at St. Mary's Hospital in London, Fleming experimented with pigmented bacteria to create artistic images on agar plates, blending scientific observation with creative expression. He produced at least a dozen such works, including depictions of everyday scenes like ballerinas dancing, soldiers marching, and mothers feeding children, as well as abstract designs such as stick figures boxing.^[14]^[49] Fleming's technique involved sketching outlines on blotting paper with a sterile needle, applying different bacterial cultures to create colors—such as yellow from Micrococcus luteus and red from Serratia marcescens—and then pressing the paper onto nutrient agar to transfer the microbes for growth. This method not only demonstrated bacterial pigmentation and growth patterns but also paralleled the controlled culturing he used in his penicillin research, where he observed mold inhibiting bacterial growth on similar plates. His creations, often small-scale (around 4 inches), captured institutional motifs like a Union Jack flag representing St. Mary's Hospital, showcasing how microbial art served as both a hobby and a tool for visualizing scientific phenomena in the pre-digital era.^[14]^[49]^[4] Preceding Fleming's hands-on microbial works, Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), a German biologist and artist, laid conceptual groundwork in the 19th century through intricate illustrations of microorganisms. In his seminal 1904 portfolio Kunstformen der Natur (Art Forms in Nature), Haeckel depicted radiolarians, diatoms, and other microbes with aesthetic precision, emphasizing their symmetrical, baroque-like forms to support evolutionary theory. These hand-drawn lithographs, blending microscopy with artistic stylization, served as precursors to microbial art by highlighting the beauty of invisible life forms long before live bacterial cultures were used creatively.^[50] Building on this tradition in the late 20th century, David Goodsell advanced bacterial visualizations through detailed scientific illustrations that portrayed the internal architecture of microbes. Starting in the 1980s, Goodsell's paintings and digital renderings, such as cross-sections of Escherichia coli cells showing molecular machinery, integrated structural biology data to create immersive, artistic depictions of bacterial environments. His work, featured in resources like the Protein Data Bank, bridged microscopy and illustration to make complex microbial structures accessible, influencing how scientists and artists conceptualize living cells.^[51]^[52] A notable example among Fleming's pieces is his "Guardsman," a 4-inch portrait of a British soldier rendered in pigmented bacteria, which exemplifies how these early works blurred the boundaries between scientific experimentation and visual art in an era without computational tools. By cultivating live microbes to form images, Fleming demonstrated the potential of bacteria as a dynamic medium, where growth patterns and color variations added unpredictability akin to traditional painting.^[53]^[14] The legacy of these pioneers transformed microbial art from a personal pursuit into a recognized pedagogical and expressive tool. Fleming's creations were documented and reproduced in scientific biographies by the late 1950s, such as André Maurois's 1959 account, which featured six of his plates and inspired microbiologists to incorporate similar techniques in laboratory demonstrations. By the mid-20th century, references to bacterial illustrations appeared in microbiology education, evolving from Haeckel's static drawings and Goodsell's molecular views into a medium celebrated for fostering appreciation of microbial diversity.^[49]

Contemporary Artists

Artist-scientist Hunter Cole, based at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, is renowned for her bioluminescent microbial art installations that explore bacterial communication and light production. Her series Living Light (2010–2017) features petri dishes filled with glowing Vibrio fischeri bacteria arranged to form patterns like waves and cities, which illuminate in the dark to visualize quorum sensing—the process by which bacteria communicate via chemical signals. These works, often exhibited in galleries and museums, highlight the dynamic, living nature of microbes and have been used in educational settings to demystify biology.^[1] Microbiologist Balaram Khamari gained recognition through his participation in the American Society for Microbiology's (ASM) Agar Art Contest. His 2020 entry, Microbial Peacock, depicting a peacock using pigmented bacteria like Serratia marcescens for red and Bacillus subtilis for other colors, earned second place in the traditional category. Khamari's works emphasize the beauty of non-pathogenic microbes and promote science communication in India, where he conducts workshops blending art and microbiology.^[4] Anna Dumitriu, a UK-based bioartist born in 1969, is renowned for her works that integrate living microorganisms with traditional artistic materials to explore themes of infection, immunity, and human-microbe interactions.^[54] Her 2011 installation The Communicating Bacteria Dress employs pigmented bacteria that alter color in response to quorum-sensing signals, visualizing microbial communication while staining textiles to create dynamic patterns.^[55] Dumitriu's Antibiotic Resistance Quilt (2013), commissioned for the Science Gallery Dublin's In Case of Emergency exhibition, embeds infectious bacteria grown on embroidered fabric to illustrate the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance, with zones of bacterial growth revealing patterns of susceptibility.^[56] These pieces often combine textiles, DNA, and live cultures, blurring boundaries between art, science, and ethics.^[57] Other contemporary artists have advanced microbial art through innovative uses of bacterial pigments and ecosystems. Italian bioartist Lorena Ostia creates installations that extract and apply microbial dyes from bacteria and fungi to textiles and electronics, emphasizing sustainable biofabrication in works like her collaborative pieces on living materials during the 2020s.^[58] Similarly, Forouzan Shafie, an Iranian artist, won the Best Physical Piece award in the 2025 International MicrobeArt competition with Invisible Artists, an installation that merges Persian carpet-weaving techniques with depictions of microbial ecosystems, highlighting the invisible labor of bacteria in cultural motifs.^[59] These artists address pressing global issues, such as antibiotic resistance through Dumitriu's petri-dish-embedded textiles and climate sustainability via bacterial dyes as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic colors in Ostia's pigment extractions.^[56]^[60] Dumitriu's solo exhibitions in the 2020s, including Fragile Microbiomes at the Thackray Museum of Medicine (2024), feature sculptures and installations using bacteria for interactive displays on the human microbiome, with pieces acquired by institutions like the Science Museum in London.^[61]^[62] Shafie's award-winning work has been showcased in international bioart forums, contributing to collections focused on microbial diversity.^[59] The field increasingly incorporates diverse voices, such as Asian practitioners like Indonesian artist Syaiful Aulia Garibaldi, who uses local fungal strains in bioart installations to explore mycelial networks and cultural ecology.^[63]

Competitions and Community

Major Contests

The American Society for Microbiology (ASM) launched the annual Agar Art Contest in 2015 to highlight the aesthetic and scientific diversity of microorganisms through petri dish artworks created with living bacteria and fungi.^[36] The contest features categories such as Professional, Creator, and Kids, with prizes including Visa gift cards valued at up to $200 for first place in the Professional and Creator divisions, alongside recognition for the top 50 entries per category displayed online.^[64] Entries are judged based on relevance to the annual theme, creativity and artistry in visual presentation, and the scientific accuracy and quality of accompanying descriptions, which often detail the microbes and techniques used.^[64] For the 2025 edition, the theme "Microbes Make the World Go Round" invited artists to depict microbes' essential roles in ecosystems, food production, and health, with winners announced in December following a record 445 submissions in the prior year.^[65]^[66] Another prominent event is the Microbe Art Competition organized by International Microorganism Day (IMD), which began in 2019 and coincides with the annual observance on September 17 to foster global appreciation of microbial contributions to life and science.^[67] Open to participants worldwide, the contest accepts diverse formats including agar art, illustrations, photographs, cartoons, and writings, with categories such as Best Agar Art, Best Physical Piece, Best Illustration or Painting, Best Photography, Best Cartoon, Best Writing, and a Grand Prize for overall excellence; it emphasizes educational outreach by encouraging entries that communicate microbial science accessibly.^[68] In 2025, Forouzan Shafie received the award for Best Physical Piece for her work "Invisible Artists," which explored microbial influences on human creativity.^[59] Winners are selected by the IMD team and announced on IMD's website and social channels, promoting international collaboration among scientists, educators, and artists.^[68] Key events also include the Art & Design track within the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition, established in 2014 to integrate artistic and design practices with synthetic biology projects, allowing teams to develop microbial-based installations, performances, and interactive exhibits.^[69] This track encourages innovative fusions of bioengineering and aesthetics, such as genetically modified organisms creating visual patterns or responsive environments, judged alongside iGEM's standard criteria for safety, impact, and documentation.^[70] These contests represent the evolution of microbial art from casual online sharing of petri dish images in the early 2010s to structured, professionalized platforms post-2020, which standardize judging on creativity, scientific rigor, and pigmentation fidelity while attracting hundreds of global entries annually to build community engagement.^[36]^[66]

Exhibitions and Educational Impact

Microbial art has been prominently featured in major international exhibitions, particularly through bioart festivals that highlight the intersection of biology and aesthetics. Ars Electronica, an annual festival in Linz, Austria, has showcased microbial-themed works since the 1990s, with a growing emphasis on living microorganisms post-2010; notable examples include Eduardo Kac's Genesis (1999), which incorporated a synthetic gene into bacteria to explore life sciences, and recent installations like Microbial Mindscapes (2024), an interactive piece examining gut microbiota's influence on emotions.^[71]^[72] Similarly, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Museum's The World Unseen: Intersections of Art and Science (May 20 – August 30, 2019) displays artworks using microbiology, biotechnology, and anatomy to visualize invisible biological processes, fostering public engagement with microbial worlds.^[73] Museum collections have increasingly integrated microbial art, preserving it alongside digital simulations for broader accessibility. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York featured living microorganisms in Neri Oxman's Material Ecology exhibition (2020), where masks incorporated biological elements to symbolize life's cycles, now part of MoMA's media and performance collection.^[74] Complementing physical displays, virtual tours and apps simulate microbial growth; for instance, the Liberty Science Center's Virtual Microbial Art Lab (launched 2019) offers interactive VR experiences of bacterial patterns and ecosystems, allowing users to "grow" art in simulated petri dishes.^[75] In education, microbial art serves as a tool for teaching microbiology, particularly in K-12 and university settings. The American Society for Microbiology (ASM) has provided teacher resources since 2015 through its annual Agar Art Contest, including kits and guides that enable students to create bacterial designs while learning aseptic techniques and microbial diversity; these materials have been adopted in curricula to make abstract concepts tangible.^[36] At the higher education level, courses blending art and STEM, such as those using agar art in undergraduate labs, promote interdisciplinary learning; a 2021 study reported enhanced student engagement and understanding of bacterial growth when art-based experiments were incorporated.^[33] The educational and exhibitory reach of microbial art has shifted public perceptions, reframing microbes from mere pathogens to intricate, beautiful systems. Exhibitions like those at Ars Electronica and CDC have demonstrated how visual representations can demystify microbiology, with a 2020 campus exhibition (Tiny Enormous) showing increased appreciation for microbial roles in ecosystems among visitors.^[8] A 2023 FEMS analysis highlighted bacterial art's role in outreach, noting its potential to boost STEM interest by humanizing scientific processes, as evidenced by contest participation growth and public surveys indicating reduced "germ phobia."^[10] During the COVID-19 pandemic, such art facilitated science communication, with virtual displays emphasizing microbial behaviors without physical risks.^[4] Looking ahead, trends point to immersive technologies enhancing microbial art's impact. By 2025, VR exhibitions like expanded versions of the Virtual Microbial Art Lab are projected to simulate real-time bacterial evolutions, making complex patterns accessible globally and further integrating art into science education.^[75]

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Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment Methods for Biofilm Growth
After incubation is complete (usually 24–72 hours), colonies are counted on the plates, and the number of cells per milliliter (cfu/mL) in the original culture ...
[25]
Repurpose and Reuse: Artistic Perspectives on Antimicrobial ... - CDC
Dec 10, 2018 · He indulged his creative side by using laboratory instruments to “paint” ephemeral figures and landscapes, growing microbes with different ...
[26]
Lab Safety for Biosafety Levels One and Two (BSL-1 and BSL-2)
BSL-1 is designated for those working with microbes that don't cause disease in healthy humans, for example, non-pathogenic E. coli. BSL-2 is for labs that ...
[27]
Culture Media Sterilization: How to Dispose of Polystyrene Agar Plates
Apr 25, 2022 · Your autoclave should make vulture media sterilization, red-bag waste processing, and disposing of used agar plates reliable and routine.
[28]
About Escherichia coli Infection - CDC
May 14, 2024 · HUS can lead to kidney failure, permanent health problems, and even death. E. coli infection can be prevented. The good news is that you can ...Kinds of E. coli · View All E. coli infection · Prevention · Risk FactorsMissing: art aerosolization
[29]
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories - NCBI - NIH
Biosafety in labs involves handling infectious materials with prudent practices. Microbiological labs pose risks, and biosafety levels are used, like Level 1 ...Missing: art | Show results with:art
[30]
What Ethics for Bioart? - PMC - NIH
Mar 3, 2016 · Living artworks created with biotechnology raise a range of ethical questions, some of which are unprecedented, others well known from other contexts.
[31]
Playing God? Synthetic biology as a theological and ethical challenge
Oct 10, 2009 · In the ethical debate over synthetic biology the formula “playing god” is widely used in order to attack this new branch of biotechnology.Missing: bioart | Show results with:bioart
[32]
Crafting a sustainable solution of drug resistant pathogen through agar
Dec 20, 2024 · Agar art, using bacteriophages, is a sustainable solution to antimicrobial resistance, aiming to reduce antibiotic misuse and highlight the ...
[33]
Development of a fixative protocol using formaldehyde and ... - NIH
This study shows, for the first time, successful fixation and preservation of different bacterial species on agar. The impact of this is to preserve agar art ...
[34]
Agar Art: a CURE for the Microbiology Laboratory - ASM Journals
Jul 30, 2021 · Agar art is a form of biological art where colonies of pigmented microbes are painted or drawn onto agar medium using sterilized applicators.
[35]
Unconventional Uses of Microbes: How Bacteria Becomes Art
### Summary of Creating Bacterial Palette and Techniques from Agar Art Content
[36]
Homemade Petri Plates- Microbial Zoos - The Kitchen Pantry Scientist
Feb 6, 2013 · To make petri plates, you'll need disposable containers (see below), beef bouillon cubes or granules, plain gelatin or agar agar, water, sugar and Q-tips.
[37]
ASM Agar Art Contest | Overview - American Society for Microbiology
What Is Agar Art? Have you ever seen art "painted" in a petri dish using living, growing microorganisms? That's agar art! Creators use either naturally colorful ...Missing: coined 2010 century popularization online bioart movements
[38]
Genome Editing in Bacteria: CRISPR-Cas and Beyond - PMC
Apr 15, 2021 · An undergraduate laboratory experience using CRISPR-cas9 technology to deactivate green fluorescent protein expression in Escherichia coli.2.2. Lambda Red System · 3. Crispr-Cas9 As A... · 4. Crispr-Cas9-Based Methods...
[39]
pGLO Plasmid Map and Resources | Bio-Rad
Bacteria transformed with the pGLO plasmid are selected by ampicillin resistance and then induced to express GFP to glow fluorescent green under UV light! The ...
[40]
Development and Application of CRISPR/Cas in Microbial ...
The fast developed and multiple functioned CRISPR system enables versatile, systematic and automatic applications in microbial technology. Especially, the ...The Crispr/cas System For... · Dna Repair And Donor Design... · Orthogonal Crispr Systems...
[41]
Metabolic engineering of E. coli for pyocyanin production
Pyocyanin is a secondary metabolite from Pseudomonas aeruginosa that belongs to the class of phenazines, which are aromatic nitrogenous compounds with ...
[42]
The two faces of pyocyanin - why and how to steer its production?
Feb 18, 2023 · In contrast to other bacterial pigments, e.g. staphyloxanthin or melanin that have an antioxidant nature, PYO exhibits pro-oxidant properties ( ...
[43]
Temporal control of self‐organized pattern formation without ...
Oct 8, 2013 · The generation of self‐organized ring patterns of gene expression in the absence of a morphogen gradient was demonstrated using bacteria ...Missing: iGEM art
[44]
Team:ETH Zurich/project/goals - 2014.igem.org
Make a Sierpinski triangle pattern appear on a grid of bacteria; Associate quorum sensing and logic gates in bacterial colonies; Implement an XOR gate in E ...Missing: microbial | Show results with:microbial
[45]
Synthetic Ecology of Microbes: Mathematical Models and Applications
Synthetic microbial consortia have been used as an alternative to naturally occurring communities to improve and accelerate the biodegradation of pollutants [98] ...Consortia-Based Cell... · Microbial Consortia For... · Ecological-Based Modeling<|separator|>
[46]
Professor seeks to integrate biobatteries into 3D-printed circuits
Professor seeks to integrate bacteria-fueled biobatteries into 3D-printed circuits · $550,000 grant from National Science Foundation will fund the research.Missing: bioprinting | Show results with:bioprinting
[47]
Programmable microbial ink for 3D printing of living materials ...
Nov 23, 2021 · Here we set out to develop a bioink, termed as “microbial ink” that is produced entirely from genetically engineered microbial cells.Missing: art | Show results with:art
[48]
Hybrid Living Materials - MIT Media Lab
Jan 23, 2020 · A method for printing 3D objects that can control living organisms in predictable ways has been developed by an interdisciplinary team of researchers.Missing: electronics | Show results with:electronics
[49]
Optogenetics Illuminates Applications in Microbial Engineering
Jun 7, 2022 · Optogenetics has been used in a variety of microbial engineering applications, such as chemical and protein production, studies of cell ...Missing: bioart | Show results with:bioart
[50]
Optogenetically engineered bacteria for light-controlled disease ...
Jul 10, 2025 · In this review, we highlight the latest advancements in the optogenetic engineering of bacteria for light-controlled disease theranostics and therapeutic ...Missing: art 2020s
[51]
Optogenetics in bacteria – applications and opportunities - PMC
Optogenetics holds the promise of controlling biological processes with superb temporal and spatial resolution at minimal perturbation.
[52]
Sir Alexander Fleming: A microbiologist at work and play
Mar 23, 2020 · Sir Alexander Fleming had many talents. His discoveries of lysozyme in 1923 and in 1928 the antibiotic effect of the fungus Penicillium notatum are well known.Missing: motivations recreational 1950s<|separator|>
[53]
Ernst Haeckel and the Microbial Baroque - Cabinet Magazine
You may not have heard of Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), but for 50 years or so, until his death, he was the most influential evolutionary theorist on the map.
[54]
Goodsell Gallery - PDB-101
Goodsell integrate information from structural biology, microscopy and biophysics to simulate detailed views of the molecular structure of living cells.Kinetochore · Influenza Virus · Last Universal Common... · Escherichia coliMissing: 1970s | Show results with:1970s
[55]
David Goodsell: The master of mol art - ASBMB
Aug 1, 2011 · While writing molecular graphics programs to visualize crystal structures, Goodsell became increasingly interested in scientific illustration.Missing: 1970s | Show results with:1970s
[56]
Art and Science - Futility Closet
Jan 25, 2017 · Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of pencillin, grew “germ paintings” of living bacteria on blotting paper. He made this 4-inch portrait, titled “Guardsman,” ...<|separator|>
[57]
Anna Dumitriu - Anna Dumitriu
Anna Dumitriu · Plague Dress · Black Rock Beachcombers · Zenexton · Infusoria · Chandelier AR · The Mutability of Memories and Fates · Uninhibited Faba · Fermenting ...Biography · Exhibitions · Unruly Objects · BioArt Archives
[58]
The Communicating Bacteria Dress - Anna Dumitriu
The work was created by staining textiles using pigmented bacteria, which change colour when they send and receive communication signals. Bacteria have ...Missing: petri dish
[59]
Antibiotic Resistance Quilt - Anna Dumitriu
This soft and cosy embroidered quilt hides a dark side; it uses actual infectious bacteria to reveal the emerging threat of antibiotic resistance.Missing: dish dresses
[60]
Art & Infection: The BioArt of Anna Dumitriu
This was Dumitriu's first major work which combined growing bacteria and antimicrobial substances including natural dyes in her work. The project used ...
[61]
From bugs to bacteria (and back). Lorena Ostia works with bio-art…
Mar 9, 2024 · Lorena Ostia works with bio-art, collaborating with different organisms to make textiles, installations and even electronics.
[62]
Microbe Art Contest Winners - International Microorganism Day
The winner of the #MicrobeArt2025 competition for Best Physical Piece is Forouzan Shafie. Your stunning piece, "Invisible Artists," beautifully connects the ...
[63]
The colors of life: an interdisciplinary artist-in-residence project to ...
Jan 10, 2022 · The range of applications of microbial pigments in addition to the methods and techniques required to produce and obtain them in a controlled ...Missing: contemporary bioartists installations
[64]
Anna Dumitriu: Fragile Microbiomes - opening February 2024
The exhibition includes sculptures and installations made using bacteria, DNA, altered vintage objects, 3D printing, textiles, video and digital technologies.
[65]
Anna Dumitriu at Invisible You - The Human Microbiome
Human faecal transplants and the bacteria that lives on our hands are the subjects of two groundbreaking new artworks by leading British bio-artist Anna ...
[66]
The Study of the Art Medium of Philip Ross and Syaiful Aulia Garibaldi
This research aims to read the creative process carried out by bio-art artists who use fungi as a medium of character, namely Phillip Ross and Syaiful ...
[67]
ASM Agar Art Contest | Judging and Prizes
Only entries submitted to the contest theme of "Microbes Make the World Go Round" are eligible to win contest prizes. Judging for category prizes will be ...
[68]
ASM Agar Art Contest | Contest Details | ASM.org
'Microbes Make the World Go Round' ... This year's contest theme invited participants to showcase the value of science and the vital role microbes play in our ...
[69]
ASM Announces 2024 Agar Art Contest Winners
Dec 13, 2024 · The American Society for Microbiology (ASM) has announced the winners of the 10th annual Agar Art Contest, which drew a record-breaking 445 submissions from ...
[70]
FEMS launches Microbe Art Competition for International ...
Aug 21, 2019 · The winner will be announced in the International Microorganism Day, 17th September 2019.
[71]
Microbe Art Contest - International Microorganism Day
The competition is open until 10 September 2025. Winners will be chosen by the IMD team and announced on the IMD social media channels and website on the 17 ...
[72]
Tracks/Art Design - 2014.igem.org
iGEM 2014 Art and Design New Track. Introduction. iGEM is a unique design competition for engineering students. Over the past ten years, thousands of ...
[73]
Competition/Tracks/Art Design - 2019.igem.org
Art and Design Track ... As chairs of the Art and Design Track, we continue to see art and design make significant contributions to iGEM and synthetic biology.
[74]
Bio Art - Eduardo Kac
Genesis was commissioned by Ars Electronica 99 and presented online and at ... The Genesis gene was incorporated into bacteria, which were shown in the gallery.
[75]
Microbial Mindscapes - Ars Electronica Center
Microbial Mindscapes is an interactive audiovisual installation and performance exploring the impact of the human gut microbiota on emotions. Inspired by the ...Missing: BioArt | Show results with:BioArt
[76]
The World Unseen: Intersections of Art and Science - CDC
The World Unseen: Intersections of Art and Science gathers the work of ten international artists who draw upon microbiology, biotechnology, anatomy, and texts.
[77]
Neri Oxman: Material Ecology Exhibition Galleries | Magazine - MoMA
May 13, 2020 · The third series features the mask as a vessel for life—both fleeting and commencing—by incorporating living microorganisms in its design.
[78]
Exhibits, Pavilions, & Exhibitions - Virtual Microbial Art Lab
Virtual Microbial Art Lab is an interactive exhibit that forms the centerpiece of the new exhibition, Microbes Rule! at Liberty Science Center.