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Parafilm

Parafilm is a semi-transparent, flexible, thermoplastic sealing film composed of a proprietary blend of waxes and polyolefins, designed for laboratory use to create moisture-resistant seals on containers such as test tubes, beakers, and petri dishes.^[1]^[2]^[3] Invented in 1936, it offers two-way stretch capabilities up to 200% of its original length, making it highly malleable and self-sealing without the need for additional adhesives, while being non-toxic, odorless, tasteless, and free from plasticizers.^[4]^[5] Originally trademarked in 1934 and produced by companies including the American Can Company before being acquired by Bemis and then by Amcor in 2019 (with Amcor merging with Berry Global in 2025), Parafilm has become an essential tool in research, healthcare, pharmaceutical, and industrial laboratories for protecting samples from evaporation, contamination, and drying out.^[4]^[6] It is available in rolls of various widths and lengths, typically in natural (colorless) or purple variants, and can be sterilized using methods like UV radiation or hydrogen peroxide, though it is not inherently sterile.^[7]^[4] Its unique properties allow it to conform to irregular shapes and surfaces, providing a reliable barrier that minimizes moisture loss and maintains sample integrity during storage or incubation.^[5]^[8]

Composition and Properties

Chemical Composition

Parafilm is formulated as a proprietary blend of waxes (primarily paraffin wax) and polyolefins, including polymers such as polyethylene.^[9]^[7] This composition provides a stable, homogeneous material suitable for laboratory sealing applications. The material is non-toxic, tasteless, and odorless, enabling safe direct contact with biological samples without risk of contamination or adverse reactions.^[7] It lacks plasticizers in its formulation, which prevents any leaching of additives into the sealed contents and maintains the integrity of sensitive materials.^[7] Parafilm exhibits a melting point of 100°C, at which it softens and becomes pliable, and a flash point of approximately 300°C, reflecting the high thermal stability of its wax-polyolefin matrix.^[9]^[10] The blend of these components imparts inherent flexibility without additional modifiers.^[9]

Physical and Chemical Properties

Parafilm is a semi-transparent, flexible, ductile, and malleable thermoplastic film that exhibits two-way stretch properties, allowing it to extend up to 200% of its original length with an elongation at break greater than 350%. This enables it to conform tightly to irregular surfaces without breaking.^[9] The material is self-sealing and highly resistant to moisture, forming airtight and watertight barriers upon application without the need for adhesives due to its inherent clinginess. It demonstrates low water vapor transmission, approximately 1 g/m² over 24 hours at 38°C and 90% relative humidity, which minimizes evaporation and contamination in sealed environments.^[9] Parafilm exhibits chemical inertness to a range of substances, remaining unaffected for up to 48 hours at room temperature when exposed to concentrated acids such as hydrochloric acid (12 M), nitric acid (16 M), and sulfuric acid (18 M), as well as alkalis like ammonium hydroxide (28%) and sodium hydroxide (1.8 N), salts including sodium chloride (20%), and many organic solvents like ethanol and isopropanol. However, it is vulnerable to strong halogens, dissolving immediately in solvents such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, and shows signs of degradation, such as whitening or embrittlement, with prolonged exposure to certain alcohols. These resistance properties stem from its wax-polyolefin blend composition.^[9]^[11]^[10] The film is usable across a temperature range of -45°C to +50°C for continuous applications, with a melting point of 100°C. It softens and becomes pliable at approximately 54°C, though it grows sticky between 54°C and 66°C.^[9]^[11]

History and Manufacturing

Invention and Early Development

Parafilm was first trademarked in 1934 by the Marathon Paper Mills Company, a United States-based manufacturer.^[12] The product was invented and commercially introduced in 1936 as a moisture-proof, self-sealing thermoplastic film.^[3] Its original purpose centered on non-laboratory applications, serving as a versatile material for mounting charts, maps, and other objects through the application of heat, where it could form a secure, protective layer without adhesives.^[13] Although not initially targeted at scientific users, Parafilm's inherent properties—such as its flexibility, impermeability to moisture, and ability to conform to irregular surfaces—lent themselves to broader utility. In the 1950s, the company launched a specialized variant called Parafilm M, which was explicitly marketed for laboratory sealing tasks alongside everyday home applications like wrapping food or protecting items from environmental exposure.^[12] This period marked the beginning of Parafilm's early adoption within scientific communities during the mid-20th century, where its reliable barrier against evaporation and contamination proved invaluable for basic experimental protection, gradually shifting its role from general-purpose wrapping to an essential tool in research settings.^[14]

Manufacturers and Production

Parafilm's commercial production began under the American Can Company following its 1957 acquisition of Marathon Paper Mills, the original developer of the product in the 1930s.^[15]^[13] The American Can Company continued manufacturing Parafilm through the late 20th century, integrating it into its broader packaging portfolio. Ownership transitioned in the 1980s when Pechiney S.A. acquired American National Can (a successor entity to American Can's packaging division) as part of a larger purchase of Triangle Industries in 1988. In 2010, Pechiney Plastic Packaging was acquired by Curwood, a subsidiary of Bemis Company, Inc., which assumed production responsibilities.^[6] Bemis maintained manufacturing until 2019, when Amcor completed its $6.8 billion acquisition of Bemis, forming one of the world's largest packaging companies and ensuring continued global production of Parafilm.^[16] Under Amcor, production facilities support worldwide distribution, emphasizing quality control and scalability for laboratory and industrial needs. The manufacturing process involves extruding a blend of paraffin wax and polyolefins through a die to form a continuous thin film, followed by stretching, annealing, and winding into rolls. This results in a typical thickness of 5 mils (0.127 mm), providing the film's characteristic flexibility and self-sealing properties. Parafilm is produced in natural (semi-transparent colorless) and purple variants, with the latter aiding in color-coding applications.^[17]^[18] Rolls are available in standard dimensions such as 2-inch (50 mm) or 4-inch (100 mm) widths by 125 feet (38 m) or 250 feet (76 m) lengths, facilitating easy dispensing and use. Packaging emphasizes single-use integrity for laboratory distribution, often in protective dispensers to maintain cleanliness and prevent contamination during handling.^[19]^[20]

Laboratory Applications

Sealing and Protection

Parafilm serves as a primary tool in laboratory environments for sealing the openings of various vessels, including test tubes, flasks, beakers, cuvettes, and petri dishes, to form moisture-tight and airtight barriers. This application protects the integrity of samples by preventing moisture loss and external ingress during handling, incubation, or short-term storage.^[5]^[21]^[22] By creating these seals, Parafilm effectively minimizes evaporation of volatile compounds, reduces the risk of contamination from airborne particles or microbes, and averts spills from upright or tilted containers, making it particularly suitable for storing reagents, microbial cultures, and sensitive solutions. Its resistance to acids, alkalis, and saline solutions for up to 48 hours further enhances its utility in diverse chemical settings.^[23]^[24]^[5] Application involves cutting a suitable length of film and stretching it over the vessel rim, where it clings due to its inherent flexibility; the material softens with body heat or gentle friction during handling, enabling it to mold conformably to irregular surfaces without tearing or cracking. This self-sealing property allows for a secure fit that maintains efficacy over time.^[8]^[25]^[11] In comparison to adhesive tapes or parafilm alternatives, it offers key advantages such as leaving no residue upon removal, potential reusability in non-sterile, undamaged scenarios, and semi-transparency that facilitates visual monitoring of contents without breaking the seal. These attributes, derived from its thermoplastic composition, promote efficient and contamination-free laboratory workflows.^[26]^[25]^[5]

Other Laboratory Techniques

Parafilm's versatility extends to innovative applications in laboratory workflows where its ductility and chemical inertness allow for temporary modifications without permanent alterations to equipment. In electronics fabrication and microscopy sample preparation, Parafilm serves as an effective masking material during processes like atomic layer deposition (ALD) and etching. Researchers have demonstrated its use to pattern thin films by applying Parafilm as a physical mask on silicon substrates, preventing deposition on covered areas while enabling uniform growth on exposed regions up to several millimeters from edges. This approach is particularly useful for low-resolution patterning in thin-film electronics, where Parafilm's ability to conform to surfaces and withstand moderate temperatures (up to 275°C in some reactors) provides a cost-effective alternative to traditional photoresists. In microscopy preparation, similar masking techniques protect specific surface areas during selective etching, ensuring precise control over nanostructure formation for high-resolution imaging.^[27] Beyond masking, Parafilm facilitates the creation of temporary barriers and channels in electrophoretic experiments, leveraging its thermoplastic properties to form hydrophobic boundaries. In paper-based analytical devices, laminated Parafilm fused with paper via laser ablation produces well-defined channels as narrow as 137 μm, enabling high-resolution electrophoretic separations of dyes and biomolecules without cross-contamination. These free-standing channels improve resolution compared to traditional paper substrates by providing solvent-resistant pathways compatible with surfactants and organic solvents like methanol. Additionally, Parafilm can be molded into plugs for sealing ports in microfluidic or electrophoresis setups, acting as a removable barrier to direct fluid flow or isolate compartments during gel loading in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Its stretchability, allowing up to 200% elongation, enables custom shaping for these temporary structures.^[28] In sample preparation protocols, Parafilm is employed to wrap electrodes, preventing short-circuiting and contamination during electrochemical assays or sensor fabrication. This wrapping technique ensures clean, insulated contacts essential for reproducible measurements in low-voltage setups. Furthermore, in cleanroom environments, Parafilm sheets protect sensitive instruments from dust and particulates by forming conformal barriers over exposed surfaces, a practice recommended for sterile handling in semiconductor or biomedical labs.

Agricultural and Horticultural Applications

Produce Wrapping

Parafilm M serves as a key tool in agricultural produce wrapping, particularly for protecting fruits during post-harvest storage and transport by forming a flexible, semi-permeable barrier that minimizes physical damage and environmental exposure.^[29] Invented in 1936, it has become the most recognized crown wrap material, especially for organic bananas, where it is applied to freshly cut bunch crowns to prevent moisture loss, bruising, and subsequent decay.^[29] This application eliminates the need for post-harvest fungicides, complying with organic standards from bodies like the USDA, EU, and Canada, while preserving fruit quality without synthetic chemicals.^[29] The film's efficacy stems from its ability to create a modified atmosphere around the produce: it is highly resistant to moisture transfer, maintaining internal humidity levels without promoting condensation that could foster microbial growth, yet remains permeable to essential gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide.^[30] This semi-permeable nature allows controlled gas exchange while providing a strong moisture barrier, creating a modified atmosphere that slows ripening and extends shelf life by containing internal ethylene production—critical for long-distance shipping of perishable items like bananas.^[29] For instance, it prevents crown rot and latex seepage, protecting against pests and physical deterioration to keep the fruit's appearance fresh upon arrival.^[29] On a commercial scale, Parafilm is supplied in rolls (typically 2 inches wide by 250 feet long) and applied by hand or machine in packing houses, enabling efficient processing of large volumes in regions like Latin America, the Asia Pacific, North America, and EMEA.^[29] A purple variant aids in easy identification during handling and inspection, distinguishing treated organic produce in supply chains.^[17] Overall, these applications help reduce food waste through better preservation, with indefinite shelf life for the film itself under proper storage (45–90°F and 35–55% humidity).^[29]

Grafting and Plant Propagation

In horticulture, Parafilm plays a key role in grafting by wrapping graft sites on trees, vines, and ornamentals to secure the union between scion and rootstock, retain moisture essential for healing, and exclude airborne pathogens that could infect the exposed tissues.^[31] The stretchable film conforms tightly to irregular surfaces, forming a flexible barrier that supports callus formation at the graft interface while permitting gas exchange to avoid anaerobic conditions.^[32] This application is particularly common in fruit tree nurseries, where it enhances success rates for propagating species like apples, pears, and pecans by preventing desiccation during the initial weeks post-grafting.^[33] For plant propagation techniques such as stem wrapping of cuttings or air-layering, Parafilm is applied around exposed stem sections to maintain high humidity levels that promote adventitious rooting without causing rot.^[34] The standard technique involves stretching the film to about double its width before twisting and overlapping it around the joint or wounded area, creating a self-sealing enclosure that is breathable yet waterproof; this covering is typically removable once roots or unions have healed sufficiently, often after 4-8 weeks.^[34] In viticulture, Parafilm is widely used for grapevine grafting, where studies show that its application, sometimes combined with paraffin, significantly improves graft take rates and yield in cultivars like 'Black Magic' by optimizing moisture and reducing failure from drying or infection.^[35] The Parafilm Grafting Tape variant, optimized for these horticultural uses with enhanced stretchability and adhesion, is favored in professional nurseries for its ability to secure fits on slender vine shoots or thicker tree branches without constricting growth as the plant expands.^[31] Its semi-permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide supports metabolic processes during propagation, contributing to higher survival rates compared to non-breathable wraps.^[34]

Specialized Applications

Entomology

In entomology, Parafilm serves as a versatile material for handling and studying insect specimens, particularly in rearing and collection processes. One key application is as an artificial membrane for blood-feeding hematophagous insects, such as mosquitoes (Aedes spp.) and bedbugs, in laboratory settings. The film is stretched over a blood source, allowing insects to pierce it and feed without direct contact, facilitating controlled studies on pathogen transmission and feeding behavior. This method is simple, cost-effective, and widely adopted for maintaining colonies of disease-vector species.^[36] Parafilm is also employed in creating temporary enclosures or barriers within rearing setups to contain early life stages, such as eggs or larvae, and prevent escapes. For instance, it can be formed into water-filled domes covered with the film to serve as an oviposition substrate for predatory insects like the minute pirate bug (Orius insidiosus), enabling the isolation of viable eggs for further study or assays without harming the specimens.^[37] Its malleability allows for custom shaping to fit rearing containers, providing a secure yet accessible barrier.^[14] In field applications, Parafilm is wrapped around the lower edge of vial caps containing small or pinned insect specimens to create a tight seal, protecting samples from loss or damage during transport.^[38] This technique is particularly useful for preserving delicate arthropods like mites or tiny insects that might otherwise escape or degrade en route to a laboratory. Key advantages of Parafilm in these contexts include its non-toxicity to live specimens, ease of removal by gentle heating (softening at approximately 54°C), and semi-transparency, which permits visual observation without disassembly.^[2]^[14]^[39]

Microfluidics

Parafilm, a thermoplastic film composed of polyolefins and waxes, has emerged as a versatile material for fabricating microfluidic devices, particularly in low-resource settings where rapid prototyping is essential. Researchers layer and cut Parafilm to create microchannels, valves, and seals, often integrating it with paper-based substrates or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips to form functional structures. This approach enables the construction of hydrophobic barriers that control fluid flow in diagnostic and analytical applications.^[40]^[41]^[42] In fabrication processes, Parafilm sheets are typically cut using tools like plotter cutters or CO2 lasers to define channel patterns with resolutions down to approximately 500 µm. These cut layers are then stacked with substrates such as cellulose paper, PMMA, or PDMS, and subjected to thermal lamination or infusion techniques. Heating Parafilm to 50–85 °C under moderate pressure (e.g., 2.5–33.3 kPa) allows it to melt and penetrate the substrate, forming impermeable hydrophobic barriers that guide aqueous fluids through designated paths while preventing leakage. For PDMS-based chips, Parafilm serves as an additional sealing layer to enhance bonding integrity during soft lithography, facilitating the integration of complex features like micropumps. This method contrasts with traditional photolithography by requiring minimal equipment, often completing device assembly in 5–10 minutes.^[43]^[40]^[41] Parafilm-based microfluidics find application in low-cost lab-on-a-chip prototypes for biological assays. In paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), these structures support colorimetric immunoassays for protein detection and fluid mixing for cell studies, such as culturing GFP-expressing E. coli over seven days in bioreactors. For DNA analysis, Parafilm channels enable biomolecule separation and detection in diagnostic platforms, while in cell assays, they maintain biocompatibility to preserve viability during 2D and 3D fluidic operations. Its chemical inertness further ensures compatibility with aqueous solutions, minimizing contamination in these sensitive environments.^[43]^[44]^[41] The primary advantages of Parafilm in microfluidics include its low cost—devices can be produced for under $0.01 each—and suitability for rapid iteration without cleanroom facilities. Its biocompatibility supports live cell handling, and resistance to deformation under thermal bonding (less than 5% channel distortion) ensures reliable performance in prototypes for resource-limited labs. These attributes make Parafilm a preferred alternative to PDMS for disposable, scalable diagnostic tools.^[43]^[40]^[42]

Modeling

Parafilm's thermoplastic composition enables its use in molding soft, flexible shapes for temporary prototypes in biology and engineering, as well as in craft applications requiring conformable forms. In biological research, Parafilm sheets are cut and bonded to rapidly prototype flexible hanging drop chips that facilitate 3D cell cultures, such as spheroid formation, by creating suspended droplet environments that mimic tissue structures.^[45] This approach leverages the film's stretchability to form precise, low-cost structures without specialized equipment, allowing researchers to test designs for cell aggregation and drug screening.^[46] In educational settings, Parafilm is shaped into custom barriers or forms to support hands-on demonstrations in chemistry and physics laboratories, such as illustrating fluid containment or surface tension effects through molded enclosures around reaction vessels.^[47] Its pliability permits quick adaptation to irregular geometries, enabling students to visualize concepts like evaporation prevention or pressure differentials in real-time experiments.^[48] The primary technique for molding Parafilm involves heat-softening the film—typically by applying gentle warmth from fingers or exposure to temperatures between 54°C and 93°C—followed by pressing it over a form to capture fine details, and allowing it to cool for shape retention; the resulting mold peels away cleanly without residue due to its non-adhesive release properties.^[48]^[39] This process exploits the film's ability to stretch over 350% of its original length while self-sealing upon contact.^[39] In niche applications, Parafilm serves as a material for temporary sample holders in microscopy by melting thin strips between glass slides and coverslips to form sealed channels that contain aqueous samples for observation, preventing evaporation and contamination during imaging sessions.^[49] Additionally, in engineering prototypes, it provides supportive flexible layers in 3D-printed cell culture setups, enhancing specimen imaging by stabilizing grids without interfering with optical clarity.^[50]

Pharmaceutical Applications

Parafilm has been investigated as a skin simulant alternative to animal-derived models for in vitro permeation studies of therapeutic proteins from microarray patches, offering a low-cost, ethical option for evaluating drug delivery across synthetic barriers. This application, demonstrated in 2024, highlights its utility in pharmaceutical research for assessing transdermal delivery without biological variability.^[51]

Variants and Similar Products

Variants of Parafilm

Parafilm M serves as the standard laboratory variant of Parafilm, a semi-transparent, flexible, self-sealing film designed for general sealing applications in research and healthcare settings, such as covering test tubes, beakers, and petri dishes to minimize moisture loss while allowing gas permeability.^[1] This version is typically available in a natural, colorless form for standard lab use, providing an odorless and non-toxic barrier resistant to many chemicals.^[5] A color variation of Parafilm M features a purple tint, offered for enhanced visibility and color-coding purposes in laboratory applications, where it helps identify sealed items more easily compared to the natural variant.^[5] This purple option maintains the core properties of flexibility and waterproofing but is commonly supplied in 2-inch wide rolls to suit diverse sealing needs.^[52] Parafilm Grafting Tape represents a specialized horticultural variant, formulated as a thinner, highly elastic tape that stretches over 200% of its original length to secure grafts and buds on plants, shrubs, and trees while permitting oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange for healthy growth.^[53] Unlike the broader sheets of the standard Parafilm M, this tape is clear and ideal for nursery and landscaping tasks without leaving residues.^[53] Size and packaging differ across variants to match application demands: laboratory Parafilm M typically comes in wider rolls, such as 2 inches by 250 feet or 4 inches by 125 feet, in compact dispensers for precise lab handling, whereas agricultural and grafting versions feature narrower widths—like ½ inch or 1 inch by 30 yards—for bulk use in field or greenhouse settings, often in multi-roll packs or larger dispensers to support high-volume horticultural operations.^[1]^[53] Additionally, the agricultural Parafilm M variant is optimized for produce applications, such as banana crown wrapping, and is available in formats suited for commercial-scale protection and identification of organic fruits.^[29]

Comparable Products

Laboratory alternatives to Parafilm include sealing films from established suppliers, such as Seal-R-Film™ by BRAND, a ductile, self-sealing thermoplastic that stretches up to three times its original length and offers superior optical clarity compared to Parafilm, while being more cost-effective and easier to dispense without tools.^[54]^[55] Similarly, DuraSeal™ from Diversified Biotech provides a chemically resistant option with strong resistance to caustic agents and organic solvents and higher stretchability (500-800% elongation) than Parafilm's over 200%.^[56] These products position themselves as direct substitutes for routine lab sealing but may compromise on Parafilm's unique conformability to irregular surfaces. Household analogs, such as plastic cling wrap like Saran Wrap (typically low-density polyethylene or PVC), offer temporary moisture barriers for non-critical uses but fall short in chemical resistance to acids, bases, and alcohols, and lack self-sealing adhesion, leading to poorer seals and higher evaporation rates in lab settings.^[57] Specialized competitors target niche requirements; for instance, PTFE (Teflon) adhesive tapes from Saint-Gobain deliver exceptional chemical inertness and a temperature range of -73°C to +260°C, suitable for permanent, high-durability seals in aggressive environments, albeit with reduced flexibility and higher rigidity than Parafilm.^[58] Silicone-based seals, such as PTFE-coated silicone septa from DWK Life Sciences, excel in high-heat applications such as autoclaving (up to 180°C), providing resealability and broad compatibility for bottle closures, but they are less ideal for general-purpose wrapping due to their specific form factor.^[59] Parafilm occupies a premium market segment owing to its non-toxic, biocompatible composition—free from plasticizers and safe for biological contact—and consistent performance in moisture-sensitive applications, setting it apart from generic polyolefin wraps that prioritize low cost over such specialized attributes.^[1]

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Lab Demo - Using Parafilm - YouTube
Mar 20, 2012 · Demonstration of how to use Parafilm.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378517324003053
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[PDF] Protocol: Making Sample Chambers
a. Make a sandwich by melting two strips of parafilm between a glass slide and a cover glass, leaving a channel in the middle. Inject an aqueous ...
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3D printed cell culture grid holders for improved cellular specimen ...
Dec 1, 2020 · An additional layer of flexible film composed of waxes and polyolefins (i.e. Parafilm) can be used in cell culture dishes to provide an ...
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https://www.brand.de/en/company/newsroom/universal-sealing-film-seal-r-film
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Parafilm Nursery Grafting Tape - Amcor
Features · Waterproof, flexible and stretchable to more than 200% original length · Available in two roll widths, 1/2" and 1" · Allows gases such as oxygen and ...
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All purpose sealing film Seal-R-film™ | save sealing in the lab
Sep 16, 2024 · The Sealing film Seal-R-film™ from BRAND is the perfect alternative to Parafilm® | for secure sealing of all your lab vessels.
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DuraSeal® Sealing Film, Diversified Biotech - Avantor
Durable, heat-resistant stretch sealing film is polyethylene-based and resists all caustic agents and organic solvents.
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Parafilm In The Laboratory: Sealing, Storage, And Best Practices
Aug 29, 2025 · Parafilm is a flexible, stretchable sealing film used in laboratories worldwide. Known for its ability to create airtight and ...
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PTFE Film Adhesive Tapes | Saint-Gobain
PTFE film tapes have anti-stick, high tensile strength, chemical resistance, and a wide operating temperature range (-73°C to +260°C).2255 | Tape Solutions · 2045 · R233 · 2250-2
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DURAN® PTFE-coated Silicone Septum Seal Platinum cured ...
In stockThis soft, resealable septum is made of platinum cured silicone with PTFE, suitable for GL 45 bottles, has a wide temperature range, and is autoclavable. It is ...