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NAC

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is the acetylated derivative of the amino acid L-cysteine, serving as a mucolytic agent that breaks disulfide bonds in mucus to facilitate expectoration and as an antidote for acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdose by replenishing depleted glutathione stores in the liver to prevent hepatotoxicity.^[1] It is FDA-approved for intravenous administration in cases of potentially toxic acetaminophen ingestion, where it is nearly 100% effective if initiated within 8 hours, and for nebulized use in conditions involving viscous pulmonary secretions such as cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.^[1] Orally, NAC is absorbed and converted to cysteine, supporting endogenous glutathione synthesis, which confers antioxidant properties observed in clinical settings like contrast-induced nephropathy prevention and psychiatric adjunct therapy.^[2] Beyond its established pharmacological roles, NAC has been investigated for off-label applications, including as an adjunct in psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, addiction, and schizophrenia, where randomized controlled trials demonstrate modest benefits attributable to its modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress reduction.^[3] Empirical evidence from meta-analyses supports its efficacy in reducing symptoms of trichotillomania and alleviating irritability in autism spectrum disorders, though results vary by dosage and patient population, with typical oral doses ranging from 600 to 1800 mg daily.^[4] As a dietary supplement, NAC gained popularity for purported immune and respiratory support, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, but rigorous trials have not consistently validated broad preventive claims, emphasizing instead its role in targeted antioxidant replenishment.^[5] A notable controversy surrounds NAC's regulatory status in the United States, where the FDA determined in 2022 that it qualifies as an excluded drug under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act due to its pre-1994 approval as a new drug, technically barring its marketing as a dietary supplement despite decades of uninterrupted availability and a favorable safety profile with rare adverse effects like nausea or anaphylactoid reactions.^[6] In response to industry petitions and public interest, the FDA announced enforcement discretion for certain NAC-containing products marketed before October 2020, allowing continued access pending potential rulemaking to affirm its supplement eligibility, a policy reflecting tensions between drug exclusivity incentives and consumer reliance on over-the-counter formulations.^[7] This stance has drawn criticism for overlooking NAC's naturally occurring cysteine origins and extensive post-market data affirming low risk, even as peer-reviewed pharmacovigilance underscores its tolerability across diverse populations.^[3]

Medicine

N-acetylcysteine: History and Development

N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a derivative of the amino acid cysteine designed for improved stability and bioavailability, was developed in the early 1960s by the Italian pharmaceutical company Zambon Group primarily as a mucolytic agent to treat respiratory tract disorders characterized by viscous mucus.^[8] Patented in 1960, NAC received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on September 14, 1963, for inhalation and oral administration, leveraging its sulfhydryl group to cleave disulfide bonds in mucus glycoproteins, thereby reducing mucus thickness and facilitating clearance in conditions such as cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis.^[9] Initial clinical applications as a mucolytic emerged in the mid-1960s, with early studies demonstrating its efficacy in liquefying pulmonary secretions and improving ventilatory function without significant adverse effects beyond transient bronchospasm in some patients.^[10] The recognition of NAC's role beyond mucolysis began in the 1970s amid rising acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdose cases, which deplete hepatic glutathione via the toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), leading to hepatotoxicity. British pharmacologist L.F. Prescott first demonstrated NAC's antidotal potential in 1974 through rodent studies showing it prevented liver damage by serving as a glutathione precursor, restoring cellular detoxification capacity when administered intravenously within hours of ingestion.^[11] Human trials shortly thereafter confirmed its hepatoprotective effects, establishing a 20-hour intravenous regimen as standard therapy, with efficacy approaching 100% if initiated within 8 hours post-overdose, prompting inclusion on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.^[1] This shift expanded NAC's development from a niche respiratory therapy to a critical emergency intervention, though oral formulations faced challenges from its unpleasant odor and rapid oxidation to inactive dimers.^[12] Subsequent refinements in the 1980s and 1990s focused on optimizing delivery, including stabilized intravenous preparations and exploration of its antioxidant properties for broader applications, though early enthusiasm for uses like HIV adjunct therapy yielded mixed results due to variability in dosing and patient compliance.^[12] By the 2000s, NAC's dual mucolytic and antidotal roles solidified its regulatory status, with ongoing development emphasizing sustained-release forms to mitigate gastrointestinal side effects and enhance glutathione replenishment in oxidative stress-related conditions.^[13]

N-acetylcysteine: Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, achieving peak plasma concentrations within 1 to 2 hours, though its oral bioavailability is low at less than 10% due to first-pass metabolism.^[1] ^[3] Intravenous administration yields higher peak levels, such as 554 mg/L following a 150 mg/kg dose over 15 minutes.^[3] Inhalation provides local effects in the airways with a time to maximum concentration of about 1 to 2 hours.^[1] Distribution of NAC is characterized by a steady-state volume of 0.33 to 0.47 L/kg and protein binding of 66% to 87%.^[1] It undergoes primary hepatic metabolism via deacetylation to L-cysteine, which is then incorporated into glutathione synthesis or forms disulfides and mixed thiols.^[3] Approximately 30% of clearance is renal, with the remainder involving metabolic pathways.^[1] The elimination half-life of NAC is approximately 5.6 hours intravenously and 6.25 hours orally, with urinary excretion accounting for about 30% of the dose.^[1] ^[3] As a prodrug, NAC's core mechanism involves serving as a precursor to cysteine, elevating intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels to maintain redox homeostasis and detoxify electrophilic compounds, such as the acetaminophen metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), by facilitating GSH conjugation.^[1] ^[14] This replenishment can increase hepatic GSH synthesis rates from 0.54 to 2.69 μmol/g tissue per hour in acetaminophen overdose models.^[14] In its mucolytic role, NAC reduces disulfide bonds in high-molecular-weight glycoproteins of mucus, depolymerizing mucin oligomers and decreasing viscosity to facilitate clearance in respiratory conditions.^[1] ^[15] NAC demonstrates direct antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species, including hydroxyl radicals at a rate constant of 1.36 × 10¹⁰ M⁻¹·s⁻¹, and indirect effects via augmentation of GSH peroxidase and other enzymes.^[3] It further binds toxic metabolites and free radicals while enhancing mitochondrial ATP production and tissue oxygenation.^[1] Additional pharmacodynamic effects include anti-inflammatory actions through inhibition of NF-κB signaling, suppressing cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, as well as modulation of glutamate via the cystine-glutamate antiporter.^[3] ^[16]

N-acetylcysteine: Established and Investigational Uses

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) primarily as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose, where it replenishes glutathione stores to mitigate hepatotoxicity from doses exceeding 150 mg/kg body weight in adults or 75 mg/kg in children within 8 hours of ingestion.^[1] Intravenous administration of NAC, typically at a loading dose of 150 mg/kg over 1 hour followed by maintenance infusions, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing mortality and liver transplantation needs when initiated promptly, with survival rates exceeding 90% in non-comatose patients treated early.^[3] Oral NAC regimens, such as 140 mg/kg loading followed by 70 mg/kg every 4 hours for 17 doses, serve as alternatives when intravenous access is unavailable.^[1] As a mucolytic agent, NAC cleaves disulfide bonds in mucus glycoproteins, reducing viscosity and facilitating expectoration in conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.^[3] Doses of 600–1200 mg daily, often nebulized or oral, have been standard since the 1960s, with clinical evidence from randomized trials showing improved lung function parameters, such as forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), by 10–15% in stable COPD patients over 3–6 months.^[17] The World Health Organization includes NAC on its Model List of Essential Medicines for these indications due to its established safety and efficacy profile.^[17] Investigational applications of NAC leverage its antioxidant properties via glutathione precursor activity and modulation of glutamate dysregulation in the brain. In psychiatry, NAC has shown preliminary promise in reducing cravings for substances like cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol, with meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials indicating modest effect sizes (e.g., standardized mean difference of -0.4 for cocaine dependence symptoms) at doses of 1200–2400 mg/day over 8–12 weeks, though evidence remains inconsistent and often requires adjunct therapies like contingency management for cannabis use disorder in youth.^[18]^[19]^[20] A 2015 systematic review identified favorable outcomes in autism spectrum disorder, with improvements in irritability scores on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist by up to 20% in small trials using 900–2700 mg/day, attributed to reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, but larger confirmatory studies are pending.^[21] In neurology, ongoing phase III trials as of 2024 evaluate NAC for retinitis pigmentosa, where oral doses of 1800 mg twice daily aim to slow photoreceptor degeneration via thiol-mediated neuroprotection, building on phase II data showing stabilized visual field sensitivity.^[22] For neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease, adjunctive NAC at 600–1800 mg/day has yielded mixed results in slowing cognitive decline, with some trials reporting 10–15% improvements in Mini-Mental State Examination scores linked to amyloid-beta clearance, yet others find no benefit over placebo, highlighting the need for replication amid heterogeneous patient cohorts.^[21]^[23] NAC's role in mitigating contrast-induced nephropathy post-angiography, using 600 mg twice daily pre- and post-procedure, has supportive evidence from meta-analyses reducing acute kidney injury incidence by 30–50% in high-risk patients, though not universally endorsed due to variable trial quality.^[24] In fertility contexts, doses of 1800 mg/day for 3–6 months have improved semen parameters in men with idiopathic infertility and ovulation rates in polycystic ovary syndrome, per small randomized studies, via antioxidant effects on oxidative damage.^[25] Overall, while investigational uses stem from mechanistic plausibility, clinical translation requires further large-scale, double-blind trials to establish causality beyond preliminary associations.^[3]

N-acetylcysteine: Safety Profile and Empirical Evidence

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) exhibits a generally favorable safety profile in clinical use, with toxicity being uncommon and primarily dose- and route-dependent.^[3] Extensive empirical data from trials for acetaminophen overdose demonstrate near-100% efficacy in preventing hepatotoxicity when administered within 8 hours of ingestion, with serious adverse events rare at standard doses.^[1] Oral NAC, commonly dosed at 600–1,200 mg daily for chronic conditions, is associated with gastrointestinal side effects including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, occurring in up to 23% of patients; these are typically mild and resolve with dose adjustment or administration with food.^[3] Inhalation formulations may provoke bronchospasm in asthmatic patients, necessitating caution and premedication with bronchodilators in susceptible individuals.^[1] Intravenous NAC, used acutely for acetaminophen poisoning at loading doses of 140–150 mg/kg followed by maintenance infusions, carries a higher risk of anaphylactoid reactions such as rash, flushing, and hypotension, reported in up to 40% of cases, though modified shorter regimens (e.g., 12-hour protocols) significantly reduce vomiting and such reactions without compromising efficacy.^[26] ^[27] High-dose regimens, such as 1,200 mg daily or more in chronic respiratory diseases like COPD, have been evaluated in systematic reviews showing tolerable profiles, with adverse events primarily limited to gastrointestinal upset and infrequent serious events like hypersensitivity.^[28] A 2024 trial of high-dose NAC (up to 1,800 mg/day) in COPD exacerbations reported adverse events in 25.2% of participants, mostly mild and non-serious, comparable to placebo rates.^[29] Contraindications are limited, but include hypersensitivity to NAC; precautions apply in patients with active peptic ulcers due to potential exacerbation of bleeding risk and in those with esophageal varices.^[1] Overdose of NAC itself is rare but can lead to renal effects like acute tubular necrosis in extreme cases, though human data indicate low inherent toxicity.^[30] Empirical evidence from randomized controlled trials across indications, including psychiatric disorders and neurological conditions, consistently affirms NAC's safety, with no significant increase in serious adverse events versus placebo in meta-analyses involving thousands of participants.^[31] In pregnancy, short-term use for acetaminophen toxicity shows a reassuring profile, preventing maternal and fetal harm without teratogenic risks in observational data.^[5] Long-term data from chronic use in cystic fibrosis (up to 2,400 mg/day for months) confirm tolerability, with dropout rates due to side effects under 5%.^[32] Overall, NAC's risk-benefit ratio supports its established role, though monitoring for hypersensitivity remains prudent in IV applications.^[4]

N-acetylcysteine: Regulatory Status and Controversies

In the United States, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a prescription drug for the treatment of acetaminophen overdose and as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of pulmonary secretions.^[6] The FDA has determined that NAC is excluded from the statutory definition of a dietary supplement under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), as it was first approved as a new drug in 1963, prior to the law's enactment.^[33] However, since August 2022, the FDA has exercised enforcement discretion, permitting the marketing of certain NAC-containing products labeled as dietary supplements, provided they make no unapproved drug claims and are not intended for veterinary use; this policy remains in effect pending potential rulemaking to authorize its lawful inclusion in supplements.^[7] As of 2025, the agency continues to evaluate safety data through notice-and-comment rulemaking, marking the first such process under DSHEA to potentially reclassify a pre-1994 drug ingredient for supplement use.^[34] Internationally, NAC holds approved medicinal status in numerous jurisdictions, including as an antidote for paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning and for mucolytic purposes, with recognition by the World Health Organization as an essential medicine for these indications.^[35] In the European Union, NAC often possesses a dual status, authorized both as a medicinal product and, in many member states, as a food supplement ingredient, though regulatory assessments highlight potential risks from high-dose supplementation such as gastrointestinal disturbances and rare anaphylactoid reactions.^[36] Countries like Canada and Australia similarly regulate NAC primarily as a pharmaceutical, with restrictions on over-the-counter supplement sales absent explicit health authority approval. Controversies surrounding NAC's regulatory status center on its supplement classification and enforcement actions. In 2020–2021, the FDA issued warning letters to manufacturers asserting that NAC's prior drug approval precludes its dietary supplement marketing, prompting retailers like Amazon to delist NAC products in early 2021, which disrupted availability despite no formal ban.^[37] Industry groups, including the Council for Responsible Nutrition, contested the FDA's interpretation as legally invalid, citing decades of safe consumer use and lack of demonstrated harm, leading to citizen petitions that influenced the shift to enforcement discretion.^[38] Additional friction arose from unapproved claims during the COVID-19 pandemic, where some promoters touted NAC for viral prevention or treatment without sufficient clinical evidence, resulting in FDA cautions against such marketing while affirming its established medical roles.^[6] These debates underscore tensions between drug exclusivity provisions and supplement market realities, with ongoing FDA safety reviews incorporating peer-reviewed data to assess long-term risks absent acute toxicity at typical doses.^[39]

Politics and International Relations

North Atlantic Council

The North Atlantic Council (NAC) serves as the principal political decision-making body of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), responsible for overseeing the Alliance's political and military processes related to security issues.^[40] Established under Article 9 of the North Atlantic Treaty, signed on April 4, 1949, in Washington, D.C., by 12 founding members, the NAC held its inaugural session on September 17, 1949, at the U.S. Department of State.^[41] ^[42] This article mandates the creation of a council with one representative per party to address Treaty implementation, empowering it as the sole NATO entity authorized to establish subsidiary bodies.^[40] ^[42] Composed of high-level representatives from all 32 NATO member states—currently including the original 12 plus subsequent accessions such as Finland in 2023 and Sweden in 2024—the NAC ensures equal participation regardless of member size or contribution.^[40] It convenes regularly in multiple formats: weekly meetings at the Permanent Representative (ambassador) level in Brussels for ongoing consultations; twice-yearly sessions of foreign ministers; approximately three annual gatherings of defense ministers; and occasional summits of heads of state or government for major strategic decisions.^[40] All meetings are chaired by the NATO Secretary General, who facilitates discussions but holds no veto power, with proceedings supported by an International Staff and a network of subordinate committees addressing specific policy areas like defense planning and proliferation.^[40] The NAC's core functions include consulting on any matter affecting Alliance security under Article 4 of the Treaty, reviewing reports from NATO committees, and formulating policies that bind all members upon adoption.^[40] ^[42] Decisions require unanimity through consensus, eschewing formal voting or majority rule to reflect the collective will and ensure commitment from every state, a mechanism that has enabled coordinated responses to threats like Soviet expansion during the Cold War and more recent aggressions.^[40] This process, while promoting unity, demands negotiation to reconcile diverse national interests, as evidenced by its role in invoking Article 5 collective defense only once, following the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States.^[40] The NAC's operations underscore NATO's intergovernmental nature, where sovereignty is preserved through voluntary agreement rather than supranational authority.^[40]

Other Political Bodies

The New Agenda Coalition (NAC) is an informal group of non-nuclear-weapon states established in June 1998 to promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.^[43] Its founding members—Brazil, Egypt, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Slovenia, South Africa, and Sweden—issued a joint declaration calling on nuclear-weapon states to commit unequivocally to the elimination of nuclear arsenals and to pursue negotiations toward a nuclear-weapon-free world.^[44] The coalition has maintained activity into the 2020s, convening ministerial meetings such as the one in Brasília on June 19, 2023, to reaffirm efforts against nuclear proliferation and emphasize that the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty does not entitle permanent possession of nuclear weapons.^[45] ^[46] In 2023, marking its 25th anniversary, the NAC highlighted stalled progress on disarmament obligations under the treaty regime.^[47] In India, the National Advisory Council (NAC) operated from June 4, 2004, to 2014 as an extraconstitutional advisory body to the Prime Minister under the United Progressive Alliance government, chaired by Congress leader Sonia Gandhi.^[48] Comprising civil society activists, academics, and former officials, it focused on formulating and monitoring social welfare policies, including rights-based legislation on food security, education, and rural employment.^[49] The NAC wielded significant influence, drafting key bills and recommendations that shaped government agendas, though critics contended it functioned as an unelected parallel authority, with declassified files revealing direct interventions in policy decisions during Manmohan Singh's tenure.^[50] Gandhi defended it as a non-binding advisory mechanism advocating for the marginalized, rejecting portrayals of it as a "super cabinet."^[51] The body was disbanded after the 2014 elections.^[52]

Arts and Culture

National Arts Centre

The National Arts Centre (NAC), located at 1 Elgin Street in Ottawa, Ontario, along the Rideau Canal, is Canada's bilingual, multidisciplinary performing arts institution. Established as a Centennial project to celebrate the country's 100th anniversary, it opened on June 2, 1969, following construction that began in the 1960s.^[53] The NAC serves as a national showcase for classical music, opera, theatre, and dance, with a mandate to operate and maintain the centre, develop the performing arts in Canada, and foster collaborations with artists and organizations domestically and internationally.^[54] It is the only such bilingual facility in North America and one of the largest performing arts centres worldwide.^[54] Designed in the Brutalist style by architect Fred Lebensold, the NAC features a robust concrete structure with poured reinforced concrete and precast panels of exposed aggregate, organized into hexagonal masses housing four main theatres and surrounded by terraces oriented toward the canal and cityscape.^[55] The building was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in recognition of its architectural significance and role as an exemplary performing arts venue.^[55] A major rejuvenation project, completed in phases around 2021 by Diamond Schmitt Architects, added new wings, expanded lobbies, and improved public access while preserving the original heritage elements, shifting the entry to better integrate with the urban environment.^[56] The NAC's programming encompasses the NAC Orchestra, founded in 1969 under conductor Mario Bernardi; English Theatre; French Theatre; Indigenous Theatre; Dance; and Popular Music and Variety streams.^[53] It presents, creates, produces, and co-produces works, emphasizing equity, diversity, inclusion, and support for emerging artists and youth education through initiatives like Arts Alive.^[57] Governed by the National Arts Centre Act and funded primarily by the federal government with additional private support—such as under Peter Herrndorf's leadership from 1999, which increased non-government contributions to 50%—the institution has hosted key milestones, including the creation of the Fourth Stage in 2000 for community programming and the NAC Challenge Fund, which raised $2.1 million in the late 1990s.^[53] Early leaders included G. Hamilton Southam as first Director General (1969–1977) and Donald MacSween as successor from April 1, 1977.^[53]

Technology and Computing

Network Access Control

Network Access Control (NAC) is a cybersecurity technology that enforces security policies to regulate which users and devices can access a network, typically by authenticating identities, verifying device health, and applying role-based access restrictions before granting connectivity.^[58] This process aims to mitigate risks from unauthorized or non-compliant endpoints, such as unpatched devices or malware-infected systems, by providing network administrators with visibility into connected assets and enabling automated enforcement.^[59] NAC solutions distinguish between pre-admission controls, which assess devices prior to network entry, and post-admission monitoring, which continuously evaluates ongoing compliance to quarantine or remediate threats dynamically.^[60] Core components of NAC include the client or supplicant on the endpoint device, which initiates authentication; the authenticator, such as a network switch or wireless access point, that acts as an enforcement point; and a backend policy server, often using RADIUS for centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA).^[61] During operation, a device attempting connection sends credentials via protocols like Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), which the authenticator forwards to the server for validation against directories such as Active Directory or LDAP; successful checks result in port authorization, while failures trigger isolation to a remediation VLAN or outright denial.^[62] This framework supports both wired and wireless environments, though implementations frequently prioritize Wi-Fi due to higher mobility risks, leaving some wired ports vulnerable if not uniformly enforced.^[63] A foundational standard for NAC is IEEE 802.1X, ratified in 2001 and revised in 2010, which defines port-based network access control (PNAC) to restrict IEEE 802 LAN ports until authentication succeeds, preventing unauthorized traffic at the physical layer.^[64] It operates independently of higher-layer protocols, enabling integration with EAP methods for certificate-based or username/password verification, and has become integral to enterprise zero-trust architectures by assuming no inherent trust for internal connections.^[61] Complementary protocols include RADIUS for server communication and DHCP for post-authentication IP assignment, though NAC deployments may extend to agentless profiling for IoT devices lacking supplicant software.^[65] Benefits of NAC include enhanced threat detection through endpoint posture assessment, compliance with regulations like PCI-DSS or HIPAA via auditable access logs, and reduced breach likelihood by limiting lateral movement for compromised devices.^[66] For instance, organizations using NAC report improved visibility into shadow IT and rogue devices, enabling proactive segmentation that can decrease severe incident impacts.^[58] However, challenges persist, such as deployment complexity in legacy networks, scalability issues with high device volumes, and potential single points of failure if authenticators overload; partial implementations often fail to cover all access vectors, undermining efficacy.^[63] Prominent vendor solutions, like Cisco's Identity Services Engine, integrate NAC with broader security ecosystems for unified policy management, though effectiveness depends on rigorous configuration and regular updates to counter evolving evasion techniques like MAC spoofing.^[58]

Other Technological Uses

Network Analysis Corporation (NAC) was a pioneering firm in computer network design, founded in 1969 by Howard Frank, a network engineer previously involved in optimizing national resource allocation systems at the Office of Emergency Preparedness. Specializing in mathematical modeling and topological optimization for large-scale networks, NAC secured a contract from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to develop the initial topology of ARPANET, the experimental packet-switching network that laid foundational groundwork for the Internet. This effort utilized early computer algorithms to evaluate reliability, cost, and redundancy in node and link configurations, demonstrating one of the first applications of computational methods to wide-area network architecture.^[67]^[68]

Aviation

Nacelle

A nacelle is an aerodynamic enclosure housing an aircraft's engine, propeller, or related equipment, positioned externally on the airframe to minimize drag.^[69] It protects the engine from foreign object damage, lightning strikes, and debris while directing airflow for efficient propulsion.^[70] Unlike fuselage-integrated structures, nacelles are often pod-like and attached via pylons, enabling modular engine placement on wings or fuselages.^[71] Key components include the air inlet for capturing airflow, fan cowls enclosing the engine fan, thrust reversers for deceleration during landing by redirecting exhaust forward, and exhaust nozzles managing turbine efflux.^[72] ^[70] Structural elements such as firewalls, mounts, and skins ensure containment, vibration damping, and thermal protection, with cowlings streamlining external surfaces.^[71] Nacelles also integrate noise-reduction features, like acoustic liners, to comply with regulatory limits on jet noise.^[73] Design emphasizes lightweight materials, transitioning from early aluminum alloys—used since the Wright brothers' 1903 propulsion systems—to modern composites and high-performance metal alloys for reduced weight and corrosion resistance.^[74] ^[75] Composites, comprising much of contemporary nacelle structures, lower fuel consumption by cutting aircraft mass while enhancing durability against erosion and impacts.^[76] Aerodynamic shaping, typically circular or elliptical, optimizes airflow and integrates with high-lift devices on wings for better performance during takeoff and landing.^[71] Historically, nacelles evolved with multi-engine aircraft in the early 20th century, initially as simple cowlings for radial engines to aid cooling and reduce drag, as outlined in Federal Aviation Administration guidelines.^[77] Post-World War II jet era advancements incorporated thrust reversers and variable-geometry inlets, with firms like Collins Aerospace tracing expertise to over 80 years of production by 2023.^[73] Leading manufacturers, including Safran Nacelles (roots in 1896 industrial foundations) and ST Engineering, focus on integration for commercial and military applications, emphasizing emissions reduction and extended on-wing life.^[78] ^[70] Maintenance involves routine inspections for erosion and structural integrity, critical for safety given nacelles' exposure to high-speed airflow and thermal stresses.^[79]

Sports

NAC Breda

NAC Breda, officially known as Noad Advendo Combinatie Breda, is a professional association football club based in Breda, North Brabant, Netherlands. Founded on September 19, 1912, through the merger of local clubs NOAD (Nijdamse Athletische Club) and ADVENDO (Advendo Combinatie), the club adopted its acronym from the combined initials. It competes in the Eredivisie, the top tier of Dutch football, having returned to the league for the 2024–25 season after promotion from the Eerste Divisie.^[80]^[81]^[82] The club's home matches are played at the Rat Verlegh Stadion, a 19,000-capacity venue opened in 1996 and named after former NAC player Antoon "Rat" Verlegh, who died in a Nazi concentration camp in 1944. NAC's traditional kit features black and white vertical stripes, earning it the nickname "Parel van het Zuiden" (Pearl of the South) among supporters. Historically, NAC has achieved modest success, winning the Dutch national championship once in 1921 and the KNVB Cup in 1973, though it has spent much of recent decades oscillating between the Eredivisie and the second division.^[80]^[83] In the 2024–25 Eredivisie season, as of mid-October 2025, NAC has recorded a mixed performance with six wins, six draws, and five losses in 17 matches, positioning it mid-table amid efforts to establish stability following its six-year absence from the top flight. The club maintains a passionate fanbase known for its vocal support, including organized groups like the B-Side Rats, and has participated in European competitions sporadically, such as the UEFA Cup in the early 2000s. Financial challenges and ownership changes have marked its modern history, but recent promotions reflect improved on-pitch results under various managerial regimes.^[84]^[85]^[80]

Other Sports Entities

The North Atlantic Conference (NAC) is an athletic conference for National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III institutions, primarily located in the northeastern United States and Canada, sponsoring 18 sports including men's baseball, basketball, soccer, lacrosse, and track and field, as well as women's equivalents such as softball, volleyball, and field hockey.^[86] Member schools compete in intercollegiate competitions, with the conference emphasizing academic and athletic balance among small colleges.^[87] The North American Conference for Intercollegiate Athletics (NACIA), established as the first Division I conference under the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA) in April 2025, governs intercollegiate sports for member institutions transitioning from other affiliations, offering competitions in men's and women's basketball, soccer, cross country, and other disciplines.^[88] NACIA aims to provide structured athletic opportunities for non-NCAA or NAIA schools, with initial members including colleges like Bloomfield College of Montclair State University and Five Towns College.^[89] ^[90] In competitive skiing and snowboarding, NAC designates the North American Cup (Nor-Am Cup), a continental series of events organized by the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS) that awards points toward international rankings and serves as a developmental pathway for athletes in disciplines like alpine skiing, freestyle, and Nordic combined.^[91] Within dog agility sports, NAC stands for National Agility Champion, a prestigious title conferred by the American Kennel Club (AKC) to the winner of its annual National Agility Championship, recognizing excellence in timed obstacle courses for various dog breeds and sizes.^[92]

Organizations and Societies

Native American Church

The Native American Church (NAC) is a syncretic religious movement that originated among Plains tribes such as the Kiowa and Comanche in the late 19th century, around 1885, as peyotism spread northward from its roots in northeastern Mexico and South Texas. It formally incorporated on October 10, 1918, in Oklahoma Territory through an intertribal coalition to establish legal protections for peyote ceremonies against state bans, evolving from earlier informal gatherings into a structured denomination emphasizing spiritual healing and moral living. The NAC represents a Pan-Indian response to cultural suppression during assimilation policies, integrating traditional indigenous reverence for natural medicines with Christian-influenced doctrines like the centrality of Jesus Christ as a spiritual guide alongside tribal ancestors.^[93]^[94] Central to NAC beliefs is the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), regarded as a sacred plant embodying divine power for physical and spiritual healing, moral insight, and connection to the Creator, often termed "medicine" that reveals truths unattainable through ordinary means. Core tenets include faith, hope, love, charity, and harmony with nature, with ceremonies reinforcing ethical conduct, family bonds, and community welfare rather than dogmatic theology. Practices occur in all-night vigils, typically in tipis, led by a "roadman" who directs prayers, drumming, singing, and ingestion of peyote buttons or tea; participants seek visions for guidance on illness, rites of passage, or personal trials, culminating in a communal feast at dawn. Branches vary, such as the NAC of North America, which incorporates more explicit Christian liturgy, while others retain stronger traditional elements, reflecting tribal diversity among over 300,000 estimated members across more than 50 tribes.^[93]^[95]^[96] Peyote's legal status shifted through federal exemptions recognizing its religious necessity: the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 affirmed protections for traditional practices, and the 1994 amendment to the Controlled Substances Act (42 U.S.C. § 1996a) along with DEA regulation 21 CFR § 1307.31 exempts nondrug use in bona fide NAC ceremonies for enrolled members of federally recognized tribes, irrespective of age. This stems from prior conflicts, including Supreme Court cases like Employment Division v. Smith (1990), which upheld neutral drug laws but prompted Religious Freedom Restoration Act responses; however, exemptions do not extend to non-members or recreational use, and supply dwindles due to habitat loss and poaching in Texas, the sole legal harvest source. State laws align variably, with some mirroring federal allowances, but enforcement prioritizes ceremonial intent over commercial diversion.^[97]^[98]^[99]

Other Organizations

The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the principal political decision-making body within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), consisting of high-level representatives from each member state who meet regularly to address security and alliance matters. Established in 1949 alongside NATO's founding, the NAC operates by consensus and holds ultimate authority over alliance policies, with decisions binding on all members.^[40] The National Acquisition Center (NAC), operated by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, manages nationwide procurement contracts to support health care delivery for veterans, including medical supplies, pharmaceuticals, and equipment as of 2025. It centralizes purchasing to achieve economies of scale and compliance with federal acquisition regulations.^[100] The Not-for-Profit Advisory Committee (NAC), formed in 2009 under the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), provides expert input on accounting standards affecting not-for-profit entities, such as reporting requirements for contributions and endowments. Comprising up to 20 members from diverse sectors, it meets periodically to review proposed updates and recommend improvements based on practical implementation challenges.^[101] The National Alliance for Caregiving (NAC), a U.S.-based coalition founded in 1996, unites over 50 organizations to advocate for family caregivers through research, policy influence, and public awareness initiatives, including studies on caregiving demographics and economic impacts released as recently as 2020..html)

Miscellaneous Uses

Media and Publications

Native America Calling (NAC) is a syndicated public radio program that airs weekdays, featuring live call-in discussions on topics affecting Native American and Alaska Native communities, including health, education, sovereignty, and cultural preservation. Produced by Vision Maker Media and distributed to over 300 stations, it serves as the largest electronic talking circle for Indigenous voices in the United States, with episodes available on-demand via podcast.^[102]^[103] NAC TV, or Neepawa Access Community Television, operates as a community access station in Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada, broadcasting local events, sports, and programming such as town council meetings and high school sports on channels available via MTS, Westman Cable, and Bell Satellite. Established to cover community happenings, it schedules content including documentaries and educational segments, with live broadcasts starting at 7:00 p.m. on Wednesdays.^[104] The Newspaper Agency Corporation (NAC), formed in 1952 under a Joint Operating Agreement between The Salt Lake Tribune and Deseret News, handled joint printing, circulation, advertising sales, and distribution for the two Salt Lake City newspapers to ensure economic viability amid declining print revenues. Operating from facilities in Salt Lake City, Utah, it facilitated shared operations while maintaining editorial independence until the JOA's restructuring in the early 2010s, after which functions were absorbed by individual entities or successors like Utah Media Group.^[105]^[106] Nunavut Arctic College Media (NAC Media), the publishing arm of Nunavut Arctic College, produces books, films, and digital archives focused on Inuit language, history, and culture, often in Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, English, and French to support language preservation and community knowledge. Titles include practical guides like Arctic Fox Trapping in Nunavut (priced at CAD 19.95) and Arctic Marine Safety (CAD 29.95), alongside oral history projects and films, with efforts to digitize Arctic-related artifacts for broader access.^[107]^[108]

Additional Acronyms

NAC denotes N-acetylcysteine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine approved by the FDA as the primary antidote for acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdose to prevent hepatotoxicity when administered within 8-10 hours of ingestion, and also used as a mucolytic to thin mucus in respiratory conditions such as chronic bronchitis or cystic fibrosis.^[1]^[3] In cybersecurity, NAC stands for Network Access Control, a policy enforcement mechanism that authenticates users and devices, performs health checks, and restricts network access to compliant endpoints, often integrated with firewalls to mitigate unauthorized entry or compromised systems.^[66] NAC refers to the North Atlantic Council, NATO's principal political decision-making forum comprising permanent representatives from all member states, responsible for consensus-based consultations on security issues, strategic direction, and alliance policies since the organization's founding in 1949.^[40]

References

[1]
N-Acetylcysteine - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is the mainstay of therapy for acetaminophen toxicity. NAC has FDA approval for treating potentially hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen ...
[2]
A Review on Various Uses of N-Acetyl Cysteine - PMC - NIH
NAC is used for disorders from free oxygen radicals, as a mucolytic, and for conditions like PCOS, acetaminophen toxicity, and chronic bronchitis.
[3]
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC): Impacts on Human Health - PubMed Central
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a medicine widely used to treat paracetamol overdose and as a mucolytic compound. It has a well-established safety profile.
[4]
N-Acetylcysteine: Multiple Clinical Applications - AAFP
Aug 1, 2009 · PAUL J. MILLEA, MD, MA. info. Am Fam Physician. 2009;80(3):265-269. assignment. Author disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
[5]
https://examine.com/supplements/n-acetylcysteine/
[6]
[PDF] Guidance for Industry: Policy Regarding N-acetyl-L-cysteine - FDA
FDA has determined that NAC is excluded from the dietary supplement definition under section. 201(ff)(3)(B)(i) of the FD&C Act because NAC was approved as a new ...
[7]
FDA Releases Final Guidance on Enforcement Discretion for NAC
The FDA is announcing the availability of a final guidance on FDA's policy regarding products labeled as dietary supplements that contain N-acetyl-L-cysteine ( ...
[8]
Acetylcysteine - Zambon - AdisInsight - Springer
Free delivery 14-day returnsAcetylcysteine (Fluimucil®) has been developed as an oral formulation by Zambon for the treatment of respiratory tract disorders, and as an intravenous.
[9]
Acetylcysteine: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action - DrugBank
Jan 15, 2008 · Acetylcysteine was granted FDA approval on 14 September 1963. Modality: Small Molecule; Groups: Approved, Investigational; Structure.
[10]
The Multifaceted Therapeutic Role of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in ...
NAC was effective from 6 months onwards, suggesting that the preventive effects of NAC are slow to develop but then progress, and are sustained with regular ...
[11]
N-Acetylcysteine | Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11e
Prescott first suggested NAC for APAP poisoning in 1974. Early experiments demonstrated that NAC could prevent APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and that the ...<|separator|>
[12]
[PDF] History of N-Acetylcysteine - Herzenberg Laboratory
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)1 is a well-known and universally accepted antidote to acet- aminophen (APAP; Tylenol, paracetamol) poisoning.
[13]
The mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
Initially adopted as a mucolytic about 60 years ago, the cysteine prodrug N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is the standard of care to treat paracetamol intoxication, ...
[14]
Mechanism of Action of N-Acetylcysteine in the Protection Against ...
N-Acetylcysteine promptly reversed the acetaminophen-induced depletion of glutathione by increasing glutathione synthesis from 0.54 to 2.69 μmol/g per h.
[15]
N-acetylcysteine inhibits Na+ absorption across human nasal ...
The mechanism of action is based on rupture of the disulfide bridges of the high molecular glycoproteins present in the mucus, resulting in smaller subunits of ...
[16]
The mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) - PubMed
Conventionally, it is assumed that NAC acts as (i) a reductant of disulfide bonds, (ii) a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and/or (iii) a precursor for ...
[17]
Medical and Dietary Uses of N-Acetylcysteine - PubMed
Apr 28, 2019 · It has been used as a drug since the 1960s and is listed on the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Medicines as an antidote ...
[18]
N-acetylcysteine: A potential treatment for substance use disorders
Jun 8, 2018 · NAC is thought to act as an anti-relapse agent, rather than an agent that can help someone who is actively using stimulants to stop. ...
[19]
Effect of N-acetylcysteine on craving in substance use disorders (SUD)
Sep 5, 2024 · NAC seem to reduce craving rating in SUD patients, but evidence is weak. More studies are needed to confirm this finding.
[20]
N-acetylcysteine for youth cannabis use disorder - Nature
Feb 5, 2025 · Findings indicate that N-acetylcysteine is not efficacious for youth cannabis use disorder when not paired with contingency management.Missing: pharmacology | Show results with:pharmacology<|control11|><|separator|>
[21]
Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology
In this systematic review we find favorable evidence for the use of NAC in several psychiatric and neurological disorders, particularly autism, Alzheimer's ...Missing: investigational | Show results with:investigational
[22]
Phase 3 Clinical Trial of NAC Launched for RP Patients
Apr 12, 2024 · Johns Hopkins University (JHU) has launched a Phase 3 clinical trial of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa ...Missing: investigational | Show results with:investigational
[23]
N-acetylcysteine Pharmacology and Applications in Rare Diseases ...
The earliest clinical development of NAC was for providing relief in muco-pulmonary ailments. Details such as the origin, synthesis, and application of NAC can ...
[24]
N-Acetylcysteine: A Review of Clinical Usefulness (an Old Drug with ...
Jun 9, 2021 · N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulfhydryl-containing compound, with mucolytic properties, originally patented in 1960, and its use in medicine was ...
[25]
[PDF] N-acetylcysteine: A Review of Clinical Use and Efficacy
NAC has been extensively used for its mucolytic properties, and research has also demonstrated its ability to interrupt biofilms. There is evidence for benefits ...Missing: investigational | Show results with:investigational<|separator|>
[26]
Reduction of adverse effects from intravenous acetylcysteine ...
Nov 28, 2013 · In patients with paracetamol poisoning, a 12 h modified acetylcysteine regimen resulted in less vomiting, fewer anaphylactoid reactions, and ...
[27]
https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01209455
[28]
Safety of N-Acetylcysteine at High Doses in Chronic Respiratory ...
Dec 16, 2020 · The aim of this review was to evaluate the adverse effects profile of NAC at higher than the standard dose in chronic respiratory diseases.
[29]
Effect of high-dose N-acetylcysteine on exacerbations and lung ...
Sep 30, 2024 · One hundred seventeen adverse events occurred in 464 patients (25.2%) treated with at least one dose of N-acetylcysteine, and 98 adverse events ...
[30]
N-acetylcysteine overdose after acetaminophen poisoning - NIH
Acute tubular necrosis and nephrotoxicity are reported in 1%–2% of cases of acetaminophen poisoning, and can occur in isolation or along with hepatoxicity ...
[31]
Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology
We particularly concentrate on the evidence for any adverse effects during the use of NAC in controlled clinical trials to assess whether NAC is safe for the ...
[32]
A phase II study on safety and efficacy of high-dose N-acetylcysteine ...
Aug 12, 2009 · In conclusion, our study demonstrates that high-dose NAC is a well-tolerated and safe medication for a prolonged therapy of patients with CF ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[33]
Policy Regarding N-acetyl-L-cysteine; Guidance for Industry
Aug 2, 2022 · We described that FDA denied two citizen petitions requesting that we conclude that NAC is not excluded from the definition of dietary ...
[34]
FDA is exploring rulemaking for NAC supplements
The US Food and Drug Administration is planning to publish a proposed first-of-its-kind rule that would make an ingredient lawful in dietary supplements.
[35]
[PDF] Acetylcysteine (N-acetylcysteine, NAC) for the management of non ...
Summary of regulatory status and market availability of the medicine. NAC is approved by many health authorities for prevention of liver injury in acetaminophen ...
[36]
[PDF] Risk assessment of food supplements containing N-acetylcysteine ...
In addition, when NAC is also used as a mucolytic agent (medicine) an ... NAC is patented in 1960, and its use in medicine was first reported in. 1967 ...
[37]
Amazon verifies it's eliminating for sale NAC supplements
FDA last year asserted in warning letters that NAC couldn't be lawfully marketed in dietary supplements because it was first approved as a drug in 1963. The ...Missing: restrictions | Show results with:restrictions
[38]
CRN action on NAC | Council for Responsible Nutrition
CRN declared “legally invalid” FDA's new policy prohibiting manufacturers from marketing products containing NAC as dietary supplements under the Federal Food, ...
[39]
FDA's Safety Review of NAC to Go Under Peer Review
Nov 29, 2023 · While FDA has posited that NAC is excluded from meeting the definition of dietary supplements in the past, the agency has consistently noted ...
[40]
Topic: North Atlantic Council (NAC) - NATO
Oct 21, 2024 · The North Atlantic Council is the principal political decision-making body within NATO. It oversees the political and military process relating to security ...
[41]
Final Communiqué of the first Session of the North Atlantic Council
Jun 9, 2010 · The Council established by Article 9 of the North Atlantic Treaty held its first session in Washington on September 17, 1949. Representatives of ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[42]
[PDF] The North Atlantic Treaty (1949) - NATO
Article 9. The Parties hereby establish a Council, on which each of them shall be represented, to consider matters concerning the implementation of this Treaty.Missing: NAC | Show results with:NAC
[43]
New Agenda Coalition
The NAC called for a commitment to nuclear disarmament and negotiations for the elimination of nuclear weapons through a Nuclear Weapons Convention.
[44]
[PDF] New Agenda Coalition - unrcpd
The NAC strongly believes that there can be no justification for the continued retention or indefinite possession of nuclear weapons by any actor. The ...
[45]
New Agenda Coalition - Brasilia, June 19, 2023 - Portal Gov.br
Jun 19, 2023 · The meeting served to mark the NAC`s dedicated focus on nuclear disarmament and its effective and ambitious efforts to achieve and maintain a world free of ...
[46]
New Agenda Coalition Treaty on the non-proliferation of Nuclear ...
Jul 22, 2024 · The Treaty was never intended to create a permanent entitlement for some to retain nuclear weapons.
[47]
[PDF] First meeting of the Preparatory Committee for the 2026 Review ...
2023 marks the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the New Agenda. Coalition. The NAC was born out of concern at the lack of implementation of nuclear ...
[48]
National Advisory Council (NAC) - India - Departments
Founded by the Congress party on June 4 2004, NAC's role is to devise social policies for the betterment of India's poor. The committee has 13 members from ...
[49]
[PDF] The National Advisory Council Model: When the Civil Society was ...
Jul 14, 2010 · The purpose of the NCMP was to remind everyone of the government's goals: to strengthen “secular and progressive forces for parties wedded to ...
[50]
NAC files made public: Was Sonia Gandhi the super PM in the UPA ...
Jan 9, 2017 · The files give an insight of the relationship with the National Advisory Committee, formed under the chairmanship of Congress president Sonia Gandhi and the ...
[51]
National Advisory Council was no power centre, advocated people's ...
Nov 25, 2023 · The National Advisory Council (NAC) was 'uncharitably caricatured' as a 'separate power centre' when it functioned purely as an 'advisory body to the Prime ...
[52]
The Rebirth of the National Advisory Council
Aug 21, 2010 · The National Advisory Council was reborn a year after the 2009 Lok Sabha elections. While the NAC of 2004 was to monitor the implementation of the 2004 ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[53]
History | National Arts Centre
The creation of Canada's National Arts Centre was part of the explosion of pride and optimism that led to the celebration of Canada's 100th birthday in 1967 ...Missing: mission | Show results with:mission
[54]
National Arts Centre (NAC) - Canada.ca
The NAC is the only multidisciplinary, bilingual performing arts centre in North America, and one of the largest in the world.
[55]
National Arts Centre National Historic Site of Canada
Designed in the Brutalist style, the National Arts Centre is constructed of poured reinforced concrete and covered with precast panels of exposed Laurentian- ...Missing: facts | Show results with:facts<|separator|>
[56]
National Arts Centre Rejuvenation - Diamond Schmitt
It is composed of a cluster of hexagonal masses, containing four theatres—wrapped by terraces that are oriented to the Rideau Canal and the city beyond.Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
[57]
About the National Arts Centre
The National Arts Centre (NAC) is Canada's bilingual, multi-disciplinary home for the performing arts. The NAC presents, creates, produces, and co-produces ...Missing: founding | Show results with:founding
[58]
What Is Network Access Control (NAC)? - Cisco
Network access control (NAC) is a security solution that enforces policy on devices that access networks to increase network visibility and reduce risk.Missing: history standards
[59]
What Is Network Access Control (NAC) - Fortinet
Network access control (NAC), also known as network admission control, is the process of restricting unauthorized users and devices from gaining access to a ...
[60]
Network Access Control: Explained - SecureW2
Jul 31, 2024 · Network Access Control (NAC) is a security solution designed to fortify an organization's network by regulating how devices and users access network resources.
[61]
What is 802.1X Network Access Control (NAC)?
802.1X network access control (NAC) enables administrators to provide uniform access control across wired and wireless networks.
[62]
Understanding IEEE 802.1X: The Access Control Standard Protocol
It provides a method for securing network access by requiring users or devices to authenticate themselves before they are granted access to the network.
[63]
Getting The Knack For NAC - Forrester
Aug 8, 2022 · Forrester found that most of the implementations seem to favor Wi-Fi connectivity, while many wired ports remain unprotected. This information ...
[64]
IEEE 802.1X-2010 - IEEE SA
Port-based network access control allows a network administrator to restrict the use of IEEE 802 LAN service access points (ports) to secure communication ...Missing: works | Show results with:works<|separator|>
[65]
What Is 802.1X Authentication? - Fortinet
802.1X authentication acts as a protocol that verifies the person connecting is who they say they are. It works for both wireless and wired devices.
[66]
Network Access Control (NAC) - Glossary | CSRC
Network Access Control (NAC) ... Definitions: A feature provided by some firewalls that allows access based on a user's credentials and the results of health ...
[67]
Howard Frank Looks Back on His Role as an ARPAnet Designer
Apr 25, 2016 · HF: I formed my first company, Network Analysis Corporation (NAC), in 1969. One of our first contracts was with DARPA (Defense Advanced ...
[68]
Network Topology - 1969-1970 | History of Computer Communications
Frank had founded Network Analysis Corporation (NAC), a company specializing in topological design based on his groundbreaking work at the Office of Emergency ...
[69]
What does "Nacelle" mean? - GlobeAir
A nacelle refers to an aerodynamic enclosure or housing that surrounds and protects a component of an aircraft, typically an engine, propeller, or turbofan.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[70]
Nacelle Systems - ST Engineering MRAS
Sep 25, 2024 · Nacelles are designed to reduce drag and provide engine protection from external factors such as debris, lightning, and foreign object ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition<|separator|>
[71]
22.13. 54 Nacelles & Pylons - Abbott Aerospace UK Ltd
Nacelles (sometimes called “pods”) are streamlined enclosures used primarily to house the engine and its components. They usually present a round or elliptical ...Missing: function | Show results with:function
[72]
Journey inside the nacelle - Safran
Feb 13, 2024 · The nacelle is a structure that links the engine to the airplane. It comprises an air inlet, engine cowl, thrust reverser and exhaust system.Missing: materials | Show results with:materials
[73]
Nacelle Systems - Collins Aerospace
Quieter, more efficient commercial nacelle systems. With 80 years of experience, we're leading the design and manufacturing of commercial nacelle systems.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[74]
A world leader in aircraft nacelles - Safran
A world leader in aircraft nacelles. Safran Nacelles designs, integrates and provides support and after-sales service for aircraft nacelles.
[75]
Nacelle Advancements Seek Greater Durability, Sustainability
Nov 3, 2022 · “Composites are the main material trend for keeping nacelle parts on wing longer, as they are much less prone to corrosion compared to metals,” ...
[76]
Application of fiber-reinforced bismaleimide materials to aircraft ...
Existing aircraft engine nacelle structures employ advanced composite materials to reduce weight and thereby increase overall performance.
[77]
[PDF] Chapter 3: Aircraft Construction - Federal Aviation Administration
The purpose of the cowling or nacelle is to streamline the flow of air around the engine and to help cool the engine by ducting air around the cylinders.
[78]
The Story of Safran Nacelles
May 17, 2023 · Its history dates back more than 120 years, since it began in 1896 with the establishment of the Schneider Frères & Cie factories in Le Havre.
[79]
What Is Nacelle MRO and Why Does It Matter in Aircraft Parts ...
The nacelle plays a critical role in ensuring safe and efficient aircraft performance. It contributes to managing airflow into the engine, shielding internal ...
[80]
NAC Breda - Facts and data - Transfermarkt
The club will play in the First Division in the 2023/24 season. The club has played in the Rat Verlegh Stadium since 1996, named after former NAC player Rat ...
[81]
Officiële website NAC Breda - NAC.nl
Welkom op de website van NAC Breda. NAC (Noad Advendo Combinatie) Breda is opgericht op 19 september 1912.NieuwsWedstrijdenGroundhoppers (EN)ContactNAC 1
[82]
NAC Breda Stats, Records and History - FBref.com
Team Name: NAC Breda ; Gender: Male ; Affiliated Squads: NAC Breda (F) ; Seasons: 26; 2000-2001 to 2025-2026 ; League Record: 320-212-344.
[83]
NAC | History | UEFA Europa League
NAC Breda. Top goalscorers: De Graaf De Graaf 4, Lurling Lurling 3, Amoah 3, Kwakman 3, Loran 1, Gorter. Most appearances: Gorter Gorter 6, Schilder Schilder 6.
[84]
Eredivisie 2024/2025 table, results - Netherlands | Soccerway
Stay on top of the Eredivisie 2024/2025 table and follow the results in Netherlands with Soccerway.
[85]
NAC Breda - Eredivisie 2024/2025 - SoccerPunter.com
NAC Breda have played a total of 17 matches in Netherlands Eredivisie. Their current statistics is 6 win, 6 draw and 5 lose.
[86]
North Atlantic Conference
The official athletics website for North Atlantic Conference.Men's Soccer · Women's Soccer · Men's Lacrosse · Outdoor Track & Field
[87]
2024 NAC Fall All-Academic Team Announced
Jan 24, 2025 · The 2024 NAC Fall All-Academic Team includes 99 first-years, 88 sophomores, 79 seniors, 76 juniors, and 17 graduate students, showcasing academic excellence ...
[88]
USCAA Approves first ever Division 1 Conference, the North ...
Apr 3, 2025 · USCAA Approves first ever Division 1 Conference, the North American Conference for Intercollegiate Athletics (NACIA) · Pittsburgh, Pa. – · About ...
[89]
Bloomfield College Of Montclair State University Athletics To ...
Jul 15, 2025 · The Bears will compete in the North American Conference for Intercollegiate Athletics (NACIA) against schools including Bryant and Stratton ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[90]
North American Conference for Intercollegiate Athletics (NACIA)
North American Conference for Intercollegiate Athletics (NACIA). Level. State. Country. Sort by, Distance, Newest. Berkeley College - New York.
[91]
International Ski and Snowboard Federation - FIS
NAC. Nor-Am Cup. NAC. North American Cup. NACP. Nor-Am Cup Premium. NAT. Nation. NC. National Championships. NC. Open National Championships. NGP. Nation Grand ...
[92]
Titles & Abbreviations - American Kennel Club
NAC, National Agility Champion: The winner of the annual National Agility Championship shall be entitled to be designated National Agility Champion of _____ ...
[93]
Native American Church | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History ...
Typical reasons for holding services of the Native American Church include the desire to cure illness, to celebrate birthdays, Christian holidays, New Year's ...
[94]
What is the Native American Church and why is peyote sacred to ...
Dec 26, 2024 · The Native American Church is considered the most widespread religious movement among the Indigenous people of North America. It holds sacred the peyote cactus.Missing: significance | Show results with:significance
[95]
Native American Church - The Pluralism Project
A central component of the Native American Church is the sacramental ingestion of peyote during peyote meetings. In 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled ...
[96]
The Native American Religion of Peyotism's South Texas Roots
... Native American Church, a religious organization that uses peyote as a complex, powerful sacrament. More than 300,000 Native people are members, with ...<|separator|>
[97]
42 U.S. Code § 1996a - Traditional Indian religious use of peyote
the lack of adequate and clear legal protection for the religious use of peyote by Indians may serve to stigmatize and marginalize Indian tribes and ...
[98]
21 CFR 1307.31 -- Native American Church. - eCFR
The listing of peyote as a controlled substance in Schedule I does not apply to the nondrug use of peyote in bona fide religious ceremonies of the Native ...
[99]
Peyote Exemption for Native American Church - Department of Justice
Dec 22, 1981 · An exemption for peyote use by the NAC would not violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment if the NAC had a constitutional right ...
[100]
About the National Acquisition Center (NAC) - Office of Procurement ...
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) National Acquisition Center (NAC) is responsible for supporting the health care requirements of the VA and other ...Missing: stand | Show results with:stand
[101]
Not-for-Profit Advisory Committee (NAC) - FASB
The Not-for-Profit Advisory Committee (NAC) was established in October 2009. The NAC is a standing committee that works closely with the FASB in an advisory ...Missing: stand | Show results with:stand
[102]
Native America Calling »
NAC @ Santa Fe Indian Market. After 103 years, the Santa Fe Indian Market remains the biggest draw for Native artists, potters, and jewelry makers as well as ...Podcasts · About · Archive of Past Shows · Stations<|separator|>
[103]
Native America Calling - National Endowment for the Humanities
The live call-in show focused on issues affecting Native American and Alaska Native people in the United States.
[104]
NACTV – Neepawa's Community Access Television Station
NAC TV is located 423 Mountain Ave. in downtown Neepawa, MB. in the Dunlop Building. Search for: Watch us! Bell Satellite TV 592. MTS Channel 30/1030. WCG 17Live · TV Listing · Contact · About
[105]
About The Salt Lake Tribune
Our address is The Salt Lake Tribune, Inc., 48 West Market St., Suite 200, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84101. ... Newspaper Agency Corporation (NAC). Under this JOA ...
[106]
Utah Media Group - Services & Company Info - Clutch
Utah Media Group was incorporated in 1952 – then as Newspaper Agency Corporation – as the joint advertising, circulation and production arm of Deseret News ...
[107]
Nunavut Arctic College Media
NAC MEDIA publishes books, produces films, documents oral histories, and is developing a digital archive. We are working to make more materials accessible ...
[108]
Books | Nunavut Arctic College Media
Arctic Fox Trapping in Nunavut · 19.95 ; Arctic Marine Safety · 29.95 ; From Magic Words to Automated Translation: A History of the Inuit Language · 29.95 ; Hunting ...