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Overleaf

Overleaf is a cloud-based collaborative editor designed for creating, editing, and sharing complex scientific, technical, and academic documents, enabling real-time without requiring local installations. Originally launched as WriteLaTeX at the end of 2012 by mathematicians John Hammersley and John Lees-Miller, it was founded in 2011 with the goal of making more accessible and collaborative for users ranging from students to researchers. WriteLaTeX was rebranded as Overleaf and joined in 2014 as part of a broader suite of research technology solutions; in 2017, Overleaf merged with the competing platform ShareLaTeX, solidifying its position as the leading online tool. Key features include a visual and code-based editor, thousands of templates, , real-time commenting, and integrations with tools like and reference managers, supporting over 20 million users across 189 countries who have created more than 100 million projects. Overleaf is widely adopted by academic institutions such as , the , and for collaborative research and publication workflows.

Overview

Description

Overleaf is an online collaborative platform designed for creating and editing documents, allowing users to access its full functionality through any without requiring local software installation. It serves as a cloud-based LaTeX editor tailored for scientific and , enabling the production of complex documents such as research papers, theses, and presentations with precise formatting capabilities. Key benefits include real-time collaborative editing, where multiple users can simultaneously modify documents and see changes instantly, and automatic compilation to PDF output, which streamlines the workflow for authors handling equations, figures, and references. This setup particularly supports academic and professional environments by facilitating efficient document preparation without the setup hurdles of traditional installations. Overleaf offers a tier that provides unlimited and private projects, basic collaboration with up to one co-author per project, and access to essential tools for individual users. tiers, including , , , and institution-specific plans, unlock advanced features such as version history, integration, and enhanced storage for teams and organizations, with collaborator limits ranging from 6 () to 10 () to unlimited () per project. As of 2025, Overleaf supports over 20 million users worldwide, establishing it as a leading tool for academic document preparation across research institutions and businesses.

Ownership and Development

Overleaf is owned by , a focused on workflows, following its strategic investment in the original WriteLaTeX entity in July 2014. This investment enabled the expansion of the platform's infrastructure and user base while integrating it into Digital Science's portfolio of tools. The platform was originally developed by co-founders John Hammersley and John Lees-Miller. Hammersley transitioned from CEO to VP of Researcher and Community Engagement at in October 2022, with Lee Shalit succeeding as CEO; Lees-Miller continues to contribute as CTO. As a product under , Overleaf has evolved to emphasize scalability and institutional adoption, including dedicated features for enterprise users such as integration, custom branding, and advanced security controls. Development efforts have also prioritized institutional licensing programs, allowing universities and organizations to provide unlimited access for their communities, thereby supporting large-scale collaborative research environments.

History

Founding and Early Years

WriteLaTeX, the initial version of what became Overleaf, was founded in 2011 and launched in late 2012 by mathematicians John Hammersley and John Lees-Miller, who had previously collaborated in . The platform emerged from their shared experiences with the complexities of scientific document preparation, aiming to create a tool that would streamline usage for researchers. The founders' primary motivation was to address the limitations of traditional offline LaTeX editing, such as version control issues and collaboration barriers, by developing an accessible online alternative. Inspired by collaborative tools like and , WriteLaTeX sought to simplify for non-experts in academia, enabling real-time co-editing without the need for local installations or email-based file sharing. This approach was particularly targeted at scientists and researchers struggling with the steep and isolation of desktop-based workflows. In its early stages, WriteLaTeX offered a basic online editor supporting input, real-time collaboration, and automatic PDF compilation, with projects accessible via shareable URLs. The version launched around early , initially as a to aid the founders' own groups and work. It quickly gained visibility through organic channels, including a prominent feature on on , which drove initial user traffic despite rudimentary infrastructure. The founding period presented significant challenges, including a small initial user base and reliance on self-funding, which necessitated bootstrapped development on a part-time basis. Technical hurdles, such as handling unexpected spikes in usage without robust scaling, compounded the uncertainties of operating as an unfunded startup in a niche academic market. These constraints persisted until mid-2014, shaping a operational model focused on core functionality over expansive growth.

Investment and Rebranding

In July 2014, Digital Science announced a strategic investment in WriteLaTeX, the company behind the emerging Overleaf platform, to support its expansion and development as a key tool for scientific collaboration. This funding enabled the small team to hire additional staff and invest in infrastructure improvements, transitioning the service from a bootstrapped project toward a scalable software-as-a-service (SaaS) model aimed at reaching one million users globally. The investment marked a pivotal professionalization step, providing the resources needed to enhance server capacity and reliability for handling increased collaborative workloads. Following the investment, WriteLaTeX underwent a to Overleaf, officially announced in December 2014 with a full relaunch in early 2015, to better align with its focus on seamless document sharing and in . The new name evoked the idea of turning a page—symbolizing how collaborators could easily access and build upon each other's work, much like viewing the reverse side of a in a . This identity shift coincided with immediate enhancements, including upgraded server infrastructure to support real-time editing for larger groups and the initiation of partnerships with academic publishers, such as the integration with for streamlined journal submissions in August 2015. The investment and rebranding catalyzed Overleaf's evolution from a niche hobbyist tool into a SaaS platform, evidenced by its early recognition as the Innovative Internet Business of 2014 at the Nominet Internet Awards in . This accolade highlighted the platform's innovative approach to online collaboration, setting the stage for broader adoption in research communities while solidifying its commercial viability under Digital Science's backing.

Merger with ShareLaTeX

In July 2017, Overleaf announced the full acquisition of its direct competitor ShareLaTeX, operated by Scribtex Limited, marking a significant consolidation in the online editing space. The deal combined the user bases of both platforms, which together served approximately two million users, creating a larger for collaborative document editing. This acquisition was driven by the complementary strengths of the two services: ShareLaTeX excelled in and integrations for , while Overleaf was renowned for its extensive library of templates and user-friendly interface for beginners. The primary motivation was to unify these capabilities into a single, enhanced platform that would accelerate development and provide a more comprehensive toolset without the inefficiencies of competing services. The integration process began immediately after the announcement, with both teams collaborating to merge features and infrastructure while maintaining separate operations to avoid disruptions. Over the following year, incremental updates were rolled out, such as introducing Overleaf's automatic compiling feature to ShareLaTeX users in late , ensuring a seamless experience during the transition. This culminated in the launch of Overleaf v2 on September 4, 2018, which was built on ShareLaTeX's more modern editor core while incorporating Overleaf's template system and other key functionalities. All users from both platforms were automatically migrated to the new unified system, with the legacy Overleaf v1 remaining available briefly until early 2019 to facilitate the shift. In the short term, the merger resulted in unified branding under Overleaf, eliminating redundancy and fostering a cohesive product without any reported service interruptions for users. The combined resources also improved backend stability, as the leveraged ShareLaTeX's robust to enhance overall and for the growing user base. This strategic move positioned the platform as the dominant online editor shortly after the acquisition.

Post-Merger Growth and Recent Updates

Following the 2017 merger with ShareLaTeX, which served as a catalyst for unified platform development, Overleaf experienced significant user growth, reaching six million registered users by mid-2020 amid accelerated adoption during the era. This surge was driven by increased demand for collaborative online tools, with the platform adding millions more users in subsequent years to hit ten million by June 2022 and eleven million by November of that year, growing to over 20 million users by mid-2025. In October 2022, Overleaf's co-founder and CEO John Hammersley transitioned to a broader executive role at parent company , focusing on strategic scalability while maintaining emphasis on product innovation. This leadership shift supported ongoing enhancements, including expanded institutional adoptions by universities such as Stanford, , and the , where Overleaf provides premium features to faculty, students, and staff through enterprise licenses. Key technical updates included the integration of 2025 on September 4, 2025, enabling access to the latest packages, fonts, and performance improvements for enhanced compatibility and PDF output. Overleaf marked its tenth anniversary in late 2022 with reflections on community contributions, including interviews with founders John Hammersley and John Lees-Miller highlighting the platform's role in fostering global collaboration among researchers. Concurrently, the company expanded into enterprise tools, offering tailored solutions for businesses to support technical documentation and team workflows with features like unlimited collaborators and advanced version control. In June 2025, introduced new AI-powered writing tools for Overleaf, enhancing features for its over 20 million users.

Features

Editing and Compilation

Overleaf provides a editing interface designed for document creation, featuring to visually distinguish code elements such as commands, comments, and text for improved readability. The editor includes auto-completion functionality that suggests and inserts commands as users type, reducing errors and speeding up input by displaying a suggestion list triggered by command prefixes. Additionally, built-in error detection scans the code in for common syntax issues, such as mismatched braces or undefined commands, flagging potential problems before compilation to prevent runtime failures. The compilation process in Overleaf generates output on demand by processing source files through engines, primarily producing PDF documents as the default format. Users can select from compilers including pdfLaTeX (the standard default), XeLaTeX for and font support, and LuaLaTeX for advanced scripting, all powered by the 2025 distribution hosted on Overleaf's servers (as of September 2025). While PDF is the core output, the platform supports additional formats such as for graphics export via tools like dvisvgm and experimental conversion using make4ht, enabling versatile document rendering beyond traditional print. Compilation occurs automatically upon saving changes or manually via the Recompile button, with SyncTeX integration linking lines to PDF positions for precise navigation. Projects in Overleaf are organized in a file-tree view on the left sidebar, allowing users to manage multiple .tex files for modular document structure, such as separating chapters or sections via \input or \include commands. Bibliographies are handled through integration, where .bib files are processed to generate .bbl files containing formatted references during compilation. Figures, including images in formats like PDF, , , and , can be uploaded directly to the project and referenced in .tex files using standard packages such as graphicx, with the file tree facilitating easy organization and access. For free accounts, compilation is unlimited in number but limited to a 10-second timeout per run, suitable for basic documents but potentially insufficient for complex ones. plans extend this to 240 seconds, accommodating larger projects with intricate computations or extensive bibliographies without interruption.

and

Overleaf supports co-editing, enabling multiple users to view and edit documents simultaneously through a shared interface powered by (OT) and technology. This feature synchronizes edits every few seconds, with the rebasing changes to maintain across collaborators' views, and displays each user's cursor in to indicate their and activity within the document. Integrated functionality allows users to communicate directly within the platform, facilitating discussions without switching to external tools like . These capabilities are available to all users at no additional cost, enhancing multi-user dynamics beyond basic single-user editing. Version control in Overleaf is built on a Git-based backend, providing automatic saving and a complete project history that records changes as commits. Users can access snapshots of their projects at any point, label specific versions to create explicit commits, and utilize integration to treat Overleaf projects as remote repositories for , pushing, and pulling changes. This supports advanced workflows such as branching and merging, allowing teams to experiment with document variations without affecting the main version. While basic history is free, the premium "Full document history" service offers granular access to older versions beyond 24 hours, including detailed diffs for comparing changes across files and projects. Track Changes is a premium feature designed for precise management of collaborative edits, functioning similarly to tools in word processors by highlighting modifications inline with user-specific colors. Collaborators can insert, delete, or revise content, with all changes tracked and attributed to the individual who made them; project owners can configure which users' edits are monitored via sharing permissions. Users interact with revisions through a Reviewing mode, where they can add threaded comments for feedback, accept or reject changes individually or in bulk (e.g., via keyboard shortcuts like Ctrl+A), and resolve comments to finalize discussions. This feature is available only to subscribers, Overleaf participants, or group members, ensuring controlled oversight in team environments. Access controls in Overleaf employ -based permissions to manage project interactions securely. The grants full , including inviting collaborators, adjusting levels, and transferring . Editors receive read-and-write privileges to modify , while viewers are limited to read-only without capabilities. Reviewers, an intermediate , can add comments and track changes but not alter the text directly. Permissions are set during via links or invitations, with limits on editor numbers varying by subscription tier—free plans cap at fewer collaborators, while premium options allow up to 10 or more per project. Owners can dynamically upgrade or downgrade , such as from editor to viewer, to adapt to project needs.

Templates and Integrations

Overleaf maintains an extensive template containing thousands of free, community-contributed, and official templates designed to facilitate document creation across diverse formats, such as journal articles, theses, curricula vitae, reports, and presentations. These resources include specialized templates adhering to publisher guidelines, for instance, IEEE conference and journal formats using the IEEEtran class, and ACM proceedings templates compliant with their article template. The is publicly accessible and regularly updated with contributions from users and publishers, enabling quick starts for common academic and professional workflows without requiring from-scratch setup. Customization of templates is seamless through Overleaf's project forking mechanism, where users can create a copy of any gallery template as a new project, apply modifications, and retain the ability to track changes via the platform's integrated system, which preserves history and supports reverting to prior states. This process ensures that alterations do not affect the original template while maintaining a full of edits, akin to Git-based versioning. Overleaf offers robust integrations to connect with external tools, including bidirectional synchronization with Git repositories hosted on platforms like and , allowing users to import code from these services into Overleaf projects or export Overleaf projects as Git repositories for local development and backup. Additionally, it provides native connections to such as and , enabling automatic and synchronization of bibliographies into documents via or BibLaTeX formats, which simplifies citation handling during collaborative editing. Through strategic partnerships with major publishers, Overleaf facilitates direct manuscript submissions to journals and conferences using its API and integrated workflows; for example, users can compile and submit papers to IEEE, ACM, AIP Publishing, and Wiley journals directly from an Overleaf project linked to the publisher's template, bypassing manual file transfers and ensuring compliance with formatting requirements. These collaborations, including agreements with and (now ), streamline the publishing pipeline by embedding submission buttons and automated export options within the platform.

AI and Advanced Tools

In June 2025, Overleaf introduced AI Assist, an optional add-on developed by Digital Science to enhance scientific and technical writing within its LaTeX environment. This tool provides context-aware language suggestions tailored to academic contexts, including feedback on grammar, spelling, word choice, paraphrasing, summarization, and synonym recommendations, which help users refine prose for clarity and precision in research documents. Additionally, AI Assist offers LaTeX code generation capabilities, such as automated creation of tables and equations, along with error assistance and formatting help powered by TeXGPT, streamlining the integration of complex mathematical expressions and structures. These features are available with limited free daily uses, while unlimited access requires a subscription, making AI Assist accessible yet scalable for Overleaf's over 20 million users. Beyond core AI writing aids, Overleaf incorporates advanced tools to boost , including an -driven equation and table generator that suggests and auto-completes LaTeX code for mathematical content based on user input. functionality extends to figures and symbols via the Symbol Palette, allowing quick insertion of math operators and structures without manual coding, which is particularly useful for iterative drafting in technical fields. subscriptions unlock further utilities, such as priority for rapid issue resolution and expanded storage to accommodate unlimited private projects without restrictions on or retention. These enhancements, integrated with Writefull's language models, emphasize research-specific optimizations over general-purpose editing. Overleaf's track changes feature has seen refinements in premium tiers, enabling real-time collaborative editing with detailed versioning and the ability to accept or reject modifications at a granular level, facilitating smoother multi-author workflows. Looking ahead, integrations with Digital Science's ecosystem, including reference managers like and , support seamless citation pulling and management, with ongoing developments aimed at deeper connectivity for tools.

Usage and Adoption

User Demographics

Overleaf's user community exceeds 20 million registered users worldwide as of 2025, encompassing over 100 million collaborative document projects overall. This growth reflects the platform's role as a central tool for academic and technical writing, supported by integrations with over 6,800 institutions globally. The user base demonstrates sustained engagement, highlighted by historical peaks such as over 400,000 daily active users recorded in 2021. In June 2025, Digital Science launched new AI writing tools accessible to Overleaf's over 20 million users, further enhancing collaborative workflows and adoption among researchers. The demographics of Overleaf users are predominantly , consisting mainly of researchers, students, and members who leverage the for and document preparation. While the tool originated with a focus on (STEM) disciplines—where LaTeX's precision for equations and formatting is particularly valued—adoption has broadened to include users in and social sciences, such as economists, linguists, and logicians. This expansion underscores Overleaf's versatility beyond traditional technical fields, with institutional affiliations reinforcing its appeal across diverse scholarly pursuits. Geographically, Overleaf enjoys strong adoption in and , where leading universities like the , , and provide institutional access to thousands of users. Adoption is growing rapidly in Asia, facilitated by institutional licenses at organizations such as the and the , contributing to the platform's presence in 189 countries overall. This distribution highlights Overleaf's global reach, with institutional partnerships driving expansion in emerging academic markets. Usage patterns reveal a for the tier among individual users, which offers core editing and compilation features sufficient for personal projects, while premium plans—such as the ($199/year) and ($399/year) subscriptions—are favored by teams and institutions for enhanced capabilities like unlimited collaborators, version history, and integration. A notable surge in activity occurred during the 2020-2022 , driven by remote learning demands, with user growth accelerating to reach six million in just six months in 2020 and temporary upgrade programs benefiting over 45,000 individuals. This period marked unprecedented engagement, as Overleaf facilitated distributed collaboration amid global disruptions.

Applications in Research and Publishing

Overleaf facilitates collaborative paper writing in research environments by enabling multiple authors to edit LaTeX documents in real time, integrating tools like version history and change tracking to streamline co-authorship of scientific manuscripts. This is particularly useful for interdisciplinary teams, where researchers can incorporate figures, equations, and data visualizations without compatibility issues common in traditional word processors. For thesis preparation, Overleaf provides customizable templates that support the structuring of chapters, appendices, and bibliographies, allowing graduate students to maintain consistent formatting throughout extensive documents. In grant development, Overleaf's NSF-specific templates automate compliance with funding agency guidelines, including predefined journal abbreviations and integration for seamless citation management, which reduces manual formatting errors and accelerates assembly. Researchers often embed preliminary results and references directly into these , fostering iterative from collaborators before submission. Overleaf integrates into publishing workflows by offering templates tailored for journal submission, such as those for and , where authors can compile manuscripts in the required style and them for to systems. For journals, a one-click submission feature connects directly from the Overleaf editor to the publisher's portal for over 20 titles, minimizing file transfer delays. In processes, Overleaf's review mode allows editors and reviewers to annotate changes, accept or reject edits, and compile revised versions efficiently, as demonstrated by its adoption in streamlining LaTeX-based submissions at the Genetics Society of America. Institutions leverage Overleaf through university-wide licenses that provide premium features like unlimited collaborators and advanced storage to all faculty, students, and staff, thereby reducing the administrative burden of maintaining local installations and IT support. For example, offers Overleaf Professional access campus-wide, enabling seamless integration into coursework, lab reports, and research projects without individual subscriptions. This institutional adoption lowers overhead for departments by centralizing document collaboration tools. The use of Overleaf has contributed to faster publication cycles through documented efficiencies in collaboration and editorial handling; for instance, the Genetics Society of America reported considerable time savings in processing Overleaf-generated LaTeX articles compared to traditional methods. Similarly, research labs like Ontario Tech's Vialab have noted significant daily time reductions in manuscript editing and thesis writing due to real-time synchronization. These improvements, recognized in awards like the 2015 ALPSP Innovation in Publishing commendation, underscore Overleaf's role in enhancing productivity across the research-to-publication pipeline.

Technical Aspects

Underlying Technology

Overleaf's backend is implemented using , leveraging its to manage real-time collaboration and requests efficiently. The platform integrates the distribution as its core typesetting system, with the 2025 version providing access to the latest packages, fonts, and tools, including enhanced support for LuaLaTeX for scripting and handling. The cloud infrastructure is hosted primarily on (GCP), with additional services utilizing (AWS), enabling scalable deployment across global regions to support millions of users. Compilation engines are containerized using , particularly through sandboxed compiles that isolate each project in a secure environment to prevent resource contention and enhance reliability during PDF generation. This setup allows for asynchronous processing of LaTeX compilations, where users initiate builds via the interface without blocking the editing session, facilitating handling of large documents up to platform limits. Overleaf supports multiple LaTeX engines, including pdfLaTeX as the default for standard PDF output, XeLaTeX for advanced font and capabilities, and LuaLaTeX for programmable features like custom macros. Users can select these via project settings for custom builds tailored to specific document needs, such as multilingual support or complex graphics. For enterprises requiring on-premises deployment, Overleaf offers a self-hosted Server Pro edition, with the latest release 6.0.0 issued on October 30, 2025, incorporating security updates and improved container orchestration.

Security and Data Management

Overleaf employs robust data protocols to protect during transmission and storage. All data transfers between users and the platform occur over connections utilizing 256-bit TLS encryption, ensuring that content remains secure from interception. For stored projects, Overleaf leverages Cloud Platform's default server-side encryption at rest, applying AES-256 encryption to safeguard data on disks and backups against unauthorized access. The platform maintains compliance with key data protection regulations and standards, including full adherence to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and UK GDPR, which govern the processing and protection of personal data for and UK users. Additionally, as part of , Overleaf holds certification under ISO/IEC 27001:2022 for its System, covering operations and products like Overleaf to ensure systematic risk management and security controls. This certification extends to ISO/IEC 27701:2019 for Privacy Information Management, further aligning with privacy requirements. Access management features emphasize user control and security in collaborative settings. Overleaf supports project-level permissions, allowing owners to define read, write, and compile access for collaborators, with options for institutional (SSO) that integrate existing organizational authentication systems. While native two-factor authentication (2FA) is not directly available for standard accounts, institutional integrations often enable 2FA through university or enterprise providers, and premium users benefit from audit logs tracking project activity and changes. Account security is reinforced by requirements for strong passwords and the ability to monitor active sessions. Overleaf's privacy policies prioritize user trust by prohibiting for purposes; the platform does not sell or use user content for targeted ads, focusing instead on facilitating and . All projects are by default, visible only to invited collaborators unless explicitly shared, and users retain full ownership of their data. Options for data export include downloading projects as ZIP archives containing all files and history, while account deletion permanently removes projects and associated personal data upon request. In handling security incidents and vulnerabilities, Overleaf maintains a proactive approach with a dedicated reporting channel at [email protected] for disclosing issues, ensuring prompt and resolution. The platform issues transparent updates through , such as the October 2025 security release for Overleaf Pro 6.0.0, which addressed base image and package vulnerabilities without disclosing specifics to avoid exploitation. No major public breaches have been reported, reflecting the efficacy of these measures in a collaborative .

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