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Springer

Springer may refer to various entities and concepts, including publishers, places, animals, vehicles, people, and other uses. For specific topics, see the relevant sections below.

Publishers

Springer Nature

is a multinational company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content, as well as and social sciences. It was formed in May 2015 through the merger of , Nature Publishing Group, , and , creating one of the world's largest portfolios of research and educational publications. The company maintains corporate headquarters in , , with global operations centered in , , and additional key offices in New York, United States. Ownership is divided between the , which holds a majority stake of approximately 50.6%, and , a with the remaining 49.4%, as of mid-2025. The company's portfolio encompasses more than 3,000 journals and over 300,000 eBooks, spanning disciplines including , , , , , and social sciences. Springer Nature's publications, accessible via platforms like SpringerLink, emphasize high-impact and educational resources, with a significant portion dedicated to advancing discovery in fields while also supporting interdisciplinary scholarship. Key initiatives include robust programs, such as Springer Open, which provides fully open access journals across various subjects to promote wider dissemination of knowledge. Additionally, the company has committed to sustainability through efforts like the (SDG) Programme, which aligns publications with global challenges in areas such as and , and internal practices to reduce environmental impact in printing and distribution. As of 2025, has expanded its use of AI-driven tools to enhance publishing efficiency and integrity, including the launch of automated systems for detecting irrelevant references and editorial quality checks integrated into its submission platform. These developments, alongside the public beta of the AI-powered Research Assistant, reflect a strategic focus on digital innovation to support researchers, editors, and peer reviewers in navigating complex workflows. The company reported strong growth in the first half of 2025, with article output up 10% overall and 25% in fully journals, and continued momentum in the first nine months of 2025 with revenue of €1,428.7 million and 5.9% underlying growth, underscoring its role in accelerating .

Axel Springer SE

Axel Springer SE is a leading European digital publishing house headquartered in , , specializing in across print, online, and formats. Founded in 1946 by journalist in , the company emerged in the post-World War II era with an initial focus on rebuilding independent media in , starting with magazines like Hör Zu! before expanding into newspapers. Today, it operates as a , emphasizing high-impact news brands that reach millions daily through a mix of traditional and innovative digital platforms. The company's portfolio includes flagship publications such as , Germany's largest tabloid with a circulation exceeding 1 million copies, and , a conservative offering in-depth analysis. International expansions have bolstered its global footprint, notably through the 2015 acquisition of an 88% stake in for $343 million, which enhanced its English-language business and tech coverage, and the 2021 purchase of a majority stake in for over $1 billion, securing premium political journalism in the U.S. and . These moves reflect Axel Springer's strategy to diversify beyond German markets into high-growth digital news verticals. Revenue streams primarily derive from digital advertising (accounting for over 85% of total income in recent years), subscriptions, classifieds via platforms like StepStone and Immowelt, and events, with total revenues reaching approximately €3.9 billion in 2023. Since its partial public listing in 1985, underwent significant ownership changes, including delisting from the in April 2020 amid a led by U.S. , which took a majority stake. In April 2025, the company implemented a new corporate structure separating classifieds assets ( and ) into independent joint ventures majority-owned (90%) by and Investment Board (), with retaining a 10% minority stake, while core media operations became a debt-free family-owned entity with and holding a combined 95%. This private structure allows greater flexibility for long-term investments, contrasting with the academic publishing models of entities like , which focus on scholarly rather than consumer . The company's foundational principles, outlined in 's 1967 guidelines and enshrined in his last will, mandate support for of expression, , transatlantic alliances (pro-Western orientation), the existence of , and —commitments that all employees must affirm, sparking ongoing debates about and bias in coverage. In 2025, Axel Springer accelerated its digital transformation, unveiling a strategy centered on AI-empowered journalism to double enterprise value by 2030, including mandates for AI tools in newsrooms for content personalization and efficiency, alongside ethical guidelines for generative AI to ensure transparency and combat misinformation. These initiatives address content moderation challenges in digital platforms, such as combating hate speech while upholding free speech principles. With approximately 18,000 employees, the company maintains a strong presence in Europe—particularly Germany, where it dominates market share—and the U.S., through hubs in New York and Washington, D.C., serving a diverse audience across 40 countries.

Springer Publishing Company

Springer Publishing Company is a U.S.-based independent publisher specializing in healthcare education resources, including books, journals, and multimedia content focused on , behavioral sciences, , , and . Established in 1950 by Bernhard Springer, a Berlin-born great-grandson of (founder of Springer-Verlag), the company was founded in to address the growing need for professional materials in health and medical fields. From its inception, it has emphasized and interdisciplinary approaches to topics such as clinical care, ethical issues in aging, and interventions. The company expanded under Bernhard Springer's leadership until his death in 1970, after which his widow, Ursula Springer, took over as owner and president, guiding its growth for over three decades. In 2004, Ursula Springer sold the company to Holdings, LLC, a subsidiary of the Mannheim Trust, which has maintained its independent status while supporting its evolution into digital formats. Today, prioritizes tools, such as e-books, online exam preparation platforms, and interactive , to meet the demands of educators and practitioners in fast-evolving health professions. Notable among its offerings is the Springer Series on , , and Aging, which explores legal and ethical dimensions of elder care through seminal works on guardianship, care, and reforms. The publisher releases approximately 100 new titles annually alongside more than 20 s, fostering advancements in evidence-based and education. In recent years, it has grown its portfolio of online courses and formed key partnerships, including a 2024 collaboration with the National Association of Nurse Practitioners in (NPWH) to launch a peer-reviewed debuting in 2025, enhancing resources for gender-related health topics. Unlike the multinational conglomerate , which focuses on broad scientific and technical publishing, remains dedicated to niche, U.S.-centric in health sciences.

Places

Springer, New Mexico

Springer is a small town in Colfax County, northeastern , situated along Interstate 25 near the historic . Founded in 1879 with the arrival of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, it served as a key stop on the line, facilitating trade and settlement in the region. The town was named after Frank Springer, a prominent and rancher who played a central role in defending the Maxwell Land Grant Company's claims during the , a violent range dispute over land ownership that spanned from 1873 to 1885. According to the 2020 U.S. Census, Springer's population was 931, with recent estimates placing it at approximately 1,100 as of 2023; this reflects a stable rural community with a median age of around 54 and a diverse demographic including significant and White populations. Historically tied to the Old West, Springer embodies the ranching heritage of Colfax County, where agriculture and livestock operations have long dominated the local economy. The town's strategic location on the Santa Fe National Historic Trail supported early commerce, and today, ranching continues to employ a portion of the workforce, with agriculture and forestry sectors providing essential income. Tourism has emerged as a complementary economic driver, bolstered by proximity to outdoor attractions such as Springer Lake for fishing and camping, and its role as a gateway to the , a 140,000-acre area popular for backpacking and youth programs. Notable local sites include the Museum, housed in the historic county courthouse, and the Springer Municipal Pool, a recreational facility offering summer . In recent years, Springer has benefited from regional infrastructure enhancements supporting initiatives in Colfax County. Colfax County has seen growth in , including the existing 30 MW Solar Facility operational since 2011, supported by 2025 grid modernization grants that aid New Mexico's 50% goal by 2030 and create local economic opportunities. Local events, such as the annual Fiesta Otoño in September and the Fall Festival in October, highlight the town's cultural vibrancy and draw visitors to celebrate its heritage with car shows, music, and community gatherings. These developments underscore Springer's evolution from a railroad to a modern rural hub balancing tradition and sustainable growth.

Springer, Oklahoma

Springer is a small incorporated town in northern Carter County, Oklahoma, part of the Ardmore . The area was settled in the late , with a established on September 1, 1890, marking its early development as a farming community. Although exact incorporation records are not precisely dated in historical accounts, the town was formally recognized as an incorporated community by the early , with a population of approximately 175 residents in 1901 and growing to 225 around 1910. As of 2025 estimates, the population stands at about 712, reflecting steady rural growth in this southern locale. The town's economy is rooted in and , bolstered by its proximity to oil fields in Carter County, including the historic Healdton Field discovered in the early . Local ranches and farms continue to support ranching and , while small-scale energy operations contribute to employment and regional economic ties. Springer Public Schools serve as a central community institution, educating around 222 students from through 12th grade in a single-campus setting established circa 1907; the district emphasizes personalized learning in this rural environment, with recent enrollment stable amid Oklahoma's broader educational trends. Historically, Springer was named for W. A. Springer, a pioneer cattle rancher whose family influence shaped the area's early settlement along Buzzard Creek. The town endured challenges like a devastating fire on September 16, 1910, that destroyed much of , yet it rebuilt with . Community events, such as and competitions at the N Bar Arena, foster local traditions and gatherings, highlighting the town's ranching heritage. In 2025, rural initiatives, including statewide expansions under the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment program, are enhancing connectivity in areas like Springer, supporting small business recovery and growth following the through improved digital access for and sectors. Like other small rural towns such as , this Oklahoma community faces ongoing challenges in sustaining population and economic vitality amid agricultural fluctuations.

Springer Mountain

Springer Mountain is a prominent landmark in northern , situated within the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest on the border between Fannin and Gilmer counties. Rising to an elevation of 3,782 feet, it forms part of the and serves as the southern terminus of the 2,190-mile . The summit features a bronze plaque bearing the Appalachian Trail logo, installed in 1958 when the site was officially designated as the trail's starting point, along with a hiker register and benchmark for visitors to sign and reference. As the iconic launch point for northbound thru-hikers, Springer Mountain draws thousands of visitors annually, including seasonal peaks in spring. In recent years, approximately 4,000 hikers have attempted the full northbound annually (though numbers declined in 2025), alongside day and section hikers exploring its initial miles. The U.S. Forest Service manages the site, ensuring access via a 0.9-mile hike from Forest Service Road 42 or an 8.5-mile approach from , while an open-front shelter lies 400 yards downslope on a blue-blazed side to accommodate overnight stays. This role underscores its place in broader U.S. , connecting hikers to a network of trails and communities along the range. The mountain's natural environment exemplifies the Blue Ridge's diverse ecosystems, dominated by hardwood forests of , , , and that thrive in the moist coves and slopes below 4,500 feet. These forests support rich biodiversity, including wildlife such as black bears, , wild turkeys, bobcats, and numerous bird species like warblers and raptors. The area's elevation and rugged terrain contribute to varied microclimates, fostering flora like ferns and rhododendrons amid the canopy. In 2025, maintenance efforts on the trail originating from Springer Mountain have intensified, driven by effects including more severe storms, increased , and altered patterns that exacerbate trail degradation. Post-Hurricane Helene in 2024 highlighted vulnerabilities, prompting enhanced by the Appalachian Trail Conservancy and partners, such as reinforcing infrastructure and invasive species control. These measures sustain access amid growing recreational demand.

Animals

English Springer Spaniel

The is a medium-sized sporting developed in as a versatile , prized for its ability to flush or "spring" game birds from cover for hunters. Known for its energetic drive and affectionate nature, the breed excels in both field work and as a family companion, with a distinctive docked and pendulous ears that contribute to its classic appearance. Originating from land spaniels used in , English Springers were selectively bred to work within gunshot range, quartering efficiently and retrieving with enthusiasm, making them a staple in upland hunting traditions. Ranked #28 in popularity by the in 2024, the breed remains one of the more common sporting dogs. The breed's history traces back to 19th-century , where it emerged from litters of Norfolk Spaniels and other land spaniels, with smaller "cocker" pups separated for woodcock and larger "springer" ones retained for flushing larger game like pheasants. By the late 1800s, dedicated breeding efforts formalized the type, emphasizing working ability over show traits, and the was first exhibited at English dog shows in 1902. The recognized the breed in 1910, following the formation of the English Springer Spaniel Field Trial Association in 1910, which promoted its hunting prowess through field trials. Physically, the English Springer Spaniel is a sturdy, muscular standing 19 to 20 inches at the , with males typically weighing 45 to 55 pounds and females slightly lighter at 40 to 50 pounds. Its coat is medium-length, flat or wavy, with a dense undercoat for weather resistance, featuring feathering on the ears, chest, legs, and ; common color patterns include or liver and white, with rich tan markings on the brows, cheeks, and under . The breed's long, lobular ears are set close to the head and covered in silky hair, while its expression is alert and kind, with a moderately long muzzle and soft, oval eyes. The average lifespan is 12 to 14 years, supported by robust health when properly cared for. In temperament, English Springers are outgoing, eager-to-please, and highly trainable, blending the enthusiasm of a working hunter with the devotion of a family pet; they thrive on human interaction and require regular exercise to channel their boundless energy. As versatile hunters, they flush game from dense cover with a natural quartering gait and retrieve both upland birds and waterfowl reliably, often participating in organized field trials that test their scenting, , and retrieving skills. Their affectionate and gentle disposition also makes them suitable for homes with children and other pets, though early and consistent are essential to manage their spirited nature. Common health concerns in the breed include , which can lead to joint instability and , and ear infections due to the breed's floppy ears trapping moisture and debris. Responsible breeding mitigates these risks through health screenings, such as hip evaluations via the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals and regular ear cleaning to prevent . The Kennel Club's emphasizes structural soundness, with ideal proportions for endurance—such as a level topline, straight forelegs, and well-angulated hindquarters—to support the dog's working demands, while disqualifying extremes like excessive size or poor pigmentation. English Springer Spaniels are used in programs, where their calm demeanor and intuitive sensitivity aid in visiting hospitals, schools, and nursing homes to provide emotional support. Advancements in genetic , including the of mutations linked to fucosidosis and hyperfibrinolysis, have enabled targeted breeding to reduce inherited disorders, enhancing the breed's overall health profile. Unlike the more show-oriented , the English variant prioritizes field performance in its lineage.

Welsh Springer Spaniel

The Welsh Springer Spaniel is an ancient breed originating in Wales, with roots tracing back to medieval times and formal documentation emerging in the 17th and 18th centuries as a distinct land spaniel used for hunting. Unlike its more widespread English counterpart, the Welsh Springer remains relatively rare globally, classified as a vulnerable breed in the UK due to limited registrations, with around 130-230 puppies registered annually with the American Kennel Club in recent years (131 in 2024, 227 in 2023). The breed received official recognition from the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1906, following its acknowledgment by The Kennel Club in Great Britain in 1902, which helped standardize its traits while preserving its working heritage. Physically, the Welsh Springer Spaniel presents a compact, athletic build suited for endurance in rugged terrain, typically weighing 35 to 45 pounds and standing 17 to 19 inches at the shoulder. Its hallmark rich red-and-white coat is straight, flat, and soft to the touch, with medium length and dense feathering on the legs, chest, and ears that provides protection against weather and underbrush without excessive grooming needs. The breed's lifespan generally ranges from 12 to 15 years, supported by its robust constitution when properly cared for. In temperament, Welsh Springers are loyal and affectionate toward family members, forming strong bonds that earn them the nickname " dogs," while remaining reserved and cautious around strangers without aggression. They excel as upland hunters, flushing and retrieving birds like pheasants, , and with methodical enthusiasm and a soft that preserves game integrity, yet they also thrive as devoted companions in active households. Their shared spaniel ancestry with the underscores their versatile flushing instincts, though the Welsh variant emphasizes stamina over speed. Conservation efforts for the are led by dedicated breed clubs, such as the Welsh Springer Spaniel Club of America (WSSCA) and The Club (WSSC) in the UK, which promote responsible breeding practices to mitigate risks through tools like (COI) calculations and health screening recommendations. These initiatives aim to maintain in this small population, addressing common hereditary concerns including primary closed-angle , a painful eye condition linked to abnormal drainage angles that can lead to vision loss if untreated. Breeders are encouraged to test for goniodysgenesis, the primary , via veterinary ophthalmologist exams certified by bodies like the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA). As of 2025, interest in the has grown in non-traditional venues, with rising participation in competitions evidenced by dedicated rankings and events like the AKC Specialty's Iron Welsh Challenge, highlighting the breed's agility and problem-solving skills. Additionally, advancements in DNA testing for heritage and health markers, including panels for predisposition and breed-specific traits, are increasingly utilized by clubs to trace lineages and support conservation, fostering greater awareness among prospective owners.

Vehicles

Springer (motorcycle suspension)

The Springer motorcycle suspension, also known as a Springer fork, is a girder-style leading-link front fork system characterized by exposed springs that provide suspension , distinguishing it from enclosed telescopic forks. Developed as an early to rigid forks, it features a pivot mechanism where the front wheel assembly moves via linkages rather than sliding tubes, offering a balance of simplicity and ride quality. This design gained prominence in the , with significant refinements by manufacturers like , who introduced exposed springs in 1926 for improved visibility and adjustability. Key components of the Springer fork include upper and lower triple clamps that secure the system to the , spring rods (often paired for and ), and a rocker at the connecting the leading links to the . Damping is typically achieved through plates or, in later models, hydraulic units integrated into the legs, which control oscillation without the oil leakage risks of telescopics. These elements contribute to advantages such as reduced unsprung weight—around 20-30% less than early telescopics—enhancing stability, particularly on extended choppers and bobbers where long rake angles can cause wobble; the leading-link also provides natural anti-dive under braking, improving handling on uneven roads. Historically, Springer forks saw widespread adoption on models post-World War II, evolving from the 1936 Knucklehead's tubular design to the iconic 1948 Panhead setup, which became a staple for custom builders seeking a aesthetic with functional performance. Their popularity surged in the chopper scene, where the exposed springs allowed for easy customization, though they were largely phased out by the in favor of telescopics for better weather protection. Modern adaptations often incorporate coil-over shocks for progressive damping, as seen in 's 1988 Softail Springer revival, blending original styling with updated reliability. Maintenance for Springer forks focuses on preload adjustment via top nuts on the spring rods, which fine-tunes sag for rider weight—typically set to 25-30% of total travel for optimal balance—and periodic of points to prevent . Common issues include from prolonged compression cycles, leading to sagging or uneven , which requires inspection every 5,000 miles and replacement with progressive-rate coils if exceeds 10%. Disassembly for cleaning bushings and checking rocker alignment is recommended annually to maintain stability. As of 2025, Springer forks are experiencing a through kits tailored for electric conversions, where their lightweight design complements placement without compromising delivery; companies offer bolt-on assemblies for models like converted Harley Sportsters, integrating compatibility and carbon-reinforced links for enhanced durability.

People

Surname Origin

The surname is of primary origin, derived from the verb springen, meaning "to " or "to leap," and serving as a for a lively or energetic individual, such as a dancer or traveling . This etymological root reflects its use as an denoting someone who "springs" or moves vigorously, a common practice in medieval naming conventions across . In English and contexts, it similarly emerged as a or possibly an occupational term related to , such as a fencer or animal trapper, though the core connotation remained tied to vivacity. Variants of the include adaptations in Jewish Ashkenazic communities, where it retained the Germanic form but was adopted among during periods of in the late 18th and 19th centuries. Polonized forms like Szprynger and Slavonized versions such as Špringer appear in , Czechia, and , illustrating linguistic assimilation in . The name spread to the and primarily through 19th-century immigration waves from German-speaking regions, with U.S. records showing a 535% increase in bearers between 1880 and 2014, and a 716% rise in from 1881 to 2014. Demographically, Springer is most prevalent , where approximately 42,775 individuals bear the name as of recent estimates, ranking it as the 1,015th most common . In , it occurs among about 18,502 people, holding the 502nd position in frequency. Notable concentrations exist in communities, stemming from early German immigrant settlements in the 18th and 19th centuries, where the surname was prominent in areas like and Berks Counties by 1840. Historical records of the Springer name trace back to medieval , with early mentions in 14th-century documents, such as Thomas Sprynger in , , in 1396. Heraldic associations include coats of arms attributed to Austrian and Silesian branches, featuring symbols like leaping figures or springs, documented in European armorials from the late medieval period.

Notable Individuals

(1817–1877) was a publisher who founded Springer-Verlag in , establishing one of the world's leading houses specializing in science, , and . Axel Springer (1912–1985) was a prominent publisher and media entrepreneur who founded in 1946, building it into one of Europe's largest media conglomerates with influential outlets like and . His company emphasized principles such as support for , reconciliation between Jews and Germans, and defense of Western values during the era. Jerry Springer (1944–2023) was an American television host, politician, and lawyer best known for hosting the sensationalist "" from 1991 to 2018, which became a cultural phenomenon for its confrontational format and high ratings. Before entering broadcasting, he served as mayor of from 1977 to 1978 and as a member of the U.S. for Ohio's 11th district from 1975 to 1977. Nancy Springer (born 1948) is an acclaimed American author specializing in fantasy, , , and , with over 50 novels to her credit, including the award-winning Enola Holmes series that inspired films starring . Her works often explore themes of empowerment and adventure, earning honors such as the Tiptree Award for Larque on the Wing in 1995, and she has been recognized for bridging adult and children's genres. Frank Springer (1848–1927) was an influential American paleontologist whose research on fossil —ancient marine echinoderms—advanced understanding of Paleozoic-era ecosystems, culminating in major publications like American Silurian Crinoids in 1926. In addition to his scientific contributions, which included donating a vast collection to the in 1911, Springer played key roles in New Mexico's development as a , rancher, and philanthropist. George Springer (born 1989) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball, a three-time All-Star, and the 2017 World Series Most Valuable Player. René Springer (born 1979) is a German politician and political scientist serving as a member of the Bundestag for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party since 2017, representing Brandenburg, and has held positions such as labor and social policy spokesperson for his parliamentary group. Prior to politics, he served in the German Navy from 1997 to 2009 and studied political science, later becoming involved in regional AfD leadership, including as state chairman in Brandenburg since 2024.

Other Uses

Fictional Characters

One of the most prominent fictional characters named Springer is the Autobot warrior from the Transformers franchise, introduced in the Generation 1 continuity as a triple changer who transforms into a Cybertronian and , renowned for his leaping abilities and leadership of the elite unit. Debuting in the 1986 animated film The Transformers: The Movie, where he is voiced by Michael Bell, Springer embodies the archetype of a brave, confident with a sarcastic wit, often quipping during battles against . He has appeared extensively in adaptations from the 1980s, IDW Publishing runs, and various , solidifying his role as a selfless frontline fighter in the ongoing Autobot-Decepticon war. In , Springer appears as minor antagonists in episodes of the long-running TV series . Nate Springer, portrayed by , is a belligerent hired gunman in the 1957 episode "Crack-Up," whose erratic behavior prompts Marshal Matt Dillon to uncover his employer's motives. Similarly, Hank Springer, played by , features as a criminal in the 1956 episode "No Handcuffs," contributing to the show's exploration of and moral ambiguity. These portrayals highlight Springer's use as a for tense, unpredictable figures in classic American television narratives. The name Springer also surfaces in other media, such as Irwin Springer, a recurring character in the Christian audio drama Adventures in Odyssey, voiced by Donald Long, who adds comic relief in family-oriented stories. In comics, beyond Transformers, the surname evokes rugged adventurers, though appearances remain sporadic. Regarding literature, the Enola Holmes mystery series by author Nancy Springer—featuring the teenage detective Enola as Sherlock Holmes's sister—bears the creator's surname as a coincidental tie-in, without direct fictional characters named Springer. Culturally, characters named Springer often represent dynamic forces in sci-fi and adventure genres, with the Transformers iteration particularly influential in shaping perceptions of heroic resilience and vehicular transformation tropes since the 1980s. In 2025, Springer received renewed attention through a retrospective documentary episode aired on February 20, exploring his legacy as an Autobot icon, alongside cameo appearances in Skybound Entertainment's Void Rivals #9 and ongoing Transformers comic arcs, extending his impact into modern transmedia storytelling.

Technical Terms

In architecture, the term "springer" denotes the lowest voussoir, or wedge-shaped stone, on each side of an arch, marking the point where the vertical support ends and the curved portion of the arch begins. This element is crucial for distributing loads in structural designs, particularly in medieval and Gothic constructions where arches transfer weight efficiently to piers or columns. In the history of printing technology, spring-loaded mechanisms played a key role in early presses by enabling the platen to return automatically to its starting position after each impression, improving efficiency over manual screw-based systems. Such innovations, seen in 19th-century iron hand presses like the Washington Press, replaced wooden components with durable metal parts, facilitating faster production without direct commercial ties to modern publishers. Biologically, "springer" refers to the first (Salmo salar) of the season arriving in rivers during early spring runs, often prized by anglers for their vigor and marking the onset of migration patterns influenced by water temperature and photoperiod. These fish exhibit leaping behavior to navigate obstacles like waterfalls, a trait essential for upstream spawning, though the term emphasizes seasonal timing rather than age-specific youth. In robotics, particularly as of 2025, spring-loaded actuators are emerging for energy-efficient in soft robots, drawing inspiration from natural mechanisms to enable , , and rapid movements with reduced power consumption. Recent designs integrate these actuators with electrohydraulic systems, allowing bioinspired robots to mimic animal-like , such as in impulsive over obstacles or adaptive . The term loosely connects to vehicle springs, where similar components enhance in dynamic environments.

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