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Oxo

Oxo may refer to:

[[Oxo (food)|Oxo (food)]] (Business)
[[OXO (kitchen utensils brand)|OXO (kitchen utensils brand)]] (Business)
[[Oxo Tower]] (Business)
[[Oxo-]] (Chemistry)
[[Oxo ligand]] (Chemistry)
[[Hydroformylation]] (Chemistry)
[[Oxo alcohol]] (Chemistry)
[[Oxo-biodegradable]] (Chemistry)
[[OXO (video game)]] (Technology and Games)
[[Tic-tac-toe]] (Technology and Games)
[[Oxo (crater)]] (Other uses)
[[OXO (band)]] (Other uses)
[[Oxo (horse)]] (Other uses)

For other uses, see [[Oxo (disambiguation)]].

Business

Oxo (food)

Oxo is a longstanding brand of food products specializing in bouillon, stock cubes, and related seasonings, originating as a concentrated beef extract and evolving into convenient cooking essentials for enhancing soups, stews, and gravies. Introduced in 1899 by the Liebig's Extract of Meat Company as a more affordable liquid alternative to their premium meat extract, the brand quickly gained popularity for its rich flavor derived from beef. By 1910, Oxo pioneered the stock cube format, compressing the extract into portable, easy-to-use blocks that revolutionized home cooking by simplifying stock preparation.^[1]^[2] The brand's ownership has changed hands multiple times, reflecting its commercial success and strategic acquisitions. In 1924, Liebig's was acquired by the Vestey Group, which renamed the Fray Bentos factory and expanded production. The company merged with Brooke Bond in 1968, forming Brooke Bond Oxo, before Unilever purchased it in 1984. Unilever sold the Oxo brand to the Campbell Soup Company in 2001, and Premier Foods acquired it in 2006, where it remains a core asset in the UK market. In other regions, ownership differs: Mars, Incorporated holds rights in South Africa, while Knorr (a Unilever brand) manages it in Canada.^[3]^[4] Key products include classic stock cubes in beef, chicken, and vegetable varieties, alongside gravy granules for instant thickening, liquid stocks for versatile use, and newer options like meat-free cubes and stock pots. Beef stock cubes, the original flagship, typically contain wheat flour, salt, yeast extract, and beef flavoring, providing approximately 13 kcal, 1.8g carbohydrates, and 0.9g protein per 5g cube, though they are high in sodium (around 0.5g per cube).^[5] Vegetable varieties offer plant-based alternatives suitable for vegans, emphasizing natural ingredients without artificial colors in some lines. These products prioritize convenience, with cubes dissolving quickly in hot water to yield a flavorful base.^[6]^[7] Oxo's cultural impact is epitomized by its long-running "Oxo Family" television advertising campaign, which aired from 1983 to 1999 and featured actress Lynda Bellingham as the nurturing mother serving meals to her family, symbolizing domestic warmth and the brand's role in everyday British life. The ads, produced by J. Walter Thompson, ran for 42 commercials and became a cultural touchstone, reflecting evolving family dynamics while boosting brand loyalty. Earlier campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s, such as "Life with Katie" starring Mary Holland, similarly positioned Oxo as essential for appealing home-cooked meals. The company also built the Oxo Tower in London in 1928 as a promotional landmark, its windows cleverly designed to spell "OXO" and evade advertising restrictions.^[8]^[9] In terms of market presence, Oxo dominates the UK stock cube segment under Premier Foods, where it contributes to the company's grocery portfolio amid steady growth. As of fiscal year 2025, Premier Foods reported branded revenue of £1,008.1 million, with Oxo helping drive a 5.2% increase at constant currency, underscoring its economic role in supporting UK household staples and exports. The brand maintains strong footholds in South Africa and Canada, where localized production sustains sales in similar convenience-driven markets, though specific regional figures remain integrated into parent company reports.^[10]

OXO (kitchen utensils brand)

OXO is an American manufacturer of kitchen utensils and housewares, founded in 1990 by entrepreneur Sam Farber along with his wife Betsey Farber and industrial design firm Smart Design. The brand originated from Sam's observation of Betsey struggling to use a standard vegetable peeler due to her arthritis, prompting the development of the first OXO Good Grips peeler with a soft, non-slip handle designed for comfortable use by people with limited dexterity. The name "OXO" was chosen as an ambigram that reads the same upside down and refers to the rounded, ox-like shape of the handle's soft-grip core. This initial product emphasized universal design principles, aiming to create tools accessible to the widest possible range of users, including those with disabilities, without compromising functionality for others. The OXO product line has expanded significantly since its inception, now encompassing hundreds of items across categories such as cooking, baking, storage, and organization. Key offerings include ergonomic peelers, spatulas, measuring cups, salad spinners, and container sets, all featuring the signature Good Grips handles made from durable, dishwasher-safe materials like silicone and stainless steel. Recent sustainability efforts include products made with up to 50% post-consumer recycled plastic, such as reusable silicone bags. The brand's commitment to universal design is evident in features like one-handed operation for tools and adjustable components, which have made OXO a staple in accessible kitchenware. In addition to kitchen tools, OXO has diversified into related housewares, including bathroom accessories like soap dispensers and organizers, and office supplies such as desk caddies and filing systems, broadening its appeal beyond culinary applications.^[11] OXO's growth trajectory includes its acquisition by Helen of Troy Limited in 2004 for $275 million, which facilitated international expansion and product innovation under a larger corporate umbrella. The company holds numerous patents for ergonomic designs, including U.S. Patent No. 4,974,286 for a universal handle adaptable to various hand-held implements, ensuring a secure grip for diverse users. OXO products have earned the Good Housekeeping Seal for performance and durability on multiple items, such as utensils and storage solutions, affirming their reliability through rigorous testing. As of 2025, OXO maintains a leading position in the premium kitchen gadget segment, holding the top market share in the U.S. according to industry analyses, with global sales supported by distribution in over 75 countries. Note that this OXO brand is unrelated to the historic Oxo food product line, whose naming derives from early 20th-century beef extract branding rather than design ergonomics.

Oxo Tower

The Oxo Tower was constructed in 1928 on the site of a former power station built around 1900 along the south bank of the River Thames in London, designed by architect Albert Moore for the Liebig Extract of Meat Company, which produced Oxo beef stock cubes.^[12] The structure replaced much of the original power station, which had supplied electricity to the Post Office, and was purpose-built as offices and a cold storage warehouse to support the company's operations.^[12] This redevelopment marked an early integration of industrial functionality with branding, as the tower's design incorporated elements promoting the Oxo product in line with the company's advertising strategies.^[13] Architecturally, the Oxo Tower exemplifies Art Deco style, characterized by its streamlined form and decorative elements, and rises to a height of 53.3 meters across 11 floors, positioning it as London's second-tallest commercial building upon completion.^[14] A defining feature is the prominent tower section, where four sets of three vertically aligned windows were shaped to form the letters "O-X-O," allowing the company to advertise subtly after authorities rejected plans for illuminated signage due to a ban on skyline advertisements along the South Bank.^[12]^[13] These windows, combined with the building's reinforced concrete frame and riverside location, made it an immediate landmark visible from across the Thames. Following World War II, the building declined with the meat industry's shift away from riverside operations, becoming derelict by the early 1970s amid broader industrial disuse in the area.^[12] In the 1980s, the Coin Street Community Builders (CSCB), a social enterprise formed by local residents, acquired the site after a prolonged community campaign against large-scale commercial redevelopment proposals.^[12] Major refurbishment occurred between 1993 and 1996 under architects Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands, transforming it into a mixed-use development with 78 co-operative apartments, ground-floor retail spaces for designer studios and crafts outlets, the gallery@oxo exhibition venue, and rooftop facilities including the Oxo Tower Restaurant, Brasserie, Bar, and a public viewing platform.^[12]^[15] An arcaded riverside walkway was added in 1988, enhancing public access and integrating the site with the South Bank pedestrian network.^[12] The Oxo Tower holds Grade II* listed status for its architectural merit and historical role in London's industrial heritage, awarded in recognition of its innovative design and contribution to the urban landscape.^[16] As a key element of the South Bank's cultural corridor, it attracts tourists for its panoramic views, dining options, and events at gallery@oxo, while its distinctive silhouette has appeared in films such as Bridget Jones's Diary and The Holiday, underscoring its enduring presence in popular media.^[17] Ownership transitioned from the Liebig Extract of Meat Company to CSCB, which continues to manage the property as a community-focused asset, balancing commercial vitality with affordable housing and public amenities.^[12]

Chemistry

Oxo-

In chemical nomenclature, the prefix "oxo-" denotes a carbonyl group consisting of an oxygen atom doubly bonded to a carbon atom or another element, as in aldehydes, ketones, and related functional groups. Derived from the term "oxygen," it reflects the element's central role in such structures and was formalized in IUPAC recommendations during the mid-20th century to promote systematic naming.^[18]^[19] Historically, the "oxo-" prefix replaced earlier, less consistent terms like "keto-" for indicating the =O group, particularly when it could not serve as the principal functional suffix; the term "keto" persists only in traditional contexts, such as carbohydrate nomenclature, but has been officially abandoned by IUPAC for general use.^[20] This shift, evident in the 1957 IUPAC definitive rules for organic chemistry, aimed to unify nomenclature across organic and inorganic compounds. For instance, formaldehyde is systematically named methanal, though "oxo-" appears in substituted or complex derivatives to specify the carbonyl without ambiguity. According to IUPAC guidelines, "oxo-" is applied as a prefix to the parent carbon chain when the carbonyl group has lower precedence than another functional group, such as in 3-oxopropanal for the structure H-C(=O)-CH₂-C(=O)-H, where the terminal aldehyde is the suffix and the internal carbonyl is prefixed. It is strictly distinguished from "oxy-," which indicates a single oxygen linkage (e.g., -O- in ethers or hydroxy groups), ensuring precise structural description. This convention is essential in organic and inorganic chemistry for standardizing names of multifaceted molecules, facilitating clear representation of the C=O unit without reliance on ad hoc descriptors. A common misconception is that "oxo-" applies to single-bonded or peroxide oxygens; it is reserved exclusively for double bonds and does not extend to peroxides (denoted by "peroxy-") or ethers (using "oxy-"). In specialized fields, "oxo-" briefly aids naming in ligand structures or synthetic processes like hydroformylation.

Oxo ligand

The oxo ligand, denoted as O^{2-}, is a divalent oxygen species that serves as a ligand in coordination complexes, typically binding to a metal center through a formal single bond but often exhibiting significant multiple-bond character. This ligand is prevalent in transition metal complexes, especially those involving high-oxidation-state metals, where the oxygen atom acts as a strong π-donor, facilitating electron donation to the metal's d orbitals.^[21] The bonding involves dative donation from the oxygen lone pairs, which can result in shortened M–O distances indicative of double or triple bonds, such as in M=O moieties.^[22] Prominent examples of oxo ligands appear in polyoxo anions, such as the permanganate ion [MnO_4]^-, where four oxo ligands coordinate to Mn(VII) in a tetrahedral arrangement, and the vanadate ion [VO_4]^{3-}, featuring V(V) bound to four equivalent oxo groups. The molybdate ion [MoO_4]^{2-} similarly showcases Mo(VI) with four oxo ligands, highlighting their stability in such symmetric structures.^[23] In these cases, the oxo ligands contribute to the overall charge and electronic properties of the complex, often stabilizing high metal oxidation states through their donor ability.^[24] Spectroscopic techniques, particularly infrared (IR) spectroscopy, are essential for identifying oxo ligands, with terminal M=O stretches typically appearing in the 900–1000 cm^{-1} range, reflecting the strength of the multiple bond. These ligands play a crucial role in catalysis, such as in epoxidation reactions where the M=O unit facilitates oxygen atom transfer to substrates.^[25] Oxo ligands form through the deprotonation of hydroxo ligands (M–OH) in metal complexes, a process that enhances their donor properties and is often pH-dependent: \ce{L_nM-OH ⇌ L_nM=O^- + H^+}.^[26] This reactivity contributes to their prevalence in bioinorganic chemistry, notably in oxo-molybdenum enzymes like sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase, where the Mo=O unit enables oxygen atom transfer in metabolic processes.^[27] The nomenclature "oxo" for this ligand was formalized in the 1970 IUPAC recommendations on inorganic chemistry, distinguishing coordinated O^{2-} from free oxide ions and replacing earlier ambiguous terms.^[28] In naming coordination complexes, the oxo- prefix denotes the ligand's presence, as in tetraoxomolybdate(VI).^[29]

Hydroformylation

Hydroformylation, also known as the oxo process, is a catalytic reaction that converts alkenes into aldehydes by adding a formyl group (CHO) and a hydrogen atom across the double bond, using synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen).^[30] The reaction was discovered in 1938 by Otto Roelen at Ruhrchemie, a subsidiary of Ruhrkohle AG, during investigations related to the Fischer-Tropsch process.^[31] It was first commercialized in the 1940s by the same company, initially using cobalt-based catalysts to produce aldehydes from propene for further conversion into valuable chemicals.^[31] The general reaction mechanism involves the coordination of the alkene to a metal hydride catalyst precursor, followed by migratory insertion of CO to form an acyl intermediate, and subsequent hydrogenolysis to yield the aldehyde product.^[32] Catalysts are typically homogeneous complexes of cobalt or rhodium, with the latter offering higher activity and selectivity under milder conditions.^[30] The process produces a mixture of linear (normal) and branched (iso) aldehydes, with regioselectivity influenced by factors such as ligand sterics, reaction temperature, and CO partial pressure; linear products are often favored for industrial applications due to their utility in downstream syntheses.^[33] The key stoichiometric equation for the hydroformylation of a terminal alkene is:

\text{R-CH=CH}_2 + \text{CO} + \text{H}_2 \rightarrow \text{R-CH}_2\text{-CH}_2\text{-CHO}

This represents the primary linear product, though branched isomers like R-CH(CHO)-CH_3 form concurrently, with typical n/iso ratios ranging from 2:1 to 20:1 depending on the catalyst system.^[30] Cobalt catalysts, such as HCo(CO)_4, operate under harsh conditions of 100-300 atm and 100-180°C to achieve reasonable rates, but they suffer from lower selectivity and catalyst recovery challenges.^[34] Rhodium-based systems, exemplified by HRh(CO)(PPh_3)_3 (a derivative related to Wilkinson's catalyst), enable operation at milder pressures (10-50 atm) and temperatures (50-100°C), improving energy efficiency and product distribution.^[32] These rhodium complexes, stabilized by triphenylphosphine ligands, exhibit turnover frequencies up to several thousand h^{-1} for light alkenes like propene.^[35] On an industrial scale, hydroformylation produces over 10 million metric tons of aldehydes annually as of recent estimates, primarily for use in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and other fine chemicals, though the majority supports bulk applications like plasticizers and detergents.^[30] The process's scalability stems from continuous-flow reactors that recycle catalysts efficiently, with rhodium systems dominating modern plants for higher-value products due to their superior regioselectivity.^[36]

Oxo alcohol

Oxo alcohols are a class of primary alcohols derived from the hydroformylation of olefins, followed by hydrogenation of the resulting aldehydes to yield the final alcohol products.^[37] This two-step process converts alkenes, such as propylene or higher olefin mixtures, into valuable industrial chemicals used predominantly as intermediates.^[38] Originating from the oxo process, these alcohols are essential in large-scale chemical manufacturing.^[39] The production route begins with hydroformylation, where olefins react with synthesis gas (CO and H₂) to form aldehydes, which are then hydrogenated to alcohols. The hydrogenation step typically occurs at temperatures of 100-150°C under elevated pressure, using nickel-based catalysts to achieve high selectivity.^[40] For example, the conversion of an aldehyde to the corresponding alcohol follows the general reaction:

\text{R-CH}_2\text{-CHO} + \text{H}_2 \rightarrow \text{R-CH}_2\text{-CH}_2\text{-OH}

This yields primary alcohols with high efficiency.^[41] Common types include C3 oxo alcohols like n-propanol, produced from propylene, and higher C7-C13 alcohols from mixed olefin feeds such as those derived from propylene dimerization or Fischer-Tropsch processes.^[42] These higher alcohols exist in linear (n-) and iso- forms, with the linear-to-iso ratio influenced by the upstream hydroformylation conditions, typically favoring iso structures for branched feedstocks to optimize performance in end-use applications.^[43] Approximately 70% of oxo alcohols, particularly 2-ethylhexanol (a C8 type), are used in plasticizer production, such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for flexible PVC.^[42] The remainder finds applications in detergents via surfactants, lubricants as additives, and other sectors like coatings and adhesives.^[44] Global production was approximately 9.3 million metric tons annually as of 2025, driven by demand in these industries.^[45] Environmental considerations have prompted a shift toward greener catalysts and bio-based feedstocks to reduce carbon footprints and improve sustainability in production.^[46] Major producers include ExxonMobil and Sasol, which operate large-scale facilities leveraging advanced process technologies.^[43]

Oxo-biodegradable

Oxo-biodegradable plastics are conventional polymers, such as polyethylene (PE), incorporated with pro-oxidant additives like transition metal salts (e.g., manganese or iron compounds) at low concentrations, typically 1-3%, to accelerate abiotic degradation through oxidation triggered by ultraviolet (UV) light, heat, or oxygen exposure.^[47] These additives catalyze the breakdown of long polymer chains into smaller fragments, often microplastics, distinguishing the technology from standard plastics that degrade very slowly over centuries.^[48] The process is designed for end-of-life management in open environments, without requiring industrial composting conditions.^[49] The degradation mechanism follows a two-stage process rooted in autoxidation, a free radical chain reaction. In the initial abiotic phase, initiation occurs when UV light or heat generates free radicals in the polymer, accelerated by the pro-oxidants that lower the activation energy for bond cleavage; this leads to propagation where radicals react with atmospheric oxygen to form peroxides and hydroperoxides, further fragmenting the chains into low-molecular-weight compounds like carboxylic acids.^[50] Termination involves radical recombination, but the overall process is autocatalytic, producing more radicals as degradation advances. The subsequent biotic phase may involve microbial assimilation of these oxidized fragments into biomass and minerals like CO2 and water, though full mineralization to CO2 requires active microbial communities and does not occur solely through oxidation.^[51] This mechanism ensures fragmentation within months to years under environmental conditions, but the absence of complete biodegradation without biology has sparked debate over its environmental efficacy.^[52] The technology originated in the 1970s as research into photo-oxidative stabilizers for polymers evolved into deliberate degradation aids, with commercial development accelerating in the 1990s by firms like Environmental Plastic Images (EPI) and Symphony Environmental, which introduced additive masterbatches for widespread use.^[53] Key standardization came with ASTM D6954 in 2004, a guide for testing plastics that degrade via oxidation followed by biodegradation, specifying exposure to xenon-arc light and soil burial for assessing fragmentation, CO2 evolution, and ecotoxicity. This standard provides pass/fail criteria, such as 60% weight loss within two years, to verify performance under simulated environmental conditions.^[54] Applications primarily target single-use items like shopping bags, agricultural films, and food packaging, where rapid fragmentation reduces litter persistence in terrestrial and marine settings.^[55] The global market for oxo-biodegradable plastics reached approximately $2.5 billion in 2023, with projections estimating growth to around $3-4 billion by 2025, driven by demand in developing regions despite regulatory hurdles in others.^[56] Controversies center on misleading marketing, as "biodegradable" claims imply full environmental breakdown, yet studies show oxo-plastics often leave persistent microplastics that may not fully mineralize in natural settings, potentially exacerbating pollution.^[52] The European Union banned oxo-degradable plastics in 2019 via Directive (EU) 2019/904, citing risks of microplastic formation and lack of proven benefits over conventional plastics, a decision upheld by the European Court of Justice in 2024.^[57] This has shifted focus to certified compostable alternatives, with ongoing regulations in countries like India and parts of Africa favoring bio-based options over oxo-technology.^[58]

Technology and Games

OXO (video game)

OXO is an early digital game developed in 1952 by Alexander S. Douglas during his PhD research at the University of Cambridge. Programmed for the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), one of the first practical stored-program computers, it served as a demonstration of human-computer interaction and graphical display capabilities. The game simulates a match between a human player and the computer on a simple interface, marking a milestone in computing history.^[59]^[60]^[61] Technically, OXO utilized one of EDSAC's three cathode-ray tube (CRT) screens, displaying a 3x3 grid in a 35x16 dot matrix format to represent the board with X and O symbols. Players inputted moves using a rotary telephone dial connected to the system, selecting positions from 1 to 9, while the computer responded in real-time as the opponent. The program was loaded via five-hole punched paper tape, and the computer's decision-making followed a basic strategy to ensure competitive play, though limited by EDSAC's 1024-word mercury delay-line memory. Based on the traditional paper-and-pencil game of tic-tac-toe, OXO emphasized direct interaction without physical components.^[59]^[60]^[61] Regarded as one of the earliest examples of a video game, OXO highlighted the potential for computers to engage users visually and interactively, paving the way for advancements in artificial intelligence and digital entertainment, despite never being released commercially and remaining accessible only to EDSAC users at Cambridge. Its significance lies in proving graphical output and input feasibility on early hardware, influencing subsequent game designs. Preservation efforts include reconstructions via EDSAC emulators, such as those from the EDSAC99 project, enabling modern playthroughs, and it features in ongoing computing history exhibits as of 2025 to illustrate foundational interactive technology.^[59]^[60]^[61]

Tic-tac-toe

Tic-tac-toe is a two-player abstract strategy game played on a 3×3 grid, where participants alternate placing their symbols—typically X for the first player and O for the second—into empty cells. The objective is to form an unbroken line of three identical symbols along any row, column, or diagonal, thereby achieving victory; if the board fills without such a line, the game ends in a draw.^[62] The game's origins trace back to ancient Egypt around 1300 BCE, where similar three-in-a-row boards appear on roofing tiles, suggesting early recreational or ritualistic use.^[63] It evolved through variations like the Roman terni lapilli from the first century BCE, which used movable pieces on a fixed grid. Culturally, it is known as noughts and crosses in the United Kingdom, reflecting the symbols' resemblance to zero and an X, a term documented in scholarly literature by 1858; in some regions, it is simply called OXO.^[64] From a game theory perspective, tic-tac-toe is a solved impartial game under normal play convention, meaning optimal strategies lead invariably to a draw regardless of who starts.^[65] Such ties are colloquially termed a "cat's game" in American English, emphasizing the balanced outcome when both players avoid errors.^[66] Numerous variants expand the core mechanics, including larger 4×4 grids that allow for more complex positioning and potential wins with four in a row, 3D versions stacking multiple 3×3 layers for volumetric lines, and misère forms where the winner is the player who forces the opponent to complete three in a row.^[67] Mathematically, these games connect to broader combinatorial principles, such as Ramsey theory, which guarantees monochromatic lines in sufficiently large grids under random play, illustrating inevitable patterns in finite structures.^[68] Tic-tac-toe serves as an accessible educational tool for introducing logical reasoning, spatial awareness, and basic decision-making to children and beginners in game theory.^[69] Its simplicity has facilitated digital adaptations since the post-1950s era, with the game gaining early computational form in the 1952 OXO program.^[59]

Other uses

Oxo (crater)

Oxo is a small impact crater on the dwarf planet Ceres, located at approximately 42°N latitude and 0°E longitude in the northern hemisphere. Measuring about 10 kilometers in diameter, it is the second-brightest feature on Ceres' surface after the central region of Occator crater, owing to its highly reflective materials. The crater was imaged by NASA's Dawn spacecraft during its Low Altitude Mapping Orbit (LAMO) phase beginning in December 2015, with its name officially approved by the International Astronomical Union on September 21, 2015; the name derives from Oxo, the god of agriculture in Afro-Brazilian beliefs of Yoruba origin.^[70] The crater's walls expose water ice, which contributes significantly to its brightness, marking Oxo as the first site on Ceres where surface water ice was directly detected via spectroscopy. This ice exposure is associated with a prominent 10-kilometer-long landslide deposit along the crater rim, likely triggered by the impact event that formed Oxo roughly 190,000 years ago, making it one of the youngest craters of its size on the dwarf planet.^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74] The crater reaches a depth of less than 1 kilometer, with its floor situated at an elevation of approximately -4.8 kilometers relative to Ceres' reference ellipsoid, highlighting its position within a broader topographic context of impact-modified terrain.^[71]^[72] Compositional analysis reveals that Oxo's bright materials include sodium carbonate alongside the exposed water ice, consistent with briny residues from subsurface volatiles mobilized by the impact. Surface temperatures in the crater average around -100°C, with studies modeling water ice sublimation rates indicating low but ongoing volatile loss, insufficient to account for observed water vapor emissions from Ceres as a whole. Analyses of Dawn's dataset archived by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory have refined these models.^[75]^[76] Research on Oxo provides key insights into Ceres' volatile history, demonstrating how recent impacts can excavate and stabilize ice in shadowed regions, influencing the dwarf planet's geological evolution. Seminal studies, such as those examining ice stability and landslide dynamics, underscore Oxo's role in revealing ongoing cryovolcanic and sublimation processes that shape Ceres' icy crust. These findings, supported by high-resolution Dawn imagery and spectral data, highlight the crater's importance in understanding water retention on airless solar system bodies.

OXO (band)

OXO was an American dance-rock band formed in 1983 in Miami, Florida, by singer and guitarist Ish "Angel" Ledesma, following his tenure as lead vocalist of the disco group Foxy, which had achieved hits like "Get Off" in the 1970s.^[77] The lineup included Ledesma on vocals and guitar, Orlando Nuñez on guitar, Frank Garcia on bass, and Freddy Alwag on drums.^[78] Drawing from the vibrant Miami sound that blended Latin rhythms, funk, and emerging electronic elements, OXO crafted a style fusing dance-rock with synth-pop influences, emphasizing upbeat tracks suitable for clubs and radio.^[79] The band's sole album, OXO, was released in 1983 on Geffen Records, featuring 11 tracks produced with a polished new wave aesthetic.^[80] Its lead single, "Whirly Girl"—written by Ledesma about his wife Lori—became their biggest hit, peaking at No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in April 1983 and gaining traction in the top 40 on the Dance Club Songs chart.^[81] Follow-up singles included "Dance All Night" and promotional releases like "Back in Town" and "Waiting for You," though none replicated the chart success of the debut.^[82] OXO promoted the album through television appearances, such as on American Bandstand, and live performances, including opening slots for contemporary acts in the new wave scene.^[83] Despite initial momentum, internal politics and disputes with Geffen Records led to the band's swift dissolution by the mid-1980s, with Ledesma transitioning to form the group Company B in 1986. No official reunions have occurred as of 2025.^[77] In retrospect, OXO's brief output has endured through inclusion on influential new wave compilations, such as Just Can't Get Enough: New Wave Hits of the '80s, and a resurgence in streaming popularity during the 2020s, introducing their synth-driven sound to younger audiences.^[84] The palindromic name OXO, chosen for its simplicity, echoes other unrelated uses of the term across science and culture.^[79]

Oxo (horse)

Oxo (foaled 1951) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1959 Grand National. A bay gelding, he was bred in Dorset by A. C. Wyatt and sired by Bobsleigh out of the mare Patum (by Portlaw).^[85] Trained throughout his career by Willie Stephenson, a former flat jockey and farmer who had previously conditioned the 1951 Derby winner, Oxo competed primarily in steeplechases during the post-World War II era of British National Hunt racing, when the sport saw renewed popularity and the Grand National solidified its status as a premier endurance test.^[86] Oxo's racing career peaked with his victory in the 1959 Grand National at Aintree Racecourse on 21 March 1959. Ridden by Michael Scudamore, the eight-year-old carried 10 stone 13 pounds (69 kg) and started at odds of 8/1 as the second-favourite behind the previous year's winner, Mr What.^[86] In a field of 34 runners on good ground, Oxo raced from the rear of the mid-division early on, making steady progress to be fifth at the first Becher's Brook and gradually improving his position. He took the lead on the second circuit with a strong jump at Becher's Brook and maintained his advantage despite a minor mistake at the final fence, ultimately winning by 1½ lengths from Wyndburgh (ridden by Tim Brookshaw), with Mr What third, a further 8 lengths back.^[87] The official time for the approximately 4 miles 4 furlongs (7.2 km) was 9 minutes 37.2 seconds, and only four horses completed the course amid chaotic conditions that saw 16 fallers and two fatalities.^[86] Prior to his Grand National triumph, Oxo had established himself as a reliable chaser with several placed efforts, though detailed records of his overall starts and wins are sparse. He returned to racing the following season but suffered an injury that limited his appearances, including an unplaced finish in the 1960 Grand National, and did not secure another victory.^[86] Oxo retired from racing thereafter, contributing to the legacy of the 1950s Grand Nationals, a period marked by dramatic finishes and the enduring appeal of steeplechasing in Britain. As of 2025, no significant posthumous developments or honors specific to Oxo have been recorded beyond his place in Grand National history.^[86]

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May 24, 2024 · In South Africa, the Oxo brand is owned and manufactured by Mars, Incorporated. The best known flavour of stock cube is the original beef cube ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] Premier-Foods-Annual-Report-2025.pdf
Jun 26, 2025 · We have recorded another strong set of financial results, with branded revenue up 5.2% (at constant currency) and Trading.
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Oxo Tower Wharf development and history - Coin Street
The Oxo Tower has been a landmark since the 1930s. Around 1900, a power station was built on the site of Oxo Tower Wharf to supply electricity to the Post ...Missing: promotional | Show results with:promotional
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Was The Oxo Tower Really An Oxo Factory? - Londonist
Mar 29, 2022 · Oxo Tower Wharf was originally built at the end of the 19th century ... Its planning application was turned down, thanks to a ban on advertising ...Missing: promotional | Show results with:promotional
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Oxo Tower Wharf - The Skyscraper Center
Height 53.3 m / 175 ft. Floors 11. Official Name The current legal building name. Oxo Tower Wharf Type CTBUH collects data on two major types of tall ...Missing: 47 meters
[18]
Oxo Tower Wharf by Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands
Mar 11, 2025 · Located on London's South Bank, the Oxo Tower started life as a power station, before being rebuilt in the Art Deco style in the late 1920s.Missing: height 47 source
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Oxo Tower - London Taxi Tour
Jan 30, 2024 · Early History: The OXO Tower was originally constructed between 1928 and 1929 as a power station for the Post Office, designed by architect ...Missing: promotional | Show results with:promotional
[20]
Oxo Tower: A Historic Building and an Eclectic Cultural Center
Cultural and Economic Significance The Oxo Tower has become a symbol of the successful reinvention of old industrial buildings into cultural and commercial ...
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Oxo- - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Intended to mean "acidifying (principle)," it was a Greeking of French principe acidifiant. So called because oxygen was then considered essential in the ...Missing: prefix IUPAC nomenclature
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[PDF] Transition Metal Oxo Chemistry (McClymont, 2019) - Baran Lab
Sep 28, 2019 · Transition metal oxo chemistry involves a coordination complex with one or more oxygen ligands, multiply bound to the metal center.
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M−O Bonding Beyond the Oxo Wall: Spectroscopy and Reactivity of ...
May 13, 2019 · Introduction. The terminal oxo ligand is a strong π donor that can form metal-oxo triple bonds with early transition metals such as in V≡O ...
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A Coordination Chemistry Study of Hydrated and Solvated Cationic ...
In the hydrated and DMSO-solvated oxovanadium(IV) ions, vanadium binds strongly to an oxo group at ca. 1.6 Å. The solvent molecule trans to the oxo group is ...Missing: permanganate | Show results with:permanganate
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Oxovanadium(IV) and oxovanadium(V) complexes relevant to ...
Different aspects of the coordination chemistry of oxovanadium(IV) and oxovanadium(V), relevant to the bioinorganic chemistry of vanadium, are presented.Missing: oxo permanganate
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Formation of organometallic hydroxo and oxo complexes by ...
The formation of these products is rationalized by a mechanism which involves water coordination followed by multiple steps of tandem oxidation and ...
[30]
Review Bioinorganic chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten enzymes
Depending on its various oxidation states, molybdenum shows approximately equal affinity for hard donor oxo and soft donor sulfido ligands. The ready ...
[31]
[PDF] NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
with the Definitive Rules for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (IUPAC ... oxo-trichromium(1 +) chloride hexa--acetato-(O,O')-fL3-oxo-trichromium(m) ...
[32]
What's in a Name?—A Short History of Coordination Chemistry from ...
This article looks at the development of the nomenclature of coordination compounds from the earliest times to the modern dominance of the International Union ...
[33]
Applied Hydroformylation | Chemical Reviews - ACS Publications
Controlling Reaction Pathways of Ethylene Hydroformylation Using Isolated Bimetallic Rhodium–Cobalt Sites. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2025 ...
[34]
Hydroformylation's Diamond Jubilee - C&EN
Apr 22, 2013 · Hydroformylation, also known as oxo chemistry, was discovered in 1938 by German chemist Otto Roelen and first commercialized by German chemical ...
[35]
Homogeneous hydroformylation of alkenes with hydridocarbonyltris ...
The compound hydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I), RhH(CO)(PPh3)3, is an efficient catalyst for hydroformylation of alkenes at 25 °C at 1 atm.
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Highly active cationic cobalt(II) hydroformylation catalysts - Science
Jan 31, 2020 · In the early 1970s, rhodium catalysts were discovered to be hundreds of times more active than cobalt for the hydroformylation of linear 1- ...
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[PDF] Hydroformylation Reaction - Chemistry
▫ The different type of phosphine ligands and cobalt- and rhodium-based catalysts were introduced; bidendate phosphine Rh catalyst showed the highest ratios of ...
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Hydroformylation | ChemTexts
Dec 2, 2021 · Hydroformylation was discovered accidently by Otto Roelen (1897–1993), a fascinating person and scientist (Fig. 2) [1, 2]. Fig. 2. figure 2.
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The OXO Process For Alcohol Manufacture From Olefins
The OXO process is a two-stage process for producing alcohols from olefins, first, treating the mixture of olefins with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to form ...
[40]
Petrochemicals - Chemical Catalysts and Adsorbents - BASF
Production of Oxo Alcohol · Hydroformylation to produce oxo aldehyde (addition of synthesis gas to olefins) · Hydrogenation of oxo aldehyde to oxo alcohol.
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Oxoalcohols - Evonik
They are produced by the reaction of olefins, such as propylene or butylene, with synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) in the presence of a ...
[42]
US5399793A - Hydrogenation catalyst for oxo alcohol process
The next step in the oxo process is the hydrogenation of the crude alcohol product which is typically carried out at pressures of about 6.89 MPa to 31.00 MPa ( ...
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[PDF] Mitsubishi Chemical Oxo Alcohol Technology 1. PROCESS FEATURE
In this section, Iso-Butanol (IBA) is produced from IBD and hydrogen gas. This section consists of the following two process. (1) IBD Hydrogenation. (2) IBA ...
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World Analysis - Oxo Alcohols - Chemical Market Analytics
... C13 alcohols that are primarily used as chemical intermediates for plasticizer manufacture. C3, C4 and C5 oxo alcohols are called solvent alcohols ... linear ...Missing: C7- iso
[45]
OXO products: ExxonMobil - ReachCentrum
Alcohols, C7-9-iso-, C8-rich (Octanol). 271-231-4. 68526-83-0. Alcohols, C9-11-iso-, C10-rich (Decanol). 271-234-0. 68526-85-2. Alcohols, C11-14-iso-, C13-rich.Missing: C3 | Show results with:C3
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U.S. Oxo Alcohols Market Size to Reach USD 4.52 Billion by 2034
Oct 6, 2025 · The growing demand for oxo alcohols in various industries like detergents, plasticizers, adhesives, lubricants, and coatings requires the ...
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Oxo-Alcohols Prices, Analytics and Forecasts | ICIS
... million tonnes/year in 2025, down from 11.25 million tonnes/year in 2023. The 2024 capacity addition of 7.2 million tonnes/year was also lower than the 2023 ...
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Oxo alcohols, a vital component in various industrial proces | THA ...
Aug 22, 2025 · From paints and coatings to plasticizers and chemical intermediates, the demand for oxo alcohols ... applications. The market for oxo ...<|separator|>
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Mar 17, 2022 · The term oxo-biodegradable plastics refers to the two-stage degradation of additive-enhanced polymers. The first stage of degradation occurs by ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Apr 30, 2021 · We review the current state of commercial biodegradable plastics and contrast it against the desired state of the zero-waste-focused circular economy.
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Study on biodegradation mechanism of novel oxo-biodegradable ...
The result of the 1H NMR measurement indicated that the biodegradation occurred anaerobically. The photodegraded PP/PEO/TiO2/OCPC sample was mineralized up to ...Missing: autoxidation | Show results with:autoxidation
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Oxo-Additives for Polyolefin Degradation: Kinetics and Mechanism
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Oct 28, 2020 · In 2019, the EU imposed a ban on the production of oxo‐degradable plastics thought to produce persistent microplastics in the environment. This ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
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OXO-BIODEGRADABLE plastic can be tested according to: American Standard ASTM D6954 – “Standard Guide for Plastics that Degrade in the. Environment by a ...
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[PDF] Single-use plastic bags and their alternatives - Life Cycle Initiative
A plastic bag with a prodegradant additive (oxo-degradable bag) has almost identical impacts compared to the conventional SUPB. It has less visual impact as ...
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Oxo-biodegradable Plastic Packaging Market Report - Dataintelo
The global oxo-biodegradable plastic packaging market size is estimated to be valued at approximately USD 3.9 billion in 2023, with projections suggesting it ...
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[PDF] Products made from oxo-degradable plastic: the General Court ...
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Feb 1, 2024 · The European Court of Justice has confirmed the EU ban of products made from oxo-degradable plastic under the 2019 single-use plastics directive ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
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1952 | Timeline of Computer History
Played on Cambridge's EDSAC computer, OXO allowed a player to choose to start or to allow the machine to make the first move. Using a rotary telephone dial to ...
[62]
Example programs
Original programs. OXO : Game of Naughts and crosses written by A.S. Douglas, 1952. Squares : computes the square of the first 100 integers and the difference ...
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What is a video game? - Google Arts & Culture
OXO was the first video game created on a computer, back in 1952 by Alexander Douglas for his PhD at the University of Cambridge, based on the interaction ...Missing: S. | Show results with:S.
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Tic-Tac-Toe Basic Guide - PaperGames.io
The game is played on a 3x3 grid, and the objective is to be the first to align three of your symbols (either X or O) vertically, horizontally, or diagonally.
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Two Daughters - NUMB3RS
Let us consider some variations of Tic-Tac-Toe. Tic-Tac-Toe is an ancient game, and it has been played since as early as 1300 BC by the Egyptians. It has many ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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[PDF] Alyssa Choi - Tic-Tac-Toe - National Museum of Mathematics
The name “tic-tac-toe” came about when the British name of “noughts (zero) and crosses” was first printed in a scholarly journal in 1858.Missing: cultural | Show results with:cultural
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The game is a draw if, after all squares have been occupied, neither player completely occupies a winning line. An easy but lengthy case analysis shows that II ...
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Mar 9, 2016 · One example of a strongly solved game is tic-tac-toe. Perfect play from both players leads to a draw, which is known as a cat's game. cat_game2.<|separator|>
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[PDF] EXPLORING TIC-TAC-TOE VARIANTS - Erich Friedman
“layers” in 3D Tic-Tac-Toe. This means the only difference between Otrio and ... the best strategies in Misère Tic-Tac-Toe, they will draw every time.
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Jan 9, 2016 · I read, briefly, about a connection between Ramsey's Theory and Tic-Tac-Toe. From my understanding, it went like this: Imagine playing Tic-Tac- ...Missing: 4x4 3D misere
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Tic-Tac-Toe - logic and strategy - SuperKids.com
The classic game of Tic-tac-toe, noughts and crosses, or Xs and Os. Try your hand at this game of logic and strategy.
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Oxo - Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
Feb 9, 2016 · Basic Info ; Oxo · Oxo · 15383 · Ceres · Crater, craters ...
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Oxo Crater at LAMO | NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
Apr 19, 2016 · The 6-mile-wide (10-kilometer-wide) crater named Oxo Crater is the second-brightest feature on Ceres. Only Occator's central area is brighter. ...Missing: size composition
[74]
Duginavi and Oxo - NASA Science
Dec 2, 2017 · Duginavi hosts the small Oxo Crater, recognizable by its bright rim and ejecta. Oxo is the first site at which ice was discovered on Ceres.
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Landslides on Ceres: Diversity and Geologic Context - AGU Journals
Sep 3, 2019 · In fact, the first direct detection of ice on Ceres was in Oxo crater (Combe et al., 2016) near a T1 landslide. Five of the nine direct spectral ...Abstract · Introduction · Landslides in Broader... · Landslide Geometry and Mobility
[76]
NASA Dawn Reveals Recent Changes in Ceres' Surface
Mar 14, 2018 · Sodium carbonates, for example, dominate the bright regions in Occator Crater, and material of similar composition has been found at Oxo Crater ...
[77]
Surface Temperatures and Water Ice Sublimation Rate of Oxo Crater ...
Dec 10, 2018 · In this work we concern about a particular crater, Oxo, in the northern hemisphere at latitude 42°, which hosts an ice-rich patch in the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[78]
Oxo Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More - AllMusic
Following four studio albums and a pair of hit singles (including the Top Ten "Get Off") with the dance-pop act Foxy, singer Ish Ledesma put together the group ...
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OXO (2)
### Summary of OXO (2)
[80]
1983 OXO – OXO - Sessiondays
OXO was an American dance-rock band formed in 1983 by Ish 'Angel' Ledesma, the former lead singer of Foxy. He formed the band with guitarist Orlando Nuñez, ...
[81]
OXO - Oxo
- **Tracklist:**
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Week of April 23, 1983 - Billboard Hot 100™
Apr 23, 1983 · Peak Position. 1. Peak Chart Date. 04/23/83. Chart History. Lazy loaded ... Whirly Girl. Oxo. LW; 30. PEAK; 28. WEEKS; 10. LW; 30; PEAK; 28; WEEKS ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[83]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYDeOiHG9oA
[84]
Dick Clark Interviews OXO - American Bandstand 1983 - YouTube
Jan 13, 2011 · Dick Clark Interviews the band OXO on American Bandstand. They talk about release their album in four different jackets, how long the group ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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OXO Albums: songs, discography, biography, and listening guide
OXO discography and songs: Music profile for OXO, formed 1983. Genres: New Wave, Pop Rock. Albums include Just Can't Get Enough: New Wave Hits of the '80s ...Missing: formation | Show results with:formation
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Grand National Winners - Thoroughbred Heritage
In some cases, the horse's dam or her lineage was traced, but not assigned a number, and in some cases the dam or lineage simply is not now known. Thoroughbreds ...
[87]
1959 - Grand National Ultimate History
Oxo was trained by former Flat jockey Willie Stephenson, also a farmer, who had trained the Derby winner in 1951. ... Two fatalities (the first since the course ...
[88]
THE GRAND NATIONAL 1959 - British Pathé
Oxo wins the 1959 Grand National at Aintree, ridden by jockey Michael Scudamore. ... 'Reynoldstown', owned by Major Noel Furlong, wins Grand National horse race.