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Paphos

![View of Paphos harbor_00490-92.jpg][float-right] Paphos is a coastal city and the capital of the Paphos District in the Republic of Cyprus, situated on the southwestern shore of the island.^[1] Inhabited since the Neolithic period, it served as a major center of the cult of Aphrodite and pre-Hellenic fertility deities in antiquity, with nearby Petra tou Romiou traditionally regarded as the goddess's birthplace.^[2] The modern city, divided into the lower harbor area of Kato Paphos and the upper Ktima quarter, thrives as a key tourist hub, bolstered by its international airport and proximity to archaeological treasures. The Paphos Archaeological Park, encompassing Roman villas with intricate mosaics and other ancient structures, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980 for its outstanding universal value in illustrating Greco-Roman civilization on Cyprus.^[2]^[3] Paphos's economy relies heavily on tourism, agriculture, and services, reflecting its transition from a historical port to a contemporary Mediterranean resort while preserving its layered heritage from Ptolemaic, Roman, and medieval eras.^[2]

Geography

Location and physical features

Paphos lies on the southwestern coast of Cyprus at geographical coordinates 34°46′N 32°25′E.^[4] The city and its surrounding district occupy western Cyprus, encompassing diverse terrain including coastal plains, river valleys, and mountainous extensions of the Akamas Peninsula to the north.^[5] The Paphos District spans approximately 1,396 km², featuring a Mediterranean shoreline punctuated by bays such as Coral Bay near Peyia and proximity to inland settlements like Polis Chrysochous.^[6] The physical landscape includes the Ezousa River valley, with the river extending 41 km from inland sources to the coast, contributing to alluvial soils that support agriculture, particularly citrus orchards and olive groves.^[7] Elevations range from sea level along the harbor to around 268 m on average, rising toward the Troodos Mountains' foothills, where heights reach several hundred meters amid rugged terrain.^[8] Seismic vulnerability characterizes the region, positioned near active tectonic boundaries, with historical evidence of destructive earthquakes in the Paphos area.^[9] Water resources rely on river inflows and constructed dams, such as the Mavrokolympos and Asprokremmos reservoirs in the district, which store runoff from the Ezousa and other watersheds for agricultural and municipal use.^[10] The Akamas Peninsula's uplands, with elevations exceeding 500 m, feature limestone formations and sparse vegetation, contrasting the fertile coastal lowlands.^[11]

Climate

Paphos has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), marked by prolonged hot and arid summers from May to October and mild, rainy winters from November to April.^[12] Average annual precipitation totals approximately 450 mm, with over 80% falling between October and March, primarily in December (around 90 mm) and January (103 mm).^[13] Summers feature negligible rainfall, often less than 5 mm per month from May to August.^[13] Long-term records from Paphos International Airport indicate average July highs of 30.6°C (87°F) and January highs of 17.2°C (63°F), with winter lows rarely dipping below 4°C (40°F).^[14] Relative humidity averages 50-60% in summer, contributing to dry conditions despite occasional muggy spells, while winter humidity rises to 70-80%.^[15] Heatwaves occasionally push temperatures above 40°C, as seen in Cyprus-wide extremes reaching 43-45°C in recent years, though coastal Paphos moderates slightly due to sea breezes.^[16] Snowfall is minimal and confined to rare high-elevation events inland, with no significant accumulation recorded at sea level over decades of airport data.^[15] This seasonal pattern influences local agriculture, where winter rains support crops like olives, citrus, and grains, enabling harvests timed to dry summers for storage and export.^[17] Tourism peaks in summer for beach activities under clear skies averaging 12-13 hours of sunshine daily, while milder winters sustain off-season visitors, though rainfall can disrupt outdoor pursuits.^[13]

Etymology

Name origins and historical designations

The name "Paphos" appears in ancient Near Eastern records as "Pappa," attested on the prism of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon (r. 681–669 BCE), where it denotes the Cypriot kingdom ruled by Eteandros around 673–672 BCE.^[18] This early designation predates extensive Greek literary references and suggests a pre-Hellenic or indigenous substrate, potentially influenced by Mycenaean Greek settlers who arrived in Cyprus circa 1400–1200 BCE during the Late Bronze Age.^[19] In classical Greek sources, the name distinguished two settlements: Palaepaphos (Old Paphos), the inland religious and early political center near modern Kouklia, and Nea Paphos (New Paphos), the coastal port that became the kingdom's administrative capital by the late 4th century BCE.^[20] The prefix "palai-" (ancient Greek for "old") was applied to Palaepaphos specifically after this relocation, as noted in later Hellenistic and Roman texts; Herodotus (ca. 484–425 BCE) references Paphos primarily in its older cultic context, while Strabo (ca. 64 BCE–24 CE) explicitly differentiates the "Old Paphos" from the "New," describing the former's temple and the latter's harbor.^[18] Phoenician settlers, who established early contacts with Old Paphos, may have contributed to its nomenclature, though direct etymological links—such as to a hypothetical "Pap"—remain unverified amid evidence of Phoenician priestly lineages like the Cinyradae.^[21] In modern usage, the city retains the Greek form Πάφος (Páfos), transliterated from ancient Greek, while Turkish designates it as Baf, a phonetic adaptation reflecting Ottoman-era (1571–1878) and post-1974 linguistic duality in Cyprus, though Paphos lies in the internationally recognized Republic of Cyprus.^[22] This bilingual nomenclature underscores the island's divided ethno-linguistic landscape without altering the core historical toponymy.^[23]

History

Prehistoric settlements and foundation myths

Archaeological surveys in the Paphos district document early human presence from the Neolithic period, with settlement loci shifting over time and indicating small-scale communities adapted to coastal and inland resources.^[24] More intensive habitation emerges in the Chalcolithic era (ca. 3900–2500 BCE), evidenced by tombs and material culture at sites like Vathyrkakas near Souskiou, reflecting technological advances in ceramics and metallurgy.^[25] The Early and Middle Bronze Age (2500–1650 BCE) marks expanded activity, including settlements at Kissonerga-Skalia and cemeteries yielding pottery, tools, and evidence of copper procurement, tying into Cyprus's broader role in regional metal trade networks that facilitated economic growth without reliance on external founders.^[26]^[27] By the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1650–1050 BCE), excavations reveal a transition in pottery styles, from local handmade wares to locally produced Mycenaean IIIC forms, signaling Aegean trade contacts and cultural diffusion rather than conquest or mythic migration.^[28] These findings, corroborated by residue analysis and typological studies, underscore settlement continuity driven by resource exploitation and maritime exchange, predating classical narratives.^[29] Ancient traditions, preserved in Greek sources, posit the foundation of Palaepaphos (Old Paphos) by Agapenor, the Arcadian king who participated in the Trojan War and reportedly relocated settlers to Cyprus's western coast afterward.^[30] The subsequent rule of the Cinyrad dynasty, with Cinyras as a semi-legendary king-priest of Aphrodite's cult, is depicted as blending Greek and Phoenician elements, though excavations attribute the temple's prominence to indigenous Bronze Age roots augmented by Iron Age Levantine influences.^[31] Such myths, while encoding real patterns of post-Bronze Age collapse migrations and cultic exchanges, lack corroboration in pre-12th century BCE strata, where empirical data favor gradual, trade-oriented development over heroic origins.^[27] Phoenician material traces, including Levantine-inspired forms in Late Bronze contexts, appear as commercial imports rather than foundational impositions, aligning with Cyprus's position as a metallurgical hub.^[32]

Ancient kingdoms and classical era

The Kingdom of Paphos, centered at Palaepaphos (modern Kouklia), developed as a distinct polity in the early Iron Age, building on Late Bronze Age foundations established around 1650 BCE as a coastal export gateway for resources including copper and timber.^[33] Archaeological evidence from the site indicates continuity in settlement and economic activity, with urban features such as storage complexes and perimeter walls emerging by the 12th–11th centuries BCE, reflecting organized administrative control over trade networks linking the island to the Levant and Aegean.^[23]^[34] From the late 8th century BCE, Paphos fell under Assyrian suzerainty, paying tribute to kings like Sargon II (721–705 BCE) without direct territorial conquest, as documented in Assyrian annals listing Cypriot rulers and their contributions of metals and ships; this arrangement preserved local dynastic autonomy while integrating Paphos into imperial tribute systems.^[35]^[36] Egyptian influence followed intermittently in the 6th century BCE under pharaohs like Amasis, evidenced by imported artifacts and brief overlordship before Persian consolidation, but Assyrian and later Persian records confirm Paphos kings maintained internal sovereignty through vassal oaths rather than full subjugation.^[37] The sanctuary of Aphrodite at Palaepaphos, originating in the Late Bronze Age with a megalithic temenos and aniconic cult statue (possibly a conical baetyl), served as the kingdom's primary religious hub, drawing pilgrims and votive offerings from across the Mediterranean, which bolstered economic and cultural influence via cultic diplomacy.^[33]^[38] In the classical period, Paphos kings issued coinage from the late 6th century BCE, featuring local symbols like the temple or royal emblems alongside Persian weights, demonstrating fiscal independence and participation in regional trade of wine, timber, and olive products, as corroborated by numismatic hoards and excavation finds of amphorae and storage facilities at Kouklia.^[39] During the Persian Wars, Paphos contributed naval forces to the Achaemenid fleet at Salamis in 480 BCE under King Evelthon's lineage, yet retained dynastic continuity without major revolts, unlike some eastern Cypriot kingdoms.^[41] Alexander the Great's campaign reached Cyprus in 333 BCE following Issus; the Paphian king, likely Nikokles, surrendered promptly, supplying triremes to the Macedonian fleet without siege, marking the end of independent royal rule and transition to Hellenistic oversight while affirming Paphos's strategic port value through artifactual evidence of rapid integration.^[42]^[43]

Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods

Following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, Paphos transitioned under the control of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, marking the Hellenistic period's onset on Cyprus around 310 BCE.^[44] Nea Paphos emerged as the new administrative center and port city by the late 4th century BCE, supplanting Palaepaphos as the primary hub while the latter retained its role as a religious sanctuary for Aphrodite worship.^[45] This shift facilitated Greek cultural integration, with advancements in arts and education under Ptolemaic governance.^[46] In 58 BCE, Rome annexed Cyprus from Ptolemaic rule amid the deposition of Ptolemy XII Auletes, incorporating the island as a senatorial province with Nea Paphos serving as the provincial capital.^[47] The city prospered through Roman administration, evidenced by luxurious villas featuring intricate pebble mosaics from the 2nd to 4th centuries CE, such as the House of Dionysos, which depict mythological scenes including Dionysus's birth and labors, reflecting elite patronage and cultural continuity.^[48] Economic activity centered on exports of copper, timber, olives, and wine, leveraging the harbor for Mediterranean trade.^[49] Under Byzantine rule from the 4th century CE, Paphos integrated into the Eastern Roman Empire, witnessing early Christianization tied to apostolic traditions, including the preaching of Paul and Barnabas as recorded in Acts 13. Archaeological remains include early basilicas, indicating a shift to Christian infrastructure amid ongoing pagan cult persistence at nearby sites.^[50] The local economy sustained peaks in wine production and export, supported by agricultural stability until disruptions.^[51] The 7th-century Arab raids precipitated decline, with repeated incursions from 647 CE onward devastating Paphos, leading to significant population reduction and urban contraction as documented in historical accounts and archaeological discontinuities in settlement layers.^[52] These invasions, combined with tribute demands under the subsequent Byzantine-Arab condominium, eroded prior prosperity, though some trade in commodities like wine persisted into the 8th century.^[53]

Medieval, Ottoman, and British colonial eras

Following the Byzantine era, Paphos came under the rule of the Lusignan dynasty in 1192, when the Kingdom of Cyprus was established by French crusaders after Richard the Lionheart's conquest of the island.^[54] The Lusignans fortified Kato Paphos, the harbor area, constructing a medieval castle in the mid-13th century with two towers to defend the port against potential invasions, replacing earlier Byzantine structures.^[55] Modifications to the fortress around 1200 further adapted it for Frankish military needs, emphasizing coastal defense amid ongoing threats from Muslim forces.^[56] Venetian control from 1489 to 1571 maintained these defenses but prioritized trade over expansion, with Paphos serving as a secondary port overshadowed by Famagusta and Larnaca.^[57] The Ottoman conquest in 1571 ended Venetian dominance, as Turkish forces captured Cyprus during the Ottoman-Venetian War (1570–1573), integrating the island into the empire with Paphos divided into a sanjak. The Ottomans implemented the millet system, granting religious communities—primarily Orthodox Christians and Muslims—autonomy in internal affairs while subjecting them to imperial oversight and taxation. Turkish settlers received land grants through the timar system, promoting agricultural resettlement and diluting the pre-conquest Christian majority, though Paphos' 1572 Ottoman survey recorded only about 1,300 inhabitants contributing 56,049 aspers in taxes, reflecting a sparse, rural economy centered on cotton, wool, and wine production for export.^[58] ^[59] Subsequent plagues and wars exacerbated population decline across Ottoman Cyprus, with traveler accounts like those of Pedro Texeira in 1605 noting persistent low density and agricultural stagnation, as heavy tithes on harvests—up to 200 piastres per citizen by the 1760s—discouraged investment and innovation.^[60] ^[61] Mid-19th-century tax records for Ottoman Paphos reveal uneven wealth distribution, with elite Muslim landowners dominating fertile lands while Christian peasants bore disproportionate burdens, fueling revolts like the 1833 island-wide uprising against escalated taxes imposed during the Egyptian-Ottoman War.^[62] ^[63] British administration began in 1878 under the Cyprus Convention, ceding control from the Ottomans to Britain for strategic oversight of the Suez route, though formal annexation followed in 1914.^[64] Infrastructure improvements, such as roads and irrigation in Paphos' agricultural districts, were introduced to boost exports like carobs and olives, yet these served imperial interests by facilitating resource extraction rather than local prosperity, with taxation persisting at levels that strained subsistence farming.^[65] Colonial policies exploited Cyprus' position for military basing, contributing to socioeconomic inertia until 1960 independence, as population recovery remained slow amid ongoing ethnic segregation under the millet legacy.^[66]

20th-century independence, partition, and the Cyprus dispute

The EOKA insurgency, launched in 1955 by Greek Cypriots seeking enosis (union with Greece), targeted British colonial rule through guerrilla tactics, resulting in over 500 British casualties and prompting the formation of the Turkish Resistance Organization (TMT) by Turkish Cypriots to safeguard minority interests amid rising communal tensions.^[67] These parallel militant groups exacerbated ethnic divisions, leading to negotiations that produced the Zurich Agreement on February 11, 1959, and the London Agreement on February 19, 1959, between Britain, Greece, and Turkey.^[68] The agreements established the independent Republic of Cyprus effective August 16, 1960, as a bicommunal state with power-sharing provisions, including Turkish Cypriot representation at 30% in the civil service and 40% in the security forces, alongside the Treaty of Guarantee empowering Greece, Turkey, and the United Kingdom to intervene unilaterally or jointly to restore constitutional order if violated.^[69] Constitutional frictions emerged rapidly, as Greek Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III proposed 13 amendments in November 1963 to curtail Turkish Cypriot veto rights and communal ratios, proposals rejected by Turkish Cypriots as undermining the Zurich-London framework.^[68] This deadlock triggered intercommunal violence starting December 21, 1963, in Nicosia, where clashes between Greek Cypriot police and Turkish Cypriot civilians escalated into widespread fighting, displacing approximately 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into defensive enclaves comprising 3% of the island's territory and causing hundreds of deaths on both sides through targeted attacks, sieges, and reprisals.^[67]^[70] The United Nations deployed the UNFICYP peacekeeping force in March 1964 to contain the conflict, though sporadic violence persisted through 1974, with UN reports documenting mutual human rights violations, including killings and restrictions on movement, rather than attributing sole responsibility to one community.^[68] Tensions culminated in the July 15, 1974, coup orchestrated by the Greek military junta and executed by the paramilitary EOKA B group, deposing Makarios and installing hardline enosis advocate Nikos Sampson as president, an act perceived as a direct threat to Turkish Cypriot security under the Treaty of Guarantee.^[71] Turkey responded with military intervention on July 20, 1974, landing forces at Kyrenia and advancing southward in two phases, invoking its guarantor rights to prevent enosis and protect the Turkish Cypriot population, ultimately establishing a de facto partition along the Green Line by August 16, 1974, with Turkish forces controlling about 37% of the island's territory.^[69]^[72] The events displaced around 200,000 Greek Cypriots southward and 60,000 Turkish Cypriots northward, accompanied by documented atrocities—such as executions, rapes, and village destructions—committed by irregular forces and militias on both sides, as noted in analyses emphasizing reciprocal escalations over unilateral blame.^[73] In Paphos, situated in the southwestern district under uninterrupted Republic of Cyprus administration post-1974, the area experienced relative stability without direct combat, as major fighting concentrated in the north and center; however, it absorbed significant refugee inflows from occupied northern regions, straining local resources amid the island-wide displacement of over 165,000 Greek Cypriots.^[74] This influx, coupled with severed economic ties to the north, marked Paphos's entanglement in the broader partition's human costs, though its peripheral location mitigated the intensity of pre-1974 intercommunal clashes compared to urban flashpoints like Nicosia.^[75]

Post-1974 recovery and modern era

Following the 1974 Turkish invasion, Paphos remained under the control of the Republic of Cyprus, enabling its integration into the southern administrative framework without direct territorial loss. The local economy pivoted toward tourism as a primary recovery mechanism, with hotel bed capacity expanding from 126 in 1972 to 3,305 by 1982—representing 13% of the south's total—and further to 15,982 by 1994, or 21% of the southern share.^[76] This growth reflected self-driven entrepreneurial efforts alongside state incentives, transforming Paphos from a peripheral settlement into a burgeoning resort destination despite the island's division.^[77] Cyprus's accession to the European Union on May 1, 2004, provided Paphos with access to structural funds that supported infrastructure upgrades and economic stabilization, enhancing its appeal to European investors and tourists.^[78] These resources complemented endogenous tourism momentum, fostering population rebound through job creation in hospitality and services, though reliance on EU grants has drawn scrutiny for potentially undermining long-term fiscal independence. The designation of Paphos as a European Capital of Culture in 2017 catalyzed further urban renewal, including the creation of 25,000 square meters of accessible pedestrian spaces in the old town, which improved connectivity and cultural amenities.^[79] Despite initial infrastructural deficits, the event spurred investments that bolstered local capacity without fully resolving dependencies on external financing.^[80] The collapse of UN-sponsored reunification talks at Crans-Montana in July 2017 reinforced the status quo, yet Paphos maintained stability by leveraging its position within the EU-integrated south, sidestepping the economic isolation afflicting Turkish-occupied northern areas.^[81] This resilience underscores causal factors like unimpeded access to European markets and tourism inflows, which have sustained growth trajectories independent of resolution prospects, prioritizing pragmatic adaptation over protracted negotiations.^[82]

Government and politics

Local administration

The Paphos Municipality governs the central urban area of Paphos, encompassing Kato Paphos and adjacent localities such as Polemidia, with responsibilities including urban planning, waste management, and local infrastructure maintenance. The municipality operates under an elected mayor and a municipal council comprising councillors representing various political affiliations. Phedonas Phedonos, affiliated with the Democratic Rally party, serves as mayor, having been re-elected on June 10, 2024, with 60.3% of the vote in local elections.^[83] ^[84] At the district level, the Paphos District Administration, part of the Ministry of Interior, coordinates broader governmental functions such as civil registration, land registry oversight, and coordination with central policies across the Paphos District, which includes multiple municipalities and communities.^[85] The District Officer, currently Mary Lambrou, is appointed by the central government and manages these operations from offices in Paphos city.^[86] Municipal funding derives primarily from local taxes, fees, and tourism-related revenues, supplemented by state grants; for instance, Cypriot municipalities received a collective €117 million state allocation for 2026 budgets, reflecting increased support amid fiscal pressures.^[87] In September 2025, the government announced over €230 million for more than 75 infrastructure projects in the Paphos District, targeting roads, schools, and utilities, though implementation involves coordination between municipal and district entities.^[88] Local authorities, including the Paphos Local Government Organisation, have highlighted bureaucratic hurdles in service delivery, such as delays in licensing and water supply management, attributing these to overlapping central-local jurisdictions and regulatory complexities.^[89] Despite decentralization efforts post-2019 reforms, which expanded municipal powers in areas like environmental services, inefficiencies persist due to limited administrative capacity and dependence on national approvals for major initiatives.^[90]

Impact of the Cyprus division

The 1974 Turkish invasion and subsequent division of Cyprus severed economic linkages between the northern and southern parts of the island, depriving Paphos of access to traditional northern markets for agricultural exports and labor mobility that had characterized the pre-partition economy. Prior to the events of July 1974, Cyprus functioned as an integrated market where southern regions like Paphos supplied services and goods to northern counterparts, including citrus production hubs; the abrupt cutoff contributed to immediate disruptions in trade flows and supply chains across the island.^[91] This fragmentation has imposed ongoing macroeconomic costs, with analyses indicating that the absence of reunification results in forgone GDP growth for the Republic of Cyprus, potentially elevating island-wide output by factors of 1.4 times through enhanced trade, investment, and economies of scale—translating to estimated annual losses exceeding €20 billion when accounting for unrealized synergies.^[92]^[93] For Paphos, these effects manifest in constrained opportunities for cross-island tourism circuits and resource pooling, as the Green Line buffer zone enforces barriers to unrestricted movement and commerce, limiting the city's potential as a western gateway despite its coastal advantages. Initial social strains arose from the integration of displaced Greek Cypriots into western settlements, including temporary resettlements near Paphos that pressured housing and public services amid the displacement of roughly one-third of the island's population.^[94] While Paphos adapted by channeling resources into tourism infrastructure, this pivot masked persistent vulnerabilities, such as the Republic's near-total dependence on imported fossil fuels for energy—over 90% of supply—hindered further by divided grids and stalled transboundary cooperation on electricity and potential gas reserves.^[95]^[96] European Union accession in 2004 introduced financial aid packages to offset division-related losses, including Green Line trade facilitation and cohesion funds, yet these inflows have arguably concealed structural weaknesses like overreliance on external energy and restricted domestic market depth, as evidenced by the southern economy's services dominance without northern industrial complements.^[97] Unresolved Greek Cypriot property claims on northern assets, valued in billions and including pre-1974 holdings tied to Paphos families, continue to distort investment incentives and fuel legal uncertainties, while Turkish Cypriot accounts emphasize their resultant economic isolation—though empirical data underscores mutual foregone gains from non-integration over optimistic bicommunal scenarios.^[91]^[98]

Demographics

Population statistics

The population of Paphos District stood at 101,106 according to the 2021 census conducted by the Cyprus Statistical Service.^[99] This marked a 15.4% increase from the 2011 census figure for the district, the highest growth rate among Cyprus districts in that decade.^[100] Estimates for 2022 placed the district population at 100,700, reflecting continued expansion from 54,100 residents recorded in 1992.^[101] Within the district, Paphos Municipality recorded 37,297 inhabitants in the 2021 census, up from 32,892 in 2011, with urban density concentrated in areas such as Kato Paphos.^[99] The municipality spans 16.95 km², yielding a population density of 1,941 inhabitants per km². Cyprus-wide demographic trends, including a total fertility rate of 1.39 children per woman in 2023, indicate low birth rates contributing to an aging population structure in regions like Paphos.^[102] This is partially offset by net migration, particularly from EU citizens seeking retirement.^[101] Seasonal influxes from tourism significantly augment the resident population during peak months, with Paphos accommodation establishments recording nearly 830,000 non-resident arrivals in 2022 alone, leading to temporary swells in effective occupancy.^[103]

Ethnic and cultural composition

Paphos's ethnic composition is overwhelmingly Greek Cypriot, comprising the vast majority of native residents in line with the Republic of Cyprus's government-controlled areas, where Greek Cypriots account for approximately 98.8% of the population.^[104] Following the 1974 Turkish invasion and partition, the Turkish Cypriot population in Paphos district experienced a near-total exodus to northern Cyprus, eliminating any significant Muslim ethnic presence and fostering post-partition ethnic homogeneity among remaining locals.^[105] Small indigenous minorities, including Maronites (Eastern Catholics tracing origins to medieval migrations) and Armenian Cypriots (primarily Armenian Apostolic), persist island-wide in numbers totaling several thousand but maintain minimal concentrations in Paphos itself.^[106] ^[107] Recent immigration has introduced expatriate communities, particularly British retirees and Russian nationals, with preliminary 2021 census figures showing non-Cypriot residents at around 38% of Paphos district's population, diluting the native Greek Cypriot share to roughly 57-62%.^[108] These groups, often residing in coastal enclaves, exhibit partial cultural separation, relying on English or Russian for daily interactions rather than fully adopting local norms, which poses integration challenges amid rising demographic pressures from third-country nationals.^[109] Latins (Roman Catholics) form another minor recognized group, though their influence remains negligible in Paphos. Culturally, Greek Cypriot identity dominates, anchored in the Cypriot dialect of Greek as the primary language and Eastern Orthodox Christianity via the autocephalous Church of Cyprus, which oversees most religious life and traditions like name days and panigyria festivals.^[110] English functions as a practical second language in tourism-heavy areas, facilitating expatriate presence without eroding the core Hellenic linguistic and Orthodox framework. Minority religious practices, such as Maronite liturgies in Arabic-derived Syriac or Armenian rites, occur sporadically but do not alter the prevailing Orthodox cultural hegemony.^[111]

Economy

Historical economic foundations

The ancient economy of Paphos, integrated into Cyprus's broader trade networks, centered on copper extraction and viticulture. Cyprus emerged as the Mediterranean's leading copper producer during the Bronze Age, supplying ore that fueled regional bronzeworking, with the metal's English name derived from the island's ancient Greek designation, Kupros. Paphos, as a coastal kingdom and port, facilitated exports alongside local production evidenced by grape seeds, wineries, and wine vessels unearthed in nearby sites.^[112]^[113]^[114] Under Ottoman rule from 1571 to 1878, Paphos's economy reverted to subsistence agriculture dominated by smallholder farming of grains and legumes. District records from 1572 detail outputs of wheat, barley, lentils, broad beans, and olives among non-Muslim producers, with land categorized into private, state, and communal tenures that sustained rural self-reliance over commercial scale. Larger estates existed but coexisted with prevalent low-yield, localized cultivation geared toward domestic needs rather than export.^[61]^[115] British administration from 1878 onward catalyzed a pivot to export-oriented cash crops, notably carobs and olives, which leveraged Paphos's rainfed terrains for international markets. This era introduced monetized taxation and revenue systems, with colonial finances tracked in sterling—reaching £200,000 annually by the 1890s—easing the prior barter prevalence and fostering economic integration via improved harbors and trade routes.^[116]^[61] The 1974 partition severed Cyprus's north-south economic linkages, including agricultural synergies, compelling Paphos in the south to prioritize self-sufficient farming and redirected trade amid displacement of one-third of the island's population. This rupture underscored the causal reliance on unified resource flows, prompting adaptive southern agricultural consolidation.^[91]

Tourism and real estate dominance

Tourism constitutes a cornerstone of Paphos' economy, attracting over 1 million visitors annually to the district via Paphos International Airport in the pre-COVID year of 2019, with heritage sites such as the UNESCO-listed Paphos Archaeological Park serving as primary draws.^[117] These attractions, including ancient mosaics and the Tombs of the Kings, contribute significantly to the local economy, with tourism and related services accounting for approximately 20% of the district's GDP through direct spending on accommodations, excursions, and cultural experiences.^[118] Resort areas like Coral Bay, featuring prominent hotels such as the Coral Beach Hotel & Resort, amplify this influx by offering beachfront facilities and water activities that cater to sun-and-sea tourists, bolstering occupancy rates during peak seasons.^[119] Complementing tourism, real estate has surged in dominance, with property transactions in Paphos reflecting robust demand from foreign buyers. In 2024, villa prices started from around €250,000 for entry-level units, escalating to €4,500–€7,000 per square meter for luxury properties, driven by a year-on-year growth of approximately 6–12% amid post-pandemic recovery.^[120]^[121] British nationals led purchases with 890 properties acquired in the district that year, followed by Israelis (683) and Russians (327), fueled by Cyprus' appeal as a stable EU investment haven with favorable residency programs.^[122] However, this dual reliance exposes vulnerabilities, including pronounced seasonality where arrivals peak in summer but plummet in winter, leading to underutilized infrastructure and employment instability.^[123] Overdevelopment risks further compound issues, as rapid coastal construction in areas like Coral Bay erodes environmental authenticity and strains resources, potentially inflating a real estate bubble evidenced by 30% price hikes since 2020 amid stabilizing demand signals.^[124]^[125] Such trends underscore the need for diversification to mitigate dependency on transient foreign capital and seasonal fluxes.^[126]

Agriculture, services, and diversification efforts

Agriculture in the Paphos district centers on citrus fruits, potatoes, and dairy products such as Halloumi cheese, which contribute to Cyprus's export-oriented output. Citrus production, including oranges and lemons, benefits from the region's Mediterranean climate, with Cyprus achieving self-sufficiency exceeding 100% in citrus as a key export item. Potato harvests across Cyprus reached 95,000 tonnes in 2023, reflecting a 5.6% increase from the prior year, though long-term declines persist due to water scarcity and competition; Paphos farms supplement this with local cultivation for both domestic and export markets. Halloumi, a semi-hard cheese from sheep and goat milk, accounts for approximately 20% of Cyprus's total exports, with shipments valued at €111.8 million in the first quarter of 2023 alone, supporting rural livelihoods in the district's livestock sector.^[127]^[128]^[129] European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies bolster these sectors through direct payments and rural development funds, yet their efficiency faces criticism for disproportionately favoring larger operations—80% of CAP funds across the EU direct to just 20% of farms, often the biggest, which exacerbates inequalities and distorts market incentives rather than enhancing smallholder productivity in areas like Paphos. This structure, while providing short-term income support, has been linked to over-reliance on subsidies without proportional gains in output efficiency or innovation, as evidenced by persistent vulnerabilities to climate variability in Cypriot agriculture.^[130] The services sector in Paphos has expanded notably in financial services, particularly forex trading firms attracted by Cyprus's EU-regulated framework, low corporate taxes, and strategic location, with companies like Exness investing €75 million in local property in June 2025 to support operations. However, growth has drawn scrutiny; in May 2025, Paphos Mayor Phedonas Phedonos alleged that forex entities in Cyprus, including those with ties to the district, facilitate money laundering for Latin American drug cartels via subsidiaries masking illicit origins, prompting police investigations into related crimes. CySEC maintains that regulated firms comply with EU anti-money laundering standards, but the claims highlight risks in rapid sector expansion without robust oversight.^[131]^[132]^[133] Diversification initiatives target technology and innovation to reduce dependence on traditional sectors, with Cyprus promoting tech hubs through incentives like Invest Cyprus programs, though Paphos's efforts remain constrained by the island's political division, which limits market access, infrastructure integration with the north, and investor confidence amid ongoing geopolitical tensions. The small domestic market and funding access hurdles further impede localized tech park development, despite national pushes yielding over €8 billion in sector impact by 2025, primarily concentrated in urban centers rather than peripheral districts like Paphos.^[134]^[135]^[136]

Recent developments and challenges

In September 2025, the Cypriot government announced over 75 infrastructure projects for the Paphos district, with a total budget exceeding €230 million, focusing on enhancements to schools, roads, and other public facilities to support ongoing economic diversification.^[88] These initiatives aim to address capacity strains from population growth and tourism influx, building on Cyprus's broader GDP expansion projected at 3.3% for 2025 by the Central Bank of Cyprus.^[137] Property transactions in Paphos reflected robust demand in 2025, with apartment sales surging 67.7% year-on-year in May to 446 units and overall sales values rising 20% to €485 million for the year to date, driven by foreign buyers amid annual house price increases of 9.8% in the second quarter.^[138]^[139]^[140] However, this follows sharp appreciations since 2020, with average transaction prices for houses reaching €264,039 in recent data, prompting concerns over affordability and potential market stabilization as global interest rates impact investor sentiment.^[141] Persistent challenges include the unresolved Cyprus division, which limits access to northern resources and full island reunification benefits, constraining long-term growth potential and exacerbating economic fragmentation.^[93] High energy costs remain a critical vulnerability, with electricity prices among the EU's highest due to import dependence and stalled LNG projects marred by fraud investigations, as evidenced by the European Commission's demand for €67 million repayment over irregularities in the Vasilikos terminal deal.^[142]^[143] Corruption risks persist, with patronage influencing sectors like real estate and energy, despite incremental improvements in Cyprus's 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index ranking; these issues undermine investor confidence and efficient resource allocation.^[144]^[145] Economic forecasts indicate sustained expansion for Paphos through tourism and property, aligned with national projections of 3.1-3.3% GDP growth in 2025, but heightened geopolitical tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean—stemming from the Cyprus dispute and regional conflicts—pose risks of tourism disruptions and capital flight.^[146]^[147] Empirical models highlight dependency on external stability, with unresolved division and energy import reliance amplifying vulnerability to supply shocks over diversification gains.^[148]

Culture and heritage

Archaeological significance and UNESCO status

The Paphos archaeological site, encompassing Nea Paphos and the Tombs of the Kings, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1980 under criteria (iii) for bearing a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition and (vi) for being directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions of outstanding universal significance, particularly linked to the ancient cult of Aphrodite.^[2] This vast area preserves remains spanning from the 4th century BCE through the Roman and Byzantine periods, featuring villas, palaces, theaters, fortresses, and tombs that demonstrate advanced architectural and artistic techniques.^[2] Key features include the Tombs of the Kings, a Hellenistic and Roman necropolis dating from the 4th century BCE to the 3rd century CE, consisting of over 100 rock-cut underground tombs originally used for high-ranking officials rather than royalty, with chambers accessed via peristyle courtyards and decorated with Doric pillars.^[149] The Paphos Archaeological Park highlights Roman-era luxury villas such as the House of Dionysos, House of Theseus, House of Aion, and House of Orpheus, renowned for their well-preserved pebble mosaics from the 3rd to 5th centuries CE depicting mythological scenes like Dionysos, Theseus slaying the Minotaur, and Orpheus enchanting animals.^[2] These mosaics, crafted from local pebbles in multiple colors, reflect sophisticated artistic skills and cultural influences from the eastern Mediterranean.^[2] Excavations, including those by the Polish Archaeological Mission since 1965, have uncovered urban layouts, harbor structures, and artifacts indicating Paphos's role as a major Roman provincial capital and port facilitating trade networks with regions like Palestine and Egypt, evidenced by imported pottery, amphorae, and maritime installations from the 2nd century BCE onward.^[150]^[151] Recent digs at nearby Maniki Harbour have revealed shipwrecks and trade goods underscoring connections across the Levant as early as the Late Bronze Age.^[151] Conservation efforts focus on structural stabilization and mosaic protection, with projects supported by the Getty Conservation Institute until 2004 and ongoing initiatives since 2011, including new shelters designed in 2022 to shield against environmental degradation.^[2]^[152] However, the site faces challenges from urban development pressures, coastal erosion exacerbated by sea-level rise, and seismic risks, prompting buffer zone management under Cyprus's Antiquities Law to mitigate encroachment.^[153]^[154] In 2010, UNESCO granted enhanced protection status amid armed conflict risks, emphasizing the need for vigilant monitoring to preserve structural integrity without altering original materials.^[2]

Religious and mythological associations

The ancient religious landscape of Paphos centered on the sanctuary at Palaepaphos (modern Kouklia), where archaeological evidence indicates worship of a pre-Greek fertility goddess from the Late Bronze Age, circa 1200 BC, predating Hellenic interpretations as Aphrodite. This cult featured an aniconic baetyl—a sacred conical stone—rather than anthropomorphic statues, with rituals emphasizing ash-burning offerings and prohibiting blood sacrifices, as described by ancient sources like Herodotus. The site's oracle, active into the Roman period, provided divinations sought by figures such as Titus in 69 AD, underscoring its regional prestige driven by royal patronage from Ptolemies and emperors, which sustained economic inflows from pilgrims rather than purported mystical potency.^[155]^[156]^[157] Mythological associations link Paphos to Aphrodite's emergence from sea foam near the island's western coast, with Homer referencing her sacred grove and altar there, though such narratives reflect later Greek elaborations on indigenous fertility rites rather than historical events. The cult's fame exaggerated Aphrodite's "centrality" to modern Nea Paphos, founded in the Hellenistic era as a port; the primary temple remained at Palaepaphos, with Nea Paphos hosting secondary shrines, as evidenced by distinct coinage and inscriptions tying oracle consultations to the older site. Empirical continuity from Bronze Age practices suggests causal drivers like trade-route fertility appeals and state-sponsored festivals, not inherent divine efficacy.^[158]^[159] Christian traditions overlay pagan sites in Nea Paphos, notably the pillar associated with Apostle Paul's flogging around 45 AD during his mission with Barnabas, a native Cypriot, to convert proconsul Sergius Paulus, per Acts 13:6-12. However, no contemporary archaeological or textual evidence confirms the pillar's exact role, rendering it a post hoc local legend tied to early basilica ruins, amid Cyprus's rapid Christianization by the 4th century under bishops like those ordained by Barnabas. Ottoman rule from 1571 introduced Islam, with Paphos hosting mixed communities and mosques, but post-1878 British administration and 1974 partition left scant verifiable Islamic cult remnants in the area, as southern Cyprus reverted predominantly to Orthodox practice.^[160]^[161]^[162]

Landmarks and museums

Paphos Castle, located at the harbor, originated as a Byzantine fortification and was remodeled by the Lusignan rulers in the 13th century to defend the port. Dismantled by the Venetians in 1570 ahead of the Ottoman invasion, it was reconstructed as a single tower in 1592 by Ottoman governor Ahmed Pasha. The structure features a rectangular tower with battlements and served as a prison until the mid-20th century.^[163]^[164] The Kato Paphos Archaeological Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site inscribed in 1980, encompasses Roman-era villas with exceptionally preserved floor mosaics dating from the late 3rd to 5th centuries CE, depicting mythological scenes such as those of Dionysus. These mosaics, among the finest in the eastern Mediterranean, illustrate advanced Hellenistic to Byzantine artistic techniques using stone and glass tesserae. The park also includes ruins of theaters, basilicas, and fortifications spanning from the 4th century BCE to the Middle Ages.^[2]^[48] The Tombs of the Kings, a necropolis carved into limestone cliffs northwest of the harbor around the 4th century BCE during the Hellenistic period and expanded under Ptolemaic and Roman rule, features underground chambers with Doric pillars and fresco remnants. Despite the name, it primarily housed non-royal elite from the 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE. Preservation efforts by the Department of Antiquities maintain the site's structural integrity against erosion.^[165]^[166] The Paphos District Archaeological Museum, established in 1964, houses artifacts excavated from regional sites, spanning the Epipalaeolithic period to the 18th century CE across five chronological rooms. Collections include Neolithic figurines, Bronze Age pottery, Classical sculptures, and Roman-era jewelry, glassware, and surgical tools, providing evidence of Paphos's cultural evolution.^[167] Chrysorrogiatissa Monastery, founded in 1152 CE by monk Ignatius during the Byzantine era, preserves a miraculous icon of the Virgin Mary purportedly painted by Luke the Evangelist. The current structures date to 1760–1770, with the complex including a church, cells, and wine production facilities reflecting historical monastic self-sufficiency. Accessibility features ramps and paths support visits amid ongoing conservation by Cypriot heritage authorities.^[168]^[169]

Arts, festivals, and European Capital of Culture

Pafos served as a European Capital of Culture in 2017, alongside Aarhus, Denmark, with a cultural programme emphasizing connections between continents and local heritage through over 100 projects. The initiative's budget was reduced to approximately €8.5 million from an initial proposal exceeding €23 million, marking one of the lowest among prior capitals, yet it leveraged European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) co-financing for infrastructure upgrades, including the renovation of a key theatre and city centre venues to support performances. These investments enabled events like open-air productions and exhibitions, contributing to short-term visibility, though post-event evaluations noted challenges in measuring long-term cultural vibrancy beyond physical assets.^[170]^[80]^[171] The Pafos Aphrodite Festival, established in 1999, remains a flagship annual event, hosting international opera productions at the Medieval Castle under open skies each September. Performances have included classics like Georges Bizet's Carmen in 2025, drawing audiences for high-profile stagings that blend classical music with the site's historical acoustics. This festival predates and outlasted the 2017 designation, sustaining a tradition of performative arts with tangible outputs such as sold-out shows and cultural tourism spikes, funded partly through tickets and sponsorships rather than heavy public subsidy.^[172]^[173] Local arts encompass pottery workshops and contemporary galleries, fostering hands-on creation amid a scene reliant on tourism. Venues like Savvas Pottery and The Makers Space offer classes in wheel-throwing and glazing, producing functional ceramics rooted in Cypriot traditions, while galleries such as Psifida and Kimonos Art Center host monthly exhibitions of paintings, sculptures, and digital works by regional artists. Opera and theatre extend beyond festivals via the refurbished Markideio Municipal Theatre, which stages local productions, though the scene's scale remains modest, with outputs like community performances yielding cultural engagement but limited economic multipliers for non-tourist locals compared to infrastructure costs.^[174]^[175]^[176] Critiques of the 2017 initiative highlight a disparity between inputs and enduring local gains, with ERDF-funded renovations providing venues for festivals yet fostering perceptions of transient hype over grassroots capacity-building. Resident views, as explored in qualitative studies, reveal uneven benefits, where tourism inflows boosted visibility but often bypassed deeper community involvement, raising questions on cost-effectiveness given the low budget's innovative delivery but uncertain sustainability in a post-event arts ecosystem.^[177]^[178]

Infrastructure

Transport systems

Paphos International Airport functions as the main aerial entry point for the region, accommodating 3.6 million passengers in 2023, reflecting a 12% rise from the prior year amid recovering tourism demand.^[179]^[180] The facility primarily handles seasonal charter flights from Europe, with ongoing upgrades aimed at boosting annual capacity beyond current levels through expanded terminals and infrastructure.^[181] Road transport dominates mobility in Paphos, anchored by the A6 motorway, a 66 km fully grade-separated route linking the city to Limassol and enabling efficient inter-city travel.^[182] Complementary networks include the partially developed A7 corridor toward Polis, spanning about 30% completion as of recent assessments, which seeks to shorten northwest access times.^[183] Private vehicles prevail due to sparse public alternatives, with car ownership rates in Cyprus ranking third-highest in the EU, fostering dependency exacerbated by infrequent services and sprawling layouts.^[184] Public bus operations, managed by the Paphos Transport Organisation (OSYPA), provide district-wide coverage including urban routes, village connections, and airport shuttles, operating daily with fares at €1.50 for daytime single tickets and €2.50 for nights.^[185] Intercity services extend to other southern cities, though schedules limit flexibility, prompting municipal initiatives in 2025 to enhance integration and reduce vehicular reliance through better routing and multimodal options. Maritime access centers on Paphos Harbour, which supports recreational boating, sightseeing cruises, and small-scale passenger excursions but lacks scheduled ferries to external ports owing to the island's geographic and political constraints.^[186] Nearby Latsi (Latchi) harbour is advancing a €50 million expansion, incorporating 700 meters of new piers, floating docks, maintenance facilities, and commercial amenities to accommodate more vessels by approximately 2026.^[187]^[188] No rail or metro systems exist, underscoring road and air primacy within the Republic of Cyprus's southern jurisdiction.

Healthcare and education facilities

Paphos General Hospital, the main public facility under the State Health Services Organisation, operates 127 beds, employs 72 physicians, and includes three operating rooms alongside an accident and emergency department for primary and secondary care.^[189] Private hospitals supplement this, with St. George's Private Hospital offering 60 beds and specialties in surgery, orthopedics, and neurology, attracting expats and tourists due to multilingual services.^[190] Blue Cross Medical Centre provides 50 beds for general medical and surgical needs, while facilities like Iasis Private Hospital and Evangelismos Private Hospital deliver diagnostic, surgical, and specialized care including radiology and IVF.^[191]^[192] Recent expansions, such as increasing pediatric ward capacity from nine to 14 beds in December 2024, address localized pressures, though emergency services have faced operational risks from staff shortages.^[193]^[194] Higher education in Paphos centers on Neapolis University Pafos, established in 2010 as a private institution offering bachelor's, master's, and PhD programs across disciplines like business, law, and architecture.^[195] The American University of Beirut's Mediterraneo Campus in Pafos provides additional options as a branch of the Lebanese-based university. Primary and secondary education includes public schools with planned expansions; in October 2025 announcements confirmed construction of a new Seventh Primary School and Nikolaidio Gymnasium in central Paphos to meet growing demand.^[196] Private English-medium schools cater to expatriates, including the International School of Paphos following an enriched English National Curriculum with Greek cultural elements, Aspire Private British School aligned to the UK system, and TLC Private School emphasizing a balanced English-based program with extracurriculars.^[197]^[198] New entrants like Lumio Private School, opening in September 2024 for grades 1-9 under an international curriculum, expand options amid national efforts to modernize facilities.^[199] Challenges persist in doctor shortages, projected nationally due to an aging workforce with 38% of health staff over 55, straining public capacity despite private alternatives. Limited English-medium public schooling drives reliance on privates, though empirical quality metrics like accreditation and enrollment growth indicate viability for expat needs.^[200]^[201]

Sports and notable figures

Sports clubs and achievements

Pafos FC, founded in 2014 through the merger of AEK Kouklia and the original Pafos FC, achieved its first Cypriot First Division title in the 2024–25 season, securing qualification for the UEFA Champions League group stage qualifiers.^[202] The club participated in the 2025–26 Champions League, marking Paphos's debut at that level, though it exited in the playoff round after competitive matches against stronger European sides.^[203] Earlier, Pafos FC had reached the Cypriot Cup final but lost, highlighting modest but growing domestic competitiveness amid limited resources compared to clubs from larger cities like Nicosia.^[204] APOP Kinyras Peyias FC, based in the Peyia suburb of Paphos, made history in 2009 by winning the Cypriot Cup as underdogs, defeating AEK Larnaca 2–0 in the final and becoming the first team from the Paphos district to claim a major national trophy.^[205] The club had risen rapidly from lower divisions, qualifying for the UEFA Cup in 2009–10 where it advanced past Gent before elimination by Hamburg, representing a rare international outing for a Paphos-based side.^[206] Subsequently, financial difficulties led to relegation and mergers, reducing its prominence, though it continues in the Second Division with occasional promotion pushes.^[207] Other clubs include the Paphos Tigers Rugby Union Football Club, which fields senior men's and youth teams competing in regional Cypriot leagues and fostering community participation in a non-traditional sport for the area.^[208] Several badminton clubs, such as Promitheas and Emba, operate locally, emphasizing grassroots development without major national titles.^[209] Endurance events like the annual TUI Cyprus Marathon, held in Paphos since 1999, draw international participants with routes starting at Petra tou Romiou (Aphrodite's Rock), blending athletic competition with the region's mythological heritage; the 2025 edition featured a full marathon, half-marathon, and shorter races attracting over 5,000 runners.^[210] Water sports remain largely recreational, with centers in nearby Akamas offering kayaking and diving but lacking organized competitive clubs with recorded achievements.^[211] Overall, Paphos sports emphasize local resilience and community involvement, though achievements lag behind Cyprus's capital-based teams due to smaller budgets and infrastructure.^[212]

Notable individuals

Kinyras, a legendary king of Paphos in ancient Cypriot mythology, is depicted as the founder of the Kinyrad dynasty and high priest of Aphrodite's cult at the city's temple, with traditions tracing his lineage to connections with Apollo and the goddess herself.^[213] Sopater of Paphos, active in the 3rd century BC during the Hellenistic period, was a Greek parodist and playwright known for composing phlyakes, short farcical plays, and works of burlesque that satirized contemporary figures and events.^[214] Evagoras Pallikarides (1938–1957), born in the village of Tsada in Paphos District, joined EOKA as a teenager during the 1955–1959 campaign against British rule, participating in guerrilla actions and authoring patriotic poetry before his capture and execution by hanging at age 19 on March 14, 1957.^[215] ^[216] Kypros Nicolaides (born April 9, 1953), born in Paphos, advanced fetal medicine through his development of the nuchal translucency screening method in the 1990s, enabling early prenatal detection of chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome via ultrasound measurement of fetal neck fluid accumulation, a technique now standard in global obstetric practice.^[217] ^[218] Averof Neofytou (born July 31, 1961), originating from Argaka in Paphos District, served as Cyprus's Minister of Finance from March 2013 to February 2014 amid the 2012–2013 banking crisis, implementing austerity measures and bailout negotiations, and led the center-right Democratic Rally party as president from 2013 to 2023.^[219]

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[PDF] The Medieval Castle of Paphos | Visit Cyprus
Let us travel back in time, so that we may grasp the significance of this castle for the island's defences, mainly during the Medieval Period (1192-1489).
[55]
The Castle of Paphos | Mnemosyne by Digital Heritage Research Lab
The medieval fortress consisted of two towers built in the mid-13th century, when the island was under Frankish Lusignan rule, to replace the nearby fortress ...
[56]
Etia :: Architecture on Cyprus
The original core of the fortress is Byzantine, dating to the late 7th century. In about 1200 the Lusignans made several modifications, to which the fort owes ...
[57]
[PDF] The Case of Medieval Paphos (A.D. 12th-16th Century)
Jun 23, 2019 · Te author analyzes the monumental topography of Paphos, a harbor town in western Cyprus, during the Lusignan. (A.D. 1191/92-1474/89) and the ...
[58]
Ottoman Cyprus - Wikipedia
Ottoman raids and conquest. edit. Further information: Ottoman–Venetian War ... The Ottomans applied the millet system to Cyprus, which allowed religious ...
[59]
[PDF] the Island of Cyprus after the Ottoman Conquest (1571-1640)
With the Ottoman conquest, agricultural slavery all but disappeared among zimmis; but it was a well consolidated custom by the Turkish government to provide for ...
[60]
Population and Agricultural Productions in the District of Paphos ...
The 1572 Ottoman survey recorded Paphos' population at approximately 1,300 individuals. Paphos contributed 56,049 aspers in taxes to the Ottoman treasury in ...
[61]
Society in Cyprus during the Ottoman Rule
An incident of plague during the year 1813 is mentioned by William Turner. According to John Kinneir in 1814, “The population does not exceed 70,000 souls, and ...
[62]
The Economy of Cyprus during the Ottoman Rule
In 1605, according to Pedro Texeira, Cyprus was famous for producing and exporting more than 5000 bags of cotton, 3000 bags of very fine wool, plenty of wine, ...
[63]
Ottoman Paphos - Population, Taxation and Wealth (mid-19th Century)
The research focuses on Ottoman Paphos during the mid-19th century, examining the population dynamics, taxation, and wealth distribution in the region.Missing: revolts | Show results with:revolts
[64]
Gavur Imam: The “sung” hero of Cypriots | libcom.org
Sep 29, 2022 · The Egyptian-Ottoman War caused an additional hefty tax to be imposed on the people of Cyprus that built up to the 1833 revolutions.
[65]
Cyprus History
The British administration did not, however, mark the end of the exploitation of the Greek and Turkish Cypriots by heavy taxation. The main problem which ...
[66]
[PDF] The Imperialistic Foundations of British Colonial Rule in Cyprus
Cyprus served British imperialistic interests and depended on exploiting the island. ... deindustrialization, the administration did everything to exploit ...Missing: Paphos | Show results with:Paphos
[67]
British Imperialism in Cyprus, 1878-1915: The Inconsequential ...
Nov 13, 2015 · The paper analyzes British imperialism in Cyprus from 1878 to 1915, highlighting the economic exploitation and political changes imposed by ...<|separator|>
[68]
Intercommunal Violence - Cyprus - Country Studies
On December 21, 1963, serious violence erupted in Nicosia when a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish ...<|separator|>
[69]
Special Research Report No. 3: Cyprus: New Hope after 45 Years ...
Sep 4, 2008 · The London-Zürich agreement was supplemented by three treaties signed in 1960. First, a treaty of establishment was signed between Cyprus ...
[70]
[PDF] Treaty of Guarantee. Signed at Nicosia, on 16 August 1960
It accordingly declares prohibited any activity likely to promote, directly or indirectly, either union with any other State or partition of the Island. Article ...
[71]
[PDF] A/HRC/58/21 - General Assembly - the United Nations
Jan 21, 2025 · As a result of the intercommunal violence of 1963 and 1964 and the events of July. 1974 and thereafter, both communities officially reported ...
[72]
The 1974 Turkish Intervention in Cyprus - ADST.org
A Greek-backed coup on July 15, 1974, prompted a Turkish intervention on July 20, which overthrew the short-lived Sampson government.Missing: partition | Show results with:partition<|separator|>
[73]
Cyprus marks 51 years since Turkish invasion that led to island ...
Jul 20, 2025 · Cyprus marks 51 years since an invasion by Turkey in 1974, which led to the partition of the island nation that is still in place today. On the ...
[74]
An Island Divided: Next Steps for Troubled Cyprus
Apr 17, 2023 · The traumatic events surrounding Cyprus' de facto partition included death, displacement, pillage, and gender-based and sexual violence on both ...
[75]
Cyprus grapples with displacement 50 years after Turkish invasion
Jul 20, 2024 · The violent displacement of tens of thousands of Cypriots following the Turkish invasion in July 1974 remains a festering wound for Cyprus.
[76]
Cyprus (10/06) - State.gov
The 165,000 Greek Cypriot refugees from the area now administered by Turkish Cypriots are a potent political force, along with the independent Orthodox Church ...
[77]
[PDF] IMPACT OF TOURISM ON LOCAL RESIDENTS - Cyprus Review
After 1974, the area developed rapidly, from 126 beds in 1972, through 3,305 (13% of the south's total) in 1982, to 15,982 (21%) in 1994. The once small ...
[78]
https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/cyprus/31581.htm
[79]
Cyprus (03/04) - State.gov - State Department
Cyprus continues its preparations for accession on May 1, 2004, the planned accession date. The EU Commission issued a comprehensive monitoring report on ...
[80]
Inclusive urban regeneration breathes new life into Pafos' Old Town
The new pedestrianised area offers 25 000m2 of connected open space with specially designed features for the visually impaired and for those in wheelchairs.
[81]
[PDF] European Capital of Culture – 2017 Ex-post Evaluation
For many, Pafos was an unlikely ECoC candidate in that it lacked the capacity and infrastructure to deliver a large ECoC. Limassol was eliminated in the ...
[82]
Cyprus reunification talks collapse, U.N. chief 'very sorry' - Reuters
Jul 7, 2017 · Talks to reunify the divided island of Cyprus collapsed amid anger and recriminations in the early hours of Friday.Missing: Paphos stability
[83]
Chapter Eight. Cyprus: Protracted Division, Increased Strategic ...
Nov 11, 2024 · Talks in 2017 in Crans-Montana, Switzerland, collapsed acrimoniously. Most stakeholders now see these failed negotiations as missed ...
[84]
Phaedonos reelected Mayor of Paphos - Knews - Kathimerini
Jun 10, 2024 · In the municipal elections of Paphos, Phaedonas Phedonos clinched victory with 60.3% of the vote, securing his reelection as Mayor, ...
[85]
Phedonos re-elected as Paphos mayor - Cyprus Mail
Jun 10, 2024 · Phedonas Phedonos was re-elected as Paphos mayor on Sunday, seeing off a challenge from Diko-backed Evros Loizides.<|separator|>
[86]
District Officer's Message - District Administration Paphos
Welcome to Paphos District Administration. You can visit, our web - site , the Pafos Administration 24 hours a day, seven days a week.Missing: local | Show results with:local
[87]
Personnel - District Administration Paphos
Name, Position, Contact Information. Mary Lambrou, Distirct Officer, Tηλ : 26801101. Fax : 26306251. Email : paphos.dao@pafda.moi.gov.cy.Missing: local | Show results with:local
[88]
https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/09/16/over-e230-million-in-projects-announced-for-paphos
[89]
Over €230 million in projects announced for Paphos | Cyprus Mail
Sep 16, 2025 · More than 75 projects for the Paphos district, with a total budget exceeding €230 million were outlined on Tuesday evening by President ...
[90]
The Paphos local government organisation (EOA) raised ongoing ...
Sep 3, 2025 · The Paphos local government organisation (EOA) raised ongoing challenges over water supply and licensing during a meeting on Wednesday with Edek ...
[91]
[PDF] CYPRUS - CLGF
3.1 Local government within the state. Cyprus is divided into six districts for administrative purposes. There is a comprehensive system of local government.
[92]
(PDF) CYPRUS History and Economy until 2022 - ResearchGate
Feb 22, 2023 · severe disruption as a result of the events of 1974. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE SINCE PARTITION. The economy of the south made a remarkable ...
[93]
On the Economic Impacts of Reunification in Cyprus - World Bank
Jun 23, 2017 · The benefits of a larger economy, greater public and private investment, and increased domestic and international trade could create many jobs across the ...
[94]
https://www.britannica.com/place/Cyprus/Economy
[95]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629624002263
[96]
Gridlocked: Governing cross-border electricity provision and ...
It analyses the experience of managing the electricity grid on the politically divided island of Cyprus over the past six decades.
[97]
Estimating the economy-wide impacts of energy policies in Cyprus
The Cypriot energy system is currently heavily dependent on imported oil products, while the renewable energy share is under 10%; according to targets set by ...Missing: partition | Show results with:partition
[98]
EU assistance increases trade and free movement in Cyprus ...
Jul 4, 2024 · The Green Line Report shows that trade across the Green Line in 2023 increased by 9.6% to a record value of €16 million.Missing: division | Show results with:division
[99]
Displacement shock and recovery in Cyprus
The events of 1974 were a major social and psychological shock to the 1,400 Greek Cypriots living in Argaki village in the now Turkish-controlled part of Cyprus ...
[100]
[PDF] Census of Population and Housing 2021
The 2021 census recorded 923,272 people and 492,555 housing units in Cyprus, a 9.9% and 13.7% increase from 2011. 66.7% resided in urban areas.Missing: Paphos | Show results with:Paphos
[101]
Cyprus population up 9.2% in 10 years to total 918100
May 18, 2022 · The Paphos district recorded the highest population increase compared to 2011, up 15.4 per cent followed by Famagusta with a 10.5 per cent rise ...Missing: growth historical
[102]
Cyprus Population: Pafos | Economic Indicators - CEIC
The population of Pafos, Cyprus was 100,700 in 2022, an increase from 99,600 in 2021. The population has ranged from 54,100 in 1992 to 100,700 in 2022.
[103]
Cyprus CY: Total Fertility Rate: Children per Woman - CEIC
Cyprus CY: Total Fertility Rate: Children per Woman data was reported at 1.390 Person in 2023. This stayed constant from the previous number of 1.390 Person ...
[104]
[PDF] Tourism Statistics Report
While Paphos' accommodation establishments attracted the highest number of non- resident tourists in 2022 (just under 830 thousand arrivals), ahead of the.
[105]
Cyprus Demographics Profile - IndexMundi
Population, 1,281,506 (July 2021 est.) ; Nationality, noun: Cypriot(s) adjective: Cypriot ; Ethnic groups, Greek 98.8%, other 1% (includes Maronite, Armenian, ...
[106]
https://minorityrights.org/communities/maronites/
[107]
Maronites in Cyprus - Minority Rights Group
There has been a Maronite community in Cyprus since at least the twelfth century. 'Eastern Catholics', followers of St Maron, a monk of the fourth and fifth ...
[108]
The Blogs: Armenia, extending its reach, opens an embassy in Cyprus
Aug 15, 2025 · Cyprus is home to around 3,500 Armenians, said Mahdessian, who officially represents his minority in the island's Parliament as one of three non ...
[109]
Population Enumerated by Ethnic/Religious Group, Citizenship ...
Nov 26, 2024 · Population Enumerated by Ethnic/Religious Group, Citizenship Group and Sex 1.10.2021. Total, Cypriots (2), Other European Union citizens ...
[110]
2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cyprus
According to the 2021 census, the most recent, the population of the government-controlled area is 918,100. Based on statistics from the 2011 census of the ...<|separator|>
[111]
Languages & Religions - Visit Cyprus
The official languages of the island are Greek and Turkish, whilst English is widely spoken. French, German and Russian are also spoken within the tourism ...
[112]
Overview of the Church in Cyprus ahead of Pope's visit - Vatican News
Nov 25, 2021 · The second largest Catholic community in Cyprus are the Maronites, who presently make up 1.5% of the population. Maronites arrived in successive ...
[113]
Cyprus—Island of Copper - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Oct 1, 2004 · Cyprus was famous in antiquity for its copper resources. In fact the very word copper is derived from the Greek name for the island, Kupros.
[114]
Cyprus's copper deposits created one of the most important trade ...
Mar 16, 2023 · During the Bronze Age, Cyprus was the largest copper producer around the Mediterranean. This metal alloyed with tin formed the basis for making ...
[115]
Ancient History of Cyprus Wine
They also found a winery, copper smelting works, and an olive press near the perfumery along with grape seeds and wine containers also found on the site. That ...
[116]
[PDF] Given, M. (2000) Agriculture, settlement and landscape in Ottoman ...
Tax records and administrative correspondence are more useful sources than brief descriptions by foreign travellers or elite historians. Survey data is the most ...
[117]
Financial policy and the development of Cyprus, 1880–1912 in
Mar 1, 2017 · Revenue reached £200,000 only three times in the nineteenth century: in 1891–92, 1898–99 and 1899–1900, with lows of £145,443 in 1887–88 ...
[118]
Cyprus tourism breaks new records with 1.8 million August ...
Sep 8, 2025 · By contrast, in August 2019, passenger numbers at Larnaca stood at 1.1 million while Paphos registered 376,100, highlighting the strong rebound ...
[119]
Cyprus - Travel and Tourism - International Trade Administration
May 9, 2024 · Cyprus' tourism generates 20% of GDP, with a focus on "sun and sea" and new sectors like medical, sports, and wellness tourism. Opportunities ...
[120]
Coral Beach Hotel & Resort | Luxury Resort in Paphos - Cyprus
Coral Beach Hotel & Resort in Paphos Cyprus. The hotel occupies a superb location overlooking the golden sandy beaches and sparkling waters of Coral bay.
[121]
2024 Paphos Real Estate Market: Trends, Insights, & 2025 Forecast
Dec 28, 2024 · Prices range from €1,500 to €3,500 per square meter for apartments and €4,500 to €7,000 per square meter for luxury villas. 2. Is Paphos real ...
[122]
Are Paphos property prices going up now? (June 2025) - Investropa
Jun 17, 2025 · Property prices in Paphos are rising rapidly, with houses increasing by 11.8% and apartments by 14.4% year-on-year as of 2024. The average price ...
[123]
https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/08/08/paphos-tourism-grapples-with-water-woes-worker-gaps-and-flight-shortages
[124]
Paphos tourism grapples with water woes, worker gaps, and flight ...
Aug 8, 2025 · Paphos is facing the same problems as Cyprus' wider tourism sector, including seasonality, infrastructure gaps and water shortages ...
[125]
Is Cyprus coast overdeveloped? (Sept 2025) - Investropa
Sep 22, 2025 · Quick Summary: Cyprus' southern coast shows clear signs of overdevelopment with high-density resorts and residential complexes dominating areas ...
[126]
Is Cyprus property overvalued right now? (Sept 2025) - Investropa
Sep 22, 2025 · Cyprus property prices have increased approximately 30% since 2020, but recent data suggests the market is showing signs of stabilization ...
[127]
Cyprus' tourism hits new highs, but winter still gets the cold shoulder
Aug 15, 2025 · Industry leaders push for year-round strategy as staff shortages, uneven service, and lack of winter marketing keep the island stuck in a summer ...
[128]
[PDF] Cyprus - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
products of agricultural origin amounted to € 69.7 million. The major exported raw agricultural products are potatoes, citrus, and vegetables. The major ...
[129]
Potato harvests increase in 2023 but long-term decline persists
Aug 8, 2024 · Cyprus witnessed a modest increase in potato production in 2023, with 95,000 tonnes harvested, marking a 5.6% rise from the previous year, ...
[130]
Halloumi represents 20% of Cypriot exports | Halloumi Cheese
Oct 19, 2023 · Halloumi represents approximately 20% of Cyprus' total exports! Specifically, in the first quarter of 2023 its exports amounted to 111.8 million euros.Missing: Paphos citrus potatoes
[131]
Unfair Share: How Europe's Farm Subsidies Favor Big Money Over ...
May 15, 2024 · 80% of CAP subsidies go to just 20% of farms, mostly the largest ones. This skewed distribution exacerbates inequalities within the farming community.
[132]
Exness Bought €75 Million Land from the Bank of Cyprus: Report
Jun 19, 2025 · Exness, a major retail trading brand, has bought a piece of land from the Bank of Cyprus, paying €75 million, according to a report by Kathimerini Cyprus.
[133]
Cyprus at the centre of global drug money laundering, warns ...
May 28, 2025 · ... Forex companies. These firms, he claimed, are creating complex webs of subsidiaries in Latin America to mask the origins of illicit funds.
[134]
Police probe drug, crime allegations after mayor's information - Knews
Sep 17, 2025 · Police launched multiple investigations into drug-related and other illegal activities after receiving information earlier this year from Paphos ...
[135]
[PDF] A GROWING TECH HUB WITHIN THE EU - Invest Cyprus
Oct 4, 2024 · Many companies are already treating Cyprus as their hub for software development, systems integration, testing services, disaster recovery, ...
[136]
Cyprus Emerges as a Rising Force in the Technology Sector
Sep 18, 2025 · KPMG estimates the tech sector's total economic impact at over €8 billion, while labour shortages drive policies to attract foreign specialists ...
[137]
Cyprus: The Go-to Destination For Tech Businesses - Dataconomy
Aug 28, 2025 · Cyprus's tech scene does face challenges: the domestic market is small, and access to some funding streams can require extra effort. But the ...Missing: parks barriers
[138]
Cyprus central bank projects 3.3% economic growth in 2025 - Knews
Sep 23, 2025 · Cyprus's economy is expected to expand by 3.3% in 2025, with unemployment dropping to 4.6% and inflation easing to 1%, the Central Bank of ...
[139]
Cyprus Property Market Peaks in May 2025
Jun 16, 2025 · The upswing in sales was broadly distributed, but certain districts outpaced the rest. In Paphos, apartment sales soared by 67.7%, reaching 446 ...
[140]
Paphos property sales rise 20 per cent to hit 485 million - MSN
Paphos continued its upward trend, posting €485 million in transfer values and a 20 per cent rise in sales documents to 1,653, both for permanent and ...
[141]
Cyprus house prices rise in second quarter — sales to foreign ...
Oct 17, 2025 · House prices in Paphos still saw a high annual increase of 9.8 per cent, followed by Limassol at 6 per cent, Famagusta at 5.7 per cent, and ...
[142]
Paphos property market splits as cheap flats meet pricey houses
Oct 7, 2025 · Specifically, a total of 80 apartment sales were recorded at an average price of €115,664, while houses reached €264,039 across 51 transactions.
[143]
EU wants €67 million back from Cyprus gas project, sparking ...
Sep 25, 2025 · Brussels cites problems with the Vasiliko deal as government scrambles to save project and critics cry corruption. Newsroom.
[144]
Cyprus Faces Setbacks with Key Energy Projects Under Investigation
Sep 8, 2025 · Cyprus faces significant challenges as key energy projects, including LNG imports, are under investigation for fraud and corruption, ...
[145]
Cyprus - United States Department of State
... corruption and patronage continue to be a factor in the economy. Section 9. Political and Security Environment. Republic of Cyprus. There have been no ...Missing: costs | Show results with:costs
[146]
Cyprus improves corruption ranking, but challenges remain - Knews
Feb 13, 2025 · Cyprus has made progress in its fight against corruption, according to Transparency International's 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI).
[147]
Cyprus Economy Forecasted to Stay Strong in 2025
Cyprus' economy is expected to demonstrate resilience in 2025, with a projected growth rate of 3.1%, surpassing the EU average.
[148]
Cyprus economy endangered by geopolitical turmoil, global debt ...
Jul 16, 2025 · Heightened geopolitical instability and mounting global debt levels represent key risks to Cyprus' financial stability, according to the ...
[149]
Geoeconomic tensions and Cyprus: Staying the course amid ...
Nov 22, 2024 · Cyprus has a good starting position to face the challenges of rising geopolitical tensions and geoeconomic fragmentation.Missing: Paphos | Show results with:Paphos
[150]
Department of Antiquities - Archaeological Sites
The 'Tombs of the Kings' is the impressive necropolis that is located just outside the walls, to the north and east of Pafos town. It was built during the ...<|separator|>
[151]
[PDF] Nea Paphos
In 1980, the ancient city of Nea Paphos, part of its necropolis, known as Tafoi ton Vasileon, and the Sanctuary of Aphrodite at Palaepaphos, were the first ...
[152]
Ancient maritime trade between Cyprus and Palestine unearthed
Nov 27, 2024 · An excavation led by New York University at Maniki Harbour, near Agios Georgios Pegeias in Paphos, uncovered significant evidence of maritime trade connections.Missing: Park | Show results with:Park
[153]
Hugh Broughton Architects to design protective shelters for ruins in ...
Aug 18, 2022 · Hugh Broughton Architects has won a competition to design a protective shelter for mosaics at a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Cyprus.Missing: challenges | Show results with:challenges
[154]
State of Conservation (SOC 2004) Paphos (Cyprus)
Conservation issues presented to the World Heritage Committee in 2004. On 11 March 2003, the World Heritage Centre received a development plan by the State ...
[155]
Safeguarding heritage sites from climate change: UNESCO's 'buffer ...
Heritage sites in coastal areas face complex water threats due to climate change. This article focuses on the threats posed by Sea Level Rise (SLR) in the ...
[156]
What the cult of Aphrodite reveals about ancient attitudes towards ...
Jan 9, 2025 · The Sanctuary of Aphrodite at Old Paphos was one of the biggest in the ancient world. No blood sacrifice was allowed; only the burning of ...Missing: verifiable | Show results with:verifiable
[157]
Aphrodite, Goddess of Cyprus
Jun 7, 2015 · In the Hellenistic period, the temple of Aphrodite at Palaepaphos developed as the main and prestigious cult place of the goddess. Ptolemy ...
[158]
APHRODITE CULT 1 - Ancient Greek Religion
Beyond Greece the island of Kypros (Cyprus) was famed for its Mystery cult of the goddess. Aphrodite was also worshipped with private rituals and prayers. In ...
[159]
CYPRUS: Myth and Cult of Aphrodite on Cyprus - earthstOriez
References in ancient authors and archaeological evidence may prove that Aphrodite and her cult originated on this island. What is certain is that throughout ...
[160]
Old Paphos - Livius.org
Aug 13, 2020 · According to Greek myth, the ancient city of Paphos was founded by one Paphos, the son of Pygmalion.
[161]
St Paul's Pillar, Paphos | Simon Peter Sutherland
Nov 22, 2012 · There is no actual historical evidence for this claim and it is one of those historical legends which could be true, or could be false. However, ...
[162]
Saint Paul's Column: Ancient Pillar Where Paul the Apostle Was ...
Jan 8, 2019 · According to local accounts, this was the place where Paul the Apostle was tortured when he first arrived on the island to preach Christianity.
[163]
Exploring Lost Islamic Heritage In Cyprus - Muslims Go Travel
Jul 22, 2025 · Cyprus isn't just sun and sea—it's scattered with hidden mosques, forgotten villages, and stories of a rich Islamic past waiting to be ...
[164]
Paphos Castle - History and Facts
Nov 24, 2020 · Paphos Castle was originally a Frankish fortification constructed in the mid-thirteenth century. History of Paphos Castle.
[165]
The Castle of Paphos | UNESCO Chair on Digital Cultural Heritage
Located at the port of Paphos, the castle has been declared an Ancient Monument in 1935 and an UNESCO World Heritage List monument in 1980.<|separator|>
[166]
Department of Antiquities - Archaeological Sites
These tickets provide access to any museum or ancient monument of the Department of Antiquities for the whole of the time specified. However, the ticket can ...
[167]
10 Remarkable Historic Sites in Cyprus - History Hit
Nov 24, 2020 · Tombs of the Kings - Paphos. The Tombs of the Kings is a necropolis in Paphos, Cyprus which contains a series of eight well-preserved tombs.
[168]
Department of Antiquities - Museums
The Exhibition contains objects from excavations in the District of Pafos, which are representative of the development of civilization from the Epipalaeolithic ...
[169]
The Monastery of Chrysorrogiatissa | Mnemosyne by Digital ...
The Monastery of Chrysorogiatissa was founded by the monk Ignatios in 1152, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus.
[170]
The Monastery of Chrysorrogiatissa - Αψίδα
The Monastery of Chrysorogiatissa was founded by the monk Ignatios in 1152, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, following the ...
[171]
A tour through Europe: Pafos 2017 - Oulu2026
Pafos' budget fell dramatically from the proposed €23m to just €8.5m. However, due to the city's innovativity, they overcame the small budget exemplarily. Local ...Missing: funding infrastructure
[172]
Ex Post evaluation of the 2017 European Capitals of Culture (Pafos ...
Jun 11, 2019 · In the case of Pafos, ERDF was used in the years leading up to 2017 to co-finance essential investments in the refurbishment of the city centre ...Missing: theaters | Show results with:theaters
[173]
Pafos Aphrodite Festival - Fairs & Festivals
Established in 1999, the Pafos Aphrodite Festival has grown in stature to become one of the premier cultural events in the Eastern Mediterranean. Named after ...
[174]
Pafos Aphrodite Festival Returns With Bizet's Carmen
Aug 28, 2025 · This year, it will enchant Cypriot audiences in the square of the Medieval Castle of Paphos on September 5 and 6. The two performances, part of ...Missing: details history<|separator|>
[175]
Savvas Pottery – Cyprus Pottery Art
POTTERY CLASSES. Join us at our workshop in Paphos for weekly pottery classes, perfect for both adults and children. Find Out More. 01. CLASSIC. COLLECTION.Missing: local opera besides Aphrodite Festival
[176]
The Makers Space: Home
The Makers Space is a vibrant, creative community where artists, potters, and makers come together to learn, share, inspire, create and grow.
[177]
Psifida Art Gallery | The Art Gallery of Pafos
Psifida Art Gallery, established in 2022, displays paintings, sculptures, art crafts, photographs, and digital art, and hosts monthly exhibitions.
[178]
Perceptions of Pafos as European Capital of Culture - ResearchGate
Dec 25, 2018 · The purpose of this paper is to qualitatively examine the perceptions of the residents of Pafos regarding the European Capital of Culture (ECoC) ...Missing: funding | Show results with:funding
[179]
THE OPEN AIR FACTORY CONCEPT WITHIN THE PAFOS 2017 ...
Nov 7, 2018 · Pafos 2017 introduction of the innovative idea "Open Air Factory" transformed the entire district into a big stage with cultural tourism ...
[180]
Hermes Airports Reports Record 11.6 Million Passengers in 2023
Aug 27, 2025 · At the same time, Paphos Airport recorded 3.6 million passengers, showcasing a notable 12 per cent upsurge compared to the previous year, ...Missing: numbers | Show results with:numbers
[181]
Larnaka, Paphos Airports In Cyprus Report Strong Traffic Growth
Jan 5, 2024 · LCA in particular is reporting strong growth, handling 8.1 million passengers in 2023, up 34% from 2022. PFO handled 3.6 million passengers in ...Missing: numbers | Show results with:numbers
[182]
Cyprus Airports Undergo Major Upgrades to Enhance Passenger ...
Upon completion, the airport's capacity is expected to rise to 12 million passengers annually. Paphos International Airport will benefit from a £62 million ...
[183]
Better road links for Cyprus's main port - European Commission
The A6 is 66 km in length, ending at Paphos, 2017 European Capital of Culture and one of the island's top tourist destinations. With its ancient Greek and ...<|separator|>
[184]
Paphos - Polis Motorway Update, April 2023
Apr 6, 2023 · A new motorway is coming to Paphos. It will link the existing A6 motorway to the North West coast of the island, reduce travel time, and aid ...
[185]
Evaluation of Urban Sustainability Based on Transportation and ...
Car dependency has grown significantly in Cyprus over the past decades, and car ownership increased by 12% from 2009–2018 [74], making Cyprus the third EU ...
[186]
Pafos Bus Service | Pafos Buses | Pafos, Cyprus
Find information about Pafos buses timetables, routes, tickets, plan your journey and and read the latest updates from the Pafos Transport Organisation.
[187]
THE 10 BEST Paphos Boat Rides & Day Cruises (2025) - Tripadvisor
Raphael, the largest triple-deck Glass Bottom Boat in Cyprus. Depart from Paphos harbour for a 2.5-hour adventure! Discover the vibrant ...
[188]
Paphos's Latchi port set for €50 million upgrade - In-Cyprus
Jan 24, 2025 · The development will feature 4,500 square metres of facilities, including boat maintenance areas, fuel stations, restaurants, entertainment ...
[189]
Latchi port expansion to transform Polis Chrysochous - Knews
Jan 22, 2025 · The project includes new breakwaters, berths, floating docks, and onshore infrastructure. It will add approximately 700 meters of piers, 360 ...
[190]
Paphos General Hospital - Οργανισμός Κρατικών Υπηρεσιών Υγείας
Paphos General Hospital provides primary and secondary care, has 72 physicians, 127 beds, 3 operating rooms, and an Accident and Emergency Department. It also ...Missing: capacity | Show results with:capacity
[191]
Top 20 Best Hospitals in Cyprus - My Hospital Now
Jun 9, 2025 · 10. Paphos General Hospital – Paphos. Beds: 180. Doctors: ~160. Specialties: Cardiology, emergency care, ophthalmology. A public facility ...
[192]
Iasis Private Hospital Paphos | Member of Leptos Group
Iasis Private Hospital is a modern medical, diagnostic, and surgical center with modern facilities, specialized wards, and a radiology department. It has a ...
[193]
Evangelismos Private Hospital – Paphos – Cyprus – Medical Center ...
Evangelismos offers a Day Clinic, Radiology (CT, X-Ray), Clinical Lab, Well Woman Centre, IVF, and services like CT scans, X-rays, and ultrasound.
[194]
Paphos hospital adds beds and staff after child's death sparks outcry
Dec 11, 2024 · Phedonos announced on X that the ward's capacity had increased from nine to 14 beds, with four additional staff members appointed. “They're ...
[195]
ER doctors warn of serious staff shortages - Cyprus Mail
Jun 3, 2023 · The ER at Paphos general hospital runs a risk of not properly working on Monday due to a shortage of doctors, head of the government-employed doctors union ...
[196]
ABOUT NEAPOLIS UNIVERSITY - Neapolis University in Cyprus
Welcome to Neapolis University Pafos, a leading private institution in Cyprus, providing excellent education and academic services to our community.
[197]
NEW SCHOOLS ARE COMING TO THE CENTRE OF PAPHOS
Oct 2, 2025 · NEW SCHOOLS ARE COMING TO THE CENTRE OF PAPHOS ... There will be a new Nikolaidio Gymnasium of Paphos and a new Seventh Primary School of Paphos.
[198]
The International School of Paphos - Paphos Private School ...
A private, dynamic, forward-thinking co-educational and boarding school founded in 1987, and is today, one of the top private schools in Cyprus!The School · Vacancies · Summer camp · AdmissionsMissing: medium | Show results with:medium
[199]
Aspire Private British School Paphos Cyprus: Home
Welcome to ASPIRE Private British School – where your children will be inspired to develop aspirations for their future.Employment opportunities · English support · Schools Dance Festival · About UsMissing: medium | Show results with:medium
[200]
Welcome to Lumio Private School | Paphos, Cyprus
A new International School in Paphos, Cyprus. It will be opened in September 2024 for grades 1 to 9. Admissions are now open!Missing: medium | Show results with:medium
[201]
Cyprus's caregivers are reaching their breaking point - Knews
Oct 11, 2025 · In Cyprus, where 38% of health staff are over 55, the pressures of staff shortages and long hours are compounded by an ageing workforce. The ...
[202]
Aging population of doctors expected to lead to shortage in next five ...
Nov 24, 2023 · Cyprus will face a shortage of doctors and nurses in five years, a capacity planning study from the health ministry showed, as most registered doctors are over ...
[203]
Pafos FC: Who are Champions League debutants with David Luiz in ...
Sep 17, 2025 · They finished the season as champions of Cyprus for the first time - winning the title by seven points and opening up a route to the Champions ...
[204]
Pafos | History | UEFA Champions League
Track every club's performances in the UEFA Champions League including statistics, video and details of top players.
[205]
About - Pafos FC - The Official website of Pafos FC!
Pafos FC, founded in 2014, is a professional football club based in the vibrant city of Pafos, Cyprus. Created from the merger of AEK Kouklia and Pafos FC.
[206]
Underdogs APOP clinch Cypriot Cup | UEFA.com
May 16, 2009 · Cypriot side APOP/Kinyras Peyias FC made history on Saturday night by becoming the first club from the Paphos district of the island to win a major trophy.Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[207]
APOP Kinyras Peyias, Paphos Short Success Story - Hellas Football
Jun 12, 2020 · With that APOP Kinyras Peyias were crowned Cypriot Cup Champions, becoming the most successful side from Paphos, having defeated sides from all ...
[208]
APOP Kinyras Results, Fixtures and Statistics - SoccerPunter.com
APOP Kinyras have played a total of 26 matches in Cyprus 2. Division. Their current statistics is 13 win, 4 draw and 9 lose.
[209]
the Paphos Rugby Union Football Club
The club hosts several teams, including the Paphos Tigers, the senior men's team, known for its competitive edge and strong performance in regional leagues. The ...
[210]
Badminton in Paphos in Cyprus
Promitheas Badminton Club · Emba Badminton Club · Atromitos Badminton Club · Albatross Badminton Club in Geroskipou.
[211]
TUI Cyprus Marathon, Pafos - 8th March 2026
EVENT Schedule ; CEREMONIES. Sunday, 8th of March. 10:30 ; EXPO. Friday, 6th of March ; WINE RUN. Tuesday, 10th of March. 08:30.Marathon · Half-Marathon · Results 2024 Marathon · Results 2025 Marathon
[212]
Latchi Watersports Centre | Boat Hire, Diving & Yacht Charters
Latchi Watersports Centre Paphos, Cyprus. Self drive boat hire, PADI scuba diving, yacht charters, jet ski, parasailing, sailing, waterskiing, RYA Courses.
[213]
The strategy behind Pafos FC's rise to the Champions League
Founded in 2014, Pafos FC in Cyprus have reached the UEFA Champions League in 2025. The key? Smart investment and a recruitment powered by TransferRoom.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[214]
16. The Kinyradai of Paphos - The Center for Hellenic Studies
Evidence from and relating to Paphos especially lets us pick up the thread of Kinyras' cult in the Classical period, and follow it down until later antiquity.
[215]
Sopater (1), of Paphos, Greek parodist and writer | Oxford Classical ...
Mar 7, 2016 · Greek parodist and writer of phlyakes. He flourished from the time of Alexander (3) the Great to that of Ptolemy (1) II. Fr. 19 mentions Thibron ...
[216]
Evagoras Pallikaridis - EOKA Heroes
Evagoras Pallikarides studied at Tsadas primary school3 and Neophyteio Urban Estate School. He continued his studies at the Hellenic High School of Paphos. A ...
[217]
66 years since the hanging of the hero of the Liberation Struggle of ...
Mar 14, 2023 · Evagoras Pallikarides (Greek: Ευαγόρας Παλληκαρίδης, 26 February 1938 – 14 March 1957) was a member of EOKA during the 1955–1959 campaign ...
[218]
Kypros Nicolaides - Obstetric Ultrasound
Kypros Nicolaides was born in 1953 in Paphos, Cyprus. He studied Medicine at King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry in London.Missing: birthplace | Show results with:birthplace
[219]
In conversation with Professor Kypros Nicolaides
Jan 12, 2021 · Professor Kypros Nicolaides, who was recently featured on new Netflix series The Surgeon's Cut, was born in Pafos, Cyprus in 1953. He ...Missing: birthplace | Show results with:birthplace
[220]
House of Representatives - NEOFYTOU Averof
Place of origin and date of birth: Argaka, Pafos District, 31 July 1961. Marital status: Married to Maria Selipa; has one son. Studies: Economics and ...