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Periwinkle

Periwinkle is a common name for evergreen trailing or creeping herbaceous plants in the genus Vinca (family Apocynaceae), featuring glossy opposite leaves and salverform flowers typically in shades of violet-blue.^[1] The lesser periwinkle (Vinca minor), native to Europe, is extensively planted as a low-maintenance ground cover in shaded areas due to its dense mat-forming growth and profuse spring blooms, though it spreads aggressively via rooting stems and has invaded woodlands across eastern North America, outcompeting native flora by forming impenetrable carpets that reduce biodiversity.^[2]^[3]^[4] The name periwinkle also applies to Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), an erect tender perennial native to Madagascar, prized ornamentally for its long-lasting pink, white, or purple flowers in warm climates and critically for yielding the alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine, which inhibit mitosis and form the basis of chemotherapy regimens treating lymphomas, leukemias, and other malignancies.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Flora

Species and characteristics

Vinca species, commonly known as periwinkles, are evergreen perennial herbs in the Apocynaceae family, native to Europe and parts of Asia, characterized by trailing or scrambling growth habits that form dense mats. The genus includes V. minor (lesser periwinkle), which attains heights of 10-15 cm with slender, rooting stems up to 50 cm long, and V. major (greater periwinkle), featuring more robust erect flowering stems of 25-50 cm and trailing non-flowering stems reaching 1 m that root at nodes.^[2]^[8] Leaves in both are simple, opposite, and elliptic to ovate, with V. minor displaying smaller, thick-textured, dark green foliage broadest near the middle and V. major exhibiting larger, glossier leaves.^[4]^[9] Flowers emerge solitary from leaf axils, typically blue-violet in wild forms, though variants range from white to pink, with five petals forming a salverform corolla and a distinct tube containing the stamens.^[10]^[11] Reproduction occurs primarily vegetatively through stem rooting and rhizomes, supplemented by infrequent seed production from paired follicles that dehisce to release numerous small seeds, enabling limited self-seeding.^[12]^[13] Distinct from temperate Vinca groundcovers, Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), another Apocynaceae member often associated with the common name, grows as an erect subshrub to 30-60 cm tall, with broader, oblong leaves 2.5-9 cm long and heat-adapted physiology suited to warmer climates.^[14] Its flowers, in shades of rose-pink, white, or bicolored, share the five-lobed structure but differ in broader pinnae and a more upright habit.^[15] Vinca species are chemically marked by monoterpene indole alkaloids, notably vincamine (comprising 25-65% of total alkaloids in V. minor leaves), biosynthesized via conserved pathways distinguishing them from ornamental strains lacking elevated levels.^[16]^[17] These traits, including hypostomatic leaves with minimal adaxial stomata in V. minor, aid taxonomic identification.^[18]

Cultivation, ecology, and invasiveness

Vinca minor and V. major, the primary periwinkle species cultivated for ornamental use, thrive in partial shade with moist, well-drained soils enriched with organic matter, though they tolerate dry, poor soils and varying light exposures from full sun to deep shade.^[4]^[2] These evergreen perennials spread as groundcovers via rooting stolons, reaching heights of 3-6 inches for V. minor, and have been planted since their introduction to North America from Europe in the 1700s.^[3]^[19] Ecologically, periwinkles exhibit rapid clonal propagation through surface-lying stolons that root at nodes, forming expansive mats without significant reliance on seed production or symbiotic nitrogen fixation, which facilitates dominance in shaded, disturbed forest understories and edges.^[12]^[20] This vegetative strategy enables persistence across a broad range of soil moistures and tolerances to drought once established, often outcompeting slower-growing natives in altered habitats.^[21] Both species demonstrate invasiveness beyond cultivation, with V. major naturalizing widely in temperate regions including southern Australia—where it acts as an environmental weed from Perth to Albany—and parts of North America, escaping via garden waste to form dense monocultures that suppress native understory plants and reduce local biodiversity.^[22]^[12] In Pacific Northwest forests, escaped periwinkles contribute to understory homogenization, as evidenced by post-2000 assessments showing decreased native species cover under their mats due to physical exclusion rather than documented chemical inhibition.^[12]^[23] Management often requires integrated cutting and herbicide applications during active growth to disrupt stolon regrowth.^[12]

Pharmacological and medicinal applications

The primary pharmacological applications of periwinkle derive from Catharanthus roseus, specifically its dimeric indole alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine, which were isolated from the plant's leaves in the late 1950s and early 1960s.^[24] These compounds act by binding to tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule polymerization and arresting mitosis at the metaphase stage, selectively targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells.^[25] Vincristine received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval in July 1963 for treating acute leukemia and Hodgkin's lymphoma, while vinblastine followed in 1965 for similar indications.^[26] In clinical practice, vincristine forms a cornerstone of multi-agent chemotherapy regimens for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), contributing to 5-year event-free survival rates of approximately 80% or higher in modern protocols.^[27] These alkaloids have demonstrated causal efficacy in reducing leukemic burden through microtubule disruption, as evidenced by preclinical models and phase II/III trials integrating them with agents like prednisone and asparaginase.^[28] Historical data indicate that prior to such regimens, pediatric ALL mortality approached 90-100%; post-introduction, long-term survival has exceeded 90% in high-income settings, underscoring the alkaloids' role in shifting ALL from a uniformly fatal disease to a curable one.^[29] Vinblastine similarly supports treatment of Hodgkin's disease and testicular cancer, with response rates in combination therapies reaching 70-90% in responsive subtypes.^[30] Supply constraints from low-yield plant extraction—C. roseus yields only micrograms per kilogram of leaf—have prompted synthetic biology advances, including 2022 demonstrations of de novo microbial biosynthesis of vinblastine precursors vindoline and catharanthine in engineered yeast, followed by in vitro coupling.^[31] These efforts aim to enable scalable, consistent production independent of agricultural variability. Traditional folk applications of crude C. roseus extracts for diabetes and hypertension, while reported anecdotally, lack substantiation from randomized controlled trials in humans; animal studies suggest preliminary glucose-lowering effects possibly via non-alkaloid mechanisms, but purified vinca alkaloids exhibit no antidiabetic activity, and clinical efficacy remains unproven without isolates.^[32] Thus, medicinal validation centers on oncology, with ongoing research exploring alkaloid derivatives for enhanced specificity and reduced neurotoxicity.^[33]

Toxicity and traditional uses

All parts of periwinkle plants, including Vinca minor and Catharanthus roseus, contain indole alkaloids such as vincamine and vinblastine precursors that render them toxic to humans and animals upon ingestion.^[34]^[35] In pets, consumption leads to gastrointestinal distress including vomiting and diarrhea, followed by systemic effects like hypotension, depression, tremors, seizures, coma, and potentially death, with severity dose-dependent on the quantity ingested.^[34]^[36] For humans, acute intoxication mimics conditions such as cholangitis, featuring bone marrow suppression, severe gastrointestinal toxicity, and neurotoxicity, while even sublethal exposures can cause hypotension and hallucinations.^[35]^[37] The oral LD50 for related alkaloids like vinpocetine exceeds 500 mg/kg in rats, underscoring neurotoxic risks at high doses, though plant extracts amplify hazards due to variable alkaloid concentrations.^[38] Historically, periwinkle species featured in European folk remedies from medieval times onward for headaches and menstrual irregularities, attributed to purported astringent and sedative properties, while Catharanthus roseus was employed in Madagascar and other regions as a treatment for diabetes, inflammation, wasp stings, and respiratory issues.^[39]^[40] These applications relied on crude decoctions or leaf poultices, with claims of efficacy rooted in anecdotal reports rather than controlled observation.^[41] Empirical scrutiny reveals no causal mechanisms beyond non-specific effects, as unisolated preparations fail to demonstrate reproducible benefits in rigorous testing, consistent with placebo-level outcomes for most herbal interventions absent active compound purification.^[42] Contemporary promotion of periwinkle teas for diabetes control, echoing traditional uses, overlooks clinical evidence of inefficacy and heightened risks; early investigations found extracts reduced glucosuria but paradoxically elevated blood glucose, while human trials confirm inconsistent hypoglycemic action alongside toxicity concerns like excessive blood sugar lowering in medicated patients or contamination in unregulated herbal products.^[43]^[44] Such advocacy, often amplified in alternative medicine circles despite peer-reviewed warnings, ignores dose-dependent adverse events including nausea, vomiting, and cardiovascular instability documented in veterinary and toxicological literature.^[45]^[41]

Fauna

Species and morphology

Periwinkle snails encompass over 200 species in the family Littorinidae, a group of small marine gastropod mollusks characterized by their intertidal adaptations, with Littorina littorea (common periwinkle) serving as a representative species native to the North Atlantic.^[46]^[47] Taxonomic classification places them in the order Littorinimorpha, distinguished by features such as a paucispiral operculum and trilobed, hooked lingual teeth on the radula.^[48] Subspecies and ecotypic variations within genera like Littorina exhibit differences in shell morphology, including ridge counts and sculpturing, where younger individuals display more pronounced spiral ridges that often erode in adults.^[49]^[50] Morphologically, periwinkles possess a solid, turbinate shell typically 20-38 mm in height, composed of 5-8 whorls with shallow sutures and a pointed spire; coloration ranges from dark brown to gray-black, occasionally with lighter eroded bases or subtle banding patterns.^[51]^[52] The shell's thick, smooth to lightly sculptured surface provides protection, while an internal operculum—a horny, disc-like structure—seals the aperture against desiccation and predators.^[53] The radula, a chitinous ribbon with rows of scraping teeth, enables algal grazing, adapted for rasping microalgal films from substrates.^[49] Sexual dimorphism is absent in external shell features or overall size, with males and females exhibiting comparable mean shell heights around 9-10 mm at maturity, though internal reproductive structures differ for separate sexes (gonochoric).^[54] Reproduction is oviparous, with internal fertilization preceding the deposition of egg capsules directly into seawater from April to July in temperate populations; each capsule contains 2-12 embryos that develop into free-swimming planktonic larvae over 4-7 weeks.^[55] Larvae undergo metamorphosis to juvenile snails upon settlement, reaching sexual maturity at a shell height of approximately 14 mm after 2 years, influenced by environmental factors but driven by intrinsic growth rates.^[49]^[56] Annual reproductive cycles and high fecundity, yielding 10,000-100,000 eggs per female, support population persistence despite variable larval dispersal.^[55]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Littorina littorea primarily occupies rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats along temperate coasts, where it attaches to hard substrates such as rocks, boulders, and pier pilings amid fluctuating tidal exposures.^[51] This species demonstrates physiological and behavioral adaptations to withstand desiccation during low tides, including retreat into the shell followed by opercular closure to seal the aperture and reduce evaporative water loss, enabling survival in aerial conditions for extended periods.^[49] It also exhibits thermal tolerance, enduring temperatures from near-freezing to over 30°C through behavioral adjustments like repositioning to shaded microhabitats.^[51] The native distribution of L. littorea spans the northeast Atlantic Ocean, from the White Sea in northwestern Russia southward to the Iberian Peninsula, encompassing coastal regions of Scandinavia, the British Isles, and western France.^[51] Populations have been introduced to the northwest Atlantic, likely via transoceanic shipping of fouled hulls or ballast rock prior to the 19th century, establishing ranges from Labrador to Delaware.^[57] Within its range, density varies with substratum type and wave exposure, often reaching abundances of hundreds per square meter in sheltered to moderately exposed sites.^[49] Ecologically, L. littorea functions as a herbivorous grazer, rasping microalgae, epiphytic films, and macroalgae such as Fucus species from rock surfaces using its radula, thereby regulating algal biomass and community structure in the intertidal zone.^[51] This foraging suppresses excessive algal growth, promoting diversity among sessile organisms by preventing competitive dominance of primary producers.^[58] Predator avoidance includes chemosensory responses to cues from crabs, whelks, and shorebirds, prompting upward climbing or tidal-level shifts; individuals preferentially maintain specific tidal heights, returning to original positions after displacement to balance feeding opportunities against desiccation and predation risks.^[59] Seasonal migrations occur, with seaward movement in autumn to evade subzero air temperatures.^[49] As prey, it supports food webs for predators including green crabs (Carcinus maenas), dogwhelks (Nucella lapillus), and avian species like oystercatchers.^[51]

Human utilization and culinary aspects

Periwinkle snails, particularly the common periwinkle (Littorina littorea), are harvested for human consumption primarily by hand collection from intertidal zones, where they cling to rocks and seaweed.^[60] In regions like Maine, commercial harvesting requires a fishing license, while recreational limits allow up to two quarts per person per day; mechanical methods such as pumps or diving are prohibited to protect habitats and ensure sustainable yields.^[61] ^[62] In areas where periwinkles are invasive, such as parts of the U.S. East Coast, harvesting is unregulated to promote population control.^[63] Culinary preparation typically involves boiling or steaming the snails for 3 to 10 minutes to loosen the meat, followed by extraction using a toothpick or pin from the shell's aperture.^[64] ^[65] In the United Kingdom, they are known as "winkles" and traditionally served boiled with vinegar or butter, often as street food or in seaside markets.^[66] Archaeological evidence from British shell middens indicates periwinkles have been part of coastal diets for millennia, though Roman-era consumption focused more on oysters than periwinkles.^[67] Nutritionally, 100 grams of cooked common periwinkle provides approximately 87 kcal, 15.2 grams of protein, 1.4 grams of fat (including 0.331 grams of omega-3 fatty acids), making it a low-calorie, high-protein seafood option rich in iron (4.79 mg) and selenium.^[68] ^[69] Consumption risks include bacterial contamination from natural habitats, potentially harboring pathogens like Salmonella or Vibrio, which can cause foodborne illnesses such as cholera or typhoid if snails are undercooked or raw; thorough cooking to an internal temperature sufficient to kill microbes is essential.^[70] ^[71]

Invasive impacts and evolutionary observations

In North America, the common periwinkle (Littorina littorea), introduced likely via 19th-century ballast water, has established dense populations along the Atlantic coast from Labrador to Delaware, where it outcompetes native gastropods through superior grazing efficiency and high reproductive output.^[51] Females produce 10,000 to 100,000 eggs annually, enabling rapid population expansion that displaces or suppresses native snails, including consumption of their eggs and depression of their growth rates.^[72] ^[52] This herbivory exerts strong top-down control on intertidal communities, preferentially removing fast-growing ephemeral algae and facilitating dominance by slower-growing perennials like Chondrus crispus, thereby restructuring algal assemblages and associated food webs.^[73] ^[57] Empirical removal experiments in regions like Mount Hope Bay, Rhode Island, confirm L. littorea's outsized role in habitat modification, as its grazing clears algae and marsh grasses like Spartina, altering sediment dynamics and excluding certain native species while promoting others.^[57] These shifts propagate through parasite communities and coastal morphology, with no evidence of equivalent control by indigenous littorinids, underscoring the invader's competitive edge in resource exploitation.^[57] Recent observations in Littorina species highlight microevolutionary responses to environmental pressures. A 2024 study from the University of Gothenburg documented adaptation in periwinkle ecotypes over 30 years (roughly 30 generations) on a wave-exposed Swedish skerry, where transplanted "crab" ecotypes—originally characterized by large, thick shells adapted to predation—evolved toward smaller size, altered shape, and thinner shells resembling local "wave" ecotypes, driven by intensified wave action rather than crab predation.^[74] This predictable shift, forecasted from spatial variation in traits, exemplifies how standing genetic diversity enables rapid phenotypic evolution under novel selection, without requiring novel mutations.^[74] Management of established L. littorea populations faces inherent challenges due to their high fecundity and dispersal via larvae, rendering eradication impractical once breeding populations form; spread to new areas is likely, prioritizing surveillance and localized containment over broad prohibitions, which historical data show to be ineffective.^[51] ^[72]

Color

Definition and etymology

Periwinkle is a pale, desaturated blue-violet hue positioned between blue and purple on the visible spectrum, characterized by cool undertones and a subtle lavender-like softness. It evokes wavelengths approximately in the 450–470 nm range, corresponding to the perceptual blend of blue (450–495 nm) and violet (380–450 nm) light, resulting in a pastel tint rather than a saturated primary.^[75]^[76] In standardized color systems for reproducibility, periwinkle is commonly represented digitally as HEX #CCCCFF or RGB (204, 204, 255), with HSL values around 240° hue, 100% saturation in light tints, and high lightness for its airy quality. Pantone approximations include shades like 17-3932 TCX Deep Periwinkle for deeper variants, though lighter pastels align more closely with the flower's natural appearance.^[77]^[78]^[79] The term "periwinkle" for this color derives directly from the lesser periwinkle plant (Vinca minor), whose small, five-petaled flowers display a matching light bluish-purple shade; the plant name entered Middle English as pervinke around 1500, from Old English perwince and Late Latin pervinca, likely from pervincire ("to bind around"), alluding to the vine's entwining stems.^[80]^[81]^[82] The color designation itself gained distinct usage in English during the 1920s, reflecting the plant's influence rather than earlier dye traditions, though natural pigments from similar floral sources informed historical bluish-purples.^[83]^[84]

Usage in design and symbolism

In interior design, periwinkle serves as an accent color in palettes intended to evoke calmness, often applied to walls or upholstery alongside neutrals like beige, white, or navy for balanced schemes.^[85]^[86] Behr's P530-4 Periwinkle, a blue-purple shade with RGB values approximating 130, 163, 215, exemplifies this use, marketed for optimistic, spring-like interiors through pairings that enhance depth without overwhelming spaces.^[87]^[88] Its moderate light reflectance value (LRV around 36) supports layered applications, such as in bedrooms, where it contrasts with darker elements to promote perceived relaxation.^[89] For accessibility in graphic and digital design, periwinkle's desaturated profile demands high-contrast pairings—such as with black text or bold complements like lemon yellow—to meet Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) ratios of at least 4.5:1 for readability, preventing visibility issues for those with low vision.^[90]^[91] Empirical tests show it achieves adequate contrast against deep tones but underperforms on light backgrounds, limiting its standalone utility in signage or interfaces without adjustments.^[92] Symbolically, periwinkle connotes serenity and peace, rooted in its soft blue-violet composition that observers associate with tranquility and emotional balance in qualitative surveys.^[93]^[94] However, these links derive from anecdotal preferences rather than causal mechanisms; reviews of color psychology find no robust evidence of superior mood regulation over neutral palettes, with effects often confounded by context or expectation.^[95] Marketing in design trends overemphasizes its "soothing" qualities, despite experimental studies revealing negligible psychological impacts on stress or arousal compared to controls.^[96] This promotion risks trend-driven overuse, ignoring desaturation's potential to reduce perceived vibrancy in varied lighting, where first-principles visibility assessments favor higher-saturation alternatives for consistent functionality.^[97]

Culture and media

Literature and historical references

In John Gerard's The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes (1597), the lesser periwinkle (Vinca minor) is cataloged as a low-creeping evergreen with small blue-violet flowers, native to Europe and valued for its purported medicinal properties, including remedies for nosebleeds, headaches, and urinary issues, though empirical efficacy remains unverified beyond its astringent compounds.^[98] Gerard attributes its common names to its trailing growth akin to ivy and notes its cultivation in English gardens since at least the late 16th century, reflecting early systematic botanical documentation rather than folklore.^[99] Historical European texts link periwinkle's symbolism to immortality through its evergreen habit, enabling year-round persistence in shaded, infertile soils—a biological adaptation to low light and nutrient scarcity, not supernatural endurance—as evidenced in medieval customs of placing its wreaths on children's graves to denote eternal life.^[100] This association appears in Renaissance herbals and folk traditions, such as German references to it as the "flower of immortality," grounded in observable resilience during winter dormancy of surrounding flora.^[101] 18th-century British accounts reference the common periwinkle snail (Littorina littorea) in culinary contexts, describing it as a harvested intertidal edible boiled for street food sales, with texts noting its abundance on rocky shores and preparation by extracting meat from shells via pins.^[102] Such mentions underscore its role as affordable protein for coastal poor, corroborated by archaeological middens showing consistent consumption patterns from prehistoric to modern eras.^[103]

Modern entertainment and symbolism

In Disney's animated film Tinker Bell and the Secret of the Wings (2012), Periwinkle is portrayed as a frost fairy and long-lost twin sister to Tinker Bell, residing in the Winter Woods of Pixie Hollow and facilitating cross-seasonal themes of unity and discovery.^[104] This character, part of the broader Disney Fairies direct-to-video series initiated in 2008, underscores commercial imperatives through tie-in merchandise, including dolls and apparel emphasizing her icy aesthetic and sibling bond narrative. She reappears in Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (2014), supporting plot elements of protection and harmony amid fantastical threats, further extending the franchise's appeal to child consumers via stylized animation prioritizing visual whimsy over botanical fidelity.^[105] Independent animation features periwinkle as a comedic protagonist in Aaron Springer's Periwinkle Around the World shorts, produced in the mid-2000s for Cartoon Network, depicting an anthropomorphic platypus embarking on chaotic global adventures.^[106] These segments, animated in a loopy, SpongeBob-esque style, emphasize slapstick humor and exploratory mischief, reflecting entertainment trends favoring absurd, marketable character-driven vignettes over ecological or morphological accuracy of periwinkle snails or plants. The periwinkle color, a pale blue-violet (approximating Pantone 17-3938 Very Peri), has been leveraged in 21st-century branding and fashion for its perceived uplifting and serene connotations, as in Pantone's 2022 Color of the Year selection, which highlighted its blend of digital vibrancy and physical warmth to inspire creative advertising campaigns.^[107] Fashion media noted its rise in spring 2024 collections, with designers incorporating periwinkle palettes for versatile, optimistic ensembles evoking renewal, though selections appear guided by trend cycles rather than differential psychological data favoring it over established calming hues like blue.^[108] In media symbolism, periwinkle evokes springtime optimism and subtle femininity, often in visual storytelling for commercials and product design, yet such associations prioritize aesthetic novelty and sales potential over the plant's documented mild toxicity from vinca alkaloids or its invasive tendencies in temperate gardens, where it forms suppressive mats displacing natives.^[109]

People

Notable individuals with the name

The name Periwinkle remains exceedingly rare as either a given name or surname, with historical records indicating peak usage in 1889 but no association with prominent figures in fields such as politics, science, arts, or entertainment.^[110] No verifiable records exist of widely recognized individuals bearing this name who have achieved notable contributions or public prominence.^[111]^[112] Genealogical databases and surname origin analyses further confirm its obscurity, often tracing it to descriptive nicknames rather than established family lines yielding influencers.^[113]

Other uses

Geographical and commercial references

The common periwinkle snail (Littorina littorea) supports commercial fisheries along the rocky intertidal zones of Maine, where it is hand-collected from ledges and cobble for export as a seafood product, with harvests noted as sustainable but underutilized as of 2017.^[114] In the United Kingdom, edible periwinkles are gathered from seaweed-covered rocky shores, contributing to local coastal economies through traditional hand-picking methods.^[115] The term "periwinkle" appears in various registered trademarks for commercial products. For instance, "PERIWINKLES" is a trademark held by HS Chocolates LLC for confectionery items, registered in 1988 but maintained active.^[116] "PERIWINKLE" was trademarked by Edison Brothers Stores, Inc. for dresses, with registration in 1986.^[117] More recently, "PERIWINKLE CYCLE" is a trademark of The Periwinkle Foundation for charitable cycling events, registered in 2017.^[118] In Florida, Periwinkle Designs LLC operates as an active entity focused on design services, incorporated with ID L24000452761 as of 2024.

References

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common periwinkle ; Fire Resistant, Yes ; Flower Color, Blue ; Flower Conspicuous, Yes ; Foliage Color, Dark Green ; Foliage Texture, Coarse.
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Madagascar periwinkle is an evergreen, tender, erect-to-spreading perennial in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). It is native to Madagascar but has naturalized ...<|separator|>
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The lesser periwinkle Vinca minor accumulates numerous monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) including the vasodilator vincamine.
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Total XIIIB was at least as effective as Total XIIIA (5-year event-free survival, 80.8% ± 2.6% vs. 77.6% ± 3.2%). Only 12% of the patients in Total XIIIB ...
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[35]
Vinca | ASPCA
Clinical Signs: Vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure, depression, tremors, seizures, coma, death. If you suspect your pet may have ingested a potentially ...Missing: humans LD50
[36]
Catharanthus roseus intoxication mimicking acute cholangitis - PMC
Apr 4, 2024 · The toxicity of Catharanthus roseus includes bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal toxicity, similar to the toxic effects of these vinca ...Missing: pets | Show results with:pets
[37]
Periwinkle Poisoning in Dogs - Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis ...
Aug 1, 2016 · Since this periwinkle contains these alkaloids, if ingested by dogs, they can be poisonous and cause a variety of side effects.
[38]
Hong Kong Government Asks Students to Plant Poisonous Flower
Dec 15, 2015 · The plant has also been known to poison grazing animals and can even produce hallucinations.Missing: pets | Show results with:pets<|separator|>
[39]
Systemic Exposure of Vinpocetine in Pregnant Sprague Dawley ...
The oral median lethal dose (LD50) of vinpocetine in rats (strain not specified) is approximately 500 mg/kg (Cholnoky and Dömök, 1976; Palosi and Szporny, 1976) ...
[40]
Madagascar Periwinkle – Roots of Medicine
Historically, the plant has been used to treat diabetes, cancer, respiratory ailments, inflammation, and as a diuretic (Natural Medicines, 2021).
[41]
Madagascar periwinkle historically used to treat wide variety of ...
Sep 23, 2018 · It has been used as a folk remedy for diabetes. The leaves were used to treat wasp stings. It was used as an astringent, diuretic and cough remedy.
[42]
Periwinkle - Dr. Christopher Hobbs, Ph.D.
In folk medicine, it was used to treat conditions such as diarrhea, high blood pressure, and wounds. It was also employed for its mild sedative properties and ...
[43]
Periwinkle Uses, Benefits & Side Effects - Drugs.com
Decoctions of the plant have been used for maladies ranging from ocular inflammation, diabetes, and hemorrhage to treating insect stings and cancers.
[44]
Toxicology Answer: The Periwinkle - ACEP Now
Dec 9, 2022 · When it was administered it did decrease glucosuria, but also increased blood glucose levels. During its investigation into the treatment of ...Missing: evidence | Show results with:evidence
[45]
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-476/periwinkle
[46]
Periwinkle - Uses, Side Effects, and More - WebMD
Large amounts can cause very low blood pressure. Periwinkle is UNSAFE for anyone to use, but people with certain conditions are especially at risk for harmful ...
[47]
Periwinkle Snails (Family Littorinidae) - iNaturalist
The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commonly known as periwinkles ...Missing: morphology | Show results with:morphology
[48]
World Register of Marine Species - Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Littorina littorea is a species of the genus Littorina, classified under Animalia kingdom, Mollusca phylum, Gastropoda class, and Littorinidae family.
[49]
Littorinidae - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Periwinkles of the family Littorinidae are small, intertidal algal grazers, associated with rocky shores. They are a traditional source of food.
[50]
Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea) - MarLIN
The shell is sharply conical with a pointed apex and surface sculpturing. The spiral ridges which are marked in young animals tend to become obscured in older ...
[51]
[PDF] SITKA PERIWINKLE - Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Jul 14, 2005 · Taxonomy. Gastropod systematics is difficult due to considerable within-species variation in shell morphology (Boulding et al. 1993, Reid ...<|separator|>
[52]
Littorina littorea (common periwinkle) | CABI Compendium
Many colour morphs are known, but most shells are dark (brown to black), although when older and eroded, the shell is lighter. The shell is an oblong-turbinate ...
[53]
Littorina littorea - The Exotics Guide
Littorina littorea grows to around 38 mm in height, and has a thick brown, gray-brown or blackish shell with 5-8 whorls. The shell profile is smoothly ...Missing: characteristics radula<|separator|>
[54]
Periwinkles Fast Facts (U.S. National Park Service)
Aug 24, 2021 · Periwinkles have sensory tentacles, move with a muscular foot, eat algae, have a hard shell, and use an operculum to seal their shell. They are ...
[55]
[PDF] Some observations on the biology of periwinkle Littorina scabra ...
Dec 5, 1982 · The mean shell height was 9·59 mm, when considered sex-wise,the male has mean shell height of9·6 mm while that of female was 9·58 mm. However, ...
[56]
[PDF] Periwinkle (Littorina littorea) - à www.publications.gc.ca
Females are mature at 14 mm shell height, releasing eggs up into the plankton from April to July. Periwinkle larvae remain in the plankton for up to 4 weeks ...<|separator|>
[57]
[PDF] Periwinkle Ecology and Size of Maturity Study - NIFCA
Periwinkles reach maturity at around 2-3 years depending on environmental conditions (Jackson, 2008). L.Missing: oviparous | Show results with:oviparous
[58]
Littorina littorea - Marine Invasions research at SERC
Littorina littorea is known as the Common Periwinkle. It is native to Europe from the White Sea, Russia to Gibraltar. It has been introduced to the West and ...
[59]
Plant Species Diversity in a Marine Intertidal Community
Field experiments demonstrate that the herbivorous marine snail Littorina littorea controls the abundance and type of algae in high intertidal tide pools in ...
[60]
Littorina littorea show small-scale persistent tidal height and habitat ...
Dislodged L. littorea showed a clear tendency to return to their original tidal level, with return rates ranging between 32 and 48% 78 days after dislodgement; ...
[61]
Periwinkle - Cobscook Bay Resource Center
Currently, periwinkle harvesting is unregulated in Maine, other than requiring a commercial fishing license. Periwinkles are typically harvested by hand or ...
[62]
https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/maine/13-188-C-M-R-ch-13-SS-20
[63]
13-188 C.M.R. ch. 13, § 20 - Harvesting of Periwinkles
It shall be unlawful to fish for or take periwinkles by diver/diving (SCUBA or snorkel), pump, suction or any type of mechanical pumping.Missing: snails intertidal
[64]
Living Off The Land & Sea: Invasive But Delicious Periwinkles
Since periwinkles are considered an invasive species, there are no regulations on harvesting them. They are small and time-consuming to eat, but they are truly ...
[65]
Periwinkles - CooksInfo Food Encyclopaedia
Jun 7, 2018 · Many say cook by boiling for about 10 minutes. Others say 10 minutes is far too long because it makes them tough and chewy. Some say boil only 3 minutes.
[66]
Foraging For Periwinkles: A Seashore Wild Edible Full Of Nostalgia
The winkles are quick to cook and only take about 3-4 minutes in boiling water. Once cooked, take them out of the pan and use a pin to extract the meat from the ...Missing: culinary steaming
[67]
Winkles - Frozen Fish Direct
Winkles have been a part of culinary culture and history for centuries. References to winkles as part of edible dishes can be found in historical texts and folk ...
[68]
Winkles | Adventures in Archaeology, Human Palaeoecology and ...
Jan 30, 2011 · Winkles are edible and can be found in shell middens and other food-waste deposits in archaeological sites. Often in Britain these are Littorina ...
[69]
Littorina littorea, Common periwinkle : fisheries - SeaLifeBase
In shallow and deep subtidal mussel beds of Mytilus edulis. Occurs in both hard substrates and in soft bottoms, particularly on stones, boulders, on muddy and ...
[70]
Periwinkle, common, Norwegian - Matvaretabellen
Periwinkle, common, Norwegian. Energy in 100 g. Per 100 g. 367 kJ (87 kcal). Energy → 367 kJ 87 kcal. Fat → 1.4 g. Protein → 15.2 g. Carbohydrate
[71]
[PDF] Microbiological Assessment and Shelf Life Study of Periwinkle ...
Some common diseases linked to the consumption of contaminated seafood are typhoid fever, cholera, hepatitis and digestive disorder (Adebayo-tayo et al., 2006; ...
[72]
Public Health Risk of Foodborne Pathogens in Edible African Land ...
Our results identify the public health risks in the handling and consumption of raw or undercooked edible snails collected from natural habitats in Cameroon.
[73]
Littorina littorea - GISD
Mar 11, 2005 · Littorina littorea is a mollusc which is often distributed on rocky coasts, from the upper shore into the sub-littoral.Missing: ecology | Show results with:ecology
[74]
Littorina littorea - Columbia University
Nov 23, 2004 · Current Distribution: L.littorea can be found within the rocky coastline, estuaries and marine habitats of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ...<|separator|>
[75]
Predicting rapid adaptation in time from adaptation in space - Science
Oct 11, 2024 · It opens up the potential for predicting the course of adaptive evolution over time based on patterns of spatial genetic and phenotypic variation.Missing: littorea | Show results with:littorea
[76]
What Is Periwinkle Color? Meaning, Design Tips & How To Use It At ...
Jan 31, 2022 · Named after the Vinca minor flower, this hue blends the cool depth of indigo with the uplifting energy of lavender, producing a visually ...
[77]
#Powercolors: The Origin and History of the Periwinkle Color
Jun 3, 2024 · The periwinkle color is a delicate and sophisticated hue, positioned between blue and violet on the color spectrum. This blend creates a ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[78]
The Color Periwinkle | Adobe Express
The periwinkle HEX code picker is #CCCCFF. Periwinkle is a light and airy ... Periwinkle color was inspired by the periwinkle plant. Periwinkle the ...
[79]
Everything about the color Periwinkle - Canva
It is blue with shades of purple and sits between the two in the color wheel. The hex code for periwinkle is #CCCCFF. Periwinkle represents serenity, calmness, ...
[80]
https://www.etymonline.com/word/periwinkle
[81]
Periwinkle - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Periwinkle, from Middle English pervinkle (c.1500), means a trailing evergreen plant or a sea snail; origin traces to Old English and Latin, ...Missing: spectral wavelength<|separator|>
[82]
The Etymology of “Periwinkle”
Jan 29, 2020 · The name of the plant is a diminutive form of the 12th century English word parvink, which is derived from the Old English word perwince, which ...Missing: spectral wavelength
[83]
Everything to Know About the Color Periwinkle - Finest Of The Fine
Apr 17, 2025 · Periwinkle is a delicate shade that sits in the spectrum between blue and purple. It is often described as a pale, lavender blue, named after the periwinkle ...Missing: definition etymology
[84]
Periwinkle, the Color of Poison, Modernism, and Dusk
Aug 19, 2020 · Periwinkle is a Modernist word for a Modernist color. It's a word that has several meanings—in addition to being a flowering plant, a periwinkle ...
[85]
The meaning behind the color Periwinkle - Wix.com
Periwinkle emerged as a distinctive color name in the English language during the 1920s. The gentle blend of blue and violet creates a uniquely calming and ...
[86]
15 Ways to Decorate With Periwinkle Blue - HGTV
The periwinkle flower may look sweet and delicate, but this hue doesn't have to be dainty in home design. Try pairing it with bright red and white for a bold, ...
[87]
How to Use Periwinkle in Your Home | Galaxy Draperies
It's really popular in interior design because it blends beautifully with darker blues, creams, beiges, and pure white with ease.
[88]
PERIWINKLE P530-4 | Behr Paint Colors
Free deliveryPeriwinkle is a vivacious blue-purple reminiscent of optimism, joy and springtime blossoms twining their way across a garden wall.
[89]
Periwinkle by Behr and matching paint colors
Paints Matching "Periwinkle" by Behr. Behr. Paint Name: Periwinkle. Manufacturer Number: P530-4. RGB: 130, 163, 215. LRV ≈ 36.
[90]
Behr P530-4 Periwinkle Precisely Matched For Paint and Spray Paint
The RGB values for Behr P530-4 Periwinkle are 128, 163, 216 and the HEX code is #80A3D8. The LRV for Behr P530-4 Periwinkle is 35.66. The LRV stands for Light ...
[91]
About Periwinkle - Color meaning, codes, similar colors and paints
Check if the color Periwinkle meets Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) standards, minimum contrast ratio standards between text and background colors.<|control11|><|separator|>
[92]
Guide to Accessible Colors Palettes [Templates Included] - Venngage
Sep 15, 2025 · Accessible colors are combinations with enough contrast to make layered elements distinguishable for those with visual impairments, based on ...
[93]
Contrast Checker - WebAIM
This tool allows easy contrast testing of any content on your screen by using the foreground and background eyedropper tools.Missing: periwinkle | Show results with:periwinkle
[94]
What Color is Periwinkle? Blue or Purple?
Mar 5, 2025 · Psychology and Meaning of Periwinkle. Periwinkle symbolizes calmness, peace, and serenity. It's thought to encourage a peaceful environment and ...
[95]
Meaning of the Color Periwinkle - Unravel the Allure of Periwinkle
Feb 9, 2024 · Periwinkle is a subtle indigo hue that often represents peacefulness and calmness. The color also represents peace and innocence, and is thought ...<|separator|>
[96]
Color and psychological functioning: a review of theoretical and ...
In this article, I provide brief theoretical and empirical reviews of research in this area, in each instance beginning with a historical background and recent ...
[97]
[PDF] The Influence of Color on Mood
The results of this study were that there was no significant impact of colors on mood. Knowing this, more research should be pursued so look for a connection.
[98]
(PDF) Psychological Effects of Colour - ResearchGate
Aug 6, 2025 · Colour makes an immediate visual impact and creates mood. Physicists, physiologists, psychologists and industrialists work with the visual and emotional ...
[99]
The herball, or, Generall historie of plantes : Gerard, John, 1545-1612
May 25, 2012 · The herball, or, Generall historie of plantes ; Publication date: 1636 ; Topics: Botany, Medical, Gardens ; Publisher: London : Printed by Adam ...Missing: periwinkle | Show results with:periwinkle
[100]
http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2017/04/plant-story-merry-periwinkle-vinca.html
[101]
Plant Story--the Merry Periwinkle, Vinca - A Wandering Botanist
Apr 2, 2017 · The name periwinkle is an old English name for a group of plants native to Europe and the Middle East in the genus Vinca.<|separator|>
[102]
Wednesday Weed – Greater Periwinkle | Bug Woman
Jan 13, 2016 · In Germany, it is known as the 'flower of immortality'. The Poison Garden website reports how, in the 16th Century book 'the boke of secretes ...Missing: literature | Show results with:literature
[103]
So what did Shakespeare's audience eat?
Apr 17, 2015 · Of all things, shellfish was on the menu! Oysters, clams, periwinkle (sea snail to Americans), and muscles were available. These items must have ...
[104]
Shells of Littorina littorea (Gastropoda) - PubMed Central - NIH
Jul 10, 2025 · Littorina littorea—the common periwinkle—is biogeographically widely distributed and occurs frequently in archaeological shell middens along ...
[105]
Periwinkle - Disney Fairies
Periwinkle is a Frost Fairy who lives in the Winter Woods. She learns that Tinker Bell is her sister when their wings both glow.
[106]
Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (Video 2014) - IMDb
Frances Encell · Periwinkle · Dan Gordon · Dan Gordon · Various. (voice). A.J. LoCascio · A.J. LoCascio · Additional Voices.
[107]
"Periwinkle Around the World" by Aaron Springer - Cartoon Brew
Aaron Springer (SpongeBob SquarePants, Korgoth of Barbaria) created this series of Periwinkle shorts in the mid-2000s for Cartoon Network.
[108]
https://www.byrdie.com/periwinkle-fashion-trend-8603508
[109]
12 Trending Periwinkle Fashion Pieces to Try for Spring - Byrdie
Mar 23, 2024 · Due to the range of periwinkle interpretations, this color might translate as something more blue- or violet-toned when shopping across brands, ...<|separator|>
[110]
Very Peri in Marketing & Branding - Build an Impressive Business
In the marketing and business world, periwinkle can be used as a powerful tool to bring the right feelings into visual elements. It's Versatile & Approachable.Missing: fashion | Show results with:fashion
[111]
Periwinkle : Meaning and Origin of First Name - Ancestry.com
The name Periwinkle has its roots in Old English and is derived from the Middle English word parwynke, which ultimately finds its origins in the Latin term ...Missing: 19th century dye
[112]
Periwinkle Name Meaning, Origin & more - FirstCry Parenting
It's more commonly used as a feminine name. As a more unusual name, there are not many famous personalities named Periwinkle. That being said, you might be ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[113]
Baby Name Guesser - the first name Periwinkle - Geoff Peters Trio
I am not aware of any deceased famous people named Periwinkle. Names with similar statistics to Periwinkle: Yung · Dewitt · Castillo · Finney · Shashi ...
[114]
Periwinkle Last Name — Surname Origins & Meanings - MyHeritage
This name likely originated as a nickname for someone who lived near the sea or was involved in fishing or shell collecting.<|separator|>
[115]
Periwinkles an under-heralded seafood product - Island Institute
Mar 20, 2017 · The state prohibits harvesting by SCUBA diving, as well as pump and suction devices, and undersize periwinkles must be returned to the spot they ...
[116]
Edible periwinkle - The Wildlife Trusts
Known as the edible periwinkle, common periwinkle or winkle, it looks pretty similar to a land snail, with a dark brown or grey banded shell and little eye ...
[117]
PERIWINKLES Trademark | Trademarkia
PERIWINKLES is a registered trademark (Registration #1508458) owned by HS CHOCOLATES LLC, a NORTH EASTON based entity located in MA.
[118]
PERIWINKLE Trademark - Registration Number 1386046
PERIWINKLE is a trademark of EDISON BROTHERS STORES, INC.. Filed in September 27 (1982), the PERIWINKLE covers DRESSES.
[119]
Registration Number 5334399 - Serial Number 87406011
PERIWINKLE CYCLE is a trademark of The Periwinkle Foundation. Filed in April 10 (2017), the PERIWINKLE CYCLE covers Charitable services, namely, ...