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R&R

R&R, short for rest and relaxation (also known as rest and recuperation or rest and recreation), is a form of authorized leave in the United States military designed to grant deployed service members a temporary break from combat or high-stress duties, typically involving travel to designated rest areas for physical and mental recovery to sustain morale and combat readiness.^[1]^[2] The practice emerged prominently during the Korean War, when air forces facilitated transport of personnel from frontline areas like Seoul to rear bases in Japan, such as Tachikawa near Tokyo, for short respites amid ongoing hostilities.^[1] By the Vietnam War era, R&R had evolved into a standardized one-week program allowing soldiers to visit international destinations equipped with recreational facilities, including Hawaii, Sydney, or Bangkok, explicitly to counteract the cumulative fatigue of prolonged field service.^[3]^[4] In contemporary operations, such as those in Iraq, Afghanistan, and CENTCOM areas, eligibility often requires a minimum deployment duration—typically 270 days—before qualifying for up to 15 days of R&R leave, emphasizing structured recovery over unstructured downtime to mitigate burnout without disrupting unit cohesion.^[4]^[5] While empirically linked to improved psychological resilience and retention in empirical military studies, the program has faced scrutiny for inadvertently enabling off-base activities like short-term prostitution in host nations, which some analyses attribute to lax oversight in destination selection rather than inherent policy flaws.^[2]

Military Usage

Definition and Purpose

In military contexts, R&R refers to Rest and Recuperation (alternatively termed Rest and Relaxation), a structured program of authorized leave for service members and Department of Defense civilians engaged in extended deployments, particularly in combat or hazardous operational environments.^[2] This provision grants temporary relief from duty, typically ranging from 10 to 15 days of uncharged or chargeable leave, distinct from standard annual leave due to its targeted application amid prolonged exposure to high-stress conditions.^[6] Eligibility often requires a minimum deployment duration, such as 270 days in support of operations like Enduring Freedom, with leave facilitated to designated safe locations or home stations.^[2] The core purpose of R&R is to mitigate the physiological and psychological toll of continuous operational service, enabling personnel to disengage from combat demands, restore operational effectiveness, and reduce risks of fatigue-related errors or mental health deterioration.^[7] By permitting time for personal reconnection—such as visits with family or friends—and physical recovery, the program aims to re-energize participants, enhancing morale and preparedness for resumption of duties upon return.^[2] Empirical assessments, including evaluations of its implementation in conflicts like Iraq and Afghanistan, indicate it supports short-term psychosocial adjustment, though long-term benefits depend on integration with broader reintegration protocols.^[7] This mechanism underscores a pragmatic recognition of human limits in sustained warfare, prioritizing sustained force readiness over uninterrupted deployment.^[4]

Historical Development

The practice of granting military personnel periods of rest and recuperation away from combat duties was formalized by the U.S. military during World War II, coinciding with the expansion of a large standing army and the establishment of dedicated leave centers in Europe, including Paris, the French Riviera, the United Kingdom, and Denmark. These facilities offered soldiers essential respite through provisions like hot showers, films, recreational activities, and uninterrupted sleep, serving to mitigate fatigue and sustain operational effectiveness amid prolonged engagements.^[8]^[9]^[10] Post-World War II, R&R programs continued during occupation and early Cold War periods, such as in Japan, where U.S. Army personnel received structured five-day leaves every six to seven months to visit rest areas, reflecting an institutional commitment to morale preservation in non-combat theaters. Similar initiatives supported over 800,000 United Nations personnel during the Korean War, providing temporary escapes from frontline stresses to enhance psychological resilience.^[11]^[1] The Vietnam War marked a significant escalation and standardization of R&R, with every U.S. service member entitled to one seven-day leave outside the theater during their standard 12- to 13-month deployment, aimed at combating the strains of irregular warfare. Commercial airlifts, initiated by Pan American World Airways in March 1966, transported troops to destinations like Hawaii (prioritized for married personnel reuniting with spouses), Sydney, Bangkok, and Taipei, while in-country sites such as Vung Tau—known as China Beach—offered shorter beachside respites near Da Nang and Saigon.^[12]^[13]^[14] In later conflicts, including the Persian Gulf Wars, Iraq, and Afghanistan, R&R evolved into mandatory or accrued leave frameworks under commands like U.S. Central Command, with Third Army facilitating over one million passes by November 2010 to address deployment fatigue in high-tempo operations. Empirical assessments, such as a study of British forces, confirm R&R's role in yielding high satisfaction rates and stress reduction, underscoring its enduring utility despite logistical challenges in remote areas.^[15]^[7]

Operational Details and Impacts

Rest and recuperation (R&R) leave in the U.S. military is typically administered as 15 days of chargeable annual leave for eligible servicemembers deployed to designated overseas locations involving hardships, such as areas qualifying for hostile fire or imminent danger pay.^[16] Eligibility generally requires a minimum of 270 days "boots on the ground" in support of operations like Operation Enduring Freedom, or a 12-month deployment tour, with extensions to 18 months potentially allowing an additional period.^[2]^[16] Combatant commanders designate eligible locations and manage programs, while unit commanders approve individual requests based on operational needs, often through centralized portals like the Army G-1 R&R site.^[16]^[2] Transportation is funded by the U.S. government from the aerial port of debarkation to the commercial airport nearest the approved leave address, with ground travel costs borne by the servicemember; approved destinations prioritize home stations but may include other respite areas to facilitate recovery from extended exposure to combat conditions.^[2] Non-chargeable variants, such as non-chargeable R&R (NCR&R) or special R&R for tour extensions, provide up to 15-30 days without deducting from accrued leave, aimed at incentivizing retention in high-stress postings.^[16] Programs are resourced annually—for instance, U.S. Army Africa allocated approximately $3.5 million for administration in deployments to Djibouti and Somalia—ensuring alignment with mission priorities.^[2] R&R contributes to operational readiness by offering structured respite, which official policy links to improved morale and unit cohesion amid prolonged deployments.^[16] Empirical evaluation among UK Armed Forces personnel during operational tours found 95.7% satisfaction with R&R and 92.5% describing it as a positive experience, particularly benefiting those in relationships or frequently exposed to danger, though such perceptions may reflect selection effects in high-risk roles.^[7] However, post-R&R assessments showed no statistically significant reductions in common mental health disorders (prevalence 12.1%), PTSD symptoms (3.7%), or hazardous alcohol use (50%), indicating limited direct psychological relief from brief breaks alone.^[7] Active engagement during leave—such as disconnecting from duties or leveraging social support—correlated with modestly better mental health outcomes and lower alcohol misuse, suggesting that R&R's value depends on purposeful use rather than passive time off.^[7] Broader impacts include enhanced force sustainment, as R&R facilitates recovery from environmental and psychological stressors, reducing cumulative fatigue that could impair combat effectiveness; DoD directives prioritize it for locations where routine leave is operationally constrained.^[16] While challenges like reintegration disruptions exist, evidence supports R&R's role in bolstering overall resilience without evidence of net negative effects on readiness when managed judiciously.^[16]^[7]

Music and Arts

Rock and Roll Genre

Rock and roll emerged as a distinct genre of popular music in the United States during the mid-1950s, primarily through the fusion of African American rhythm and blues with elements of country, gospel, boogie-woogie, and urban blues.^[17] ^[18] This synthesis reflected post-World War II urban migration and cultural exchanges, where electric amplification and faster tempos amplified the driving rhythms of predecessor styles like jump blues and swing.^[17] ^[19] Disc jockey Alan Freed popularized the term "rock and roll" in 1951 on his Cleveland radio show, applying it to rhythm and blues tracks to appeal to white teenage audiences without the racial connotations of "race music," though the phrase had earlier slang roots dating back decades.^[20] ^[21] Freed's Moondog Coronation Ball on March 21, 1952, is often cited as the first major rock and roll concert, drawing over 25,000 attendees and highlighting the genre's live energy despite logistical chaos from overcrowding.^[22] Musically, rock and roll is characterized by a 4/4 backbeat emphasizing beats two and four, prominent electric guitar riffs, slapping bass lines, and occasional saxophone or piano accents, creating a propulsive, danceable sound suited to youthful exuberance.^[17] ^[23] Lyrics often focused on romance, cars, and rebellion, delivered with raw vocals influenced by gospel call-and-response techniques.^[24] Pioneering artists included Chuck Berry, whose 1955 single "Maybellene" introduced storytelling guitar-driven narratives, and Little Richard, whose frenetic piano pounding and screams on tracks like "Tutti Frutti" (1955) exemplified the genre's high-energy performance style.^[25] Elvis Presley played a pivotal role in mainstreaming the sound; his July 1954 Sun Records debut "That's All Right" blended country and blues, selling over 20,000 copies regionally and launching national hits via RCA, which propelled rock and roll into household popularity by 1956.^[26] The genre's rise coincided with a post-war economic boom that increased teenage disposable income—U.S. youth spending on records surged from negligible pre-1950 levels to millions annually by decade's end—fueling a youth market independent of adult tastes.^[18] Culturally, it embodied teenage autonomy and mild transgression, with parents associating its rhythms and suggestive themes with juvenile delinquency; FBI records from 1955-1958 documented over 100 congressional hearings on rock's purported links to crime, though empirical data showed no causal spike in youth offenses attributable to the music.^[27] ^[28] By challenging racial barriers—early hits crossed from Black R&B charts to white pop audiences—it subtly eroded segregation norms, though commercial success often diluted original Black influences through white covers.^[28]

Other Artistic References

In poetry and performance arts, R&R is sometimes used as an abbreviation for "rhythm and rhyme," referring to the structural elements that underpin poetic composition and delivery, particularly in spoken word events and slams. This usage emphasizes the auditory flow and sonic patterns essential to verse, as seen in events like "Rhythm and Rhyme Fusion" hosted by poetry collectives, where performers blend metrical cadence with end-rhyme schemes to engage audiences.^[29] Such references highlight R&R's role in distinguishing formal poetry from free verse, prioritizing measurable beats per line (e.g., iambic tetrameter at roughly 8 syllables) and rhyme patterns like AABB or ABAB for memorability and emotional impact.^[30] In literary publishing, R&R denotes "revise and resubmit," a feedback mechanism where agents or editors request authors to amend manuscripts before reconsideration for representation or acceptance. This process, common since at least the early 2010s in genre fiction and nonfiction submissions, involves detailed editorial letters outlining structural revisions, such as tightening plot arcs or deepening character motivations, with response times often spanning 1-6 months.^[31]^[32] Unlike outright rejection, an R&R signals potential viability, with success rates varying by genre; for instance, in young adult fiction, agents report 20-30% of R&Rs leading to offers after revisions addressing pacing or market fit.^[33] This practice underscores iterative refinement in creative writing, distinct from academic peer review due to its subjective emphasis on commercial appeal over empirical rigor.^[34]

Business and Technical Applications

Roles and Responsibilities

In business and technical applications, R&R refers to the structured delineation of roles and responsibilities within organizations, teams, or projects to specify individual or group duties, authority levels, and accountability scopes.^[35] This framework ensures operational efficiency by minimizing overlaps, gaps in coverage, and ambiguity that could lead to inefficiencies or conflicts.^[36] For instance, in project management, R&R documents formally outline expectations for team members, such as a project manager's oversight of timelines versus a developer's execution of tasks, as standardized in methodologies like those aligned with PMBOK guidelines.^[37] Defining R&R is critical for fostering accountability and performance, with studies and practitioner analyses indicating that unclear roles correlate with reduced team productivity and higher error rates in complex environments.^[38] In technical contexts, such as IT governance or software development, R&R matrices—often extending to tools like RACI (Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed)—assign precise functions to roles like system architects or application owners, thereby supporting scalable operations and compliance with standards.^[39] Organizations implementing explicit R&R definitions report improved collaboration, as employees gain clarity on decision-making boundaries, reducing miscommunication by up to 30% in high-stakes projects according to management consultancies.^[40] The process typically involves workshops or documentation reviews where stakeholders map responsibilities against organizational goals, validating assignments through iterative feedback to align with evolving business needs.^[41] In technical applications, this extends to enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems or agile teams, where R&R prevents bottlenecks; for example, defining a DevOps engineer's responsibility for deployment automation distinct from a security analyst's vulnerability assessments ensures integrated yet specialized workflows.^[42] Failure to maintain updated R&R can exacerbate issues in dynamic sectors like technology, where role drift contributes to project delays, underscoring the need for periodic reviews tied to performance metrics.^[43]

Remove and Replace Procedures

Remove and replace (R&R) procedures constitute a core maintenance strategy in technical fields such as aviation, automotive repair, and industrial equipment servicing, involving the systematic extraction of a non-functional or end-of-life component followed by the installation of a verified replacement to minimize operational disruptions.^[44] This approach prioritizes swift restoration of system functionality over on-site repairs, deferring detailed refurbishment of the removed part to off-line facilities where specialized diagnostics and tools can be applied.^[45] In aviation, for instance, R&R is explicitly authorized for tasks like swapping self-contained navigation devices or wheels without triggering major repair classifications, provided no weight-and-balance recalculations are needed.^[44] The process typically unfolds in sequential phases: initial fault isolation via diagnostic testing or visual inspection; safe disconnection and removal of the component, adhering to manufacturer specifications to avoid collateral damage; verification of the replacement part's compatibility, serviceability, and traceability through serial numbers or certifications; precise installation with torque settings, seals, and alignments as per technical manuals; and post-installation functional checks, including ground tests or operational runs to confirm performance metrics like pressure, alignment, or signal integrity.^[46] In automotive contexts, R&R applies when components such as panels or assemblies cannot be feasibly repaired in situ, necessitating full disassembly and substitution to meet structural and safety standards.^[47] Documentation is mandatory throughout, logging actions in maintenance records with sign-offs like "R&R'd" for removed and replaced items, ensuring auditability and compliance with regulatory bodies such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).^[48] R&R procedures enhance efficiency by leveraging pre-qualified spare parts inventories, reducing aircraft or machinery downtime from days to hours in high-stakes environments; for example, life-limited parts in jet engines must be swapped upon reaching cyclic limits, resetting their usage clock post-replacement.^[46] Risks include improper torquing leading to failures or mismatched parts causing systemic imbalances, mitigated through certified technician training and adherence to illustrated parts catalogs.^[45] While cost-effective for fleets—aviation operators report up to 50% downtime reductions via modular R&R designs—the method demands robust supply chains to avoid delays from part shortages, as seen in post-2020 supply disruptions affecting global maintenance schedules.^[49] In broader manufacturing, analogous processes support just-in-time servicing of production line tools, though they contrast with Gage R&R (repeatability and reproducibility) analyses focused on measurement validation rather than physical swaps.^[50]

Additional Professional Meanings

In human resources, R&R frequently refers to rewards and recognition, a formal program designed to incentivize employee performance through tangible benefits like bonuses, promotions, or public acknowledgments, thereby enhancing motivation and retention rates.^[51] Such initiatives are implemented to align individual contributions with organizational goals, with studies indicating they can improve engagement by up to 20-30% when tied to measurable outcomes.^[52] This usage emphasizes non-monetary elements alongside financial rewards to foster a culture of appreciation, distinct from base compensation structures.^[51] In manufacturing and quality engineering, R&R stands for gage repeatability and reproducibility, a statistical method used to assess the variation in measurement systems, ensuring accuracy in processes like assembly line inspections.^[53] Repeatability measures consistency under unchanged conditions by the same operator, while reproducibility evaluates variation across different operators using the same tool; the combined analysis, often via ANOVA, determines if a gage contributes less than 10% to total process variation for acceptability.^[53] This technique, integral to Six Sigma methodologies, originated in the mid-20th century from industrial metrology practices and remains standard in ISO 9001 compliance audits.^[53] Another HR application is recruitment and retention, encompassing strategies to attract talent and minimize turnover, such as targeted sourcing and employee development programs.^[54] Firms employing R&R in this sense often track metrics like hire rates and voluntary attrition, with effective programs correlating to reduced costs—estimated at 1.5-2 times annual salary per lost employee.^[54] This contrasts with isolated hiring efforts by integrating long-term loyalty factors like career progression.^[54]

Organizations and Entities

Media and Entertainment Companies

Radio & Records (R&R) was a prominent trade publication serving the radio and music industries, providing news, airplay monitoring, and chart data from its inception in 1973 until its closure in 2009.^[55] Founded by Bob Wilson, the publication launched its first issue on October 1, 1973, initially as a 24-page newspaper-style format with eight staff members.^[56] It expanded to include detailed airplay information from radio stations, influencing programming decisions and serving as a key resource for industry professionals until its final issue dated June 5, 2009.^[57] R&R Records operates as an independent record label focused on artist development, founded in 2016 by Ben Persky and Mason Klein.^[58] In April 2019, it entered a joint venture with Warner Bros. Records, enabling broader distribution while retaining artist resources and expertise without long-term rights forfeiture.^[58] The label, based in Los Angeles, has signed artists such as Dijon, Wens, MK.GEE, and Hether, emphasizing support for songwriters and producers.^[59] Other smaller entities include R&R Productions Worldwide, a production company established in 2004 by Ed Richardson, a former producer at Turner's Cartoon Network and TBS, specializing in television content creation.^[60] R&R Entertainment firms, such as those offering event staging, dance performances, and artist strategy services, exist but lack the scale or longevity of the aforementioned publications and labels.^[61]

Real Estate and Development Firms

R&R Realty Group, founded in 1985 by Daniel Rupprecht in Des Moines, Iowa, specializes in commercial real estate development, property management, brokerage, acquisitions, construction management, and related technology services.^[62] The firm manages nearly 10 million square feet of office, retail, multifamily, and warehouse space while owning hundreds of acres earmarked for future development, primarily in Iowa and Nebraska.^[62] Under President Mark Rupprecht, it has earned recognition as one of the top commercial real estate firms in the Midwest, including Best of the Best awards from Midwest Real Estate News in 2023 and 2024.^[63] ^[64] R&R Development, a private boutique firm based in the Seattle metropolitan region of Washington state, focuses on luxury residential development and high-end contracting.^[65] It acquires, develops, and sells custom properties designed uniquely for their neighborhoods, avoiding repetitive blueprints to ensure harmony with local aesthetics.^[65] Notable projects include the adaptive reuse of the Queen Anne Masonic Temple into two townhomes measuring 3,300 square feet and 2,750 square feet, as well as luxury homes in Washington Park and at 362 Ward Street, with services extending to seismic retrofitting and detail-oriented construction.^[65] Other entities bearing the R&R name include R&R Properties, a vertically integrated private investment and development group in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, which handles acquisitions and project execution across various real estate asset classes.^[66] These firms illustrate the application of the R&R branding in specialized real estate operations, though they operate independently without a unified industry association.

Other Notable Organizations

R&R Partners is a privately held American advertising, marketing, public relations, and public affairs firm headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada, founded in 1974 by Harvey Rogich and Bill Hahn.^[67] The firm has engaged in federal lobbying activities, representing clients such as NV Energy and the Southern Nevada Water Authority, with reported expenditures of $590,000 across 11 clients in 2025.^[68] It employs a multidisciplinary approach integrating strategy, analytics, government affairs, and creative services to address client challenges in sectors including energy, tourism, and conservation.^[69] R&R Insurance Services, Inc., established in 1975 and based in Waukesha, Wisconsin, functions as one of the largest family-owned independent insurance agencies in the Midwest, providing commercial, personal, employee benefits, and surety coverage.^[70] The agency has been recognized as a top 100 largest broker of U.S. business insurance by Business Insurance in 2022, emphasizing tailored risk management solutions for businesses and individuals across multiple states.^[71] With a focus on client-centric service, it partners with over 20 carriers to offer customized policies, including property, casualty, and health insurance options.^[72] The California Child Care Resource & Referral Network (CCCR&R Network) comprises a statewide association of funded resource and referral agencies dedicated to connecting families with child care providers and supporting early education access.^[73] Established to facilitate family referrals, provider training, and policy advocacy, the network serves as a collaborative hub for over 30 local agencies, promoting quality child care standards and data-driven improvements in California's early childhood system.^[74] It emphasizes equitable access, with programs aiding low-income families and working parents through subsidized referrals and professional development for caregivers.^[73]

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What does R&R mean in HR? | UNLEASH
What does R&R mean in HR? Rewards and recognition. Sounds simple, right? Those two words have the power to change the atmosphere in any company.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
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Article: World of Gage R&R (Repeatability & Reproducibility)
Feb 20, 2017 · Gage repeatability and reproducibility (Gage R&R) is referred to a statistical tool that accounts variability of a measurement system.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
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R&R - What does R&R stand for? The Free Dictionary
R&R, Repeatability and Reproducibility ; R&R, Rescue and Recovery ; R&R, Repair and Return ; R&R, Removal and Reinstallation.Missing: creative arts
[55]
R&R Magazine "Radio & Records" - World Radio History
Radio & Records™ (R&R) was a trade publication providing news and airplay information for the radio and music industries. It originally started out as an ...
[56]
A BRIEF HISTORY OF RADIO & RECORDS
Jun 3, 2009 · 1973: Radio & Records is founded by Bob Wilson. The first issue is Oct. 1. 1974: The first R&R Convention is held. 1979: Radio & Records is sold to Harte Hanks.
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Radio & Records Top Pop Hits 1973-2009 - Record Research
Out of stockRadio & Records was founded as a newspaper in 1973 by Bob Wilson and Robert ... The publication officially folded with the issue dated June 5, 2009.<|separator|>
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R&R Records Sets Joint Venture with Warner Bros. Records
Apr 9, 2019 · Label Founded in 2016 by Ben Persky and Mason Klein. First Signings are Dijon and Wens. R&R Records has inked a joint venture with Warner ...
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R&R
R&R is a label that offer artists resources and expertise in a way that doesn't force them to sign away their futures.CURRENT ARTISTSALL ARTISTSAboutMK.GEEPAUL DALLY
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About - R&R Productions Worldwide
R&R Owner Ed Richardson was a producer for Turner's Entertainment Group at Cartoon Network, TBS and Turner South for a decade, prior to founding R&R in 2004.Missing: company | Show results with:company
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Professional Entertainment Strategy, Law & Licensing
R&R Entertainment is a boutique entertainment company offering artists assistance with strategy, entertainment law, licensing and more.
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Commercial Real Estate & Property Management - R&R Realty Group
At R&R Realty Group, real estate is more than buildings—it's about creating value, developing lasting relationships, and helping our clients succeed.
[63]
R&R Realty Group Earns Best of the Best Recognition
1/8/2024 - R&R Realty Group is proud to announce its notable achievements in the Midwest Real Estate News' Best of the Best 2023 awards.
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R&R Realty Group Named Among Midwest's Best Commercial Real ...
R&R Realty Group has been ranked among the top commercial real estate firms in the 2024 Midwest Real Estate News Best of the Best awards.
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R&R Development: Luxury Residential Developers
R&R Ryche is a private real estate development and contracting company in the Seattle metropolitan region ... Through R&R, we acquire, develop and sell high-end ...
[66]
R&R Properties: Private Real Estate Investment & Development Group
R&R Properties is a vertically integrated private real estate investment and development group based in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
[67]
About – R&R Partners
At R&R Partners, we have a tradition of world-renowned creative work, but we are anything but traditional. We take on social issues and monumental tasks.Missing: entertainment | Show results with:entertainment
[68]
Lobbying Firm Profile: R&R Partners - OpenSecrets
Lobbying profile for R&R Partners, a lobbying firm that has been hired by 11 clients in 2025 so far, for a total amount of $590000.
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R&R Partners – We Turn Problems into Playgrounds
Create teams that go beyond creative with strategy, analytics, government affairs, digital design, design, PR, connections planning, paid media and anything ...MEET OUR TEAM · Careers · Work · Explore our work
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R&R Insurance of Wisconsin | My Knowledge Broker
As one of the largest independently owned insurance agencies in the Midwest, R&R Insurance can provide your business and family with the right insurance ...Employee DirectoryOffice LocationsAbout UsWe Know Personal InsuranceHome Insurance
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News - R&R Insurance
R&R has proudly been named a 2022 Top 100 Largest Brokers of US Business by the publication Business Insurance. Business Insurance ranks its 100 Largest Brokers ...
[72]
R&R Insurance Services Inc. - LinkedIn
At R&R Insurance, we are a large, family-owned agency based in Waukesha, Wisconsin, offering comprehensive coverage in Business Insurance, Employee Benefits, ...
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California Child Care Resource & Referral Network - Home
We are a membership organization of state-funded Child Care Resource and Referral agencies across California that work together to help families find ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
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California Child Care Resource & Referral Network | CCRC
The unparalleled public and private support for child care R&R services in California is acclaimed throughout the country.<|control11|><|separator|>