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RFA

(RFA) is a private, nonprofit media organization funded by the through the Agency for Global Media, dedicated to broadcasting and publishing uncensored news, analysis, and information targeting audiences in Asian countries where governments restrict free press access, including , , , , , , and . Established in 1996 under the framework of the International Broadcasting Act of 1994, RFA was authorized with initial funding of $22 million for operations and $8 million for capital costs in fiscal year 1999, modeled after earlier U.S.-backed broadcasters like Radio Free Europe to counter state-controlled media in closed societies. It transmits via shortwave radio, satellite, and digital platforms in nine languages—Mandarin, Cantonese, Tibetan, Uyghur, Korean, Vietnamese, Lao, Khmer, and Burmese—reaching a weekly audience of nearly 60 million people deprived of independent reporting. RFA's defining mission emphasizes accurate, local-sourced journalism to foster democratic awareness and expose suppressed events, such as violations and government , while maintaining an firewall to ensure from direct U.S. policy influence despite its public funding. Notable achievements include investigative reporting on issues like forced labor in and political in , which have informed global discourse on authoritarian regimes. The has drawn controversy from targeted governments, which label its content as foreign interference and , contrasting with its role in providing empirically verifiable accounts often corroborated by defectors and leaked documents unavailable through domestic channels.

Organizations and broadcasting

Radio Free Asia

Radio Free Asia (RFA) is a United States government-funded, private nonprofit broadcaster established to deliver uncensored news and information to audiences in Asian countries where independent media face severe restrictions or outright prohibition. Authorized by the International Broadcasting Act of 1994, which directed the creation of a surrogate radio service modeled after Radio Free Europe, RFA was formally incorporated in Washington, D.C., in March 1996. Its inaugural Mandarin broadcast aired via shortwave radio on September 16, 1996, targeting mainland China, with full operations expanding to additional languages by 1997. The organization's charter emphasizes promoting democratic values, human rights, and reliable journalism as countermeasures to state-controlled narratives in authoritarian regimes. RFA's programming covers nine languages: , , , , Burmese, Vietnamese, Khmer, Lao, and , serving populations in , , , , , , and surrounding regions. Broadcasts are disseminated through , , satellite, FM relays, and digital platforms including websites and apps, with content focusing on local news, investigations, and analysis of government policies often suppressed domestically. For instance, and services have reported extensively on detention camps and cultural suppression in and , drawing from eyewitness accounts and leaked documents corroborated by independent verifications. Annual funding, appropriated by through the U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM), totaled approximately $50 million in recent fiscal years prior to 2025 cuts, supporting around 200 staff across bureaus in and the U.S. RFA operates under a "" principle, insulating decisions from U.S. government influence, with an independent board of governors overseeing compliance; however, targeted regimes such as and have dismissed its output as U.S.-backed aimed at , citing its funding source as evidence of bias. Empirical assessments, including audience surveys in restricted areas, indicate RFA reaches millions weekly via shortwave—estimated at 25 million listeners in alone as of 2021—providing information unavailable through local channels, though reception can be jammed by state interference. In March 2025, the second administration issued an terminating USAGM grants, withholding congressionally appropriated funds and prompting RFA to announce mass layoffs of approximately 90% of its staff by May 2, 2025, alongside suspension of services like broadcasts to . RFA filed lawsuits arguing the cuts violated statutory mandates for continued , securing a partial DC Circuit Court order in May 2025 to restore some funds, though operations remained severely curtailed with reduced news output as of mid-2025. Critics of the defunding, including free expression advocates, contended it undermined U.S. information access in closed societies, while proponents viewed it as eliminating redundant spending amid fiscal priorities. By October 2025, RFA continued limited digital and shortwave services with skeleton staffing, amid ongoing legal and budgetary disputes.

Royal Fleet Auxiliary

The Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) is a specialist fleet of civilian-crewed ships owned by the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence, providing logistical, operational, and amphibious support to the Royal Navy and other elements of His Majesty's Naval Service worldwide. These vessels enable sustained naval operations by delivering fuel, ammunition, stores, and personnel through replenishment at sea, while also facilitating amphibious landings, aviation support, and humanitarian missions. As a Merchant Navy organization integrated into military operations, the RFA operates under naval command but with crews holding civil service status, distinguishing it from commissioned Royal Navy warships. Established in 1905 by order during the transition from to propulsion in warships, the RFA originated to manage fleet coaling and auxiliary tasks independently of commercial shipping dependencies. The first designated RFA vessels included tankers such as RFA , Aquarius, Industry, and Kharki, marking the service's formal inception to ensure reliable logistical sustainment for global naval deployments. During , the RFA expanded significantly, operating over 100 ships by 1945 primarily as oilers and freighters, which proved critical for Allied supply lines despite heavy losses to enemy action. Post-war, the service adapted to demands by modernizing its fleet with purpose-built replenishment vessels, shifting from requisitioned to a core of owned auxiliaries, though crew shortages periodically constrained availability, as seen with RFA Tiderace's temporary in 2024 before reactivation in late 2025. Organizationally, the RFA functions as a civilian component of the Naval Service, with approximately 2,000 personnel trained to international maritime standards and Royal Navy operational protocols, wearing uniforms combining naval rank insignia with Merchant Navy epaulettes. Crew members, recruited without formal qualifications for many roles and eligible from age 18 with no upper limit, undergo paid training in skills like engineering, deck operations, and logistics, serving as the UK's largest employer of non-commissioned merchant seafarers. Commanded by Royal Navy officers embarked for operational control, RFA ships maintain military discipline while adhering to civilian labor terms, enabling flexibility in tasks ranging from high-intensity conflict sustainment to counter-piracy patrols and disaster response, such as fuel supply during evacuations or humanitarian aid delivery. The current RFA fleet comprises about 11 active vessels as of 2025, focused on multi-role capabilities including four Tide-class tankers (Tidespring, Tiderace, Tidesurge, Tideforce) for at-sea replenishment of fuel and limited solids, Bay-class landing ship docks (Cardigan Bay, Lyme Bay, Mounts Bay) for amphibious transport of vehicles and troops, and specialized units like RFA Argus for aviation training and medical support, RFA Proteus as an unmanned systems mothership, and older stores ships such as RFA Fort Victoria. These assets sustain extended deployments, with Tide-class vessels capable of transferring 2,000 cubic meters of fuel per hour via hoses to warships underway at speeds up to 12 knots. Recent adaptations include repurposing commercial platforms like the former PSV Assumption into autonomous operation testbeds, reflecting the RFA's evolving role in integrating emerging technologies amid persistent manpower challenges.

Medical and scientific applications

Radiofrequency ablation

(RFA) is a minimally invasive that employs high-frequency alternating electrical current to generate frictional heat, typically between 60°C and 100°C, inducing in targeted tissues such as pain-transmitting nerves or neoplastic cells. This thermal destruction disrupts pathological signaling or cellular viability without requiring open , often performed under guidance like or to ensure precision. Variants include pulsed RFA, which applies intermittent energy to minimize neural damage while modulating pain pathways, and cooled RFA, which circulates fluid around the to enlarge size for broader coverage in areas like sacroiliac joints. The technique traces its origins to early 20th-century electrocautery experiments, with the first percutaneous electrode application reported by Martin Kirschner in 1931 for treating via lesioning. Commercial RFA devices emerged in the 1950s, pioneered by Sidney Aronow and Bernard Cosman, enabling controlled lesioning. In , Clyde Norman Shealy advanced its use in 1973 for percutaneous denervation of facet joints to address chronic . Expansion into oncology began in 1990 with Tito Livraghi's application to , leveraging RFA's ability to ablate tumors percutaneously. Cardiac applications, particularly for , developed in the 1980s-1990s following initial direct-current ablations, with radiofrequency methods standardizing safer, targeted isolation by the late 1990s. During the procedure, a needle electrode is advanced to the target site under local anesthesia and sedation, where radiofrequency current flows through the tissue, creating resistive heating that denatures proteins and causes irreversible cell death within seconds to minutes. Grounding pads on the patient's skin complete the circuit, and temperature monitoring prevents overheating beyond therapeutic levels. Sessions last 30-90 minutes as outpatient interventions, with patients monitored for immediate effects like transient dysesthesias. Primary applications include relief, tumor , and cardiac rhythm control. In , RFA targets facet joints, dorsal root ganglia, or peripheral nerves for conditions like or post-herpetic , providing relief durations of 6-24 months in responsive cases, though repeat procedures are often needed as nerves regenerate. For hepatic tumors, particularly small hepatocellular carcinomas under 3 cm, RFA achieves complete response rates comparable to surgical resection in select patients, with meta-analyses showing 5-year overall survival rates of 40-60%, though recurrence risks rise for lesions over 5 cm where resection outperforms. In treatment, catheter-based RFA isolates pulmonary veins, yielding single-procedure success rates of 70-85% for paroxysmal cases at 1-2 years, dropping to 50-70% for persistent forms, with multiple procedures improving outcomes to over 90% in some cohorts. Efficacy varies by indication and patient factors, supported by randomized trials and meta-analyses but limited by heterogeneous study designs and short-term follow-up in some reports. For facet pain, cooled RFA demonstrates superior durability over conventional methods in reducing use and improving function, per controlled studies. Oncologic applications excel for inoperable or small lesions, with combined transarterial chemoembolization enhancing survival in primary versus RFA alone. Cardiac RFA reduces recurrence more effectively than antiarrhythmic drugs alone, though long-term data indicate annual 2% failure rates post-initial success. Complications occur in 1-5% of cases overall, predominantly minor and transient, including injection-site pain, bruising, or resolving within weeks. Site-specific risks encompass , , or motor weakness from unintended neural ablation, with absolute contraindications like active or patient refusal. In cardiac procedures, major events like (1-2%), vascular access injury (1-3%), or affect 3-5% of patients, though operator experience mitigates rates below 2% in high-volume centers. Oncologic RFA risks local recurrence from incomplete ablation margins, necessitating imaging surveillance. Adherence to anticoagulation protocols per guidelines reduces hemorrhagic events.

Regional Forest Agreement

Regional Forest Agreements (RFAs) constitute a series of ten bilateral accords between the Australian federal government and the state governments of , , , and , establishing frameworks for the long-term conservation and of native forests across designated regions. Enacted primarily between and , these 20-year plans cover public native forests totaling around 20 million hectares and seek to balance ecological protection with economic utilization by zoning lands for reservation, sustainable timber harvesting, and other uses, thereby providing regulatory certainty to forest industries and reducing federal oversight under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The RFAs emerged from the 1992 National Forest Policy Statement, a initiative to end protracted "forest wars" by integrating environmental, economic, and social objectives through evidence-based planning. Development involved Comprehensive Regional Assessments (CRAs), which compiled ecological surveys, resource inventories, socioeconomic analyses, and public consultations to determine conservation priorities, with the first agreement signed for East Gippsland on 3 February 1997. This process formalized commitments to ecologically (ESFM), including caps on wood extraction volumes and protections for hotspots, while accrediting state-level approvals to streamline operations without routine intervention. Key outcomes include substantial expansions in formal reserves under the national Comprehensive, Adequate, and Representative (CAR) system, which reserved millions of hectares of previously unallocated forests, old-growth stands, and habitats for threatened species, alongside defined sustainable yield levels for timber production estimated at 1-2 million cubic meters annually across RFA regions. The Regional Forest Agreements Act 2002 codified these arrangements, mandating five-yearly reviews to evaluate ESFM progress against criteria like biodiversity maintenance and industry viability. Recent evaluations, such as those in New South Wales and Victoria, have prompted extensions—Victoria's RFAs until June 2030—while noting achievements in reserve growth but gaps in addressing climate-driven threats like intensified bushfires. Notwithstanding these structures, RFAs have faced scrutiny for potentially underestimating logging's cumulative ecological effects, with peer-reviewed analyses indicating persistent declines in some taxa and heightened vulnerability in harvested areas, despite official assertions of . Environmental advocates argue the agreements, rooted in late-1990s data, inadequately incorporate modern threats like carbon emissions and , leading to calls for stricter federal oversight; however, government reviews maintain that has upheld ESFM principles, supported by showing stable or recovering extents in reserved zones.

Sports and professional terms

Restricted free agent

A (RFA) is a professional whose entry-level or -scale contract has expired, allowing them to negotiate with other teams, but subject to their original team's or compensation rights, depending on the league's agreement. This status applies to players who have met minimum service time requirements—typically three accrued seasons in the or NHL, or completion of a contract in the NBA—without qualifying for unrestricted free agency. To retain RFA rights, the original team must extend a qualifying offer or tender before a league-specified deadline, such as June 30 for NHL RFAs in 2025. The offer is a one-year calculated based on the player's prior : in the NHL, it equals 125% of the previous for those earning under $1.0 million or 105% for higher earners, with one-way deals required for players meeting game thresholds like 180 games over three seasons. In the NBA, the qualifying offer for rookie-scale extensions ensures the team can match external offers, often leading to multi-year deals post-negotiation. If the player rejects the offer without signing elsewhere, they remain an RFA; failure to extend it converts them to an unrestricted (UFA), who can sign with any team without restrictions. RFAs differ from UFAs, who face no matching rights after reaching thresholds like seven NHL seasons or age 27, enabling unrestricted movement. For RFAs, external teams may submit offer sheets, but the original team can match to retain the player or decline and receive draft pick compensation—such as a first-round pick in the NHL for offers over certain amounts, though matches occur far more frequently than losses. In the NFL, tenders range from right of first refusal (no compensation if unmatched) to higher levels yielding second- or third-round picks, with teams withdrawing tenders in 2025 free agency to avoid cap hits on unperformed contracts. This system balances player mobility with team investment in developing talent, though it often results in holdouts or arbitration, as seen in NHL cases where RFAs leverage offers to pressure for long-term security.

Policy and regulatory frameworks

Regulatory Flexibility Act

The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), enacted on September 19, 1980, as Public Law 96-354, requires federal agencies to evaluate the potential economic impacts of proposed and final rules on small entities, defined as small businesses, small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions. The law mandates that agencies assess whether a rule would have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities and, if so, prepare an Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) for proposed rules and a Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (FRFA) for final rules, including descriptions of affected small entities, projected reporting and recordkeeping requirements, and alternatives to minimize burdens. This framework aims to prevent one-size-fits-all regulations from imposing disproportionate compliance costs on smaller operations, which often lack the resources of larger firms to adapt. Key provisions include certification by agency heads that a will not significantly affect small entities, thereby exempting it from full analysis, and public notice in the soliciting comments from small entities during rulemaking. Agencies must also conduct periodic reviews of existing rules under Section 610 every ten years to determine if they continue to impose unnecessary burdens on small entities, potentially leading to amendments or repeals. The U.S. Administration's of oversees compliance, reviewing analyses for adequacy and advocating for small entities, with authority to testify before on regulatory issues. The RFA was significantly amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996, which strengthened of agency compliance, allowing small entities to challenge inadequate analyses in court, and established Advocacy Review Panels for rules with major impacts. These changes addressed earlier criticisms that agencies often certified rules without rigorous analysis, leading to unchecked burdens; for instance, FY data showed that while agencies issued over 3,000 rules, only a fraction triggered full RFA analyses, prompting concerns over under-certification. Implementation has yielded mixed results, with the law credited for prompting alternatives like exemptions or simplified compliance in sectors such as environmental and labor regulations, potentially saving small firms millions in costs. However, reports indicate persistent non-compliance, including flawed impact assessments that overlook dynamic effects like reduced market entry for startups, and agencies advancing rules despite evidence of significant small-entity harm, as seen in critiques of certain Biden-era rulemakings. The Government Accountability Office has recommended improved policies for analysis consistency, noting that vague thresholds for "significant impact" enable circumvention. Overall, while the RFA promotes regulatory tailoring, its effectiveness hinges on agency adherence, which varies by administration and rulemaking priorities.

Request for applications

A Request for Applications (RFA) is a formal solicitation issued by government agencies to invite or proposals addressing targeted program priorities, often in , , or environmental fields. Unlike broader funding announcements, RFAs allocate set-aside funds for well-defined scientific or objectives, specifying details such as anticipated numbers, funding amounts, and application deadlines. This mechanism ensures efficient resource distribution toward agency-specific goals, as seen in U.S. federal programs where RFAs support initiatives like innovative under the Environmental Protection Agency's P3 competition or services via the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. In policy and regulatory contexts, RFAs function as structured tools for competitive grant allocation, promoting and . Agencies such as the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) use RFAs to address discrete needs, like advancing vaccine development, with peer-reviewed evaluations determining . Applications must align precisely with the RFA's stated objectives, eligibility criteria, and submission requirements, often including justifications and progress milestones. Receipt dates are typically singular, distinguishing RFAs from ongoing solicitations like Program Announcements (PAs), and decisions prioritize application strengths against scores. RFAs differ from related instruments like Requests for Proposals (RFPs), which target contracts for or services rather than discretionary grants. For instance, while an RFA might fund academic research on agricultural sustainability through the U.S. Department of 's National Institute of Food and Agriculture, an RFP would solicit vendor bids for implementing systems. This delineation upholds regulatory integrity by matching solicitation types to funding purposes, minimizing conflicts in federal grant administration under laws like the Federal Grant and Cooperative Agreement Act of 1977. RFAs thus embody a targeted regulatory approach to fiscal , emphasizing empirical alignment with policy mandates over open-ended proposals.

Other notable uses

Rumford Falls Airport

Zinck Airport (FAA LID: 90ME), serving the Rumford area including the vicinity of Rumford Falls on the , is a private-use facility located approximately two miles south of Rumford, . Situated at coordinates 44°31'23"N 070°32'44"W and an elevation of 620 feet (189 m), it supports fixed-wing and operations. The features a single turf designated 5/23, measuring 1,600 by 80 feet (488 x 24 m), suitable for . Additionally, it includes a water 11W/29W spanning 5,000 by 600 feet (1,524 x 183 m) for access, reflecting its dual capability as an and base. Activated in February 2009, the facility requires prior permission from the owner for all landings and takeoffs, with no fuel services or instrument procedures available. Ownership is held by Phillip H. Zinck, with contact via 901 , Rumford, ME 04276 (telephone: 207-364-2654). As a small private airstrip in a rural manufacturing town historically tied to and at Rumford Falls, it caters to recreational and local pilots rather than commercial traffic, with nearby larger airports like Augusta State () handling regional needs. No public records indicate scheduled service or significant historical events tied to the site predating its 2009 activation.

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