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RIPE NCC

The RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) is an independent, not-for-profit membership organisation and one of five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) that allocate and register Internet number resources—such as IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs)—while supporting the technical infrastructure and coordination of the Internet in its service region of 76 countries across Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia.^[1] It serves over 20,000 member organisations, primarily Internet service providers, telecommunications companies, and large corporations acting as Local Internet Registries (LIRs) to distribute these resources locally.^[2] The origins of the RIPE NCC trace back to the RIPE community, which formed in 1989 when a group of European IP network operators began holding regular meetings to exchange experiences and coordinate technical aspects of Internet development.^[3] In 1990, the community decided to establish a dedicated coordination centre, leading to the formal creation of the RIPE NCC in April 1992 as the entity responsible for distributing IP address space in the region.^[3] It became a legal entity in 1998, solidifying its role in fostering an open and inclusive Internet governance model through community-driven policies and activities.^[3] Beyond resource allocation, the RIPE NCC maintains the RIPE Database—a public registry of Internet routing information and contact details for networks in its region—and serves as the secretariat for the RIPE community, organising biannual RIPE Meetings, facilitating working groups on topics like routing security and IPv6 deployment, and developing policy documents.^[2] It also operates the K-root server, one of the Internet's 13 authoritative DNS root name servers, contributes to global Internet stability through neutral data analysis and publications, and delivers technical training programs on subjects including BGP, the RIPE Database, and Internet governance.^[2] These efforts underscore its commitment to enabling the reliable operation and evolution of the Internet while upholding values of trustworthiness, openness, and inclusivity.^[1]

Overview

Role as Regional Internet Registry

The RIPE NCC operates as the not-for-profit Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia, where it allocates and registers Internet number resources such as IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) to ensure their unique and efficient use across the region.^[2] This service region spans 76 countries, enabling the organization to support the growth and stability of Internet infrastructure by distributing these resources to network operators and service providers.^[4] As one of five RIRs globally, the RIPE NCC coordinates with other registries through the Number Resource Organization (NRO) to maintain consistent policies and practices in resource management.^[5] In collaboration with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), the RIPE NCC receives initial allocations from the global pools of IP addresses and ASNs, which it then subdivides and assigns to local entities while upholding principles of fairness, conservation, and technical coordination to prevent routing conflicts and support scalable Internet expansion.^[6] This partnership is essential for preserving the hierarchical distribution model that underpins the Internet's addressing system, ensuring resources are available where demand is highest without global fragmentation.^[5] As of October 2025, the RIPE NCC serves approximately 20,000 members, consisting of Local Internet Registries (LIRs) operating more than 20,000 LIR accounts, which primarily operate within its 76-country service region but extend to organizations in over 120 countries worldwide.^[7] These members, largely consisting of Internet service providers, telecommunications companies, and content networks, rely on the RIPE NCC for resource access and registration to facilitate their operations. Headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands, the RIPE NCC functions as a membership-based organization that prioritizes independence from commercial interests, transparency in its operations through public reporting, and community-driven governance to align its activities with the needs of the broader Internet ecosystem.^[2] The RIPE NCC serves as the administrative body, distinct from the RIPE community, which acts as an open technical forum for policy discussions and development.^[8]

Organizational Structure and Membership

The RIPE NCC operates under a governance model centered on its Executive Board, which is elected by members during the biannual General Meetings to oversee operations and provide strategic guidance to senior management.^[9] The Executive Board, consisting of seven members, is responsible for representing the membership and ensuring alignment with community interests.^[9] Additionally, the RIPE community provides oversight through these General Meetings, where members vote on key resolutions, including board elections and policy matters.^[10] As of 2025, the RIPE NCC employs approximately 197 full-time equivalents (FTEs), encompassing staff directly hired by the organization and those contracted through an Employer of Record for flexibility.^[11] This workforce is distributed across functions, including The Registry (43 FTEs); Information Services (70 FTEs); External Engagement & Community (47 FTEs); and Organisational Sustainability (37 FTEs).^[11] Membership in the RIPE NCC is primarily structured around Local Internet Registries (LIRs), which include Internet service providers and other organizations responsible for managing IP networks and making assignments to end users.^[12] End Users, typically non-network providers requiring direct Provider Independent (PI) resources, receive assignments through a sponsoring LIR rather than direct membership, while Legacy Holders—entities with pre-RIR IP assignments—maintain resources under separate service agreements or can opt to join as full members without a sign-up fee.^[13]^[14] To join, organizations must submit an application, undergo due diligence verification, and sign the RIPE NCC Standard Service Agreement (SSA), a contract governed by Dutch law that outlines rights, obligations, and access to services.^[15]^[16] Members benefit from allocations of Internet number resources, such as IPv6 addresses and Autonomous System Numbers, along with access to tools like the LIR Portal for management and services including Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) certification.^[15] They also hold voting rights at General Meetings, enabling participation in governance and policy decisions, and gain entry to training, analysis tools, and community events.^[12]^[15]

History

Founding and Early Development

The RIPE (Réseaux IP Européens) community emerged in 1989 as a cooperative forum for European IP network operators, enabling them to share operational experiences and coordinate technical aspects of Internet development.^[3] The inaugural RIPE Meeting convened in Amsterdam that year, establishing a foundational platform for collaboration among academics, researchers, and early network providers in the region.^[17] Key founders included Daniel Karrenberg and Rob Blokzijl, who played pivotal roles in initiating these discussions amid the nascent growth of IP-based networking in Europe.^[18] As Internet adoption accelerated, the volunteer-based RIPE community recognized the need for dedicated administrative support, leading to the formal establishment of the RIPE NCC on 1 April 1992 in Amsterdam, hosted initially at the NIKHEF institute.^[19] This marked the creation of the world's first Regional Internet Registry (RIR), tasked with handling operational duties such as IP address allocation and registration to alleviate the burden on the informal RIPE forum.^[3] Daniel Karrenberg was appointed as the inaugural manager, overseeing a small team focused on building essential infrastructure.^[19] From August 1992, the RIPE NCC began distributing address space and recording allocations in the RIPE Database, an early whois-accessible system for maintaining public network registration details.^[20] The early years presented significant challenges, including the need to manage Europe's rapidly expanding Internet infrastructure in the early 1990s, which strained limited resources and personnel.^[21] Despite a surging workload from growing network demands, the organization faced staffing shortages with no expansion since its inception.^[21] Initial funding came primarily from RARE (the European academic network association), supplemented by contributions from EARN and EUnet, facilitating the shift from ad hoc coordination to a structured registry model.^[21]

Key Milestones and Expansions

During the 1990s, the RIPE NCC underwent substantial expansion, reaching over 1,000 members by 1999 as Internet infrastructure proliferated across Europe and beyond.^[22] The organization launched the RIPE Database in 1992 to facilitate the registration and management of Internet number resources, marking a foundational step in coordinated resource allocation.^[22] Additionally, the RIPE community, through the RIPE NCC, played a key role in the early development of IPv6 during the mid-1990s, contributing to specifications aimed at addressing the limitations of IPv4 address space.^[23] In the 2000s, the RIPE NCC participated actively in the formation of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in 1998, helping to establish a global framework for Internet governance and resource coordination.^[24] The exhaustion of the IPv4 free pool began in 2011 when the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) allocated its final blocks to the Regional Internet Registries, prompting the RIPE NCC to implement phased allocation policies from its remaining reserves.^[25] Service region boundary adjustments also occurred during this period, including the 2005 establishment of the African Network Information Centre (AFRINIC), which assumed responsibility for several African territories previously served by the RIPE NCC and other RIRs.^[26] The 2010s and 2020s brought further pivotal developments, including the full exhaustion of the RIPE NCC's IPv4 pool in November 2019, which accelerated the establishment of a regulated transfer market for IPv4 addresses to meet ongoing demand.^[27] The organization marked its 25th anniversary in 2017, reflecting on decades of growth and contributions to Internet stability.^[19] In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the RIPE NCC adapted by converting its flagship RIPE 80 meeting to a fully virtual format, ensuring continued community engagement amid global restrictions.^[28] The 2024 annual report noted 19,993 members as of the end of 2024. By October 2025, membership had exceeded 20,000, reaching 20,060.^[29]^[7] In 2025, the RIPE NCC published its Activity Plan and Budget, outlining priorities such as enhanced resource management and community support, including the introduction of a new €50 annual fee per Autonomous System Number (ASN) assignment to sustain operations.^[30] The plan emphasizes three key focus areas for Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) deployment to bolster routing security, reflecting ongoing efforts to mitigate BGP hijacking risks.^[31]

Core Services

Internet Number Resource Allocation

The RIPE NCC serves as the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) responsible for allocating Internet number resources, including IPv4 addresses, IPv6 addresses, and Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs), within its service region covering Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia. These allocations ensure the efficient and fair distribution of globally unique identifiers to Local Internet Registries (LIRs) and end users, guided by policies developed by the RIPE community to promote the Internet's stability and growth. Allocations are made exclusively to RIPE NCC members, who must demonstrate compliance with established criteria to receive resources. For IPv4 addresses, allocations have become sparse following the exhaustion of the RIPE NCC's free pool in November 2019. Current policy limits new allocations to a single /24 block (256 addresses) per LIR, placed on a first-come, first-served waiting list, with no guaranteed processing time. Justification is required through registration in the RIPE Database, including administrative and technical contacts, and confirmation that the addresses will be used for assignments within the service region. Smaller blocks returned to the pool are reserved for specific uses, such as Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), while larger recovered blocks may be reallocated. Inter-RIR transfers of IPv4 resources have been permitted since 2009 under the RIPE Resource Transfer Policies, allowing resources to move between RIR service regions with evaluation by both involved registries.^[32]^[33]^[34] IPv6 allocations follow a needs-based approach to encourage adoption and long-term planning. Initial allocations to LIRs are typically a /32 prefix, provided the LIR submits a plan for sub-allocations or end-site assignments within two years, with larger sizes (/29 to /23) requiring additional justification based on projected users, infrastructure, and utilization over three to five years. Subsequent allocations are granted when at least 80% of the existing space is utilized (using the HD-Ratio of 0.94 as a metric) or when new needs are demonstrated, often doubling the previous allocation size for contiguous efficiency. These criteria aim to minimize fragmentation while supporting scalable deployment.^[35] ASN assignments are designed to support multi-homing, where an organization connects to multiple external networks requiring a unique external routing policy as defined in RFC 1930. Under current policy, a single ASN is assigned per organization upon justification of multi-homing needs, with the routing policy described in RPSL language and registered in the RIPE Database; additional ASNs require further evidence of distinct routing requirements. Legacy ASNs, obtained prior to the establishment of RIRs, are handled through special service agreements with the RIPE NCC, providing maintenance, database registration, and other registry services without altering ownership rights, subject to accurate data provision and compliance with policies. The RIPE NCC may terminate such services for non-compliance, with members given opportunities to regularize their status.^[36]^[37] Procedures for all allocations begin with a RIPE NCC member submitting an application through their LIR account in the LIR Portal, including detailed justification and contact information. RIPE NCC staff evaluate the request against applicable policies, typically processing it within one working day if complete, though complex cases may require additional documentation or sanctions checks. Approved resources are registered directly in the RIPE Database by the RIPE NCC to ensure transparency and accuracy. Inter-RIR transfers for IPv6 and ASNs follow similar evaluation processes, with both registries confirming compliance since their introduction in 2009.^[34]^[33] Policies governing these allocations are developed through the RIPE Policy Development Process (PDP), an open, bottom-up, consensus-based mechanism involving the community via working groups, mailing lists, and RIPE Meetings. Proposals are submitted using a standard template, discussed for at least four weeks, reviewed for consensus by working group chairs, and finalized after a last-call period, with the RIPE NCC providing administrative support and impact analyses. Recent examples include proposal 2024-01, which seeks to revise IPv6 Provider Independent (PI) assignment policies by clarifying requirements, setting minimum /48 and maximum /36 sizes at nibble boundaries, and prohibiting sub-assignments to reduce operational burdens and fragmentation; it remains in the discussion phase as of October 2025. Similarly, proposal 2025-01 proposes relaxing ASN criteria to allow a single ASN without justification for LIRs and end users, reflecting the non-scarce nature of 32-bit ASNs, while requiring justification for additional ones; it is also in discussion as of October 2025. PI assignments, intended for end users needing portable addresses independent of providers, are requested via a sponsoring LIR and limited in size to prevent routing table bloat.^[38]^[39]^[40] In 2024, the RIPE NCC issued 1,116 IPv6 allocations compared to 773 IPv4 allocations, alongside 2,205 ASN assignments, highlighting the shift toward IPv6 amid IPv4 scarcity. These figures underscore the RIPE NCC's role in managing resource distribution, with all allocations registered in the RIPE Database for global visibility.^[29]

RIPE Database and Routing Registry

The RIPE Database is a publicly accessible, WHOIS-compatible repository maintained by the RIPE NCC, serving as the primary system for registering and querying details of Internet number resources, including IPv4 and IPv6 address allocations, Autonomous System (AS) numbers, and associated contact information within the RIPE NCC service region.^[41] It structures data into discrete objects, such as inetnum for IP network ranges, aut-num for AS identifiers, and person or role for maintainer and administrative contacts, enabling transparent tracking of resource usage and ownership.^[42] The database employs the Routing Policy Specification Language (RPSL), as defined in RFC 2622, to standardize object syntax and attributes, while supporting queries through web interfaces, command-line WHOIS clients, and programmatic APIs for integration into network management tools.^[43] The RIPE Routing Registry (RR), a specialized subset of the RIPE Database, functions as an Internet Routing Registry (IRR) that stores routing policies, route objects specifying announced IP prefixes, and details on peering sessions to document network operators' BGP intentions.^[44] Using RPSL, operators publish filter rules and policy statements that automate BGP peering configurations, such as prefix validation and route filtering, reducing the risk of unintended announcements or hijacks.^[43] The RR also facilitates Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) by representing Route Origin Authorizations (ROAs) as RPSL-compatible route or route6 objects, allowing cryptographic validation of prefix origins during BGP session setup.^[45] Integration with complementary RIPE NCC tools enhances the database's utility for routing analysis and verification. The Routing Information Service (RIS) collects real-time BGP data from global collectors, cross-referencing it with database registrations to map prefix-to-AS relationships and detect anomalies like route leaks.^[46] Similarly, RIPE Atlas leverages a worldwide probe network to measure connectivity and latency, correlating results with database entries for end-to-end network diagnostics.^[47] In 2024, security-focused updates introduced new inetnum statuses, including AGGREGATED-BY-LIR for grouping assignments and ALLOCATED-ASSIGNED PA for compact registration of small provider-aggregatable blocks, alongside deprecation of legacy authentication methods like MD5-PW to bolster object protection.^[48] Maintenance of the RIPE Database ensures data integrity and interoperability through daily mirroring of operational records from other Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), providing a unified view of global resource distributions.^[49] Since its implementation in phases concluding by early 2014, policy requires an abuse-c: attribute in all organisation objects, linking to a role with an abuse-mailbox: email for streamlined reporting of security incidents across allocated and assigned resources.^[50] Community-driven access policies emphasize maintainer responsibility for updates, with RIPE NCC oversight via tools like hierarchical authorizations (mnt-ref:) and notifications (notify:), promoting reliable, open usage while verifying resource allocations.^[51]

Community Engagement

RIPE Meetings and Events

The RIPE Meetings are biannual five-day events held twice a year, typically in spring and autumn, where Internet service providers, network operators, and other stakeholders gather to discuss technical, operational, and policy-related topics in Internet infrastructure.^[52] For example, RIPE 91 took place in Bucharest, Romania, from 20 to 24 October 2025, drawing participants for sessions on routing, security, and emerging technologies.^[53] These meetings typically attract over 500 attendees, with a median attendance of around 618 over the past decade, including representatives from more than 100 countries.^[54]^[55] Hosted in cities within the RIPE NCC's service region, such as Bucharest or Edinburgh, the events have adopted a hybrid format since 2020 to enable broader participation amid the COVID-19 pandemic.^[56] The structure emphasizes hands-on training through tutorials on topics like IPv6 deployment and BGP operations, alongside presentations, Birds of a Feather (BoF) sessions, and informal networking opportunities that foster collaboration among operators.^[52] Social components, including welcome receptions and dinners, complement the technical agenda, enhancing peer connections and community building.^[57] Beyond the main RIPE Meetings, the RIPE NCC organizes targeted workshops, webinars, and regional events to support technical skill-building and knowledge sharing. Examples include the Southeast Europe (SEE) workshops and Central Asia and Pakistan Internet Forum (CAPIF) gatherings, which address localized Internet challenges through practical sessions on security and resource management.^[58] Additionally, the RIPE NCC supports community initiatives via the Community Projects Fund, which allocated up to EUR 250,000 in 2023 to fund non-commercial projects enhancing Internet resilience and sustainability.^[59]^[60] These events serve as key venues for proposing and refining Internet resource policies, while facilitating networking that strengthens ties across the global operator community; they also connect participants to ongoing RIPE working groups for deeper collaboration.^[55]

Working Groups and Policy Development

The RIPE community operates through a network of active working groups that facilitate collaborative discussions on technical standards and operational challenges related to Internet number resources and infrastructure. There are currently 10 such groups, including the Address Policy Working Group, which develops policies for Internet address and routing identifier management; the IPv6 Working Group, focused on promoting IPv6 adoption through education and deployment experiences; the Routing Working Group, addressing IP routing technologies; and the Security Working Group, which tackles online security from both technical and non-technical angles. Each group is moderated by 2-3 community-elected chairs who assess consensus and organize activities.^[61] These working groups function primarily through open mailing lists, where members—open to anyone without requiring RIPE NCC membership—exchange ideas and propose solutions, with archives publicly available for transparency. Discussions often extend to sessions held during RIPE Meetings, serving as key venues for in-depth review and refinement of topics. This structure ensures a bottom-up approach to addressing issues like resource management and network security.^[61]^[38] Policy development within the RIPE community follows an established, consensus-based process outlined in the RIPE Policy Development Process (PDP), which is open, transparent, and driven by community input rather than top-down directives. Proposals are submitted via working group mailing lists or directly to the RIPE Document Editor, then enter phases of discussion, last call for review, and evaluation of consensus, often tested through simulations or impact analyses prepared by the RIPE NCC. Final ratification occurs at RIPE Meetings following broad community feedback, after which the RIPE NCC implements approved policies.^[38]^[62] The process emphasizes inclusivity, allowing global participation from operators, researchers, and other stakeholders, which has historically extended the community's influence to broader Internet standards, such as contributions to IETF Request for Comments (RFCs) that shaped IP address space management. Early examples include RIPE's role in RFC 1466, which provided guidelines for IP address allocation and helped establish the regional Internet registry model. The RIPE NCC provides neutral administrative support throughout, ensuring policies are documented and enforced without altering their substance.^[38] In recent years, working group activities have increasingly centered on enhancing routing security and data-driven insights, with a particular 2025 emphasis on accelerating Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) adoption to mitigate BGP hijacks. This includes the ratification of Proposal 2025-02, which enables the revocation of persistently non-functional delegated RPKI Certificate Authorities to improve system reliability. Additionally, the MAT Working Group has fostered collaborations on measurement tools and analysis, such as integrating RPKI validation data with broader Internet metrics to support evidence-based policy refinements.^[7]^[63]

Service Region

Current Geographic Coverage

The RIPE NCC's service region encompasses 76 countries, primarily spanning Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia, as defined by the United Nations geoscheme with specific adjustments to align with its operational boundaries.^[2]^[4] This includes all European Union member states, the United Kingdom, Russia, Israel, the United Arab Emirates, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, among others, enabling the allocation of Internet number resources such as IP addresses and Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) to support regional Internet infrastructure.^[4]^[64] The exact boundaries are determined by the assignment of ISO 3166-1 country codes to the RIPE NCC by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).^[64] Eligibility for RIPE NCC membership is open to any legal entity or natural person that provides Internet services within this service region, without a strict residency requirement for the organization itself, which facilitates participation from global entities operating locally.^[2]^[15] To function as a Local Internet Registry (LIR) and receive resource allocations, members must demonstrate intent to assign or sub-allocate these resources to end users or networks in the service region, ensuring resources are utilized effectively within the defined area.^[65] This structure promotes broad involvement while maintaining focus on regional needs. In managing resources across this diverse region, the RIPE NCC applies tailored policies that account for varying economic and infrastructural conditions, such as higher IPv6 adoption rates in Western Europe—where countries like France and Germany exceed 70% IPv6 traffic—compared to slower progress in Central Asia, where adoption remains below 20% in nations like Uzbekistan as of late 2024.^[66]^[65] These differences influence allocation strategies, with Western European economies benefiting from advanced deployment and Central Asian areas receiving targeted support for capacity building. As of 2025, the RIPE NCC continues to monitor Internet growth across its region, with particular emphasis on supporting new members in expanding areas like the Middle East, including through a dedicated legal entity established in Dubai in 2024 and collaborations such as a memorandum of understanding with the United Nations Development Programme to enhance digital infrastructure.^[67]^[68]

Historical and Former Regions

In the 1990s, the RIPE NCC expanded its service region beyond Europe to include the Middle East and parts of Central Asia, responding to the rapid growth of Internet infrastructure and the need for coordinated number resource allocation in these emerging areas.^[3] This expansion allowed the RIPE NCC to support a broader geographic scope, aligning with the increasing participation of network operators from these regions in Internet governance activities.^[69] The RIPE NCC also served parts of Africa during this period, providing IP address allocations and registration services to local providers in those areas.^[69] These additions reflected the global spread of the Internet and the RIPE NCC's role in facilitating resource management where no dedicated regional registry yet existed.^[69] Boundary adjustments in 2005 marked significant changes to the RIPE NCC's service area, primarily through the establishment of AFRINIC as Africa's dedicated Regional Internet Registry, leading to the transfer of responsibility for African countries—such as Nigeria and Algeria—from the RIPE NCC to AFRINIC in line with IANA guidelines.^[3]^[70] This handover ensured alignment with local needs, with existing resource holdings, Whois database entries, and Local Internet Registry (LIR) memberships transitioned to AFRINIC to maintain continuity for affected members.^[70] The rationale for these adjustments was to enhance efficiency, reduce administrative burdens on members through regionally tailored support, and adhere to international standards for avoiding jurisdictional overlaps in Internet number management.^[69] Impacts on members included seamless resource transfers without loss of allocations, though they required updating contracts and directing future requests to the new RIR.^[70] As of 2025, legacy effects persist through inter-RIR transfer policies, allowing former RIPE NCC members in these regions to exchange IPv4 addresses and ASNs with the RIPE NCC via mechanisms coordinated among the five RIRs.^[71]

Financial Model

Membership Fees and Charging Scheme

The RIPE NCC has maintained a flat fee structure for membership since 2012, charging a uniform annual service fee to all Local Internet Registries (LIRs) regardless of the size or quantity of resources held.^[72]^[30] For 2025, this fee is set at €1,800 per LIR account, representing a 16.13% increase from €1,550 in 2024 to account for inflation and economic pressures.^[30] New LIR members also pay a one-time sign-up fee of €1,000, applied pro rata for mid-year joins, while existing members are billed for the full year based on account status as of 31 December 2024.^[14] End Users and Legacy Internet Resource Holders follow separate but aligned structures. End Users, who do not maintain LIR accounts, incur no annual membership fee but pay for sponsored independent assignments, such as Provider Independent (PI) IPv4/IPv6 addresses at €75 each in 2025 (up from €50).^[30]^[14] Legacy Holders with direct agreements pay the same €1,800 annual fee per account as LIRs, without a sign-up fee unless requesting additional resources, at which point the €1,000 fee applies.^[30] A new annual fee of €50 per Autonomous System Number (ASN) was introduced in 2025, covering infrastructure, sponsored, and legacy ASNs as part of the service fee.^[30] The 2025 charging scheme, published on 5 September 2024, emphasizes adjustments for inflation while ensuring fees remain independent of resource holdings, promoting equitable access to services.^[30] These revenues fund core operations, including training programs and community initiatives, without tying costs to allocation volumes.^[30] Billing occurs via emailed PDF invoices in the first quarter of each year, with payment due within 30 days through options like bank transfer or credit card; overdue accounts receive reminders and may face service restrictions after 60 days.^[14] Any excess contributions from the prior year, such as 2024's redistribution, are allocated pro rata across accounts to maintain financial balance.^[14] The RIPE NCC's 2024 financial report highlights the stability of this model, with membership fees generating €34.1 million in income—comprising the bulk of the organization's €35.7 million total revenue—supporting operations and adding a €0.385 million surplus to reserves despite a minor operational deficit of €0.518 million from fewer new accounts.^[73] This approach ensures ongoing sustainability without deficits impacting service delivery.^[73]

IPv4 Transfer Market and Policies

The RIPE NCC introduced its IPv4 transfer policy in 2011 to address address space scarcity following the exhaustion of its free pool in 2012.^[74] This policy permits intra-regional transfers of complete or partial IPv4 blocks between legitimate resource holders and RIPE NCC members, without requiring needs-based justification from the recipient.^[34] Inter-regional transfers, enabled since 2016, allow movement of IPv4 resources to or from other Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) under compatible policies, where recipients from needs-based RIRs must demonstrate a plan to utilize at least 50% of the space within five years.^[34] All transfers must be documented in the RIPE Database, and IPv4 addresses are subject to a 24-month hold period after receipt to discourage rapid resale.^[34] The transfer system operates without direct fees from the RIPE NCC, relying solely on standard membership charges, which makes it accessible for participants.^[75] In 2024, the RIPE NCC facilitated over 6,200 intra-regional IPv4 transfers, involving millions of addresses and reflecting sustained market activity post-exhaustion.^[76] These transactions are typically brokered through third-party marketplaces, where average prices ranged from €30 to €40 per address, influenced by block size and demand.^[77] The policy supports both permanent and temporary (lease) arrangements, promoting efficient resource circulation while maintaining registry oversight. Regulations emphasize compliance with anti-speculation measures, including the 24-month hold to prevent "flipping" for profit and prohibitions on transfers solely for resale without operational use.^[78] Transfers require thorough documentation of the agreement between parties, and the RIPE NCC reviews for adherence to community-developed guidelines, excluding speculative entities from abusing the market.^[34] In 2025, inter-RIR coordination through the Number Resource Organization (NRO) continued via updated comparative policy overviews, ensuring reciprocal needs-based evaluations and compatibility among RIRs to facilitate global transfers without fragmentation.^[79] This framework has significantly enabled IPv4 address reuse, allowing organizations to reallocate underutilized space amid ongoing scarcity and slow IPv6 adoption.^[80] In 2024, transfers accounted for a notable portion of resource movement, with reports indicating approximately 1% (17 million addresses) of RIPE NCC-held IPv4 addresses changing hands annually, underscoring the policy's role in sustaining network growth.^[76]

Other Regional Internet Registries

The other Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) complement the RIPE NCC by managing Internet number resources in distinct geographic areas: the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), established in 1993; the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), founded in 1997; the Latin American and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC), created in 2002; and the African Network Information Centre (AFRINIC), formed in 2005. All five RIRs, including the RIPE NCC, operate as not-for-profit membership-based organizations delegated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to allocate and register IPv4 and IPv6 address space as well as Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) within their service regions.^[5]^[81]^[82] These RIRs exhibit structural similarities, including bottom-up policy development processes driven by their communities and a focus on equitable resource distribution. They collaborate via the Number Resource Organization (NRO), formed in 2003 as a coordinating body to align on global initiatives such as promoting IPv6 deployment to mitigate IPv4 exhaustion and enabling inter-RIR transfers of IPv4 addresses under standardized guidelines. The RIPE NCC stands out as the oldest RIR, serving over 20,000 organizations (as of September 2025) compared to APNIC's approximately 10,000 members (as of 2024), ARIN's around 26,500 (as of 2025), LACNIC's over 13,000 (as of late 2025), and AFRINIC's about 2,500 (as of 2025).^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86]^[87]^[88] Differences arise primarily from the diverse scales and contexts of their service regions; the RIPE NCC's region spans 76 countries across Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia, fostering a dense network of infrastructure, whereas AFRINIC covers 54 African countries but contends with under-resourcing, including governance disputes and limited financial stability that have constrained its operations; a new board was elected in September 2025 as a step toward addressing these challenges.^[4]^[89]^[90]^[91]^[79] As of mid-2025, ASN assignment policies also vary to reflect regional needs: ARIN permits any organization to receive one ASN without justification while requiring proof of unique routing policies for additional ones; APNIC mandates interconnection with other ASNs for portable assignments; LACNIC and AFRINIC allow up to six months to demonstrate interconnection plans or technical needs; and the RIPE NCC insists on multihoming with a distinct external routing policy. These variations ensure tailored approaches to resource management amid differing levels of Internet maturity and demand.^[79] The RIRs' primary collaboration occurs through the NRO, which enables them to issue joint statements and coordinate advocacy, such as unified strategies addressing IPv4 exhaustion by encouraging conservation, transfers, and IPv6 migration to sustain global Internet growth. This framework also supports interactions with global governance bodies like ICANN for consistent oversight of number resources.^[83]

Global Internet Governance Bodies

The RIPE NCC maintains a close operational relationship with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and its functions under the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Since ICANN's establishment in 1998, IANA has been responsible for allocating large blocks of Internet number resources, such as IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and Autonomous System Numbers, to the RIPE NCC for subsequent distribution within its service region.^[6] The RIPE NCC participates in global policy development through ICANN's Address Supporting Organization (ASO), where it contributes via the Number Resource Organization Number Council (NRO NC), which serves as the ASO Address Council to provide input on IP address policies and nominate ICANN Board members.^[92]^[24] As a founding member of the Number Resource Organization (NRO) established in 2003 through a Memorandum of Understanding among the initial four Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)—APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC, and RIPE NCC—the organization plays a pivotal role in coordinating unified RIR positions on global Internet governance matters.^[93] The NRO facilitates collaboration on issues such as WHOIS data privacy adaptations following the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) implementation in 2018, ensuring compliance while maintaining resource transparency across RIRs.^[94] It also advances standards for Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI), promoting consistent deployment to enhance routing security worldwide through shared best practices and program alignment among RIRs.^[95]^[96] The RIPE NCC engages actively with international bodies to support the multistakeholder model of Internet governance, a principle it has advocated since the NRO's inception to ensure inclusive, bottom-up policy development involving technical communities, governments, and civil society.^[97] It contributes to the United Nations Internet Governance Forum (IGF) by organizing workshops, participating in panels, and providing expertise on topics like Internet stability and capacity building, including at the 2025 IGF in Norway.^[98]^[99] In collaboration with European Union institutions, the RIPE NCC responds to cybersecurity initiatives, such as the EU Cybersecurity Strategy and the Cyber Resilience Act, offering technical input to ENISA and Europol on enhancing digital infrastructure security.^[100]^[101] For 2025, the RIPE NCC emphasizes building organizational resilience in response to new regulations like the Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA), focusing on compliance, risk management, and sustainable Internet stewardship.^[102]^[103] Through these efforts, the RIPE NCC briefly references peer RIR collaborations under the NRO framework to align on broader global advocacy.^[83]

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