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SSA

The Self-Sampling Assumption (SSA) is a principle in anthropic reasoning, articulated by philosopher Nick Bostrom, according to which an observer should reason as if they themselves are a randomly selected sample from the set of all actually existent observers who belong to their reference class—a group defined by similarity in the properties relevant to the inference being made.^[1] The reference class typically excludes observers under counterfactual hypotheses and focuses on those realized in reality, emphasizing causal structure over mere possibility.^[2] SSA forms a cornerstone of observation selection theory, providing a framework for updating beliefs in scenarios where the existence of observers like oneself carries evidential weight, such as estimating the total number of humans who will ever live or assessing risks of existential catastrophe.^[3] Under SSA, for instance, an individual born into the current era of human history—roughly the middle third by birth order—should assign substantial probability to humanity being closer to its total population size than to its beginning, bolstering probabilistic versions of the doomsday argument that predict relatively soon the end of large-scale human reproduction due to extinction or similar limits.^[3] The assumption contrasts sharply with the Self-Indication Assumption (SIA), which treats the observer as randomly drawn from all possible observers across hypotheses, thereby favoring theories predicting vastly more observers and rejecting doomsday-like conclusions.^[3] Bostrom critiques SIA for vulnerability to scenarios like the "presumptuous philosopher," where it overweights fringe hypotheses positing enormous observer populations (e.g., advanced civilizations), potentially undermining empirical restraint in favor of speculative abundance.^[3] In puzzles like the Sleeping Beauty experiment—involving repeated awakenings conditional on a coin flip—SSA aligns with "halfer" credences (probability of heads at 1/2 upon awakening, conditional on no new centering information), though variants invoking observer-moments (as in the Strong SSA) can yield different results.^[4] Despite its grounding in first-observer perspectives and avoidance of indexing over unrealized possibilities, SSA remains contentious in philosophical circles, with proponents of SIA arguing it better accommodates the evidential import of one's own existence and resolves certain SSA-induced paradoxes, such as apparent biases in observer selection.^[3] Bostrom defends SSA as implicitly presupposed in empirical sciences like cosmology and paleontology, where typicality assumptions mirror its logic without inflating credences for unobserved mega-populations.^[5] Ongoing debates highlight tensions between causal realism—favoring SSA's restriction to actuals—and indicational approaches, influencing fields from decision theory to assessments of simulation hypotheses.^[2]

Geography

Regions

Sub-Saharan Africa is geographically partitioned into four principal subregions under the United Nations geoscheme: Western Africa, Middle Africa, Eastern Africa, and Southern Africa. This classification facilitates statistical analysis and regional policy formulation by grouping countries based on proximity, shared ecological features, and historical ties, excluding North Africa north of the Sahara Desert.^[6] The subregions encompass diverse physiographic elements, including plateaus, rift valleys, rainforests, savannas, and semi-arid zones, shaped by tectonic activity, tropical climates, and river systems like the Congo and Nile basins.^[7] Western Africa includes 16 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Geographically, the region spans Atlantic coastlines with mangrove swamps and lagoons, inland savanna grasslands transitioning to the Sahel's semi-arid expanses in the north, where annual rainfall drops below 600 mm, and elevated plateaus exceeding 1,000 meters in areas like the Fouta Djallon highlands. Nigeria, the most populous nation with over 223 million residents as of 2023, dominates economically through oil-rich Niger Delta wetlands.^[8]^[9] Middle Africa, also termed Central Africa, comprises nine countries: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé and Príncipe. This subregion is characterized by the vast Congo Basin rainforest, covering approximately 1.5 million square kilometers and representing the world's second-largest tropical forest, interspersed with equatorial rivers and low-lying sedimentary basins prone to flooding. Highland features include the Adamawa Plateau in Cameroon, rising to over 3,000 meters, while northern Chad features the arid Bodélé Depression, a former lake bed contributing to global dust cycles. The Democratic Republic of the Congo accounts for over half the subregion's land area of about 7.6 million square kilometers. Eastern Africa encompasses 20 countries and territories, including Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (excluding non-sovereign entities like Réunion). The region is defined by the East African Rift System, a tectonic feature forming the Great Rift Valley with alkaline lakes such as Tanganyika (the world's second-deepest at 1,470 meters) and volcanic highlands like Ethiopia's Simien Mountains, peaking at 4,550 meters. Coastal lowlands give way to Ethiopian Plateau savannas and Madagascar's unique biodiversity hotspots, with annual rainfall varying from 200 mm in Somali arid zones to over 2,000 mm in highland areas.^[10] Southern Africa consists of five countries: Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia, and South Africa. Dominated by the Kalahari Basin's semi-arid sands and the Drakensberg Mountains reaching 3,482 meters in South Africa, the subregion features karst landscapes in Lesotho and coastal deserts like Namibia's Namib, one of the oldest at over 55 million years. The Highveld plateau, averaging 1,500 meters elevation, supports temperate grasslands, while South Africa, spanning 1.22 million square kilometers, includes the Cape Fold Belt's fynbos biome. This area contrasts with other subregions through cooler subtropical climates and lower tropical forest coverage.

Transportation and Codes

Sub-Saharan Africa's transportation infrastructure is characterized by heavy reliance on roads, which handle about 75% of freight and passenger movement, but suffers from low density, extensive unpaved surfaces, and poor maintenance, leading to high operational costs that can constitute up to half of intra-regional trade expenses.^[11]^[12] Rail networks, covering limited routes primarily for mineral exports in countries like South Africa and Angola, face challenges including aging tracks, underinvestment, and economic constraints, though freight volumes are projected to grow from USD 4.77 billion in 2025 to USD 6.19 billion by 2030.^[13]^[14]^[15] Air transport supports international connectivity via hubs like Johannesburg's O.R. Tambo International Airport and Addis Ababa's Bole International Airport, but remains constrained by high fuel costs, sparse domestic routes, and vulnerability to weather disruptions.^[16] Maritime transport, vital for over 90% of external trade, depends on coastal ports such as Durban in South Africa (handling 2.5 million TEUs annually) and Mombasa in Kenya, yet grapples with congestion, shallow drafts, and inefficient customs processes that inflate logistics expenses.^[17]^[13] Overall infrastructure investment needs are estimated at 7.1% of regional GDP yearly to address bottlenecks, with the construction market valued at USD 91.1 billion in 2023 and projected to expand amid efforts to integrate multimodal systems combining road, rail, air, and sea for better supply chain efficiency.^[18]^[19]^[20] Challenges persist due to geographical barriers, climate variability, regulatory fragmentation across 48 countries, and security risks in conflict zones, exacerbating delays and commodity losses.^[21]^[22] Administrative and identification codes in Sub-Saharan Africa align with international standards, including ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 designations (e.g., NG for Nigeria, KE for Kenya, ZA for South Africa) used for statistical, trade, and digital identification purposes across the region's 48 sovereign states.^[23]^[24] International telephone dialing codes, managed under ITU standards, vary by country, such as +234 for Nigeria, +254 for Kenya, and +27 for South Africa, facilitating telecommunications amid diverse national networks.^[23] Vehicle registration codes follow Vienna Convention norms, featuring oval country identifiers like "CD" for the Democratic Republic of the Congo or "ET" for Ethiopia on license plates, with designs and formats differing by nation to denote registration authorities and vehicle types.^[25]^[23] Postal codes, where implemented (e.g., South Africa's four-digit system or Nigeria's six-digit zones), aid logistics but remain inconsistent across landlocked and island nations, reflecting fragmented standardization efforts.^[23]

Organizations

Education

The Secular Student Alliance (SSA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting secular, atheist, humanist, and non-theist students in high schools and colleges across the United States.^[26] It operates a nationwide network of over 100 student-run chapters, providing resources such as leadership training, event planning guides, and scholarships to foster communities that promote critical thinking, science-based education, and separation of church and state on campuses.^[27] The SSA hosts an annual national conference, drawing hundreds of participants for workshops on activism, ethics without religion, and countering religious privilege in educational settings.^[28] SSA Education Abroad, established in 1969, specializes in semester, year-long, and summer study abroad programs for North American university students, emphasizing immersion in Spanish-speaking countries including Spain, Argentina, Cuba, Chile, and Mexico.^[29] The organization partners with local universities to offer academically rigorous courses in language, culture, literature, and related fields, alongside homestays, excursions, and community engagement to enhance cross-cultural understanding.^[30] With over 50 years of operation, it has facilitated programs for thousands of students, focusing on direct enrollment or center-based instruction tailored to credit transfer requirements.^[31]

Government

In liberal democracies, government policies on same-sex attraction (SSA) are typically subsumed under protections for sexual orientation, with agencies enforcing non-discrimination in employment, housing, and public services. In the United States, the Supreme Court's 2020 decision in Bostock v. Clayton County interpreted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to prohibit employment discrimination against individuals due to homosexuality or transgender status, leading agencies like the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to handle related complaints. This framework does not distinguish SSA from identity or behavior, often assuming immutability despite debates over therapeutic change. Multiple states have further restricted professional counseling for unwanted SSA; for example, California's 2012 law (SB 1172) bans licensed therapists from performing sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) on minors, a policy replicated in over 20 states by 2023, justified by major mental health associations' claims of harm, though critics argue these rest on selective evidence amid institutional biases favoring affirmation. Federal research agencies have occasionally addressed SSA nuances. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 2013 issued a notice requesting input on including individuals who experience same-sex attraction or behaviors but do not identify as LGBT in studies on sexual and gender minorities, aiming to broaden data collection beyond self-identified groups.^[32] However, NIH-funded research predominantly aligns with consensus views from bodies like the American Psychological Association, which deem SSA efforts ineffective and harmful, positions formed post-2009 task force reports criticized for methodological limitations and ideological influences in academia. In contrast, approximately 60 United Nations member states maintain laws criminalizing consensual same-sex sexual acts as of 2024, with government justice ministries and law enforcement agencies tasked with prosecution, often resulting in imprisonment or worse for behaviors linked to SSA.^[33] These policies, prevalent in parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, treat SSA manifestations as moral or legal violations rather than innate traits deserving protection, reflecting cultural and religious priors over empirical fluidity in attraction documented in longitudinal studies. No dedicated government organizations exist globally to support management of unwanted SSA outside affirmative paradigms, leaving such needs to private or non-profit entities amid regulatory pressures.

Non-Profit and Private

The Society of St. Andrew (SoSA), a Christian hunger-relief nonprofit organization, was founded in 1979 in Big Island, Virginia, to glean surplus produce from farms and distribute it to food-insecure individuals through partnerships with feeding programs.^[34] By 2023, it had rescued over 75 million pounds of fresh produce annually across multiple U.S. states, coordinating volunteers, farmers, and agencies to combat food waste and poverty-related hunger while operating under a 4/4-star rating from Charity Navigator for financial efficiency and accountability.^[35] ^[36] The Soaring Society of America (SSA), established in 1932, is a nonprofit dedicated to advancing the sport of soaring, or unpowered gliding, through education, safety standards, competitions, and advocacy for airspace access. Headquartered in Hobbs, New Mexico, it maintains over 8,000 members and publishes technical resources, including the Soaring Magazine, while its affiliated SSA Foundation supports scholarships and youth programs in aviation.^[37] SSA Marine, a privately held marine terminal operator founded in 1949 and based in Seattle, Washington, specializes in container handling, stevedoring, and logistics across 150 global locations, primarily on the U.S. West Coast, with operations extending to Asia and Latin America.^[38] As a subsidiary of Carrix, Inc., it employs approximately 5,000 to 10,000 workers and manages cargo volumes exceeding 10 million TEUs annually, emphasizing efficiency in bulk, breakbulk, and refrigerated goods.^[39] ^[40] SSA Group, LLC, a private hospitality and revenue management firm founded around 1975 and headquartered in Denver, Colorado, delivers integrated food services, retail, and ticketing to over 79 cultural attractions, including zoos, museums, and aquariums, serving more than 52 million annual visitors.^[41] The company focuses on customized concessions and data-driven operations to enhance guest experiences and institutional revenues in the nonprofit cultural sector.^[42]

Computing

Programming Languages and Algorithms

Static Single Assignment (SSA) form represents programs in an intermediate language where each variable receives exactly one static assignment, enabling precise data flow tracking and facilitating compiler optimizations.^[43] This structure applies primarily to compilers for imperative programming languages such as C, C++, and Fortran, where mutable variables complicate analysis; in contrast, purely functional languages inherently exhibit single-assignment properties due to immutable bindings, though SSA explicitly enforces this for optimization purposes.^[44] SSA emerged as a response to limitations in traditional three-address code, which permits multiple assignments per variable, hindering efficient propagation of constants and detection of reaching definitions.^[45] To accommodate control flow convergence, SSA introduces phi functions (φ-nodes) at basic block join points, which select values from predecessor blocks based on execution paths; for instance, in a program with conditional branches merging at a loop header, φ(x1, x2) merges versions x1 and x2 into a new version x3.^[46] Variable versioning—appending indices like x1, x2—ensures uniqueness, transforming cyclic dependencies into explicit graphs amenable to sparse analysis.^[47] This form simplifies algorithms for optimizations including constant propagation (where undeflows resolve to constants), dead code elimination via liveness analysis, and partial redundancy elimination by exposing use-definition chains.^[45] Construction of SSA form relies on algorithms that first compute dominator trees—where a node dominates another if all paths to the latter pass through the former—and then insert phi functions at dominance frontiers, the points where dominator boundaries meet multiple predecessors.^[45] The seminal algorithm by Cytron, Ferrante, Rosen, Wegman, and Zadeck, presented in 1991, iterates over definitions in a post-dominance order, propagating phi placements via a worklist to minimize insertions while handling irreducible control flow through pruned SSA variants.^[45] Alternative approaches include backward slicing with local value numbering for simpler graphs or continuation-passing style conversions that naturally yield SSA-like structures, though the dominance-frontier method remains dominant for its efficiency on reducible flows, achieving O(n) time in practice for programs with n nodes.^[48] Deconstructing SSA back to mutable code involves copy propagation or interference-based coalescing during register allocation.^[47] In contemporary compilers, SSA serves as the core intermediate representation in frameworks like LLVM (since its 2000 inception, with SSA formalized in its typed IR by 2010) and the GNU Compiler Collection's Graphite loop optimizer, enabling sparse data-flow solvers that scale to large codebases by avoiding dense bit-vector propagation.^[46] These implementations demonstrate SSA's empirical superiority, with studies showing 10-20% speedup in optimization phases for benchmarks like SPEC due to reduced analysis complexity.^[45] Extensions address challenges like memory SSA for aliasing or minimal SSA to reduce phi overhead, preserving the form's utility across hardware targets from embedded systems to supercomputers.^[47]

Science

Medicine

Same-sex attraction (SSA) exhibits partial biological underpinnings, with peer-reviewed studies indicating contributions from genetic, prenatal hormonal, and neurodevelopmental factors, though no single determinant explains its etiology. Twin studies demonstrate heritability estimates ranging from 30-50% for male SSA, with monozygotic concordance rates around 20-52% compared to lower dizygotic rates, suggesting genetic influence moderated by non-shared environmental factors.^[49]^[50] Prenatal mechanisms, such as the fraternal birth order effect—where each older brother increases the odds of male SSA by approximately 33% due to maternal immune responses—provide evidence for immunological influences during gestation.^[51] Epigenetic modifications and brain structure differences, like hypothalamic variations, have been observed but lack causal confirmation and are critiqued for small sample sizes and failure to account for neuroplasticity.^[52] These findings counter deterministic genetic models, as genome-wide association studies identify multiple loci with minimal predictive power, emphasizing multifactorial origins over innate immutability.^[53] Medically, SSA correlates with elevated physical health risks, primarily from associated sexual behaviors rather than attraction per se. Men who have sex with men (MSM) accounted for 67% of new HIV diagnoses in the United States in 2022, with incidence rates 44 times higher than among heterosexual men.^[54] In 2023, primary and secondary syphilis cases among MSM declined 13% from prior peaks but remained disproportionately high, comprising 32.7% of all such cases among men with known partners, with 37.2% of affected MSM co-infected with HIV.^[55] Gonorrhea and chlamydia rates are similarly elevated, driven by higher partner numbers and practices like receptive anal intercourse, which increase transmission efficiency and mucosal injury risk.^[56] Anal human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence exceeds 90% in MSM, elevating squamous cell carcinoma risk by 17-30 times compared to heterosexual men, necessitating routine screening and vaccination.^[57] Psychosomatic and behavioral comorbidities further manifest, with longitudinal data establishing bidirectional causality between SSA and psychological distress, including major depression, anxiety, and suicidality at rates 2-4 times higher than in heterosexual peers.^[58]^[59] Substance use disorders and conduct issues show similar disparities, attributable in part to inherent distress from incongruent attractions rather than solely societal stigma, as evidenced by pretrial adoption studies and animal models of cross-sex behavior.^[57] Academic sources attributing these solely to "minority stress" often overlook confounding factors like childhood adversity prevalence (2-3 times higher in SSA individuals) and exhibit systemic biases favoring environmental determinism.^[60] For unwanted SSA, therapeutic interventions focusing on behavior management or acceptance do not demonstrate harm in controlled reviews, contrasting unsubstantiated warnings from professional guilds.^[61] Preventive medicine emphasizes risk-reduction counseling, PrEP for HIV, and early STI detection, given behavioral patterns' outsized role in morbidity.^[62]

Physics and Other Fields

In geometry, SSA refers to the side-side-angle condition for triangle congruence, where two sides and a non-included angle are known, often leading to the ambiguous case with zero, one, or two possible triangles due to the law of sines.^[63] This configuration is fundamental in trigonometry applications within physics, such as resolving forces or analyzing projectile trajectories involving oblique triangles.^[64] In physical chemistry and reaction kinetics, the steady-state approximation (SSA) assumes that the concentration of reactive intermediates remains constant over time, simplifying rate laws for complex mechanisms by setting the time derivative of intermediate concentrations to zero.^[65] This method, applicable after the pre-equilibrium phase, is widely used to derive analytical expressions for overall reaction rates in multi-step processes like enzyme kinetics or atmospheric reactions.^[66] Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) is a nonparametric technique for decomposing time series into trends, oscillations, and noise via singular value decomposition, with applications in physics for extracting periodic signals from noisy data, such as solar cycle predictions or geophysical signals.^[67] In solar physics, SSA identifies components with matching periods between ephemeris data and sunspot numbers, aiding long-term forecasting.^[68] It has also been employed in mantle discontinuity mapping and climate variability analysis.^[69] In atmospheric physics and radiative transfer, single-scattering albedo (SSA) quantifies the fraction of incident light scattered versus absorbed by aerosols or particles, defined as the ratio of scattering efficiency to total extinction efficiency.^[70] Global estimates indicate mean SSA values of 0.93 over land and 0.97 over oceans, influencing aerosol radiative forcing calculations.^[70] Spectral curvature in SSA helps characterize aerosol types, such as dust-dominated mixtures.^[71] Space situational awareness (SSA) encompasses the tracking, characterization, and prediction of near-Earth space objects, including satellites and debris, to mitigate collision risks and maintain orbital environments.^[72] In space physics, it involves monitoring radiation belts, particle fluxes, and trajectories for satellite protection, with applications in predicting drag and perturbations.^[73] Programs like those from NASA integrate SSA with heliophysics data for enhanced orbital debris assessment.^[74]

Human Sexuality

Psychological and Behavioral Concepts

Same-sex attraction (SSA) denotes a pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual feelings directed toward individuals of the same biological sex, distinct from overt behavior or self-identified orientation. Empirical assessments, such as those using self-report scales like the Kinsey Scale or Klein Sexual Orientation Grid, reveal that SSA exists on a continuum, with many individuals experiencing concurrent opposite-sex attractions, challenging binary categorizations.^[75] Persistence varies; longitudinal studies of adolescents show that early SSA reports often fluctuate, with up to 63% of females and 50% of males shifting categories by early adulthood, indicating potential fluidity influenced by developmental stages.^[76] Psychological theories of SSA etiology integrate biological and experiential factors, rejecting deterministic models. Twin studies consistently demonstrate moderate heritability for same-sex sexual behavior, estimated at 30-40%, with monozygotic twins exhibiting concordance rates of 20-52% compared to 0-22% for dizygotic twins, underscoring genetic predispositions without full determinism, as incomplete MZ concordance implies non-shared environmental influences.^[77] ^[78] Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify polygenic contributions, accounting for 8-25% of variance, yet emphasize multifactorial causation over singular "gay genes."^[77] Psychogenic models highlight correlates like childhood gender nonconformity and same-sex peer rejection, which predict SSA with effect sizes exceeding those of prenatal hormone exposure in meta-analyses.^[79] Behaviorally, SSA correlates with elevated psychological distress, including higher depression and suicidality rates, even after controlling for minority stress; cohort studies report initial well-being deficits persisting into adulthood, particularly for males with stable attractions.^[80] ^[57] Risky sexual behaviors, such as increased partner concurrency, appear linked to SSA via sociosexual orientation measures, though causality remains debated, with some evidence suggesting attraction precedes distress rather than vice versa.^[57] Non-exclusive SSA in self-identified heterosexuals, reported by 10-20% in surveys, often involves incidental same-sex experiences without identity shift, pointing to behavioral decoupling from core attractions.^[81] Developmental patterns reveal SSA onset typically in adolescence, with retrospective reports citing unmet attachment needs or familial dynamics in 40-60% of cases, though prospective data are limited by reliance on self-reports prone to recall bias.^[49] Fluidity is more pronounced in females, where behavioral shifts exceed male counterparts across cultures, suggesting psychosocial modulation over fixed traits. These findings contrast with institutional narratives, such as those from the American Psychological Association, which frame SSA as immutable variation; however, empirical inconsistencies, including change in 10-30% of therapy-seeking samples, warrant scrutiny of such positions given academia's documented ideological skews influencing research interpretation.^[82]^[49]

Other Uses

Business and Technology

System Software Associates, Inc. (SSA), founded in 1986, developed enterprise resource planning (ERP) software tailored for industrial and manufacturing sectors.^[83] The company's flagship product, BPCS (Business Planning and Control System), integrated modules for supply chain management, financials, and production planning, serving over 6,500 installations primarily on IBM AS/400 platforms by the late 1990s.^[84] BPCS enabled process re-engineering and analytics to align strategic goals with operational performance in discrete and process manufacturing environments.^[85] SSA went public on NASDAQ under the symbol SSAX and expanded through acquisitions, but faced financial challenges amid the dot-com bust and ERP market competition, leading to a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in December 2000 with $300 million in debt.^[84] The company emerged from bankruptcy in 2002, restructured, and merged with Baan Company in 2003 to form SSA Global Technologies, Inc., which traded as SSAG and broadened its offerings to include services for consumer products, maintenance, repair, and overhaul industries.^[86] By 2005, SSA Global employed approximately 3,570 people and reported revenues supporting ERP solutions for global enterprises.^[87] In May 2006, Infor Global Solutions acquired SSA Global for $1.4 billion ($19.50 per share), integrating its assets into Infor's portfolio to enhance supply chain execution and ERP capabilities.^[88] This acquisition consolidated SSA's legacy systems, such as upgraded supply chain modules, into broader enterprise software ecosystems, influencing modern ERP evolution for manufacturing and services.^[89] Post-acquisition, SSA's technologies continued under Infor, supporting business process optimization without independent operations.^[90]

Slang and Cultural References

In internet slang, particularly on TikTok and other social media platforms, SSA commonly denotes "ass" spelled backwards, serving as a workaround to bypass content moderation algorithms when discussing anatomy, appearance, or humorously crude topics. This usage emerged prominently around August 2024, allowing users to reference buttocks or body shapes without triggering automated filters or bans.^[91]^[92]^[93] Another established slang interpretation, documented in user-generated lexicographies, defines SSA as "Subject Says All," employed in email or messaging contexts to signify that the subject line encapsulates the entire communication, obviating the need for a body. This abbreviation facilitates brevity for terse directives, such as scheduling confirmations, and has persisted in professional and casual digital correspondence since at least the early 2000s.^[94] Less widespread variants include "Stupid Stupid Asshole," a derogatory label for foolish or irritating individuals, and "Sorry So Annoying," an apologetic phrase for perceived over-communication, though these lack the viral traction of the aforementioned forms and appear contextually in niche texting or meme cultures.^[95]^[96] In gaming subcultures, such as Roblox communities or Bee Swarm Simulator discussions on platforms like Reddit, SSA occasionally abbreviates ability synergies or equipment tiers (e.g., "Star Saw Ability"), but this remains highly specialized jargon rather than broadly cultural slang.^[97]

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[36]
Programs - Hunger Relief & Food Rescue | The Society of St. Andrew
Explore The Society of St. Andrew's programs focused on hunger relief, food rescue, and reducing food waste. Join us in the fight against food insecurity.Missing: profit | Show results with:profit
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SSA Foundation | Soaring Society of America | Donations & Trusts
WHAT IS THE SSA FOUNDATION? In 1998 SSA leadership created a new non-for-profit organization, the Soaring Society of America Foundation (the “Foundation ...
[38]
SSA Marine: Global Terminal Operations and Logistics
SSA Marine provides full terminal management, including the handling of potash in bulk. Services include rail to storage, rail direct to vessel, and storage to ...CareersWho we areContact UsConventional Cargo ServicesContainer Terminal Operations
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SSA Marine - LinkedIn
Company size: 5,001-10,000 employees. Headquarters: Seattle, Washington. Type: Privately Held. Founded: 1949. Specialties: Stevedoring, Transportation, and ...
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SSA Marine Inc. - Company Profile Report - IBISWorld
SSA Marine is a private company with an estimated 10,000 employees. In the US, the company has a notable market share in at least one industry: Stevedoring & ...
[41]
SSA Group: Home
SSA Group provides integrated food, retail and ticketing solutions to cultural attractions across the nation.
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SSA Group | LinkedIn
Founded almost 50 years ago, SSA is based in Denver, Colorado, partners with approximately 79 cultural attractions and serves well over 52 million families ...
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CS 6120: Static Single Assignment - Cornell: Computer Science
Many compilers convert programs into static single assignment (SSA) form, which does exactly what it says: it ensures that, globally, every variable has ...
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[PDF] SSA is Functional Programming - cs.Princeton
Static Single-Assignment (SSA) form is an intermedi- ate language designed to make optimization clean and efficient for imperative-language (Fortran, ...
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[PDF] Efficiently computing static single assignment form and the control ...
In optimizing compilers, data structure choices directly influence the power and efficiency of practical program optimization.<|separator|>
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[PDF] CS153: Compilers Lecture 23: Static Single Assignment Form
•Static Single Assignment (SSA). •CFGs but with immutable variables. •Plus a slight “hack” to make graphs work out. •Now widely used (e.g., LLVM).
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[PDF] Lecture Notes on Static Single Assignment Form
Feb 23, 2023 · facto standard intermediate form in many compilers and compiler tools such as. LLVM. In this lecture we develop SSA, first for straight-line ...
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[PDF] Simple and Efficient SSA Construction - c9x.me
The algorithm directly translates to SSA, works backwards, queries definitions when used, and uses local value numbering, unlike Cytron's eager approach.
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Full article: The causes of human sexual orientation
Sep 16, 2020 · The peer reviewed scientific literature clearly shows that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to sexual orientation.
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A short review of biological research on the development of sexual ...
We review research supporting biological mechanisms in the development of sexual orientation. This research includes studies on neural correlates, prenatal ...
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Exploring Biological Theories of Homosexuality: A Focus on the X ...
Apr 21, 2025 · This article examines two independent theories, the X-linkage theory and the fraternal birth order effect, which suggest that homosexuality is shaped by ...
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The biological basis of human sexual orientation: is there a role for ...
In this chapter, we will review the evidence that sexual orientation has biological underpinnings and consider the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms.
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The methodological and ethical concerns of genetic studies of same ...
Sep 9, 2024 · We provide a targeted overview of existing genetics studies on same-sex sexual behavior, highlight the ethical and scientific considerations of this nascent ...
[54]
U.S. Statistics | HIV.gov
MSM accounted for 67% (21,400) of the 31,800 estimated new HIV infections in 2022 and 87% of estimated infections among all males.
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[PDF] 2023 STI Surveillance Report - CDC
Sep 24, 2025 · co-infection with HIV is common; in 2023, 37.2% of MSM with P&S syphilis were men diagnosed with. HIV. In 2023, 32.4% of all cases of ...
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STI Epidemic May Be Slowing, CDC Data Suggest - AJMC
Nov 13, 2024 · MSM accounted for 32.7% of all P&S syphilis cases and 57.5% of cases among men with known sex partners in 2023. Notably, P&S syphilis cases ...
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Causal Influences of Same-Sex Attraction on Psychological Distress ...
Nov 4, 2022 · This study investigated whether same-sex attraction was causally associated with psychological distress and risky sexual behavior using sociosexual behavior as ...
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Same-Sex Sexual Behavior and Psychiatric Disorders - JAMA Network
Young people with a homosexual or bisexual orientation were found to be at increased risk of major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, ...
[59]
Bidirectional Causal Associations Between Same-Sex Attraction and ...
Dec 15, 2022 · Only one study has examined bidirectional causality between sexual minority status (having same-sex attraction) and psychological distress.<|separator|>
[60]
Structural stigma and LGBTQ+ health: a narrative review of ...
LGBTQ+ populations are at elevated risk of adverse mental, behavioural, and physical health outcomes compared with cisgender heterosexuals.1, 2, 3, 4 The ...
[61]
Professional care for unwanted same-sex attraction - NIH
Research does not show that professional care for unwanted same-sex attraction is harmful, and warnings about harm are misleading. More research is needed.
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Public Health Implications of Same-Sex Marriage | AJPH - apha
Aug 30, 2011 · Reports in the medical and social science literature suggest that legal and social recognition of same-sex marriage has had positive effects on the health ...
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Solving SSA Triangles - Math is Fun
SSA means Side, Side, Angle. SSA is when we know two sides and an angle that is not the angle between the sides.
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What do AAS, SSA, SAS and SSS stand for in geometry? - Vedantu
SSA stands for side side angle postulate. In this postulate of congruence, we say that if two sides and an angle not included between them are respectively ...
[65]
4.12: Steady-State Approximation - Chemistry LibreTexts
Feb 12, 2023 · The steady-state approximation is a method used to derive a rate law. The method is based on the assumption that one intermediate in the reaction mechanism is ...
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Steady State Approximation - BYJU'S
Steady-state approximation deals with the fact that there is no change in state variables, like entropy, temperature, pressure etc, in the intermediate step. So ...
[67]
On the Prediction of Solar Cycles | Solar Physics
Jan 25, 2021 · We use singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to associate components with similar periods in the ephemeris and SSN. We determine the transfer ...
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Analysis of Time Series Structure: SSA and Related Techniques
Over the last 15 years, singular spectrum analysis (SSA) has proven very successful. It has already become a standard tool in climatic and meteorological time ...<|separator|>
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Singular spectrum analysis and its applications in mapping mantle ...
Dec 19, 2016 · In this study, the upper mantle discontinuities are imaged using SSA, a rank reduction approach that simultaneously removes random noise and ...
[70]
Global maps of aerosol single scattering albedo using combined ...
Apr 25, 2022 · This study uses CERES and MODIS data to retrieve single scattering albedo (SSA) globally. Global mean SSA is 0.93 over land and 0.97 over ocean.
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Using Single-Scattering Albedo Spectral Curvature to Characterize ...
Spectral dependence of aerosol single-scattering albedo (SSA) has been used to infer aerosol composition. In particular, aerosol mixtures dominated by dust ...
[72]
SSI: Space Situational Awareness | The Aerospace Corporation
Space situational awareness (SSA) is the knowledge, characterization, and practice of tracking space objects and their operational environment.
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Physics, Space Sciences, and Space Situational Awareness (SSA)
This research is necessary for predicting satellite drag and radiation belt perturbations used in maintaining space situational awareness and for protecting AF ...
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[PDF] Space Situational Awareness, Orbital Debris (SSA) - NASA
The survey should assess to what degree the Heliophysics programs should support. Space Situational Awareness/Orbital Debris research and technology. NASA.
[75]
Sexual Orientation in Twins: Evidence That Human Sexual Identity ...
Dec 30, 2023 · DZ twins have been shown to have a concordance for same-sex sexual orientation of 30%, a similar incidence to that of non-twin siblings [9]. The ...
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Same-sex attraction in a birth cohort: prevalence and persistence in ...
These findings show that much same-sex attraction is not exclusive and is unstable in early adulthood, especially among women.
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Large-scale GWAS reveals insights into the genetic ... - Science
Twin studies and other analyses of inheritance of sexual orientation in humans has indicated that same-sex sexual behavior has a genetic component.
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Some Random Thoughts on 'Gay Gene' Studies | Psychiatric News
Sep 26, 2019 · The chance of two identical twins being gay was 52%; the frequency of fraternal twins being gay was only 22%. If homosexuality resulted from ...
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On the Psychogenesis of Homosexuality - PMC - PubMed Central
In contrast, many studies have shown that the most significant factor which correlates with homosexuality is “gender nonconformity” or same-sex peer isolation.
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Same-Sex Sexuality and Adolescent Psychological Well-Being
Early and stable reporting of same-sex attractions was associated with a greater initial deficit in psychological well-being, especially among males.
[81]
What Does Heterosexuality Mean? Same-Sex Attraction, Behaviors ...
Sep 6, 2022 · This study delves deeper into the same-sex experiences of heterosexual women and men and the discomfort they may feel toward such experiences in Spain.
[82]
Understanding sexual orientation and homosexuality
Oct 29, 2008 · Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes.
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System Software Associates, Inc. | Encyclopedia.com
System Software Associates, Inc. (SSA) is one of the world's leading providers of software for industrial businesses. It is the single largest supplier of ...
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SSA Files for Bankruptcy - Computerworld
SSA is a second-tier ERP vendor with more than 6,500 installations, running mostly on IBM AS/400 systems. SSA has been struggling in the past few years with ...
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What Is System Software Associates? ERP Products And ...
May 3, 2023 · It comprises a set of management and analytic processes that enable businesses to define strategic goals and measure performance with the use of ...What is System Software... · Business Planning and... · BPCS Applications
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System Software Associates Inc - Company Profile and News
System Software Associates, Inc. operates as an enterprise software company. The Company offers BPCS client and server provides business process re-engineering ...
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SSA GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC (SSAG) IPO - NASDAQ.com
Proposed Symbol, SSAG. Company Name, SSA GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Exchange, Nasdaq National Market. Share Price, $11.00. Employees, 3570 (as of 01/31/2005).<|separator|>
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Infor to acquire SSA Global - Computerworld
May 15, 2006 · Infor Global Solutions said today it is acquiring SSA Global Technologies Inc. for $19.50 per share, or about $1.4 billion in cash.
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SSA Global Technologies Inc. - Supply & Demand Chain Executive
About SSA Global Technologies Inc. Articles & News. SSA Global Acquires Provia Software · SSA Global Upgrades Supply Chain Execution Solutions · SSA Global ...
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SSA Global Technologies 2025 Company Profile - PitchBook
Provider of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software and services. The company provides its software and services to discrete and process manufacturing, ...
[91]
What does SSA mean on TikTok? - Dexerto
Aug 20, 2024 · On TikTok, SSA usually refers to the word “a**” backward. It's simply that word backward, and people across social media use it to avoid having ...
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SSA Has a Pretty Simple Meaning on TikTok - Distractify
Aug 19, 2024 · Instead, SSA is actually the word "a--" backward (you know, the cuss word that refers to a person's rear end). It's simply that word backward, ...
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SSA Meaning on TikTok: Slang, Real Definitions & Why It's Trending
Sep 17, 2025 · On TikTok, SSA is simply “ASS” spelled backwards. It's a way for users to talk about someone's body or appearance while avoiding content ...
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ssa - Urban Dictionary
Subject Says All. Used in an e-mail to indicate that the subject line is actually the entire message. SSA is convenient for short messages like "call me." Write ...
[95]
SSA meaning explained: From social security to TikTok slang
Nov 18, 2024 · ✔ Stupid, Stupid Asshole. A slang word that refers to an obnoxious and silly person. These SSA meanings in a way show that, on social media, ...
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SSA Meaning Slang: Stand For, Definition, and Use in Text (2025 ...
Sep 3, 2025 · “Sorry So Annoying” – Often used in casual texts when someone feels like they're overexplaining or messaging too much. · “Stop Stressing Already” ...
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Can someone explain what SSA terminology is? - Reddit
Jun 26, 2024 · I figured Pop Shower meant the double passive of Pop Star and Star Shower, but can someone please explain what 4/5 and 5/5 mean in the context of SSA?<|separator|>