Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

RL

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a paradigm in machine learning and artificial intelligence in which an agent learns to select actions in an environment to maximize a cumulative reward signal received through trial-and-error interactions, without requiring labeled examples of optimal behavior.^[1] Key concepts include Markov decision processes, which formalize the environment as states, actions, transition probabilities, and rewards; policies that map states to actions; and value functions estimating long-term returns.^[1] The field's theoretical foundations draw from optimal control, dynamic programming, and behavioral psychology's trial-and-error learning, with modern algorithmic developments accelerating in the 1980s through methods like temporal-difference learning and Q-learning.^[2] RL has achieved breakthroughs in complex sequential decision-making tasks, most notably DeepMind's AlphaGo system, which in 2016 defeated world champion Lee Sedol at the game of Go by combining deep neural networks with Monte Carlo tree search and self-play reinforcement, demonstrating superhuman performance in a domain previously deemed intractable for computers due to its vast state space. Subsequent variants like AlphaZero extended this to chess and shogi without human knowledge, relying solely on self-generated data and RL to surpass expert human play. These accomplishments highlight RL's potential for discovering novel strategies through exploration and exploitation, though empirical evidence shows its success often depends on massive computational resources and domain-specific engineering.^[3] Despite these advances, RL faces persistent challenges, including extreme sample inefficiency—requiring millions of interactions to converge where humans learn from far fewer examples—and instability in training, particularly with function approximation in high-dimensional spaces like deep RL.^[4] Real-world deployment reveals further hurdles, such as sensitivity to reward specification leading to unintended behaviors (reward hacking), poor generalization beyond training distributions, and difficulties scaling to partially observable or multi-agent settings without human intervention.^[5] In applications like RL from human feedback (RLHF) for aligning large language models, controversies arise over induced sycophancy, amplification of human biases in feedback data, and vulnerability to adversarial manipulation, underscoring that RL's causal mechanisms for decision-making do not inherently ensure robustness or truthfulness without rigorous safeguards.^[6]^[7]

Artificial intelligence and machine learning

Reinforcement learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a machine learning paradigm in which an intelligent agent learns to select actions in an environment to maximize the expected cumulative reward through repeated interactions, relying on trial-and-error feedback rather than pre-labeled examples.^[8] This approach contrasts with supervised learning by not requiring explicit demonstrations of optimal behavior, instead deriving policies from scalar reward signals that encode environmental feedback on action outcomes.^[1] Empirically, RL algorithms converge toward optimal decision-making by balancing exploration of novel actions against exploitation of known rewarding ones, as quantified in settings like multi-armed bandit problems where regret minimization measures learning efficiency.^[9] At its core, RL formalizes decision processes using Markov decision processes (MDPs), defined by a tuple (S, A, P, R, \gamma), where S represents the state space observable by the agent, A the action space, P(s'|s,a) the transition probabilities to next states s', R(s,a) the immediate reward function, and \gamma \in [0,1) the discount factor prioritizing near-term rewards.^[10] Central components include the policy \pi(a|s), which maps states to action probabilities; value functions V^\pi(s) estimating long-term rewards from state s under policy \pi; and action-value functions Q^\pi(s,a) evaluating state-action pairs.^[1] These elements enable model-free methods like temporal-difference learning, which update estimates incrementally based on observed reward discrepancies, \delta_t = r_{t+1} + \gamma V(s_{t+1}) - V(s_t), propagating causal credit assignment backward through episodes without full environment simulation.^[2] The foundations of RL trace to the 1950s, integrating Richard Bellman's dynamic programming for optimal control with behavioral psychology concepts like Edward Thorndike's law of effect, positing that rewarded behaviors strengthen over time.^[2] Key algorithmic advances include temporal-difference methods formalized by Richard Sutton in 1988 and Q-learning introduced by Christopher Watkins in 1989, an off-policy algorithm updating Q(s,a) \leftarrow Q(s,a) + \alpha [r + \gamma \max_{a'} Q(s',a') - Q(s,a)], proven to converge to optimal values in finite MDPs under sufficient exploration.^[11] Modern scalability emerged with deep reinforcement learning, exemplified by DeepMind's AlphaGo in 2016, which combined deep neural networks with RL to master Go by self-play, achieving superhuman performance through policy and value network refinement via millions of simulated games.^[12] These developments underscore RL's empirical strength in sequential decision-making under uncertainty, validated by convergence guarantees in tabular cases and empirical successes in high-dimensional domains.^[1]

Internet slang and terminology

Real life

"Real life," abbreviated as RL, denotes offline existence, responsibilities, and interactions in contrast to virtual or online activities within internet slang. This term emerged in early digital communities, including Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs) and chat rooms during the 1990s, where participants used it to reference non-digital obligations interrupting online engagement.^[13] For instance, in MUD settings—text-based virtual worlds predating modern MMORPGs—RL signified the physical world pulling users away from simulated adventures.^[13] Common phrases like "BRB, RL calls" illustrate its application in gaming forums and social media, signaling a temporary logout due to real-world demands such as work or family.^[14] Usage data from platforms like Reddit shows RL embedded in discussions of work-life balance, often framing offline life as an unwelcome diversion from digital immersion, as in references to "RL problems" preventing constant participation.^[15] Early Internet Relay Chat (IRC) logs and forum archives from the late 1990s onward reflect similar patterns, with RL critiquing or acknowledging the boundary between screen time and tangible experiences in subcultures like online gaming.^[14] While RL underscores a practical distinction without implying superiority of one realm over the other, its prevalence correlates with rising internet adoption, appearing in contexts emphasizing detachment from excessive virtual involvement. Empirical tracking via linguistic analyses of archived posts confirms its persistence in niche communities, though "IRL" (in real life) has gained parallel traction for meetups transitioning from online to offline.^[16] Sources on slang evolution, drawn from academic compilations of net.lingo rather than mainstream media, highlight RL's role in demarcating spheres amid critiques of screen dependency, without evidence of coordinated ideological pushback.^[13]

Sports

Rugby league

Rugby league emerged as a professional variant of rugby football following a schism in 1895, when 22 clubs from northern England, primarily working-class communities, broke away from the Rugby Football Union (RFU) to form the Northern Union. The split arose from disputes over "broken time" payments to compensate players for lost wages due to injuries or time off work, which violated the RFU's strict amateurism rules.^[17] This divergence established rugby league's emphasis on paid participation, contrasting with rugby union's amateur ethos at the time.^[18] Key rule distinctions include teams of 13 players per side, reduced from rugby union's 15, and the six-tackle rule, which limits a team's possession to six attempts to advance the ball before turnover to the opposition, unless a try or penalty intervenes.^[19] These changes promote a faster-paced game focused on ball retention through structured plays, with unlimited tackles permitted but requiring the tackled player to be released immediately for a play-the-ball restart.^[20] The International Rugby League (IRL), established as the sport's global governing body, coordinates international matches and tournaments like the Rugby League World Cup.^[21] Major professional competitions include Australia's National Rugby League (NRL), which in 2025 achieved record television viewership with its grand final averaging 4.18 million national viewers, and the UK's Betfred Super League, which surpassed 1.62 million total attendees in its 2025 regular season, averaging over 10,000 per match.^[22]^[23] Rugby league's physical demands manifest in high-contact play, with professional match injury incidence rates of approximately 57 per 1,000 player-hours reported across seasons, predominantly involving muscular strains and joint issues.^[24] Strategic elements, such as set-piece execution and defensive lines, drive empirical outcomes like average try-scoring rates exceeding one per player-game in elite wings, underscoring the code's balance of power and tactical precision.^[25]

Fashion and brands

Ralph Lauren

Ralph Lauren Corporation is an American luxury fashion company founded by designer Ralph Lauren in 1967, beginning with a line of wide men's neckties marketed under the Polo brand. The company quickly expanded into full menswear collections by 1968, introducing tailored shirts, sportswear, and the signature polo player logo in 1971, which became a hallmark of its preppy, aspirational American aesthetic drawing from Ivy League traditions, equestrian motifs, and timeless Western influences rather than fleeting trends. Over decades, it diversified into women's apparel, children's clothing, accessories, fragrances, and home goods, establishing a global lifestyle brand with revenues reaching $6.4 billion in fiscal year 2023, up 4% from the prior year on a reported basis.^[26]^[27]^[28] The brand's commercial success stems from its emphasis on premium quality fabrics, meticulous craftsmanship, and versatile designs that appeal to affluent consumers seeking enduring style over seasonal novelty. Iconic product lines include Polo Ralph Lauren for casual sportswear, the higher-end Purple Label launched in 1994 as the pinnacle of bespoke menswear with Italian-sourced materials and hand-tailored suits, and home collections featuring motifs like thoroughbred patterns and log cabin themes. Market impact is evident in its role popularizing the "preppy" look worldwide, influencing consumer preferences for heritage-driven luxury and generating consistent growth through direct-to-consumer channels, with fiscal 2023 direct sales comprising a significant portion of total revenue.^[29]^[27]^[26] As of 2023, Ralph Lauren maintained a global retail footprint of 344 directly operated stores, concentrated in key markets like North America and Europe, supplemented by over 500 wholesale points of sale and licensing partnerships that extend its reach without diluting brand control. This network, verifiable via annual SEC filings, supports strategic expansions such as flagship boutiques emphasizing experiential retail, contributing to resilience amid varying economic conditions and positioning the company as a leader in aspirational luxury with a market capitalization exceeding $10 billion by late 2023.^[30]

Video games and entertainment

Rocket League

Rocket League is a vehicular soccer video game developed and published by Psyonix, released on July 7, 2015, for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4, with subsequent ports to Xbox One in February 2016 and other platforms.^[31] It serves as a sequel to Psyonix's 2008 game Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket-Powered Battle-Cars, expanding on its core concept of rocket-powered vehicles competing in arena-based matches. In May 2019, Epic Games acquired Psyonix, leading to the game's transition to a free-to-play model on September 23, 2020, which broadened its accessibility across platforms including Epic Games Store, PlayStation, Xbox, and Nintendo Switch.^[32]^[33] Gameplay centers on teams of up to three players controlling customizable cars equipped with rocket boosters, navigating physics-simulated arenas to strike a ball into the opponent's goal, akin to soccer but with vertical mobility for aerial maneuvers, wall rides, and high-speed collisions. Matches last five minutes, emphasizing boost management, precise dribbling, and team coordination, with no player respawns to heighten tactical decisions. The game's Unreal Engine foundation enables destructible environments and realistic ball physics, fostering skill-based progression through ranked matchmaking systems that track performance metrics like goals, saves, and assists. By 2020, prior to its free-to-play shift, Rocket League had amassed over 50 million players, driven by cross-platform play and seasonal updates introducing new arenas, vehicles, and battle-car customizations.^[34] Its competitive scene, anchored by the Rocket League Championship Series (RLCS) launched in 2016, features professional leagues with multimillion-dollar prize pools, such as $5 million across the 2025 season and $1.2 million for the World Championship.^[35]^[36] Tournament outcomes, verifiable via platform analytics and esports databases, underscore the emphasis on mechanical proficiency and strategy, with top teams like NRG securing victories through consistent execution in 3v3 formats.^[36]

Automotive

Acura RL

The Acura RL was a mid-size luxury sedan manufactured by Acura, Honda's premium vehicle division, for the North American market from the 1996 to 2012 model years across two generations.^[37] The first generation (1996–2004) succeeded the Acura Legend and featured a 3.5-liter V6 engine with 290 horsepower, paired with a four-speed automatic transmission and available front-wheel drive.^[38] It emphasized refined performance and luxury amenities, including leather upholstery, a premium audio system, and optional navigation, positioning it as Acura's flagship sedan competing against established rivals in the executive segment.^[39] The second generation, introduced for the 2005 model year, brought significant upgrades including the debut of Super Handling All-Wheel Drive (SH-AWD), a torque-vectoring system that enhanced cornering stability by distributing up to 70% of torque to the rear wheels and varying power between rear wheels.^[40] Powered initially by a 3.5-liter VTEC V6 engine delivering 300 horsepower and 260 lb-ft of torque, it used a five-speed Sequential SportShift automatic transmission.^[40] Safety innovations included the optional Collision Mitigation Braking System (CMBS), introduced in 2006, which used millimeter-wave radar to detect potential rear-end collisions and automatically applied brakes if the driver did not respond.^[41] A 2009 refresh increased engine displacement to 3.7 liters while maintaining 300 horsepower, added LED taillights, and improved interior materials.^[42] U.S. sales reached initial peaks with the first generation exceeding 15,000 units annually in its early years but declined sharply in the second generation, with fewer than 1,000 units sold in the first half of 2010 amid intensifying competition and shifting consumer preferences toward SUVs.^[43] The RL was discontinued after 2012 due to persistently low demand, succeeded by the redesigned RLX in 2014, which incorporated further advancements like hybrid powertrains absent in the RL lineup.^[43] Despite its technological emphasis, the model struggled to achieve volume leadership in the premium sedan category, where European brands dominated sales metrics.^[44]

Medicine

Lactated Ringer's solution

Lactated Ringer's solution is a crystalloid intravenous fluid designed to approximate the electrolyte composition of human plasma, serving as a balanced electrolyte replacement for volume resuscitation and maintenance therapy. Originally developed by British physiologist Sydney Ringer in the early 1880s as a simple saline solution to sustain isolated frog heart contractions, it was later modified in 1932 by pediatrician Alexis Hartmann through the addition of sodium lactate to buffer against acidosis and improve metabolic stability during clinical use.^[45]^[46] The lactate component metabolizes to bicarbonate in the liver, providing an alkalinizing effect that distinguishes it from unbalanced solutions like 0.9% normal saline.^[47] The standard formulation contains, per liter: 130 mEq sodium, 4 mEq potassium, 1.5 mEq calcium, 109 mEq chloride, and 28 mEq lactate, dissolved in sterile water with a pH typically ranging from 6.0 to 7.5.^[48] This composition more closely mimics extracellular fluid than normal saline, reducing risks of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis associated with chloride-heavy alternatives.^[49] Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for electrolyte and fluid replenishment, it is manufactured by multiple pharmaceutical companies and remains a staple in hospital formularies for routine administration via peripheral or central venous access.^[47]^[50] Clinically, Lactated Ringer's is indicated for treating hypovolemia from dehydration, hemorrhage, burns, or surgery, as well as for perioperative fluid management and initial resuscitation in shock states, including trauma protocols.^[51] It supports diuresis and acid-base balance without inducing severe metabolic disturbances when used appropriately, though caution is advised in patients with lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, or renal impairment due to potential lactate accumulation.^[52] Comparative trials, such as a 2025 multicenter study in sepsis-induced hypoperfusion, found initial resuscitation with Lactated Ringer's associated with improved survival odds compared to normal saline, attributed to less disruption of renal perfusion and reduced inflammatory markers.^[53] However, a large 2025 hospital-wide crossover randomized trial reported no significant differences in mortality, acute kidney injury, or major adverse kidney events between Lactated Ringer's and normal saline across general inpatient populations, indicating equivalence for broad use despite theoretical advantages in balanced electrolyte profiles.^[54]^[55] In specific contexts like sickle cell vaso-occlusive crises, observational data from 2024 showed modest improvements in hospital-free days and readmission rates with Lactated Ringer's over saline.^[56] Overall, while evidence supports its role in mitigating acidosis-related complications, no universal superiority over saline has been established in high-quality trials, emphasizing patient-specific selection.^[57]

People known by these initials

Notable individuals

R. L. Stine (born October 8, 1943) is an American author renowned for the Goosebumps series of horror novels aimed at children, launched by Scholastic in July 1992 with Welcome to Dead House.^[58]^[59] The series has sold more than 400 million copies worldwide, establishing Stine as one of the most prolific and commercially successful writers in juvenile fiction.^[59]^[60] Robert Ludlum (May 25, 1927 – March 12, 2001) was an American novelist specializing in high-stakes espionage thrillers, with his breakthrough work The Bourne Identity published in 1980, introducing the amnesiac assassin Jason Bourne.^[61] Ludlum authored 27 novels during his lifetime, many featuring intricate plots of international conspiracy thwarted by lone protagonists.^[61] Adaptations of the Bourne series into films, starting with the 2002 release directed by Doug Liman, have collectively grossed over $1.6 billion worldwide.^[62] RL (born Robert Lavelle Huggar, April 2, 1977) is an American R&B singer-songwriter who gained fame as the lead vocalist of the group Next, formed in Minneapolis in 1992.^[63]^[64] Next's debut album Rated Next (1997) produced the number-one Billboard Hot 100 single "Too Close," certified multi-platinum by the RIAA for sales exceeding 2 million units in the United States.^[63] Following the group's success, RL released solo material, including the album RL: Ements in 2002.^[64]

Other uses

RL circuit

An RL circuit comprises a resistor (R) and an inductor (L) connected either in series or in parallel, forming a first-order linear circuit used to analyze time-varying currents and voltages in electrical systems.^[65]^[66] In engineering practice, the series configuration is fundamental for studying transient responses, where the inductor opposes rapid changes in current according to Faraday's law of induction, while the resistor dissipates energy.^[67] These circuits model real-world inductive loads, such as in electric motors or relays, and have been integral to circuit theory since the late 19th century following the mathematical formulation of inductance by Oliver Heaviside and others building on Maxwell's equations.^[68] The behavior of a series RL circuit is governed by the first-order differential equation L \frac{di}{dt} + Ri = v(t), where i is the current, v(t) is the applied voltage, L is inductance in henries, and R is resistance in ohms.^[69]^[70] For a DC step input v(t) = V (constant voltage applied at t=0), the solution yields an exponential growth in current: i(t) = \frac{V}{R} (1 - e^{-(R/L)t}), starting from zero and approaching the steady-state value V/R.^[66]^[68] Conversely, upon removing the source (decay phase), the current follows i(t) = I_0 e^{-(R/L)t}, where I_0 is the initial current, decaying to zero.^[65]^[67] The characteristic time constant \tau = L/R quantifies the response speed, representing the time for the current to reach approximately 63.2% of its final value during growth or decay; five time constants typically suffice for near-steady-state (about 99.3% settled).^[65]^[71] In SI units, \tau has dimensions of seconds, with higher inductance or lower resistance prolonging transients.^[66] This exponential dynamics arises from solving the homogeneous differential equation, verifiable through simulation or oscilloscope measurements in lab settings.^[69]^[72] Parallel RL circuits exhibit analogous transients but with voltage across the inductor decaying exponentially when driven by a current source, following v(t) = V_0 e^{-(R/L)t}, where the time constant remains \tau = L/R.^[66] Such configurations inform basic filter designs and energy storage analysis, though series RL dominates transient studies due to simpler sourcing.^[71] Overall, RL circuits underpin understanding of inductive effects in power systems and electronics, with responses predictable via Kirchhoff's laws and verifiable empirically.^[67]^[68]

Radio Liberty

Radio Liberty, a core component of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), was established in 1953 as a surrogate broadcaster to deliver uncensored news, analysis, and cultural content to audiences in the Soviet Union, aiming to counteract state propaganda with verifiable information grounded in external reporting.^[73] Transmissions began on March 1, 1953, from a site in Lampertheim, West Germany, expanding to shortwave and medium-wave operations from Munich headquarters and relay stations in Spain, Portugal, and Taiwan, covering Russian alongside 17 other languages of Soviet republics to reach diverse ethnic groups within the USSR.^[74]^[73] Funding originated from U.S. congressional appropriations channeled covertly through the Central Intelligence Agency until 1971, when public disclosure prompted a shift to direct oversight by bodies such as the Board for International Broadcasting (later the Broadcasting Board of Governors and U.S. Agency for Global Media), ensuring sustained operations independent of private donors.^[73]^[75] During the Cold War, despite Soviet jamming, audience research by RFE/RL's divisions documented peak listenership, with surveys from the 1960s and 1970s estimating weekly reach of up to 11% of Soviet adults, reflecting demand for alternative perspectives amid information controls.^[76]^[77] Post-1991 Soviet dissolution, Radio Liberty opened a Moscow bureau under a Yeltsin decree and broadened programming to Russia and Central Asia, relocating headquarters to Prague in 1995 while launching digital and TV services like Current Time in 2014 to address disinformation and promote fact-based journalism against dominant state media outlets.^[73] Its ongoing U.S. congressional funding supports this mandate, prioritizing empirical sourcing over narratives aligned with authoritarian regimes.^[78] Historical impact is evidenced by declassified U.S. documents and listener surveys, which highlight Radio Liberty's role in real-time coverage of the 1991 Soviet coup attempt—reaching millions and influencing public awareness—contributing to broader erosion of communist information monopolies without reliance on unverified claims.^[73]^[79]^[77]

References

[1]
[PDF] Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction - Stanford University
Reinforcement learning problems involve learning what to do—how to map ... on examples of correct behavior, reinforcement learning is trying to maximize.
[2]
1.6 History of Reinforcement Learning - Rich Sutton
The history of reinforcement learning has two main threads, both long and rich, which were pursued independently before intertwining in modern reinforcement ...
[3]
[PDF] Recent Achievements in Large-Scale Deep Reinforcement Learning
Computational Resources: ○ Trained using 64 GPUs, 19 param server CPUs. □ Earlier versions of AlphaGo: 1,920 CPUs and 280 GPUs.
[4]
Challenges of real-world reinforcement learning
Apr 22, 2021 · In this work, we identify and formalize a series of independent challenges that embody the difficulties that must be addressed for RL to be commonly deployed ...
[5]
Open Problems and Fundamental Limitations of Reinforcement ...
Jul 27, 2023 · Our work emphasizes the limitations of RLHF and highlights the importance of a multi-faceted approach to the development of safer AI systems.
[6]
The History and Risks of Reinforcement Learning and Human ...
Oct 20, 2023 · Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has emerged as a powerful technique to make large language models (LLMs) easier to use and more effective.
[7]
Problems with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback ...
Aug 19, 2024 · RLHF has flaws like sycophancy, potential for deception, difficulty in obtaining quality feedback, and may become too complex for human ...
[8]
What is Reinforcement Learning? - AWS
Reinforcement learning (RL) is a machine learning (ML) technique that trains software to make decisions to achieve the most optimal results.What are the benefits of... · How does reinforcement... · What are the types of...
[9]
What is reinforcement learning? - IBM
Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning process in which autonomous agents learn to make decisions by interacting with their environment. An ...What is reinforcement learning? · Reinforcement learning process
[10]
Markov Decision Process in Reinforcement Learning - Neptune.ai
A Markov Decision Process (MDP) is used to model decisions that can have both probabilistic and deterministic rewards and punishments. MDPs have five core ...
[11]
Q-learning | Machine Learning
Q-learning (Watkins, 1989) is a simple way for agents to learn how to act optimally in controlled Markovian domains.
[12]
AlphaGo - Google DeepMind
Initially, we introduced AlphaGo to numerous amateur games of Go so the system could learn how humans play the game. Then we instructed AlphaGo to play against ...
[13]
Internet Slang
"real life". Used in MUD settings. ROFL (or ROTFL) — "rolling on the ... w/e — slang/abbreviation for whatever; w/o — without; WDUWTA —- "what do u ...
[14]
RL | What Does RL Mean? - Cyber Definitions
In a text, RL means 'Real Life' and 'Reinforcement Learning.' This page explains how RL is used in texting and on messaging apps like Instagram and TikTok.
[15]
A Guide to Reddit Lingo : r/NewToReddit
Mar 2, 2021 · - RL. “Real Life”. That pesky thing preventing you from Redditing 24/7. Some people refer to their birthday as their “RL Cakeday”. I don't ...
[16]
IRL Meaning: Definition, Examples & How to Use It Like a Pro
Rating 4.2 (373,000) Both IRL ("in real life") and RL ("real life") mean the same thing. IRL is the more commonly used abbreviation in online conversations and texting.
[17]
History of Rugby League Australia & The NRL | Operations
Rugby league began in 1895, as the 'Northern Union', when clubs in the North of England broke away from the RFU. The clubs wanted to compensate their ...
[18]
The Great Schism - Rugby Football History
1895 was a split within Northern rugby, not simply between exclusively middle class clubs and open clubs but also within the clubs themselves: Castleford, ...Rules on amateurism · Committee of enquiry · Northern Union
[19]
Rules of Rugby League | About USARL
The team with possession then has 6 tackles (downs) to score. Providing they do not lose the ball or commit a rule infraction, most sets of tackles will be used ...
[20]
https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_league/rules_and_equipment/4215524.stm
[21]
About the IRL - International Rugby League
As the global governing body for the sport of Rugby League, the role of International Rugby League (IRL) is to Foster, develop, promulgate, promote, govern and ...
[22]
NRL Grand Final sets record viewership to cap off brilliant year
Oct 6, 2025 · 100% Footy saw a Total TV Audience of 194,000 per episode (up 66.1% year-on-year), reaching 5.6 million throughout the series. NRL Sunday Footy ...
[23]
Betfred Super League Sets Historic Attendance Record as 2025 ...
Sep 19, 2025 · For the first time in Super League history, the average attendance per game has exceeded 10,000, a landmark moment that highlights the strength ...
[24]
Given similar injury incidence: A two-season analysis of match ...
The match injury rate (2013–2015) in professional men's rugby league is ~ 57 per 1000 match-hours. No research has quantified injuries in any senior ...
[25]
Stats - NRL.com
The official NRL stats of the National Rugby League, NRL and NRLW player statistics, as well as NRL and NRLW competition statistics.
[26]
Ralph Lauren Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year Fiscal 2023 ...
May 25, 2023 · Net Revenues. For Fiscal 2023, revenue increased 4% to $6.4 billion on a reported 52-week basis versus a 53-week fiscal period last year.
[27]
The World of Ralph Lauren Timeline
1967. It all started with a tie… Ralph launches a neckwear line under the name Polo ; 1968. Ralph debuts his first full men's collection ; 1970. The Polo by Ralph ...
[28]
Corporate Governance - Ralph Lauren Corporation
Mr. Lauren founded the Company in 1967 and is a member of the Board of Directors.
[29]
Ralph Lauren Purple Label - What is it and Is it Worth the Price?
Aug 12, 2024 · Ralph Lauren Purple Label was launched in 1994 as the apex in terms of quality, craftsmanship, and price, aimed at affluent consumers who seek ...
[30]
https://www.statista.com/topics/1864/ralph-lauren/
[31]
Rocket League - Liquipedia
Jun 22, 2025 · Developer: Psyonix ; Release Date(s):. 2015-07-07. Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4 2016-02-17. Xbox One 2016-09-08. OS X and Linux 2017-11-14
[32]
Epic Games Acquires Rocket League Developer Psyonix
May 1, 2019 · Epic Games Acquires Rocket League Developer Psyonix. by Imran Khan ... Release Date: July 7, 2015 (PlayStation 4, PC),. February 17, 2016 ...
[33]
Epic buys Rocket League developer Psyonix, strongly hints it will ...
May 1, 2019 · Epic Games announced today that it's acquired the independent game development studio Psyonix, makers of the massively popular vehicular soccer game Rocket ...
[34]
24+ Rocket League Facts: Player Count & Rank Distribution (2025)
Since then, the game had sold more copies and ended up being sold to Epic on May 2019 and made Free to Play on September 23, 2020. The number of downloads and ...<|separator|>
[35]
RLCS 2025: Updates - Rocket League ®
Dec 14, 2024 · It's shaping up to be another amazing year of competition with an increased total prize pool of $5,000,000 for 3v3s, and for the very first time ...
[36]
Rocket League Championship Series 2025 - World Championship
Rocket League Championship Series 2025 - World Championship ; Prize Pool: $1,200,000 USD ; Start Date: 2025-09-10 ; End Date: 2025-09-14 ; Mode: 3v3 ; Liquipedia ...RLCS 2025 - Rankings · RLCS 2025 Birmingham Major · Raleigh Major · 1v1
[37]
Acura RL Model Year History - J.D. Power
The Acura RL debuted in 1996, with a major refresh in 2009, and was replaced by the RLX after 2012. The 2009 model had a new engine and restyled exterior.
[38]
ACURA RL - All Models by Year (2004-2012) - autoevolution
The second generation of the RL was introduced in 2004 and it featured an electronically controlled all-wheel-drive system, named Super Handling AWD.
[39]
Acura RL Luxury Performance Sedan Combines Sleek Styling ...
Aug 17, 2005 · The RL features a 5-speed Sequential SportShift automatic transmission that enables gears to be shifted manually using the shift lever on the ...
[40]
Acura 2005 Model Year Change Summary
Sep 2, 2004 · World's first Super Handling All-Wheel Drive™ system (SH-AWD™) · 3.5 liter VTEC V-6 engine · 300 horsepower and 260 lb-ft of torque · 5-speed ...
[41]
2006 Acura RL - Safety - Honda Newsroom
Aug 17, 2005 · The 2006 RL is the first Acura vehicle to offer an optional Collision Mitigation Braking System™ (CMBS™). This revolutionary safety technology ...
[42]
2010 Acura RL Delivers Top Level Luxury and Performance
Aug 31, 2009 · Braking is further aided by the latest advancements in safety technology including a four-channel ABS system with Electronic Brake Distribution ...
[43]
Acura RL Sales Figures | GCBC
However, due to market dynamics and a shift in Acura's sedan lineup, the RL was eventually discontinued and succeeded by the Acura RLX. The Acura RLX, ...
[44]
Acura says RL sedan won't be dropped - Autoweek
Jul 15, 2010 · Acura has sold only 872 RLs within the first six months of this year. UPDATED -- Is Honda ready to kill off the slow-selling Acura RL sedan?Missing: figures | Show results with:figures
[45]
Sydney Ringer - Medical Eponym Library - LITFL
Sep 19, 2025 · Ringer's Lactate (1932). Alexis Frank Hartmann modified Ringer's solution by adding sodium lactate to it with the idea of combating acidosis in ...
[46]
Sydney Ringer (1834-1910) and Alexis Hartmann (1898-1964)
The USP solution of lactated Ringer's solution is slightly different. Ringer's work on parenteral fluids was ahead of its time, but the same cannot be said of.
[47]
[PDF] Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP - accessdata.fda.gov
Avoid use of Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP in patients receiving lithium. If use cannot be avoided, monitor serum lithium concentrations during ...
[48]
Label: LACTATED RINGERS- sodium chloride ... - DailyMed - NIH
Each 100 mL of Lactated Ringer's Injection USP contains: Sodium Chloride USP 0.6 g; Sodium Lactate 0.31 g - Potassium Chloride USP 0.03 g; Calcium Chloride ...
[49]
Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP Lactated Ringer's and 5% Dextrose ...
Each 100 mL of Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP contains sodium chloride 600 mg, sodium lactate, anhydrous 310 mg, potassium chloride 30 mg and calcium chloride ...
[50]
Lactated Ringers: Package Insert / Prescribing Info - Drugs.com
Aug 31, 2025 · Regulating body fluids, electrolytes and acid-base balance regulating drugs. For metabolic acidosis or dehydration cases with metabolic acidosis ...
[51]
Lactated ringer's (intravenous route) - Side effects & uses - Mayo Clinic
Jan 31, 2025 · Lactated Ringer's injection is used to replace water and electrolyte loss in patients with low blood volume or low blood pressure.
[52]
[PDF] Lactated Ringer's and 5% Dextrose Injection, USP
Potassium Chloride in Lactated Ringer's and 5% Dextrose Injection, USP have value as a source of water, electrolytes, and calories. It is capable of inducing ...
[53]
Lactated Ringer's or Normal Saline for Initial Fluid Resuscitation in ...
Feb 19, 2025 · Initial fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution, compared with 0.9% saline, might be associated with improved survival in patients with sepsis- ...
[54]
No clear advantage for hospital-wide switch to lactated Ringer's ...
Sep 6, 2025 · Findings suggest that both lactated Ringer's and normal saline remain reasonable options, with no compelling reason to favor one over the other ...
[55]
Lactated Ringer's solution versus saline fluid resuscitation for ...
Mar 14, 2025 · The results demonstrate that lactated Ringer's solution may be more effective than normal saline in reducing the incidence of moderate to ...
[56]
Lactated Ringer vs Normal Saline Solution During Sickle Cell Vaso ...
Sep 9, 2024 · This cohort study found that, compared with NS, LR had a small but significant improvement in HFDs and secondary outcomes including 30-day readmission.
[57]
Similar outcomes between lactated Ringer's and normal saline for ...
Aug 29, 2025 · 1. Among randomized hospitalized patients in this trial, routine use of lactated Ringer's (LR) solution did not reduce the risk of death or ...
[58]
About - R.L. Stine
Robert Lawrence Stine was born on October 8, 1943 in Columbus, Ohio. His mother was a home-maker. His father was a shipping clerk in a warehouse.
[59]
R.L. Stine - Scholastic
4.7 31 · 30-day returnsMar 23, 2021 · RL Stine is the creator of the best-selling Goosebumps series, which has more than 400 million copies in print worldwide and celebrated 25 years in 2017.
[60]
R.L. Stine - Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau
The Goosebumps series has sold more than 400 million copies in the United States and The Guinness Book of World Records cited Stine as the bestselling ...
[61]
Robert Ludlum - Authors' Calendar
Robert Ludlum was born in New York City, the son of George Hartford Ludlum ... Ludlum died of a heart attack on March 12, 2001, in Naples, Florida. The ...
[62]
NBCUniversal Acquires Robert Ludlum's Iconic Bourne and ...
Aug 13, 2025 · NBCUniversal Acquires Robert Ludlum's Iconic Bourne and Treadstone Series. ... The films have collectively grossed more than $1.64 billion at the ...Missing: biography adaptations
[63]
Biography - RL | – R&B Singer / Songwriter
Establishing his career with the legendary R&B group, Next, RL has tallied achievements and awards for the past decade and is still keeping the numbers coming.
[64]
R.L. - Biography - IMDb
RL was born on April 2, 1977 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. He is an actor and composer, known for Hardball (2001), Dr. Dolittle 2 (2001) and The Brothers ( ...
[65]
8.5: Transient Response of RL Circuits - Engineering LibreTexts
Jun 5, 2021 · ... L / R seconds1. Therefore the time constant for an RL circuit is: (8.5.1) τ = L R. Once again, five constants will achieve steady-state.
[66]
LR Series Circuit - Series Inductor Resistor - Electronics Tutorials
The Time Constant, ( τ ) of the LR series circuit is given as L/R and in which V/R represents the final steady state current value after five time constant ...
[67]
14.5: RL Circuits - Physics LibreTexts
Mar 2, 2025 · The time constant for an inductor and resistor in a series circuit is calculated using Equation 14.5.4 . The current through and voltage ...Missing: transient | Show results with:transient
[68]
5. Application of Ordinary Differential Equations: Series RL Circuit
An RL circuit has a resistor and inductor in series. The current builds up from zero to a steady state, described by the equation i=RV(1−e−(R/L)t). The time ...<|separator|>
[69]
[PDF] Transient Analysis of First Order RC and RL circuits
This is the initial equilibrium state of the circuit and its schematic is shown on Figure 6(a). At time t=0 the switch is moved from position a to position b.
[70]
[PDF] Chapter 8 Basic RL and RC Circuits - UTK-EECS
A plot of the exponential response versus time. i t( )= I. 0 e !Rt/L = I.
[71]
RL Circuit Transfer Function Time Constant RL Circuit as Filter
May 27, 2024 · The time constant of an RL circuit is defined as the time it takes for the current to reach about 63.2% of its maximum value from its initial ...Missing: transient | Show results with:transient
[72]
[PDF] Transient response of RC and RL circuits - Stanford University
Jul 26, 2017 · It turns out that all first-order circuits respond to a sudden change in input with some sort of exponential decay, similar to the above.
[73]
Our History - Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
In August 1991, President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree permitting RFE/RL to open a bureau in Moscow. Facing massive post-Cold War funding cuts that precluded ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[74]
Radio Free Europe's 10th anniversary—a success story
Oct 12, 2019 · Radio Liberty began broadcasting in Russian to the Soviet Union from a transmitter in Lampertheim on March 1, 1953. Radio Free Europe and Radio ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[75]
Voices of Hope: The Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
Funded primarily by Congress through the CIA until 1972, the NCFE maintained a public identity as a private corporation of freedom-loving American citizens. A ...
[76]
[PDF] Radio Moscow and the Early Cold War - Bucknell Digital Commons
Voice of America reached 23% and Radio Liberty 11% of the. Soviet adult population weekly. By 1980, the VOA was estimated to reach 15% and Radio Liberty, 8%.
[77]
[PDF] Audience research in Extremis: Cold War Broadcasting to the USSR
Radio Liberty (RL) became a division of RFE/RL. The station was known by its listeners in the USSR as Radio Liberty throughout. The acronym SAAOR will refer to ...Missing: documents | Show results with:documents
[78]
About RFE/RL
RFE/RL, Inc. is a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation funded by the U.S. Congress through a grant from the United States Agency for Global Media (USAGM), ...Missing: critiques | Show results with:critiques
[79]
Broadcasters and historians from both sides of the Iron Curtain ...
Nov 30, 2004 · We have to look at RFE/RL, VOA and the BBC as an aggregate. Their impact together was overwhelming. The effect was far greater than the sum of ...