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Reuel

Reuel (Hebrew: רְעוּאֵל‎, romanized: Rəʾūʾēl, lit. ''), also known as Jethro, was a ite priest depicted in the as the father-in-law of . After fled following the killing of an Egyptian overseer, Reuel provided him refuge in , employed him to tend flocks, and gave him his daughter as a wife. Later, during the ' encampment at , Reuel reunited with , acknowledged Yahweh's deliverance of from bondage, offered sacrifices, and counseled to appoint subordinate judges for minor disputes, thereby instituting a tiered judicial structure to prevent leadership overload—a recommendation implemented. This advisory role underscores Reuel's significance as a non-ite figure who influenced early governance, though biblical texts interchangeably use "Reuel" and "Jethro," with scholarly consensus identifying them as the same individual.

Etymology and Meaning

Linguistic Origins

The name Reuel (Hebrew: רְעוּאֵל, romanized: Rəʿūʾēl) derives from ancient Hebrew, a of the Northwest Semitic group spoken by the during the biblical period. It is a , incorporating the common Hebrew element ʾēl (אֵל), which signifies "" or "" and appears in numerous biblical proper names such as Israfel and . The prefix rəʿū stems from the verb root רעה (rāʿâ), which primarily connotes "to associate with," "to be a companion," or "to be a friend," as evidenced in Hebrew lexicographical sources. This etymological structure results in the predominant interpretation of Reuel as "friend of ," reflecting a relational intimacy with the divine akin to pastoral companionship in ancient Near Eastern . An alternative rendering arises from the polysemous nature of rāʿâ, which also means "to " or "to " in contexts of and guidance, yielding " shall pasture" or "pasture of ," though this is less commonly emphasized in scholarly analyses of the name's core semantics. The name's formation aligns with Hebrew onomastic patterns from the Late onward (circa 1550–1200 BCE), where divine epithets combined with human qualities denoted favored status or covenantal bonds. No pre-Hebrew linguistic attestations of Reuel exist in surviving or , underscoring its emergence within Israelite scribal traditions documented in the , compiled between the 10th and 2nd centuries BCE. Cognates in related , such as rēʾû ("shepherd") or Arabic raʿā ("to pasture"), share the root but lack the exact theophoric compound, confirming Reuel's specificity to Hebrew religious lexicon.

Interpretations in Hebrew Tradition

In Hebrew tradition, the name Reuel (רְעוּאֵל) is primarily interpreted as "friend of ," combining the root רָעָה (rāʿâ), connoting companionship or association, with אֵל (ʾēl), a designation for . This understanding appears in rabbinic , particularly regarding Jethro, the Midianite and father-in-law of , identified as Reuel in 2:18. Midrashic texts explain the name as denoting Jethro's merit after renouncing and aiding , marking him as a divine companion who "befriended" through righteous acts. Commentators like , drawing on earlier traditions, list Reuel among Jethro's epithets to signify his beloved status and alignment with divine will, contrasting his prior pagan role. This interpretation underscores themes of and fidelity in Talmudic and Midrashic literature, such as in explanations linking the name to Jethro's counsel in 18. An alternative parsing, "God shall pasture" or "El pastures" (from רָעָה as "to shepherd"), appears in some etymological discussions but receives less emphasis in classical Jewish sources, which prioritize the relational "" motif to highlight moral transformation over pastoral imagery.

Biblical Figures

Reuel, Son of Esau

Reuel was the son of and his wife , who was the daughter of and sister of . This parentage positioned Reuel within the lineage of , the elder twin brother of and progenitor of the Edomites, as detailed in the genealogical records of . 's marriage to , an Ishmaelite, reflects inter-tribal alliances in the patriarchal narratives, with Reuel born during 's residence in before his full settlement in Seir. Reuel fathered four sons—Nahath, Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah—who are explicitly identified as descendants of through . These sons rose to prominence as chiefs (or "dukes" in older translations) in the land of , contributing to the tribal structure of 's descendants. The parallel account in 1 Chronicles reinforces this genealogy, listing Reuel among 's sons and his offspring among the Edomite clans, underscoring the biblical emphasis on patrilineal descent and leadership hierarchies in . As a grandson of Isaac and Rebekah, Reuel's line integrated Ishmaelite blood into the Edomite , potentially influencing alliances or conflicts with Israelite tribes, though no direct narrative events feature him personally. His mention serves primarily to trace the expansion of Esau's household into autonomous chieftaincies, distinct from Israelite progeny, highlighting the biblical theme of divergent national origins from common ancestry. Scholarly analyses of these genealogies, such as those in the , affirm Reuel's role without attributing extraneous historical or interpretive expansions unsupported by the text.

Reuel, Priest of Midian and Father-in-Law of Moses

Reuel appears in the as a residing in , where fled after killing an Egyptian taskmaster in . His seven daughters, including , tended flocks at a well, but hostile shepherds drove them away until Moses intervened to water the animals. The daughters returned home and reported the incident to Reuel, identified explicitly as their father and a of . In response, Reuel invited Moses to dwell with his household, providing hospitality and eventually granting to in marriage, making Reuel his father-in-law. Subsequent passages shift to the name Jethro for Moses's father-in-law, described similarly as a of dwelling near Horeb, the mountain of . Biblical scholars widely concur that Reuel and Jethro denote the same individual, with Reuel possibly serving as a personal or clan name meaning "friend of " in Hebrew, while Jethro functions as a title or alternative designation akin to other biblical figures bearing multiple names. This identification aligns with the narrative continuity, as no textual evidence suggests distinct persons fulfilling identical roles. , descendants of Midian (a son of Abraham and ), inhabited regions east of the , engaging in and trade. As , Reuel's specific cultic practices remain unspecified in the text, though Midianite likely involved of regional deities prior to exposure to . In 18, Jethro/Reuel reunited with at the Israelite encampment during the wilderness journey, bringing and their sons and . Upon hearing accounts of Yahweh's deliverance from —including the parting of the and victories over —Jethro confessed Yahweh's superiority over other gods and participated in a sacrificial meal with and Israel's elders, marking a form of acknowledgment or alignment with Israelite . Observing adjudicate disputes single-handedly from dawn to dusk, Jethro advised delegating authority to capable men as judges for minor cases, reserving major ones for ; this counsel, accepted by , established a tiered judicial structure for the tribes. Jethro then departed for his own land. Debates persist on ancillary names like Hobab, linked to Moses's father-in-law or a relative in Numbers 10:29 and Judges 4:11, but textual analysis favors Hobab as a son or brother-in-law rather than identical to Reuel/Jethro, avoiding conflation of familial roles. The figure embodies a non-Israelite intermediary facilitating Moses's integration into Midianite society and later contributing practical wisdom to Israel's nascent governance, underscoring themes of divine provision through outsiders in the Exodus narrative.

Reuel, Father of Eliasaph

Reuel is named in the as the father of Eliasaph, who was appointed as the nasi (prince or leader) of the during the organization of the Israelite encampment in the following from . In the census and arrangement of tribes around the at , Numbers 2:14 specifies: "Then the tribe of Gad: and the captain of the sons of Gad shall be Eliasaph the son of Reuel," positioning Gad's standard on the south side, encamped under Reuben's leadership. Eliasaph's role involved representing Gad in offerings for the dedication and in the tribal marching order. The name Reuel appears solely in Numbers 2:14, while parallel references to Eliasaph's father in the tribal leader lists use Deuel: Numbers 1:14 ("Of Gad; Eliasaph the son of Deuel"), Numbers 7:42 ("On the sixth day Eliasaph the son of Deuel, prince of the children of Gad"), Numbers 7:47, and Numbers 10:20. This variation reflects a difference in the Masoretic Text's consonants—רְעוּאֵל (Reʿūʾēl) versus דְּעוּאֵל (Dəʿūʾēl)—where the initial letter resh (ר) in "Reuel" replaces dalet (ד) in "Deuel," letters that ancient scribes occasionally confused due to their phonetic and graphical proximity in Paleo-Hebrew and early Aramaic scripts. No further genealogical or personal details about Reuel are provided in the biblical text, indicating his significance derives primarily from his descent line to a tribal head during the Mosaic era.

Minor Biblical References

In the genealogical lists of post-exilic Jerusalem inhabitants, the name Reuel appears among the Benjamites as the son of Ibnijah and father of Shephatiah. This reference occurs in 1 Chronicles 9:8, which enumerates families resettled in after the , stating: "Ibneiah son of Jeroham; Elah son of Uzzi, the son of Michri; Meshullam son of Shephatiah, the son of Reuel, the son of Ibnijah." The chapter as a whole records the first returnees, including priests, Levites, and lay families from and Benjamin, totaling 956 relatives in these Benjamite lines. This Reuel differs from prior figures by his tribal affiliation to Benjamin, with no further details on his role or descendants beyond this lineage. No additional biblical mentions of Reuel exist outside the primary Edomite, Midianite, and Gadite contexts.

Notable Individuals

In Literature and Philology

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892–1973) stands as the preeminent figure bearing the name Reuel in the domains of literature and . Born on 3 January 1892 in , , Tolkien developed a profound expertise in , particularly Old and , which informed his scholarly output and . He held the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon at the from 1925 to 1945, followed by the Merton Professorship of English Language and Literature until 1959, during which he advanced comparative through analyses of and their evolution. Tolkien's philological work emphasized the interplay between language and myth, as evidenced in his 1936 lecture "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics," which shifted scholarly focus from allegorical interpretations to the poem's literary artistry and linguistic integrity. This approach underscored his belief that reveals cultural essences through etymological reconstruction, a method he applied to invent coherent linguistic systems for his fictional worlds, including and , derived from and Welsh influences respectively. In literature, Tolkien authored seminal fantasy works that integrated his philological insights, such as The Hobbit (1937), a children's novel introducing the hobbit Bilbo Baggins and the One Ring, and the epic trilogy The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955), which chronicles the quest to destroy the Ring amid a richly detailed mythology. These narratives, grounded in Tolkien's constructed languages and historical linguistics, elevated modern fantasy by prioritizing linguistic authenticity and narrative depth over mere escapism, influencing subsequent authors while critiquing industrialization's erosion of traditional rural life. His son, Christopher John Reuel Tolkien (1924–2020), contributed to literary scholarship as an editor, posthumously compiling and publishing his father's unfinished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion (1977), which expands the mythological backstory of through philologically consistent Elvish histories. Christopher's editorial rigor preserved the integrity of J.R.R. Tolkien's linguistic frameworks, ensuring their accessibility to broader audiences.

In Intelligence and Foreign Policy

Reuel Marc Gerecht served as a case officer in the Central Intelligence Agency's Clandestine Service from 1985 to 1994, specializing as a Middle Eastern targets officer with a focus on Iran. During this period, he conducted operations targeting Iranian assets and contributed to intelligence collection on regional threats, drawing on his fluency in Persian and operational experience in the Middle East. His CIA tenure emphasized human intelligence (HUMINT) against hardline regimes, a approach he later critiqued for institutional shortcomings in post-Cold War adaptation. Post-CIA, Gerecht influenced U.S. intelligence policy through analysis and advocacy for revitalizing clandestine capabilities. As a resident fellow at the (AEI) starting in the late 1990s, he authored reports urging "" of outdated CIA structures to prioritize aggressive recruitment and risk-taking against proliferators like . He argued that bureaucratic risk-aversion had eroded operational effectiveness, citing failures in penetrating closed societies such as and . Gerecht's writings, including contributions to and , highlighted the need for culturally attuned officers to counter Islamist networks, informed by his firsthand operational insights. In foreign policy, Gerecht has shaped debates on Middle East strategy, particularly advocating containment and potential in through support for internal dissent and targeted pressure. At the Brookings Institution's Saban Center (early 2000s), he directed the Middle East Initiative, analyzing dynamics and arguing against diplomatic concessions that empower Tehran's . As a senior fellow at the (FDD) since 2012, he has focused on Iran's nuclear program, proxy militias, and Ali Khamenei's consolidation of power, contending that military humiliation—such as Israel's 2025 strikes—could fracture the regime's elite cohesion. Gerecht co-authored policy pieces, including in , promoting U.S.- coordination to exploit Iran's vulnerabilities without full-scale invasion, emphasizing democratic aspirations among as a causal lever for change. His views, expressed in books like Know Thine Enemy: A Spy's Journey into Revolutionary Iran (1997) and op-eds in , consistently prioritize disrupting Iran's export of over multilateral deals like the 2015 nuclear agreement, which he deemed a strategic concession enabling . Gerecht has testified before on intelligence gaps in assessing Iranian intentions and critiqued European-led diplomacy for underestimating clerical intransigence, drawing on declassified assessments and regime defector insights. While his interventionist prescriptions align with hawkish circles, they rest on empirical patterns of Iranian aggression and failed reforms since 1979.

In Academia and Other Fields

Reuel Shinnar (1923–2016) served as of at the , earning election to the in 2003 for pioneering work in reactor design, , , statistical analysis, and process economics. His advanced fluidized catalytic cracking processes and contributed 43 publications with over 1,490 citations, emphasizing dynamic modeling and optimization in . Shinnar's career, spanning post-World War II immigration from to academic leadership, integrated empirical experimentation with theoretical frameworks to solve industrial-scale challenges. Nigel F. Reuel holds the position of of Chemical and at , where his laboratory develops contact-free sensors, techniques, and measurement tools, with applications in and glycobiology. His scholarly output has garnered over 5,710 citations, reflecting innovations in tech transfer and sensor design for biological systems. In 2025, Reuel was appointed professor-in-charge of the College of Engineering's Venture Creation program, mentoring graduate students and faculty in entrepreneurial development of engineering technologies. Reuel R. Rogers is Professor of at , focusing on American politics and the intersections of , , class, and political behavior among , Latinos, and West Indian immigrants. His scholarship examines immigrant incorporation, minority political participation, and urban policy, drawing on quantitative and qualitative data to analyze causal dynamics in ethnic political mobilization. Reuel Hanks, a at , researches political and , , and regional , with emphasis on , post-Soviet transitions, and spatial inequalities. His work integrates geospatial data and fieldwork to assess geopolitical influences on resource distribution and governance structures.

Other Uses

Historical Buildings and Landmarks

The Reuel E. Smith House, situated at 28 West Lake Street in , stands as a prominent example of mid-19th-century . Constructed between 1848 and 1852, the residence was designed by , a leading figure in the movement, who incorporated intricate detailing such as pointed arches, ornate bargeboards, and asymmetrical massing to evoke a romantic, cottage-like aesthetic. Known alternatively as "The Cove," "Gingerbread House," or "Cobweb Cottage" due to its elaborate woodwork resembling spun sugar or webs, the structure exemplifies Davis's emphasis on blending functionality with scenic embellishment amid the Finger Lakes landscape. Designated for preservation on the , the house qualifies as a nationally significant architectural landmark for its intact representation of Davis's residential designs, which influenced American domestic architecture during the antebellum period. The property, originally built for local merchant Reuel E. Smith, retains key original features including verandas, gables, and interior woodwork, though subsequent alterations addressed functional needs without compromising its stylistic integrity. Another structure bearing the name is the Reuel Nims Store in Nebraska, documented in the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS NE-37) for its historical commercial significance in a frontier context, though it lacks the architectural prominence of the Smith House. No other major landmarks or buildings directly named Reuel have achieved comparable national recognition or preservation status.

Modern Cultural References

In contemporary literature, the name Reuel appears as Ronald Reuel, the Summer Knight in Jim Butcher's The Dresden Files series, specifically in the 2002 novel Summer Knight. Depicted as a deceased Chicago artist who previously held the faerie mantle of Summer Knight, his murder drives the plot, with the character name serving as a deliberate homage to J.R.R. Tolkien's middle names. In anime and television, Olivia Reuel is a supporting character in the series (2006–2008), portrayed as an operator for the W-0 unit alongside partner Sarah Danes, contributing to tactical operations in the mecha-themed narrative. Video games feature Reuel as an elven priest companion in the Saga of Viera storyline of Dress Up! Time Princess, a 2019 otome mobile game developed by , where he guards the elven kingdom and engages in interests like reading and magic research.

References

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