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SNEB

The SNEB rocket is an unguided 68 mm (2.7 in) air-to-surface rocket projectile developed and originally manufactured by the French defense company Société Nouvelle des Établissements Edgar Brandt (SNEB), an entity formed in 1945 through the financial restructuring of the pre-war Société Edgar Brandt, known for innovations in shaped charge technology. Introduced in the post-World War II period as one of the earliest folding-fin aerial rockets suitable for helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft deployment, the SNEB system features a solid-propellant motor providing a burn time of approximately 0.8 seconds and a spin rate of 20 revolutions per second for stability, enabling effective strikes against high-value or fortified ground targets at ranges up to several kilometers. It supports multiple warhead variants, including high-explosive fragmentation for anti-personnel roles, shaped-charge anti-tank types capable of penetrating up to 300 mm of armor, and inert practice rounds for training, with typical launch weights around 4-6 kg and lengths of about 1.2 m. The rocket is typically fired from pod-mounted launchers such as the Type 155 (holding 18 or 36 rounds) or similar systems, which have been integrated on a wide array of platforms including French and fighters, British Harriers and helicopters, and exported to air forces in over 20 countries for roles in , anti-armor operations, and suppression. Production continued under successors Société Hotchkiss-Brandt and TDA Armements (a Thales since the 2000s), with ongoing developments like the 68 mm laser-guided variant using induction guidance enhancing precision while maintaining cost-effectiveness compared to guided missiles. As of 2024, enhancements include beyond-line-of-sight firing capability. Despite the rise of advanced munitions, the SNEB remains in limited service due to its reliability, simplicity, and adaptability in low-intensity conflicts.

History

Origins

The Société Nouvelle des Établissements (SNEB) was founded in 1945 as a restructuring of the pre-war Établissements , a company established by in the early with extensive experience in , explosive devices, and propulsion systems for military applications such as mortars. This reorganization occurred in the aftermath of to refocus on modern armaments production, leveraging the firm's legacy in wrought ironwork and weaponry design that dated back to Brandt's innovations during . In the early 1950s, the French military, through the Service Technique de l'Aéronautique (STAé), initiated development of a new lightweight, unguided air-to-ground rocket to address the limitations of imported or obsolete systems like the 100 mm SERAM T10, which lacked sufficient speed and delivery for tactical needs—specifically, delivering a 600 g charge over 1,000 m in under 1.5 seconds at velocities approaching 800 m/s. The project aimed to provide a simple, mass-producible solution for , emphasizing ease of manufacturing and integration with existing aircraft. STAé selected the 68 mm caliber in 1951, entrusting development to SNEB over competing international standards like the British 57 mm or American 70 mm, to optimize the balance between capacity and while ensuring compatibility with French launchers. SNEB's initial prototypes featured a lightweight alloy body, a 1.4 kg solid-fuel propellant charge, and stabilizing fins—either fixed cross-type or innovative deployable semi-circular designs later refined by for better . Testing commenced in the early at the Centre d'Essais en Vol (CEV) in Cazaux, involving collaboration with and Dassault; high-speed cameras were used to resolve issues during flight trials. By 1953–1954, prototypes demonstrated reliable performance in air-to-ground configurations, prioritizing simplicity in construction to facilitate large-scale production for the .

Production and exports

The SNEB rocket was originally produced by the Société Nouvelle des Établissements (SNEB), established as a successor to the pre-World War II Brandt company through financial restructuring in 1945. The rocket entered service in the late 1950s. Production scaled up in the following the rocket's development in the early to mid-1950s, with the firm integrating into Thomson-Brandt Armements to support growing demand for air-to-ground munitions. By the late , manufacturing transitioned to TDA Armements , a wholly owned subsidiary of the , which maintains expertise in rocket systems derived from over a century of armament development. Exports of the SNEB rocket expanded internationally from the 1960s onward, with the system adopted by multiple NATO and allied forces for integration on fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. In the United Kingdom, it was cleared for operational use on Hawker Siddeley Harrier and SEPECAT Jaguar aircraft, enabling standard war loads of up to 76 rockets per sortie in pod configurations. Israel equipped its IAI Kfir fighters with SNEB pods as part of broader multirole capabilities. South Africa locally assembled variants, such as the Mechem RO68 ground-launched adaptation of the 68 mm rocket for infantry support. Export activity peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly to Middle Eastern and African nations amid regional conflicts, with documented shipments to for aircraft armament and , where French-origin stocks were noted in post-export investigations. Some recipients adapted the rocket for local munitions compatibility, such as integrating warheads suited to regional threats. Post-, demand declined with the rise of precision-guided munitions, shifting focus to upgraded 70 mm systems; however, TDA Armements continues limited production of the 68 mm SNEB series to sustain legacy platforms in over 50 operating countries as of 2025.

Design

Specifications

The baseline 68 mm SNEB rocket has a diameter of 68 mm and a length of approximately 1.2 m. The total varies from approximately 4 kg to 7 kg depending on the configuration, with a typical unguided high-explosive variant weighing 6.8 kg. Performance characteristics include a burnout of 450 m/s achieved via the Type 25 solid-fuel motor. The effective range is 0.4-4 km, influenced by launch altitude and aircraft speed, with a standard of 1.6 km under nominal conditions. The employs through canted rear fins, attaining a rotation rate of approximately 20 revolutions per second to enhance accuracy and stability in flight. Aerodynamic design features include eight folding fins that deploy post-launch and retract for compact storage within launcher pods. The propulsion system utilizes a solid-fuel Type 25 motor with a mass of 3.26 kg, including 1.485 kg of , delivering sustained during a burn duration of about 0.8 seconds. Although the 68 mm caliber remains the standard, SNEB variants were developed in 37 mm for discontinued air-to-air applications and 100 mm for limited operational use.

Propulsion

The SNEB rocket employs a single-stage solid-fuel motor utilizing a double-base composed of and , which ensures reliable ignition and consistent performance across a range of environmental conditions. This propellant formulation, specifically the extruded TT 17SD variant, provides a mean of approximately 420 daN (4,117 N) with a burn time of 0.8 seconds, propelling the rocket to a of around 450 m/s (Mach 1.3 at ). The profile is characterized by a relatively constant output during the short burn duration, derived from the propellant's stable burning rate, which contributes to the 's predictable . Post-burnout, the coasts ballistically, with its influencing effective engagement ranges up to several kilometers depending on launch altitude and angle. Flight stabilization is achieved through spin induction via the rocket's eight folding umbrella-type fins, which deploy upon launch; the leading edges of these fins feature chamfers of unequal depth to impart a rotational motion, reaching a spin rate of approximately 20 revolutions per second. This gyroscopic effect counters aerodynamic dispersion without requiring onboard guidance systems, enhancing accuracy for air-to-surface applications. Safety features include compatibility with inert warhead configurations for purposes, allowing live motor testing without risk, as well as a pressure-relief at the motor- interface where causes the tail unit to separate, preventing . These design elements minimize handling hazards and support safe operational use in diverse scenarios.

Warheads

Unguided types

The unguided warheads for the 68 mm SNEB rocket are designed primarily for air-to-ground engagements, offering a range of and non-explosive payloads to support tactical roles such as anti-personnel strikes, armor defeat, area marking, and training. These warheads are fin-stabilized and compatible with the rocket's solid-propellant motor, emphasizing simplicity and reliability in unguided delivery. Fuze options include or proximity types, typically featuring an arming delay post-launch to ensure safe separation from the launching platform and prevent premature detonation. The Type 21 warhead is a high-explosive fragmentation (HE) variant optimized for anti-personnel and soft-target suppression, delivering a blast and shrapnel effect with 0.44 kg of 60/40 RDX/TNT explosive fill. Constructed with a light-alloy body for enhanced fragmentation, it disperses high-velocity fragments effective against exposed infantry or lightly protected structures. For anti-armor applications, the Type 23 employs a high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) shaped-charge warhead with a 0.5 kg explosive fill, capable of penetrating 300-400 mm of rolled homogeneous armor to neutralize vehicles and fortifications. It incorporates an integral point-initiating base-detonating (PIBD) fuze with piezoelectric impact initiation, armed by sustained acceleration after launch, making it suitable for direct-fire engagements against armored fighting vehicles, bunkers, or other hardened targets. Non-lethal options include the smoke/incendiary warhead for battlefield marking, obscuration, or fire-starting to support area denial and tactical deception. Complementing this, the Type 24 serves as a and round with inert fill, allowing safe simulation of live-fire scenarios without hazard, often paired with point-detonating fuzes for ballistic .

Guided developments

The SYROCOT (Système de Roquette à Corrections de Trajectoire) program represented a key effort to retrofit the unguided 68 mm with precision guidance capabilities, transforming it into a low-cost alternative to dedicated guided missiles for roles. Developed by TDA Armements —the successor company to the original SNEB manufacturer—the initiative focused on integrating a semi-active (SAL) guidance kit into the existing rocket design to enable targeting of moving vehicles and light infrastructure with sub-metric accuracy. Initiated in the early , with formal upstream studies funded by the French (DGA) starting in 2006, the SYROCOT variant addressed the limitations of unguided rockets by adding a nose-mounted seeker, inertial unit, onboard calculator, and deployable stabilizing fins for trajectory corrections. This configuration allowed lock-on before launch and compatibility with standard SNEB pods, such as the TLR 550, without requiring major modifications to aircraft or systems. The relies on external laser illumination from the launching platform's sights (e.g., the HAD's Strix system) or ground designators like the DHY 307, enabling beyond-line-of-sight engagements. Integration posed challenges due to the added components, which increased the rocket's weight and slightly reduced its compared to the baseline unguided SNEB, while maintaining a maximum standoff of up to 5 km. The design emphasized modularity, with power and data transferred via induction to avoid electrical connections in the launcher, and incorporated a MURAT-compliant (munition à risques atténués) to minimize . Initial ground tests occurred in 2009, followed by flight trials on platforms including the , validating the system's precision enhancements for fixed-wing and rotary-wing applications. Although concepts for alternative guidance such as or GPS-assisted navigation were explored in the 1990s, these were not pursued to production due to technical complexities and shifting priorities toward laser-based solutions. The SYROCOT remained a limited-production effort, primarily for trials, and saw no widespread . Deliveries were anticipated starting in 2020 for upgrades to the Tigre HAD under the Loi de Programmation Militaire 2014-2019, though as of 2025, the program's status remains unclear with no confirmed operational use or new production contracts announced.

Launch systems

Pods

The Type 116M is an expendable pod designed for single-use deployment, accommodating 19 SNEB rockets in a lightweight structure with a frangible to facilitate jettisoning after firing. It employs an electrical firing circuit that allows for a rapid 0.5-second salvo, enabling quick saturation of targets. In contrast, the Type 155 is a reusable 18-tube pod suitable for multiple missions, supporting programmable firing sequences such as single shots or ripple salvos preconfigured on the ground. Loaded weight for the Type 155 is approximately 190 (419 ), making it a robust option for sustained operations. These pods are compatible with various unguided SNEB warheads for air-to-ground roles. The TDA Telson series represents modern modular pod variants produced by TDA Armements, offering configurations such as 7, 8, 12, and 22 tubes to suit different mission requirements, with designs optimized for helicopter rail mounting. pods also support guided SNEB variants like laser-guided for precision strikes. Notable examples include the and , used on platforms like the , emphasizing flexibility in tube count and integration. SNEB pod firing systems generally rely on voltage-based ignition using 28 V power supplies, incorporating intervalometers for sequenced launches and safety interlocks to prevent accidental firing during ground handling. These features ensure reliable operation across expendable and reusable designs.

Mounting configurations

SNEB rocket pods are integrated onto aircraft using standard pylons equipped with 14-inch suspension release units, allowing attachment to underwing or underfuselage hardpoints designed for loads between 500 and 1,000 pounds. These pylons support the typical weight of a loaded pod, such as the Type 155, which weighs approximately 190 kg (419 lb) when equipped with rockets. Combined mounting setups enhance operational flexibility, exemplified by the JL-100 pod, which integrates a forward section for 18 SNEB rockets with a rear 250-liter to extend range on fighters like the F.53. This configuration mounts on overwing or inboard wing pylons, such as the CRP-18 type, enabling ground-attack missions without sacrificing fuel capacity. Helicopter adaptations feature side-mounted single or dual pods on fuselage weapon stations, incorporating vibration dampening mounts to mitigate rotor-induced oscillations and ensure structural integrity during low-altitude operations. These setups prioritize lightweight pylons to maintain balance and performance. Electrical interfaces consist of pod-to-aircraft cabling via standard snatch connectors, providing power and signals for fire control systems compatible with both analog of earlier platforms and early digital systems in upgraded . This wiring supports selective firing and interlocks, facilitating across diverse airframes.

Platforms

Helicopters

The SNEB rocket was integrated into rotary-wing platforms during the 1960s as part of efforts to enhance capabilities amid counter-insurgency operations in and subsequent deployments. This adoption marked an early emphasis on arming helicopters for rapid response against ground threats, with the later exported to allies including and South African forces, where it supported similar counter-insurgency roles in diverse theaters. The involved mounting rocket pods on stub wings or fuselage hardpoints, enabling versatile loadouts tailored to the helicopter's size and mission profile. The helicopter, used by British forces, also integrated SNEB s in Matra pods for anti-armor and support roles. Key rotary-wing platforms employing SNEB rockets include the and its successor, the (SA 341), which typically carried up to 12 rockets per pod on two lightweight pods such as the or similar configurations for scout and light attack duties. The larger SA 330 accommodated up to 36 rockets across multi-pod setups, often using launchers with 18 tubes each mounted bilaterally, providing substantial firepower for troop support and suppression tasks. In modern applications, the features upgraded 22-tube pods, allowing for high-volume salvos in networked combat environments while maintaining compatibility with legacy SNEB munitions. Tactically, SNEB-equipped helicopters excel in close air support missions against ground troops and light vehicles, operating at low altitudes of 100-500 meters to deliver rapid, . Launches from these heights achieve effective ranges of 1-2 kilometers, leveraging the rocket's 1.6 km for quick engagement of fleeting targets in contested areas. This low-level profile suits rotary-wing operations, contrasting with the higher-speed, longer-range profiles of fixed-wing integrations. A notable limitation in helicopter employment is the impact of rotor downwash, which can induce turbulent airflow affecting trajectory and accuracy during launch. This effect is largely mitigated by the SNEB's , achieved through canted fins that impart rotation for gyroscopic stability, ensuring reliable performance despite the challenging aerodynamic environment.

Fixed-wing aircraft

The SNEB rocket was extensively deployed from , leveraging the high velocities of jet and propeller-driven platforms to enhance its ballistic performance in ground attack roles. Key examples include the and Mirage 5, which could carry up to 72-76 SNEB rockets across four underwing Type 116 pods, each holding 18-19 rockets. The employed twin pods accommodating 38 rockets in configurations optimized for , while the mounted 19 rockets per wing using specialized fuel-integrated launchers. Additionally, the system was exported for integration on the Israeli , a Mirage 5 derivative, where it supported multirole strike missions. Launch parameters for fixed-wing aircraft emphasized high-altitude and high-speed dives to maximize range and accuracy. Typical releases occurred at speeds of 300 to 600 knots in 15-degree dives from altitudes up to 4,000 feet, extending the effective slant range to approximately 4 km with low dispersion due to the rocket's fin-stabilized trajectory and the aircraft's forward velocity boost. The Type 25F1B motor variant, designed specifically for fixed-wing platforms, provided a burnout velocity of around 450 m/s, outperforming helicopter-optimized motors and enabling standoff engagements beyond 3 km. Operational adaptations included ripple fire modes for area suppression, where pods could discharge all rockets in rapid salvos—such as 19 rounds in under a second—to saturate targets during low-level passes. These tactics were employed in during the late 1950s and early 1960s, with deployments on aircraft like the Douglas B-26 Invader equipped with pods for strikes, and continued through Vietnam-era trials influencing export variants. Compared to launches, fixed-wing delivery offered greater standoff distances via velocity augmentation, though it increased risks of from higher release altitudes and speeds.

Operators

European users

France has been the primary developer and user of the SNEB rocket since its introduction in the 1950s, with widespread integration across fixed-wing and rotary-wing platforms of the French Air Force and Army. The rocket was employed on aircraft such as the Dassault Mirage III and Mirage F1 fighters for ground attack roles, carrying configurations including up to 38 SNEB rockets via underwing pods. It also equipped the SEPECAT Jaguar strike aircraft, which utilized Matra pods loaded with 18 SNEB rockets each for close air support missions. On helicopters, the Eurocopter Tiger HAP variant incorporated SNEB unguided rockets as part of its multi-role armament, alongside machine gun pods and mistral missiles. The adopted the SNEB rocket in the late 1960s as a replacement for the older 3-inch rocket projectiles, with the Royal Air Force (RAF) and (FAA) integrating it on platforms including the Harrier GR.3, which carried up to 76 rockets across two pods per wing, and the Sea Harrier. During the in 1982, Harrier GR.3s of No. 1 Squadron employed SNEB rockets in combat, with the first operational use occurring on 31 May against Argentine ground forces, leveraging the weapon's accuracy for engagements against maneuvering targets. The rocket was also fitted to the and , the latter capable of carrying up to 144 SNEB rounds in 36-round pods. SNEB systems were withdrawn from RAF service in 1998, supplanted by advanced cluster bombs like the and the CRV-7 rocket for . Germany's incorporated the SNEB rocket on light helicopters during the era, primarily the PAH-1 for anti-armor and reconnaissance missions, where it was mounted in pairs of 12-rocket pods. The also utilized SNEB unguided rockets as an anti-tank option, often in conjunction with wire-guided missiles on transverse pylons. These systems were phased out in the post-2000 period as the Bo 105 fleet transitioned to anti-tank guided missiles and was eventually retired in favor of the , completing the shift away from unguided rockets by the mid-2010s. Belgium pursued limited adoption of the SNEB rocket through use of the jet trainer in a program during the 1960s and 1970s. The Belgian Air Force operated 50 Magisters, some configured with underwing hardpoints for unguided rocket pods alongside light bombs and AS.11 missiles for armed training and light attack roles. The fleet was decommissioned by the 1980s, rendering SNEB integration on these platforms obsolete.

Other international users

The (SAAF) employed the 68 mm SNEB rocket on multiple platforms during the Border War (1966–1989), including the Mk I and Mk II jet trainers adapted for ground attack roles, as well as the helicopter for and troop suppression missions. A total of 1,774 SNEB rockets were fired by SAAF aircraft against enemy positions, such as SWAPO facilities at Xangongo, highlighting their role in counter-insurgency operations amid international arms embargoes that prompted local adaptations of the system. Although primarily imported from , South African firm Mechem developed the RO-68 variant—a ground-launched version based on the SNEB —for , demonstrating technological localization efforts during the conflict. In the , the Royal Saudi Air Force integrated SNEB rockets into its F.53 fleet starting in the late 1960s, using retractable underbelly packs to carry up to 60 rounds for ground attack sorties from bases like . These supersonic interceptors, acquired as part of a broader 1965 deal for 40 aircraft, were reconfigured for strike missions against regional threats, with armourers routinely loading the 68 mm rockets during operational deployments through the 1970s. By the mid-1980s, as the Lightnings were phased out in favor of newer types like the , remaining SNEB stocks supported legacy training and limited reserve roles. The (LAF) operated SNEB rockets on its FGA.9 fighters from the 1950s until their retirement in 2014, employing pods with 18 rounds each for air-to-ground strikes during internal conflicts and border operations. Following decommissioning, the LAF repurposed the pods for UH-1H Huey and SA.330 Puma helicopters, mounting them alongside unguided bombs for counter-terrorism missions, including adaptations engineered locally to fit the platforms' hardpoints. As of 2025, limited SNEB use persists in LAF legacy fleets for training and low-intensity operations, reflecting ongoing reliance on stored munitions amid modernization delays.

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