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SPP

spp. (from Latin species pluralis, meaning ", plural") is a standard in biological used to denote multiple, unspecified within a given . This notation contrasts with "sp." (singular), which refers to a single unidentified of the genus, and is typically employed in to discuss groups of related organisms without enumerating each individually, such as in references to bacterial pathogens like spp. or fungal genera like spp. The appears in (non-italicized) type following the italicized name, adhering to conventions outlined in codes of nomenclature for , viruses, and other organisms, thereby facilitating concise communication in empirical studies of and microbial . Its widespread adoption reflects the practical need in causal analyses of evolutionary patterns and ecological distributions to aggregate data across without exhaustive listing, though precise identification remains essential for replicable research.

Businesses

Energy and petroleum companies

Southern Pacific Petroleum NL (SPP) was an Australian publicly listed specializing in oil and gas exploration and development, with a primary focus on resources. Incorporated on February 6, 1968, SPP identified multiple deposits along the Canning Basin in during the 1980s and pursued commercial extraction projects, including partnerships for production that aimed to yield significant barrels of . These efforts encountered substantial regulatory and environmental challenges, culminating in project halts by 2003 amid concerns over and high production costs. The was subsequently renamed Laguna Resources NL and shifted toward broader mining activities, with its shares delisted from the ASX under the original SPP ticker. Solar Panels Plus LLC (SPP), founded in 2006 and headquartered in , operates as a distributor and installer of equipment, including photovoltaic modules, evacuated tube collectors for , and related HVAC systems. The firm supports nationwide solar dealers while directly serving residential, commercial, and governmental clients, emphasizing U.S.-made components like the SPP-30a evacuated tube collector introduced for reliable thermal applications. With NABCEP-certified installers, SPP focuses on promoting through grid-tied and off-grid solutions, avoiding the complexities of traditional utility-scale deployments. SP Petroleum Transporters, Inc., established over 30 years ago in , provides specialized services to the sector, including spill response, cleaning, blending, and oil operations compliant with environmental regulations. The company handles hazardous material and remediation for systems, supporting upstream and downstream activities across the southeastern U.S.

Other commercial entities

SPP Pumps, Inc., founded in as a engineering firm and now headquartered in the with global operations, manufactures centrifugal pumps and pumping systems for applications including , water management, , and industrial processes. The company produces horizontal split-case, end-suction, vertical turbine, and self-priming pumps, emphasizing reliability in non-energy sectors such as municipal and building services. SPP Metal & Alloys, an Indian manufacturer based in established in the early , specializes in pipes, seamless pipes, flanges, fittings, and welded tubes for , automotive, and general uses. Its product range includes ASTM A106 Grade B seamless pipes and custom alloy components, serving domestic and export markets with a focus on quality certifications like ISO 9001. SPP Corporation, a process equipment provider operating in including , designs, fabricates, and installs specialized systems such as pressure vessels, heat exchangers, and piping networks primarily for the food and beverage industry. Established to support sanitary processing needs, it offers solutions for , soft drinks, and personal care production lines, with capabilities in , testing, and commissioning compliant with international standards. In construction materials, SPP denotes Steel Pipe Piles, a type of carbon steel piling product used in foundation engineering for ports, bridges, and buildings, produced by manufacturers like Tianjin Xinyue Steel Group under specifications such as ASTM A252 for submerged arc welded pipes. These piles provide structural support through driven or drilled installation, with diameters typically ranging from 219 mm to 2540 mm and wall thicknesses up to 40 mm, valued for durability in geotechnical applications.

Gaming

Video games and entertainment

Super Princess Peach is a two-dimensional side-scrolling platformer video game developed by Tose and published by Nintendo exclusively for the Nintendo DS. It was released in Japan on October 20, 2005, in North America on February 27, 2006, and in Europe on May 26, 2006. The title marks the first dedicated console game to feature Princess Peach as the primary playable character, shifting from her traditional damsel-in-distress role in the Mario franchise. The game's plot centers on Peach's mission to rescue Mario and Luigi, who have been captured by Bowser on Vibe Island after responding to a distress call from Toads. Peach is aided by Perry, an anthropomorphic umbrella that serves as a multi-tool for attacking enemies, shielding, and interacting with the environment. Core mechanics revolve around emotion-based powers unlocked via Vibe Crystals collected from afflicted Toads across seven worlds comprising 48 levels. These powers stem from four emotional states: joy produces wind gusts for floating and propulsion; rage induces a fiery invincibility mode with earthquake stomps upon landing; gloom generates tears for swimming, flooding, and extinguishing flames; and calm creates healing auras, barriers, and gentle levitation. Perry's transformations adapt to each emotion, enabling puzzle-solving and combat tailored to environmental challenges. Optional mini-games, such as rhythm-based sequences using the DS touchscreen, provide breaks from platforming and contribute to collecting additional Vibe Crystals for power upgrades. Boss encounters emphasize strategic emotion switching to exploit weaknesses, culminating in a confrontation with . The game's design leverages the DS's dual screens for inventory and emotional meters, while controls facilitate precise Perry usage. highlighted innovative mechanics but noted criticisms, including claims of reinforcing gender stereotypes through emotion-centric abilities, as articulated by media critic who described them as "out-of-control, frantic female emotions."

Organizations

Government and regulatory bodies

The Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP) serves as the highest procuratorial organ in the , responsible for leading national efforts in criminal prosecution, legal supervision, and approval of arrests. Established on September 15, 1954, through the adoption of the Organic Law of the People's Procuratorates by the first session of the , the SPP operates under direct accountability to the NPC and its Standing Committee. Its jurisdictional scope encompasses oversight of all lower-level people's procuratorates across provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, ensuring uniform application of procuratorial functions such as initiating public prosecutions, supervising investigations by organs, and reviewing death penalty cases before submission to the . The SPP also formulates interpretive guidelines on legal application and deploys nationwide prosecutorial tasks, including enforcement and environmental protection prosecutions, with authority to handle major cases directly. In practice, the SPP's regulatory role extends to supervising administrative and judicial compliance, such as probing official misconduct and pollution-related offenses, thereby enforcing state legal standards without independent judicial review powers akin to Western models. Annual work reports submitted to the NPC detail prosecutorial statistics, including conviction rates exceeding 99% in handled cases, reflecting systemic integration with party-led governance structures.

Learned societies and professional groups

The Society for Philosophy and Psychology (SPP), established in 1974, serves as the primary interdisciplinary organization fostering dialogue between and on topics including , , , and the . It hosts annual meetings featuring peer-reviewed presentations, prizes for early-career researchers, and publications advancing empirically grounded inquiries into mental phenomena. Membership is accessible to individuals with professional or academic interest in the field, requiring annual dues of $60 for faculty and $40 for students or non-faculty, with no formal certification barriers beyond self-identified relevance. The Society for Pediatric Pathology (SPP), founded in , functions as an educational and scientific body dedicated to advancing knowledge in pediatric pathology through , , and for physicians and scientists specializing in diseases of infancy and childhood. It organizes annual conferences, supports fellowships, and disseminates guidelines on diagnostic standards, emphasizing histopathological and molecular approaches to conditions like congenital malformations and childhood cancers. Membership targets board-certified or equivalently qualified pathologists and researchers with demonstrated expertise in pediatric cases, often verified through professional endorsements or contributions to the field, though exact criteria prioritize active engagement in pediatric pathology practice or scholarship.

Political parties

The (SPP) operates as an opposition party in Singapore's , contesting s against the dominant . In the 2020 , its team in the Bishan– received 32.77% of the votes, placing second to the ruling party's slate led by Defence Minister . The party announced candidates for the same constituency ahead of the 2025 on April 22, 2025, continuing its focus on urban electoral challenges. In , the (SPP; Stranka pravde i pomirenja) represents Bosniak interests in the region, competing primarily on national minority lists to secure parliamentary seats. The party holds representation in the National Assembly, with members verified as of July 24, 2024, following elections where minority lists allocated two seats to SPP affiliates. It formalized ties with Turkey's Justice and Development Party via a signed in September 2025, aiming to expand influence among Balkan Muslim communities. The Friends of Beer Party (Strana přátel piva, SPP) in the functioned as a satirical entity formed around 1990, critiquing political seriousness through beer-themed platforms. It entered the during the post-communist transition but garnered negligible support, exemplifying fringe formations in the fragmented early electoral landscape. Australia's Party (SPP), registered in , advocates constraints on population growth to address environmental and resource pressures. It fielded candidates in federal polls, including the 2013 election, but achieved minimal vote shares amid competition from larger parties.

Energy and infrastructure organizations

The Southwest Power Pool (SPP) operates as a nonprofit regional transmission organization (RTO) mandated by the to coordinate the reliable and economic operation of the bulk electric power system across 14 central U.S. states, including , , Louisiana, , , , , and , among others. Founded in 1941 through collaboration among regional utilities to share generation resources, SPP functions independently of commercial profit motives, focusing instead on grid stability, transmission planning, and wholesale market administration without owning generation or transmission assets. SPP oversees approximately 72,884 miles of high-voltage lines within its footprint, equivalent to encircling the nearly three times, supporting accredited of 65,639 MW. Its load management includes handling a historical coincident summer peak of 56,184 MW recorded on August 21, 2023, and a winter peak of 48,142 MW on February 20, 2025, amid rising demand projections that anticipate doubling to 105 within a decade due to industrial growth and electrification. In June 2025, SPP initiated a partnership with to deploy an integrated AI solution addressing transmission reliability and flexibility challenges, specifically targeting an 80% reduction in generator interconnection times—from up to 27 months to under 12—through accelerated modeling and decision support for infrastructure upgrades. This initiative builds on SPP's integrated transmission planning process, which in 2025 emphasized expanding to mitigate and accommodate rapid load growth near system limits.

Other organizations

The Small Producers' Symbol (SPP) is a producer-led initiative established on August 1, 2006, as a civil under Mexican , designed to promote production, equitable , and organizational strengthening among small-scale farmers in the Global South. It unites 132 member organizations across , , , and the , representing about 84,000 families who adhere to standards emphasizing , democratic governance, and premium pricing for certified products like , , and . Unlike conventional certifications, SPP operates without external corporate control, with decisions driven by small producers to ensure and from farm to market. The Sustainability in Prisons Project (SPP), launched in 2004 through a partnership between The Evergreen State College and the Washington State Department of Corrections, facilitates environmental education, scientific research, and biodiversity conservation programs within U.S. correctional facilities. By 2023, it had expanded to multiple states, training over 1,000 incarcerated participants in fields like horticulture and beekeeping while supporting endangered species recovery, such as Taylor's checkerspot butterflies and Oregon spotted frogs, through hands-on conservation efforts. The project emphasizes rehabilitation via green-collar skills without exploiting labor, partnering with over 50 conservation organizations to integrate nature-based initiatives into prison operations.

Policies, protocols, processes, and programs

Economic and trade policies

The Security and Prosperity Partnership of (SPP) was launched on March 23, 2005, by U.S. President , Canadian Prime Minister , and Mexican President during a summit in , as a non-binding trilateral dialogue aimed at bolstering economic prosperity alongside security cooperation among the three NAFTA partners. The prosperity component emphasized regulatory cooperation to reduce trade frictions, enhance efficiency, and promote competitiveness, including initiatives for harmonizing standards in areas such as , pharmaceuticals, and automotive , while facilitating cross-border investments and integration without establishing new trade agreements or supranational institutions. SPP working groups produced sector-specific action plans, such as expediting procedures and aligning enforcement, which proponents argued would lower transaction costs and boost intra-regional trade volumes already exceeding $800 billion annually by 2005 under frameworks. However, empirical assessments indicate modest outcomes, with North American merchandise trade growing by approximately 40% from 2005 to 2008 before the global , but this expansion mirrored broader post- trends driven by established reductions rather than SPP-specific causal mechanisms, as the lacked enforceable commitments or quantitative for economic metrics. Regulatory efforts advanced in limited domains, like mutual of inspections for certain goods, yet comprehensive on cost savings or productivity gains attributable to SPP remain sparse, with no rigorous econometric studies isolating its effects from macroeconomic factors. Critics, particularly from sovereignty-focused perspectives, contended that SPP's emphasis on regulatory risked eroding national policy by incentivizing alignment toward the least stringent standards across borders, potentially bypassing domestic legislative processes and enabling unaccountable bureaucratic , as evidenced by closed-door consultations with advisory groups like the North American Competitiveness Council. These concerns gained traction amid perceptions of opacity, with no formal or input mechanisms, leading to congressional in the U.S. over implications for border infrastructure and . The initiative effectively stalled after 2009 amid leadership changes and shifting priorities, supplanted by bilateral pacts like the U.S.- Beyond the Border , underscoring its limited enduring impact on trade policy architecture.

Technical protocols and standards

The Profile (SPP) is a Bluetooth profile developed by the (SIG) to emulate connections over wireless links, enabling devices to communicate as if connected via a traditional serial port. It relies on the RFCOMM protocol layer, which provides a reliable, stream-oriented transport by multiplexing multiple virtual serial ports over a single and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) channel, while supporting emulated control signals such as for hardware flow control. SPP version 1.1 specifies procedures for , connection establishment, and data exchange to ensure between devices acting as servers or clients, with mandatory support for basic serial data transport in full-duplex mode at rates compatible with underlying core . Adopted as part of early profile standardization efforts in the initial core specification releases around 2000–2001, it facilitated applications like modems, headsets, and data logging without requiring custom stacks. Although marked as deprecated in favor of more modern profiles, SPP remains functional in Bluetooth Classic implementations for legacy compatibility, with errata releases (e.g., ESR 05) addressing minor corrections to the original specification. Its design prioritizes transparent serial data emulation, avoiding application-level changes by mapping service discovery protocol (SDP) records to standard serial port UUIDs (0x1101).

Government programs

Statutory Paternity Pay (SPP) is government initiative administered through the system, providing eligible employees with statutory payments during paternity leave taken in connection with the birth or adoption of a . Enacted under the Employment Act 2002, SPP took effect on 6 April 2003, offering up to two weeks of pay at a flat rate of £184.03 per week or 90% of the employee's average weekly earnings (whichever is lower) for the 2024-2025 tax year. The program reimburses employers for payments made, with costs ultimately funded by the Fund, though specific annual expenditure on SPP remains modest compared to maternity benefits, estimated indirectly through broader modeling at under £200 million annually based on uptake rates. Eligibility for SPP requires the claimant to be an employee with at least 26 weeks of continuous service ending with the 15th week before the expected week of (or matching week for ), average weekly earnings meeting or exceeding the lower earnings limit (£123 for 2024-2025), and primary responsibility for the child's upbringing alongside the mother or primary adopter. Leave and pay must be taken within 52 weeks of the birth or placement, in blocks of one or two consecutive weeks, with notice provided at least 15 weeks in advance or 28 days for adoptions. From April 2024, flexibility allows non-consecutive weeks within the first year, aligning with updates to enhance usability without expanding duration. Empirical analyses indicate SPP facilitates initial paternal involvement, with uptake rates around 70-80% among eligible fathers in early years post-introduction, correlating with short-term bonding but limited evidence of sustained child development or gender equity gains due to the brief duration and low payment relative to median earnings (approximately 20% of average). Cost-benefit modeling for the current scheme shows fiscal burdens offset by administrative reimbursements, though extensions to six weeks at higher rates (90% pay) project gross costs of £1.15 billion offset partially by £12.8 billion in economic gains from reduced maternal employment gaps and productivity, per simulations assuming full uptake—yet real-world low-pay schemes like SPP exhibit uptake barriers for low earners, questioning net effectiveness without employer top-ups. Critiques highlight that while SPP meets minimal statutory obligations, its structure perpetuates opportunity costs for career progression, with studies on analogous shared parental leave showing negligible shifts in leave-sharing due to similar pay disincentives, underscoring causal limits of low-value transfers in altering family labor dynamics.

Science and technology

Computing and networking

The Serial Port Profile (SPP) is a profile that emulates a connection for wireless data transfer between devices, utilizing the RFCOMM protocol layer to provide a virtual serial port. Introduced in the 1.1 specification released on February 22, 2001, SPP supports a maximum capacity of 128 bytes per packet and serves as the foundation for higher-level profiles such as , Profile, Headset Profile (HSP), and Audio/Video Profile (AVRCP). It enables straightforward device-to-device communication in stacks, commonly implemented in embedded systems, mobile devices, and peripherals for tasks like data logging and command passing without requiring custom protocol development. In networking protocols, SPP refers to the Sequenced Packet Protocol, a transport-layer protocol in the (XNS) architecture developed by Xerox PARC. Released as part of XNS in 1981, SPP provides reliable, flow-controlled, two-way data transfer with sequencing, acknowledgments, and retransmission mechanisms, functioning as a connection-oriented alternative to UDP-like protocols. It influenced subsequent protocols, including elements of in the suite, and was implemented in early network hardware such as Xerox's NS series workstations during the late 1970s and 1980s for in heterogeneous environments. For hardware interfaces, SPP denotes the Standard Parallel Port mode, the original bidirectional configuration for PC parallel ports used primarily for printer connections and peripheral transfer. Standardized in practice with the PC in and operating at speeds up to approximately 150 /s in 8-bit , SPP uses a Centronics-style connector with separate , , and lines, distinguishing it from enhanced modes like Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP) or Extended Capabilities Port (ECP) defined in (1994). This mode remains relevant in legacy computing systems and industrial controllers for simple, low-cost I/O operations.

Physics and materials science

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are quasiparticles formed by the coupling of electromagnetic waves with collective oscillations at the between a metal and a dielectric , enabling propagation of light confined to subwavelength scales with perpendicular to the . The for SPPs arises from matching boundary conditions for the electromagnetic fields, yielding a wavevector k_{SPP} = k_0 \sqrt{\frac{\epsilon_m \epsilon_d}{\epsilon_m + \epsilon_d}}, where k_0 is the free-space wavevector, \epsilon_m the metal (negative in the visible range due to free--like behavior), and \epsilon_d the dielectric , resulting in k_{SPP} > k_0 for tight confinement. This phenomenon was theoretically predicted in 1957 by R. H. Ritchie through analysis of plasma oscillations in thin metallic films, building on earlier volume concepts. Experimental validation of SPPs occurred in the late 1960s using the Kretschmann configuration, where a thin metal on a enables evanescent wave coupling via , confirming propagation losses and matching theoretical predictions for silver-air interfaces at visible wavelengths. In , SPPs underpin nanophotonic structures by overcoming the diffraction limit, with applications in waveguides where propagation lengths reach tens of micrometers in low-loss metals like silver before ohmic damping dominates, quantified by imaginary components in \epsilon_m. Peer-reviewed studies emphasize SPPs' role in enhancing light-matter interactions, such as in metal-insulator-metal cavities where field enhancements exceed 100-fold. Spiral phase plates (SPPs) are refractive optical elements imparting a helical phase profile \phi(r, \theta) = \ell \theta to an incident beam, where \ell is the topological charge denoting orbital quanta \ell \hbar per , transforming a into a Laguerre-Gaussian with a singularity and doughnut-shaped intensity. The underlying physics stems from the azimuthal dependence enabling to carry transverse orbital , conserved in paraxial and convertible to mechanical torque upon , as demonstrated in early experiments transferring \ell \hbar per to absorbing particles. First experimentally realized in 1994 by Beijersbergen et al. using etched plates to generate \ell = 1 modes from He-Ne lasers, validating the fork dislocation pattern in . In contexts, SPPs fabricated from dielectrics like fused silica via achieve efficiencies over 90% for visible , with thickness gradients calibrated to \Delta h = \frac{\ell \lambda}{n-1} for wavelength \lambda and n, enabling studies of in structured media.

Biology and ecology

In biological taxonomy, the abbreviation "spp." denotes the plural form of species, specifically referring to multiple unnamed or unspecified species within a given genus under binomial nomenclature conventions. This usage follows from the Latin species pluralis and is employed when precise species identification is unnecessary or multiple taxa are collectively referenced, such as in ecological surveys or biodiversity reports; unlike the singular "sp.", "spp." is not italicized. Self-propelled particle (SPP) models, originating from statistical physics, have been adapted to simulate collective motion and emergent behaviors in ecological contexts, particularly swarming or flocking in animal groups. These agent-based simulations represent organisms as particles that self-propel with constant speed while aligning velocities with neighbors, capturing phenomena like schooling in fish or bacterial aggregation without centralized control. For instance, extensions of the Vicsek model incorporate variable speeds inspired by empirical data from fish schools, revealing how local interactions yield global coherence amid noise or environmental heterogeneity. Such models bridge and by predicting scalable properties of biological swarms, including phase transitions from disorder to , which align with observations in planktonic microorganisms and flocks. In microbial , SPP frameworks describe in bacterial colonies, where biases toward crowded regions facilitate nutrient access or evasion of toxins. Empirical validation often draws from video-tracked data, demonstrating that minimal rules suffice for realistic swarm , though real systems incorporate additional factors like sensory ranges or predation risks.

Other scientific and technical uses

Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), also known as , is a encoding a multifunctional involved in processes such as , , and tissue remodeling. First identified in the as a major non-collagenous protein in , SPP1 promotes crystal formation and adhesion in mineralization events, with its expression upregulated in pathological like vascular deposits. The human SPP1 , located on chromosome 4q22.1, spans approximately 8 kb and consists of 7 exons, producing a protein of 314 post-translational modifications including and . In , SPP refers to the Science Power Platform, a proposed segment for the designed to deliver up to 25 kilowatts of electrical power and thermal rejection capacity for operations. Planned in the mid-1990s as part of ISS assembly, the SPP would have included arrays, radiators, and docking ports, launched via and integrated via spacewalk, but was canceled around 2006 due to funding shortfalls and program reprioritization following the disaster. This module aimed to enhance power redundancy beyond the U.S. alpha rotary joints, supporting extended payloads in microgravity.

Miscellaneous uses

Textual abbreviations

In biological and taxonomic writing, "spp." serves as the standard abbreviation for the plural form of "species," denoting multiple unnamed or unspecified species within a given genus. This shorthand follows the genus name without italics, distinguishing it from fully specified binomial nomenclature, where both genus and species epithets are italicized. For instance, "Escherichia spp." refers to more than one species in the genus Escherichia, such as various strains beyond E. coli, allowing concise reference to a group without enumerating each taxon. The singular counterpart, "sp.," indicates one unspecified species, as in "Homo sp." for an unidentified human relative. These abbreviations originated in the conventions of , evolving as practical tools in scientific documentation to handle uncertainty or breadth in species identification, particularly in fields like , , and studies. Unlike italicized scientific names, "sp." and "spp." remain in roman type and are not capitalized unless starting a sentence, per style guides from organizations like the and fisheries societies. Usage extends to lists, surveys, or general discussions where precision at the species level is unnecessary or pending, such as "various insect spp. were observed" to summarize diverse taxa without exhaustive cataloging. This convention promotes efficiency in peer-reviewed literature and technical reports, though it requires context to avoid ambiguity—e.g., specifying the clarifies scope. In rare cases, extensions like "spp. nov." signal undescribed plural species awaiting formal . Adherence to these rules ensures clarity, as misuse (e.g., italicizing "spp.") can confuse readers accustomed to or International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants standards.

Other contexts

In , SPP denotes Super Poke Pets, a browser-based simulation game developed by Inc. and launched on the in October 2007. The game enabled users to adopt customizable pets, build virtual ranches, and engage in social interactions via "pokes," mini-games, and purchasable items using in-game currency. Following 's acquisition by in August 2010, the service faced declining support and was terminated in June 2011, prompting user backlash over lost digital assets and communities.

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