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Scissors jump

The scissors jump, also known as the scissor kick, is a basic technique in the high jump event of track and field athletics, in which the athlete executes a straight-line approach toward the bar at an angle of approximately 30 to 50 degrees, takes off from one foot, and clears the height by sequentially lifting the legs in a scissor-like motion while keeping the body upright and facing the bar.^[1]^[2] Originating in the 19th century, the scissors jump was one of the earliest formalized methods in competitive high jumping, with the first recorded events taking place in Scotland, where athletes employed either a straight-on approach or this diagonal scissor style to propel themselves over the bar.^[3] Early practitioners, such as those in Victorian-era Highland Games, relied on the technique's simplicity and reliance on raw leg drive and coordination, achieving heights that set initial benchmarks for the sport, including the first men's world record of 1.575 meters by Adam Wilson in 1827 using a rudimentary form of the method.^[1] By the early 20th century, it had become the dominant style in international competitions, notably featured at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics, where athletes like Simeon Toribio of the Philippines, who cleared 1.91 meters, demonstrated its agility, though the winning height reached 1.94 meters with a variant technique.^[4] The technique involves a controlled run-up of 7 to 11 steps in a straight line, culminating in a one-foot takeoff where the lead leg drives upward toward the bar, followed by the trailing leg slicing over in a horizontal "kick," with the jumper landing on both feet on the opposite side.^[2] This motion minimizes air resistance and maximizes height through hip extension, but it limits potential records due to the body's forward-facing orientation, which contrasts with later innovations.^[1] Over time, the scissors jump gave way to more efficient styles like the straddle and western roll in the mid-20th century, and ultimately the Fosbury Flop in 1968, which revolutionized the event by allowing back-arch clearances and shattering records.^[4] Today, while rarely used by elite athletes—who favor the flop for jumps exceeding 2 meters—the scissors remains a foundational teaching tool for beginners and youth programs, emphasizing explosiveness, timing, and body control in introductory drills.^[5]

Overview

Definition and principles

The scissors jump is a foundational technique in the high jump event, characterized by an athlete's angled straight-line approach to the bar, takeoff from one foot, and clearance achieved through a sequential swinging of the legs in a scissoring motion while the body remains in an upright position.^[1] This method, often regarded as the most primitive organized form of high jumping, evolved from basic folk practices like a simple hop over an obstacle, emphasizing direct elevation of the center of mass via leg propulsion rather than arched or rotational body positions.^[6]^[7] At its core, the scissors jump operates on principles of linear momentum and vertical force application, where the athlete builds speed during the approach to maximize kinetic energy, converts it into upward momentum at takeoff through explosive leg extension, and coordinates the leg scissor to minimize the path length the center of mass must travel over the bar.^[1] Unlike later techniques, it relies heavily on straightforward leg drive and minimal body rotation, resulting in the body passing horizontally over the bar in a near-vertical orientation to optimize height clearance.^[7] This approach demands precise timing to ensure the trailing leg follows smoothly without knocking the bar, highlighting the technique's emphasis on coordination over complex aerodynamics.^[8] Physically, the scissors jump requires explosive power in the lower body, particularly the quadriceps and calves, to generate the vertical impulse needed for takeoff.^[1] Core stability is essential to maintain the upright torso and prevent forward lean during flight, while hip flexibility facilitates the fluid alternation of the legs in the scissoring action, allowing for efficient bar passage without loss of balance.^[9]^[10] These attributes make the technique accessible for beginners, though it has largely been supplanted by more efficient styles like the straddle and Fosbury flop in elite competition.^[6]

Place in high jump history

The scissors jump emerged as the earliest standardized technique in high jump during the mid-19th century, becoming the dominant method in competitive athletics and shaping the sport's initial formal structure. First documented in Scottish Highland games and early track meets, it replaced rudimentary straight-on approaches by introducing a diagonal run-up and scissoring leg motion, which allowed for more controlled clearances over the bar. This technique prevailed through the late 19th and into the early 20th century, enabling consistent performances that elevated the event's profile in international competitions, including its debut as an Olympic discipline in 1896.^[1] Under the scissors method, world records progressed steadily, culminating in Michael Sweeney's 1.97-meter mark in 1895 using an Eastern cut-off variant, which remained the benchmark for 17 years and represented the technique's peak potential. The upright body position and sequential leg lift limited maximum heights but facilitated reliable jumps up to this level, with many elite athletes, including Olympic medalists, relying on it exclusively. In 1912, George Horine achieved a transitional milestone by clearing 1.89 meters at the Stockholm Olympics to place third—before setting a new world record of 2.00 meters earlier that year with the innovative Western Roll, signaling the scissors' waning dominance.^[11]^[12]^[13] The scissors jump significantly influenced high jump rule standardization, as its mechanics aligned with foundational regulations established by governing bodies like the Amateur Athletic Union in the late 19th century, including mandatory one-foot takeoff, prohibitions on hand assistance, and precise bar height measurements from the ground. These rules, codified for fairness and safety in early Olympic and national meets, emphasized vertical clearance without aids, directly accommodating the technique's frontal approach and foot landing. The shift away from scissors also prompted equipment evolutions, such as deeper sawdust pits for upright landings, further embedding the event's procedural norms.^[14] By the 1920s, the scissors jump fell into obsolescence due to inherent biomechanical limitations: its rigid, horizontal body orientation prevented effective arching or rotation, forcing the jumper's center of gravity to pass directly over the bar at near-full body height, which capped achievable clearances. In contrast, emerging techniques like the Western Roll offered superior energy efficiency by converting approach speed into vertical propulsion more effectively and allowing partial body curvature to dip the center of gravity below the bar. This inefficiency, combined with the technique's vulnerability to bar knocks from the torso, rendered it unsuitable for record-breaking pursuits beyond 2 meters, paving the way for rotational styles that revolutionized the sport.^[14]

Technique

Approach phase

The approach phase in the scissors jump high jump technique utilizes a straight-line run-up, distinguishing it from the curved paths of later methods, to build momentum directly toward the bar at an angle of approximately 30-45 degrees.^[15] This path typically consists of 7-11 steps starting from a standing position, allowing the jumper to accelerate progressively and maintain directional control without lateral forces.^[2]^[16] The emphasis is on smooth acceleration from the initial steps, with each stride increasing in length and power to convert horizontal momentum into vertical lift at takeoff. Arm swing plays a crucial role in coordinating the jumper's rhythm and building additional momentum during the run-up, with both arms pumping vigorously in opposition to the leg action—right arm forward as the left leg advances, and vice versa—to enhance balance and drive the torso upright.^[16] This reciprocal motion helps maintain an overall upright body posture, keeping the center of gravity high for efficient energy transfer. In the final two steps, the jumper makes subtle adjustments to align the plant foot perpendicular to the bar, ensuring the penultimate stride is slightly lengthened to lower the center of gravity while the final stride shortens for precise positioning and upward force application.^[16] These adjustments are critical for transitioning seamlessly into the takeoff. The approach culminates in an optimal horizontal velocity of 4-5 m/s at the point of takeoff, derived from penultimate stride lengths of about 1.12 m and durations around 0.20 s, which maximizes vertical impulse without excessive forward momentum that could disrupt bar clearance.^[17] This controlled speed, lower than in curved techniques, prioritizes stability and power generation suited to the scissors method's linear dynamics.

Takeoff and flight

The takeoff in the scissors jump occurs from a single foot following a straight-line approach at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees to the bar, allowing for a smooth transition into vertical propulsion. The jumper plants the takeoff foot firmly at the penultimate step, accelerating through the final stride to position the body tall with the head up and eyes focused forward. The lead leg—the one closest to the bar—is then driven forcefully upward with a high knee lift extending past horizontal, initiating upward momentum while the takeoff leg extends fully for push-off.^[18]^[1] During this phase, the body exhibits a slight forward lean inherited from the accelerating run-up, which transitions to an upright posture as the jumper rotates minimally to align with the bar's position. This rotation, induced by the angled approach, helps maintain balance without excessive twisting, keeping the center of gravity high for efficient energy transfer. Arm action plays a key role, with both arms initially swinging backward during the plant before driving upward and into opposition—one extended forward and the other backward—to counterbalance the leg drive and stabilize the torso during ascent.^[19]^[20] In the initial airborne phase, the flight path follows a parabolic trajectory governed by projectile motion principles, with the takeoff angle of projection typically ranging from 70 to 80 degrees to maximize vertical displacement relative to horizontal speed. The lead leg continues its scissor-like lift over the bar first, followed closely by the takeoff leg, while the body remains relatively upright to facilitate clearance. This configuration emphasizes verticality over rotation, distinguishing the scissors style's straightforward ascent from more arched modern techniques.^[21]

Bar clearance and landing

In the bar clearance phase of the scissors jump, the scissoring motion begins as the jumper reaches the peak of their flight, with the lead leg—the inside leg closest to the landing mats—driving upward and swinging high over the bar first to initiate clearance.^[19] This is immediately followed by the trailing leg, or take-off leg, which executes a quick slicing action to pass over the bar in sequence, allowing portions of both legs to dip below bar height at the apex for improved efficiency.^[1]^[14] The jumper's body maintains an upright orientation facing the bar during this clearance, with the hips elevated and the torso aligned toward the bar to minimize drag and maximize pelvic height relative to the legs.^[14]^[15] The head remains facing forward, eyes focused ahead, to support an upright posture that aids balance and prevents premature rotation.^[19] This configuration leverages the initial upward momentum from takeoff but limits advanced maneuvers, as the technique does not permit back arching to optimize the center of mass trajectory.^[14] Landing follows immediately after clearance, involving a controlled feet-first descent onto the high jump mat to ensure safety and momentum absorption.^[5] The jumper bends the knees upon contact to cushion the impact, while keeping the body tall and shoulders relaxed to facilitate an upright arrival in the center of the landing area, avoiding falls or stumbles.^[19] This straightforward landing aligns with the technique's simplicity, though it contributes to its overall height constraints, with historical achievements up to approximately 1.95 meters despite limitations compared to modern methods.^[14]^[4]

Historical development

Origins and early use

The scissors jump technique in high jump originated from 19th-century folk practices in Britain, particularly within Scottish Border and Highland Games, where it evolved from simple jumps over makeshift bars or hurdles in rural and schoolyard settings by untrained athletes, often farm laborers competing barefoot on rough terrain.^[22] These early forms drew from traditional athletic games emphasizing upright posture for safe landings, transitioning from basic hurdle clears to formalized bar jumping as organized meets emerged.^[22] The scissors technique was first documented in organized Scottish competitions by the mid-19th century, evolving from straight-on approaches. The first documented uses in organized competitions appeared in Scotland during the early to mid-19th century, with the scissors method—characterized by a diagonal approach and alternating leg motion over the bar—becoming one of the primary techniques alongside straight-on approaches.^[3] By the 1820s, records included Thomas Anderson of Innerleithen clearing 1.60 m in 1829 using a precursor to the scissors style, while mid-century achievements approached 1.70 m in Border Games events.^[22] The technique spread to American athletics through Irish-American athletes like Michael Sweeney in the 1890s.^[22] Early iterations of the scissors jump were primitive, relying on basic leg alternation without advanced body rotation or cut-off maneuvers, which limited efficiencies and heights compared to later refinements; for instance, Irish athlete Patrick Davin set a world record of 1.90 m in 1880 using a straight-on approach, surpassing previous marks like 1.78 m set by Tom Davin in 1872.^[23] This basic scissoring principle emphasized momentum from the approach over aerial optimization, reflecting the technique's grassroots beginnings before its dominance in international competitions by the 1890s.^[3]

Key innovations and variants

One significant innovation in the scissors jump technique emerged in the 1890s with the Eastern cut-off variant, developed by Irish-American athlete Michael Sweeney. This modification introduced a curved approach to the bar, which allowed for greater leg extension and a more efficient body layout over the bar, lowering the jumper's center of gravity while facing the bar. Sweeney employed this technique to set a world record of 1.97 meters (6 feet 5⅝ inches) in 1895, demonstrating its potential to surpass the limitations of the primitive straight-on scissors style.^[22] The Eastern cut-off also influenced brief hybrid forms that incorporated elements of the emerging Western roll, where the jumper introduced a slight body roll to enhance clearance. These hybrids maintained the core scissors motion but added a subtle rotation, enabling athletes to achieve heights up to approximately 1.90 meters by improving the alignment of the body during flight. This adaptation extended the technique's competitiveness into the early 20th century, bridging the gap between traditional scissors and more advanced rolling methods.^[22] A notable example of a refined scissors variant came from American athlete Harold Osborn, who won Olympic gold in the high jump at the 1924 Paris Games with a clearance of 1.98 meters (6 feet 6 inches). Osborn used a modified Western roll technique with a unique shoulder adjustment—throwing back his outside shoulder for a better layout—which optimized his trajectory and contributed to his success in both the high jump and decathlon events.^[22]^[24] By the 1930s, however, the scissors jump and its variants began to decline as they were surpassed by the straddle technique, which provided superior center-of-mass lowering and allowed for higher clearances through a more dynamic belly-down rotation over the bar. Relaxed rules on "diving" styles in the late 1930s further favored the straddle, rendering the Eastern cut-off and related hybrids obsolete at elite levels by the mid-20th century.^[22]

Transition to modern methods

The straddle technique emerged in the 1930s as a significant advancement over the scissors jump, allowing athletes to clear the bar in a prone position that minimized air resistance and maximized height. This method, which involved approaching the bar diagonally and arching the body face-down over it, enabled early adopters like American jumpers Cornelius Johnson and Dave Albritton to achieve clearances of 2.00 m at the 1936 Olympic Trials, marking the first time that height was reached in international competition.^[25] The straddle's aerodynamic efficiency quickly overshadowed the scissors jump, with world records progressing steadily through the mid-20th century; however, it too was eventually supplanted by the Fosbury Flop at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, where Dick Fosbury cleared 2.24 m by arching his back supine over the bar, setting an Olympic record and revolutionizing the event due to even greater biomechanical advantages.^[25]^[1] The Eastern cut-off variant of the scissors, developed in the 1890s, reached 1.97 m with Sweeney, but by the 1920s, styles like the Western roll surpassed it (e.g., Osborn's 1.98 m in 1924), leading to the straddle in the 1930s.^[26] Despite its obsolescence at the top levels, the scissors jump retains a foundational legacy in high jump pedagogy, serving as an introductory technique in youth programs to build fundamental skills like takeoff and coordination before progressing to advanced methods.^[27]^[8] Following the widespread adoption of the Fosbury Flop after 1968, the scissors jump became exceedingly rare in competitive settings, though it persists occasionally in recreational or low-bar contexts where simplicity and minimal equipment are prioritized.^[28]^[29]

Training and application

Coaching methods for beginners

Coaching methods for beginners in the scissors jump prioritize a structured, progressive approach to foster proper technique, confidence, and injury prevention, particularly for young athletes aged 8-12. Instructors should maintain active supervision, keep groups engaged with simultaneous jumps to minimize downtime, and use simple, non-intimidating drills that emphasize upright posture and feet-first landings.^[19]^[8] Step-by-step drills commence with low-bar walks and basic leaps onto padded mats without a bar to isolate takeoff and landing mechanics. Athletes begin from a standing or short 10-meter run, taking off on one foot and landing upright on both feet for balance, using cues like "step up" or "spring" to encourage a controlled plant at a 30-degree angle to the mat center. This builds foundational coordination before introducing run-ups. Progression then shifts to short approaches of 5-6 steps from a marked starting point, aligned straight or at a slight 35-degree curve, where athletes walk the run-up initially to establish rhythm before accelerating.^[19]^[5] Safety protocols form the cornerstone of beginner sessions, including the use of padded landing mats meeting minimum dimensions (e.g., at least 5m x 3m x 0.6m for low-risk groups) positioned to cover the entire landing zone, with uprights anchored securely underneath. Flexible elastic or fiberglass crossbars are mandatory to avoid hard impacts, and landing areas must be cleared of debris while limiting spikes to 9mm on synthetic surfaces. A thorough warm-up is required, featuring light jogging, dynamic stretches such as knee pulls and ankle circles, and shin pulls to prepare the ankles and knees for the demands of takeoff and clearance, followed by regular hydration breaks to monitor fatigue.^[30]^[19]^[8] The progression sequence emphasizes mastering a straight run and plant before adding the scissor action: athletes first perfect the approach and flat-footed takeoff, then incorporate the lead-leg drive over a bar set at knee height, landing tall with both knees clearing simultaneously. Cues such as "drive the lead knee high" and "slice the legs like scissors" aid visualization of the alternating leg motion for bar clearance, ensuring the body remains extended rather than arched. Only after consistent success at low heights do sessions advance to full 8-10 step approaches with faster final strides, reinforcing active foot placement.^[19]^[5]

Biomechanical considerations

The biomechanics of the scissors jump highlight key limitations in force production and energy transfer that constrain its maximum height potential compared to more modern techniques. During the takeoff phase, ground reaction forces, particularly the vertical component, peak at approximately 3-4 times the athlete's body weight, generating the necessary impulse for elevation through explosive extension of the takeoff leg.^[31] This force profile relies heavily on the plantar flexors and knee extensors, but the straight-line approach and upright posture in the scissors method reduce the overall impulse efficiency relative to curved approaches in other styles.^[32] A defining feature of the scissors jump is the trajectory of the center of gravity (COG), which must remain entirely above the bar height during clearance to avoid knocking it off, unlike the Fosbury flop where the COG arcs below the bar for added height advantage.^[8] This requirement demands precise control of body position, with the trunk maintained in a near-vertical alignment to keep the COG elevated, thereby limiting bar heights to those achievable solely through takeoff velocity. The scissoring motion of the legs briefly references this by alternating leg lifts to minimize COG depression while crossing the bar. A 2025 kinematic analysis further identifies the ankle angle at takeoff as a significant predictor of jump height, underscoring the role of joint positioning in performance.^[17] Joint mechanics further underscore the technique's constraints, particularly in the hip flexion of the lead leg to raise the pelvis and clear the bar, effectively tying maximum jump height to the initial takeoff impulse without post-takeoff adjustments.^[17] This pronounced flexion, combined with minimal trunk rotation, imposes biomechanical trade-offs in leverage and stability. From an energy perspective, the scissors jump exhibits suboptimal efficiency in converting horizontal approach speed to vertical velocity, as much of the kinetic energy from the run-up dissipates due to the abrupt redirection and lack of optimized angular momentum.^[33] This suboptimal transfer arises from the linear approach and rigid body orientation, capping performance in elite contexts while emphasizing the technique's simplicity for foundational training.

Modern relevance and adaptations

In contemporary athletics training, the scissors jump remains a foundational technique in youth and school programs, serving as an accessible entry point for beginners before transitioning to more advanced styles like the Fosbury flop. This approach emphasizes safety and fundamental jumping mechanics, allowing young athletes to build confidence and coordination without the complexity of curved approaches or backward landings. Organizations such as World Athletics recommend the scissors method in kids' athletics curricula, where participants practice running toward a low barrier and clearing it with a scissor-like leg motion to land on their feet, fostering early skill development in controlled environments.^[27] Similarly, coaching resources highlight its suitability for Little Athletics centers, where it introduces proper takeoff and bar clearance to children as young as 7 or 8, progressing from mat jumps to elastic barriers.^[34] Adaptations of the scissors jump extend beyond traditional track and field into fitness and urban movement disciplines. In low-bar fitness classes, a modified version—often performed over padded hurdles or low obstacles—builds lower-body strength and explosiveness while minimizing joint stress, making it ideal for general conditioning workouts. This variation targets the quadriceps, glutes, and hamstrings through controlled leaps, as outlined in exercise guides that position it as a versatile plyometric drill.^[35] In parkour, scissor-like vaults draw from the technique's leg-crossing motion to efficiently clear obstacles, such as in the scissor kick speed vault, where practitioners use a diagonal approach to propel over rails or walls with fluid hip rotation and minimal ground contact. Parkour academies describe this as a visually dynamic yet practical adaptation, originating from early freerunning influences and emphasizing body control for urban navigation.^[36] Recent kinematic research underscores the scissors jump's potential in rehabilitation training, attributing its low-impact profile to reduced landing forces compared to overhead styles. A 2025 study on integrated plyometric training programs for youth athletes demonstrated improvements in jump height and knee stability while mitigating valgus collapse—a common injury risk factor.^[37] This aligns with its feet-first landing mechanics, supporting use in post-injury protocols to rebuild explosive power without excessive joint loading. The technique also appears in niche competitions, including occasional masters events and fun runs, where it promotes inclusivity by accommodating athletes with varying abilities or preferences for simpler methods. In masters athletics gatherings, participants over 35 often revert to or incorporate scissors elements for their straightforward execution, allowing older competitors to engage without the flexibility demands of the flop.^[38] Programs like Little Athletics further exemplify this by permitting scissors over low mats in inclusive formats, enabling standing or double-leg variations to ensure broader participation in recreational high jump challenges.^[39]

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