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Sea grape

'''Sea grape''' or '''seagrape''' is a common name for several unrelated species of plants, algae, and marine animals found in coastal and marine environments. These include species in the plant genera ''Coccoloba'' and ''Cissus'', the green algae genus ''Caulerpa'', the sea squirt ''Molgula manhattensis'', and salps. For detailed information on each, see the sections below.

Plants

Coccoloba uvifera

Coccoloba uvifera, commonly known as seagrape, is a species of flowering plant in the Polygonaceae family. It is native to coastal regions of tropical America, including Florida, the Caribbean islands, Central America from Mexico to Panama, and the northwestern portion of South America extending to Peru. This evergreen shrub or small tree plays a significant role in coastal ecosystems and is valued for its ornamental and edible qualities.^[1]^[2]^[3] The plant typically grows as a diffuse shrub or tree reaching 10–15 meters (35–50 feet) in height and 6–9 meters (20–30 feet) in spread, though it can form a multi-stemmed vase shape in open areas. Its large, alternate, leathery leaves are nearly circular or orbicular, measuring 20–30 cm (8–12 inches) in diameter, with prominent red veins and a glossy green surface that turns vibrant red in the fall before shedding. Small, creamy-white flowers appear in spring to early summer on drooping racemes 15–30 cm (6–12 inches) long, and these are followed by clusters of elliptical, grape-sized fruits, about 2 cm (¾ inch) long, that ripen from green to reddish-purple in late summer on female plants. The fruits are edible and contain a single hard seed.^[1]^[2]^[4] C. uvifera thrives in sandy coastal soils, including dunes, beaches, and hammocks, where it exhibits high tolerance to salt spray, drought, and occasional inundation from storm surges. As a pioneer species, it helps stabilize sand dunes by trapping sediment with its dense foliage and branching structure, thereby reducing erosion and protecting inland areas from storm impacts. The plant provides essential habitat and food sources for wildlife, including birds and small mammals like squirrels that consume the fruits, while its thick canopy offers shelter in coastal thickets and savannas. It blooms in spring and produces fruits that attract pollinators and dispersers, contributing to biodiversity in wet tropical biomes at elevations up to 900 meters.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] The fruits of C. uvifera are used to make jams, jellies, juices, preserves, and even wine, though they are often eaten fresh despite their tart, astringent flavor. In landscaping, it serves as an ornamental specimen, hedge, privacy screen, or windbreak due to its salt tolerance and attractive foliage, particularly in USDA hardiness zones 10A–11. Propagation occurs readily via seeds, which should be sown fresh in sandy soil at around 20°C, or through greenwood cuttings and air layering; the plant has a slow to moderate growth rate but becomes drought-tolerant once established, requiring full sun to partial shade and well-drained soils. Regular pruning is recommended to maintain shape and encourage air circulation.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] The common name "seagrape" derives from the plant's clusters of purple fruits that resemble grapes, a resemblance echoed in its scientific name, where "Coccoloba" comes from Greek for a type of berry and "uvifera" from Latin for "grape-bearing." Historically, C. uvifera has been utilized in traditional medicine, with its astringent red gum or sap from the bark (known as West Indian kino or Jamaica kino) employed to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and intestinal disorders, while the bark decoction serves similar purposes in folk remedies. The wood is also used for fuel, cabinetry, and tanning or dyeing due to its resin content.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Cissus rotundifolia

Cissus rotundifolia is a species in the Vitaceae family, the grape family, and an evergreen climbing vine native to East Africa, extending from the Arabian Peninsula through Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Sudan southward to South Africa, as well as the Mascarenes.^[5] This plant shares its family with true grapes (Vitis spp.), though it is not cultivated for edible fruit.^[6] The vine exhibits a vigorous growth habit, reaching heights of 2 to 9 meters in its natural environment, supported by twining tendrils and green stems that are typically 4-5 angled and may bear fine hairs when young.^[7]^[8] Its leaves are thick, succulent, and waxy, often coin-shaped and nearly round, measuring 2 to 8 cm in diameter with crenate or toothed edges, arranged alternately along the stems.^[7] Small, greenish-yellow flowers appear in leaf-opposed or terminal clusters but rarely develop into fruit under cultivation conditions.^[7]^[9] In its native range, C. rotundifolia thrives in arid, rocky areas, dry woodlands, and bushlands within seasonally dry tropical biomes, often at elevations up to 500 meters, demonstrating adaptability to semi-desert conditions without becoming invasive.^[5]^[7] It tolerates low light levels but performs best in medium indirect light when grown indoors, and it can be trained on trellises or allowed to trail from pots.^[10] As a popular houseplant, valued for its trailing or climbing form and ornamental rounded foliage, C. rotundifolia is propagated easily from stem cuttings rooted in water or moist soil during spring or summer.^[10] It requires well-draining, loam-based potting compost, moderate watering to keep soil evenly moist during growth periods (reducing in winter), and fertilization with a high-nitrogen formula in the active season, while maintaining temperatures above 10°C.^[10] The plant shows resistance to common pests but is susceptible to root rot from overwatering.^[10] Culturally, C. rotundifolia is known as the Arabian wax plant due to its glossy, waxy leaves, and it occasionally bears the common name sea grape in reference to the coin-like shape of its foliage rather than any fruit production.^[8] In traditional medicine across its native regions, such as Yemen and Saudi Arabia, the leaves are applied topically for treating wounds, burns, and skin conditions, attributed to their protective waxy coating.^[11]^[12]

Algae

Caulerpa lentillifera

Caulerpa lentillifera is an ulvophyte green alga classified in the family Caulerpaceae, order Bryopsidales, class Ulvophyceae, phylum Chlorophyta, and kingdom Plantae.^[13] Native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Indo-West Pacific, including areas such as the Philippines, Vietnam, and Japan, it thrives in marine environments and is recognized for its edible qualities.^[14] The species features a coenocytic thallus, lacking true roots, stems, or leaves, which consists of a creeping rhizome that produces upright branches up to 10-13 cm in length. These branches bear densely packed, spherical to lens-shaped vesicles, or ramuli, measuring 1-2 mm in diameter, giving the alga its characteristic grape-like appearance; the vesicles are bright green and contribute to a soft, succulent texture.^[14]^[15] In its natural habitat, C. lentillifera inhabits shallow, sandy or muddy subtidal zones, often in shaded conditions, as it is adapted to low light intensities around 40-100 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ and sensitive to high irradiance.^[16] It attaches via rhizoids to substrates like sand or mud and has been commercially farmed in ocean ponds and lagoons since the 1950s, initially in the Philippines and Okinawa, Japan, with expansion to Vietnam around 2010.^[14] Cultivation typically involves propagation by fragmentation in tidal ponds with regular water exchange, yielding approximately 1000 kg of wet weight per 5000 m² every 15 days under optimal conditions of 27-27.5°C and nutrient supplementation.^[16] The alga is nutrient-rich, containing about 10% protein, high levels of minerals such as calcium (0.81%), magnesium (1.1%), and potassium, along with dietary fiber ranging from 17.5-36.7% in dried samples.^[16]^[17]^[18] Commonly consumed fresh as "green caviar" in salads, sushi, and other dishes across Asia-Pacific cuisines, C. lentillifera is valued for its popping texture and is commercially cultivated for both local markets and export, particularly to Japan.^[14] It is rich in vitamins A, B, C, and E, omega-3 fatty acids, and iodine, providing essential nutrients in low-calorie form.^[17] Health benefits include antioxidant activity from compounds like siphonaxanthin and phenolic content (up to 57.97 mg GAE g⁻¹ dry weight), as well as anti-inflammatory effects that support cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol and inflammation in metabolic syndrome models. As of 2025, recent studies have explored its polysaccharides for promoting stem cell transcription factors and incorporation into functional foods like noodles, enhancing its potential as a bioactive ingredient.^[17]^[16]^[19]^[20] Biologically, C. lentillifera reproduces asexually through fragmentation of its thallus, with rhizoids facilitating attachment and propagation in both wild and cultured settings.^[16] It produces bioactive metabolites with potential anti-cancer properties, showing cytotoxicity against hepatoma, breast, and colorectal cancer cells (IC₅₀ values as low as 104.10 μg/mL), and anti-obesity effects via lipase inhibition (EC₅₀ 95.17 μg/mL).^[21] These metabolites also hold promise for aquaculture feed, enhancing growth in species like milkfish and shrimp while providing nutritional benefits from its high protein and fatty acid profile.^[21]^[22]

Caulerpa racemosa

Caulerpa racemosa is a species of green alga in the family Caulerpaceae, belonging to the order Bryopsidales and class Ulvophyceae within the division Chlorophyta.^[23] It encompasses several varieties, including var. peltata with umbrella-like ramuli and the invasive Caulerpa cylindracea (formerly classified as var. cylindracea of C. racemosa).^[24] Native to tropical and subtropical marine environments, it exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution across the Caribbean, Indo-Pacific, and other warm seas, with introductions extending to the Mediterranean.^[25] The alga features creeping rhizomes that anchor into substrates via fine rhizoids, supporting upright fronds typically 5-15 cm tall, though some varieties reach up to 19 cm.^[26] These fronds bear dense clusters of bead-like or club-shaped ramuli, resembling grapes and measuring 1-5 mm in diameter, which give the species its common name, sea grapes; the color ranges from bright green to dark green.^[26] In favorable conditions, C. racemosa forms extensive, dense mats that cover substrates, altering local seafloor structure.^[27] It inhabits shallow coastal waters from the intertidal zone to depths of 30 m, preferring rocky or sandy substrates in tropical and subtropical regions.^[26] Ecologically, C. racemosa thrives in warm-temperate to tropical conditions and has become invasive in non-native areas like the Mediterranean Sea, where it was likely introduced via boat fouling or aquarium releases since the early 1990s, and more recently to regions like New Zealand as of 2024, where biosecurity measures are in place.^[27]^[28] There, it outcompetes native macroalgae and seagrasses, reducing biodiversity by smothering habitats such as maerl beds and Posidonia meadows, and disrupting benthic communities.^[29] Reproduction occurs primarily vegetatively through fragmentation, allowing rapid spread from detached pieces, supplemented by rare sexual reproduction involving synchronous release of monoecious gametes before sunrise.^[30] In some Pacific Island regions, C. racemosa is harvested for human consumption as an edible seaweed, similar to Caulerpa lentillifera, though its edibility varies by variety.^[31] It shows promise as a biofuel feedstock due to high lipid content suitable for biodiesel production, with yields up to 93% reported in experimental conversions. Additionally, as of 2024, research has begun exploring its nutritional potential for human consumption in controlled settings.^[32]^[33] However, management challenges arise from its invasive nature, requiring mechanical removal or chemical controls to mitigate biodiversity threats, as unchecked growth leads to ecosystem degradation.^[29] Biologically, C. racemosa demonstrates rapid colonization via fragments, achieving high biomass production that enables dominance in invaded areas.^[27] Certain varieties produce the sesquiterpene caulerpenyne, a cytotoxic toxin that deters herbivores and limits widespread edibility, with concentrations varying seasonally and geographically.^[34] This compound contributes to its ecological success but poses hurdles for utilization.^[35]

Animals

Molgula manhattensis

Molgula manhattensis, commonly known as sea grape, is a solitary ascidian tunicate renowned for its globular, grape-like appearance and its role as a prominent member of benthic fouling communities in coastal and harbor environments.^[36] This species belongs to the family Molgulidae within the class Ascidiacea, phylum Chordata, and subphylum Tunicata, with its native range encompassing the northwestern Atlantic along the East and Gulf Coasts of the United States from Maine to Texas.^[37] It has been introduced to non-native regions including Europe, Australia, Japan, Argentina, and the Pacific West Coast, likely via shipping vectors such as hull fouling and ballast water.^[36] Physically, M. manhattensis features a rounded, leathery tunic that forms a globular body typically 2-3 cm in diameter, colored greenish-grey, which provides both protection and camouflage on substrates.^[38] It is attached to hard surfaces by a basal holdfast and possesses two short siphons—an inhalant and exhalant—for directing water flow through its body to facilitate filter feeding.^[39] As a hermaphroditic organism, each individual contains both male and female reproductive organs, enabling both cross- and self-fertilization.^[40] In terms of habitat and ecology, M. manhattensis inhabits shallow subtidal zones from 0 to 90 m depth, preferentially colonizing hard substrates such as docks, pilings, rocks, and oyster shells in ports and harbors, where it thrives amid high levels of suspended sediment and organic particles.^[41] It filter-feeds on plankton and detritus drawn through its siphons, often forming dense clusters that dominate fouling assemblages in these anthropogenic settings.^[42] The species exhibits broad tolerance to varying salinities, including brackish conditions, and temperatures, contributing to its success in disturbed coastal ecosystems.^[40] The life cycle of M. manhattensis involves external fertilization, with adults releasing eggs and sperm into the surrounding water column.^[39] These eggs develop into lecithotrophic larvae—non-feeding, yolk-dependent tadpole-like forms—that remain free-swimming for only a few hours to a day before rapidly settling onto suitable substrates to metamorphose into sessile juveniles.^[36] This short larval duration limits natural dispersal but facilitates quick local recruitment in favorable habitats.^[41] Like other tunicates, it shares a distant evolutionary relation to salps, though it maintains a strictly benthic lifestyle.^[40] Ecologically, M. manhattensis acts as an invasive competitor in introduced ranges, outcompeting native fouling species for space and resources on artificial structures, thereby altering community composition in ports.^[36] It poses risks to aquaculture, particularly oyster farming, by fouling shells and cultch, which can smother spat and reduce harvest yields.^[36] Due to its attachment to ship hulls, the species is actively monitored as a potential vector for further marine biofouling spread.^[38]

Salps

Salps are planktonic tunicates belonging to the subphylum Tunicata, colloquially known as sea grapes due to their gelatinous, grape-like clusters that form in chains. These free-floating marine invertebrates play a crucial role in oceanic ecosystems as efficient filter feeders, rapidly reproducing to form massive blooms that influence nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. Unlike benthic tunicates such as sea squirts, salps inhabit the open ocean, contributing significantly to the transfer of organic matter from surface waters to the deep sea.^[43] Taxonomically, salps are classified within the family Salpidae of the order Salpida, encompassing genera such as Salpa and Cyclosalpa. This family includes two subfamilies, Salpinae and Cyclosalpinae, with around 11 genera and over 50 species distributed across global oceans. They are particularly abundant in equatorial, temperate, and subtropical waters, though some species extend into cold seas like the Southern Ocean.^[44]^[45]^[46] Physically, salps exhibit barrel-shaped, translucent bodies typically ranging from 1 to 10 cm in length, composed of approximately 97% water, which gives them a gelatinous texture. They can occur as solitary individuals or in long chains of up to several meters, formed during their colonial phase. Locomotion is achieved through jet propulsion: water enters via an anterior incurrent siphon, passes through a mucous net that captures food particles, and is expelled from a posterior excurrent siphon by rhythmic muscular contractions.^[47]^[48]^[49] Salps inhabit the epipelagic zone of the open ocean, from surface waters down to about 200 meters, where they filter-feed on phytoplankton, bacteria, and other small particles using their internal mucous nets. They form explosive blooms in nutrient-rich waters, such as upwelling regions, where high primary productivity supports their rapid population growth. As grazers, salps are among the most efficient in the ocean, second only to krill in facilitating biomass transfer to deeper layers through their dense fecal pellets, which sink quickly and contribute substantially to vertical carbon flux. Notable recent blooms include an unprecedented event around south-eastern Tasmania in December 2024 and increased sightings in warming British seas as of 2025, potentially linked to climate-driven changes in ocean temperatures.^[50]^[51]^[51]^[52]^[53] The life cycle of salps alternates between asexual and sexual generations, enabling their extraordinary reproductive speed. The solitary oozoid phase reproduces asexually by budding chains of blastozooids, which then form colonies. Blastozooids are sequential hermaphrodites, maturing first as females to release eggs fertilized by subsequent males in the chain, producing tailed larvae that settle briefly before developing into new oozoids. This cycle allows salps to reach maturity in as little as 48 hours, with growth rates up to 10% per hour, making them the fastest-growing multicellular animals known.^[54]^[55]^[48] Ecologically, salps serve as a carbon sink by packaging ingested phytoplankton into compact fecal pellets that sink rapidly to the deep ocean, sequestering carbon away from the atmosphere and potentially mitigating global warming during blooms. They form a key prey item for over 200 marine species, including fish, seabirds, sea turtles, and whales, supporting higher trophic levels despite their low caloric density. Occasional mass strandings on beaches, where their translucent chains resemble jellyfish, highlight their widespread distribution but pose no harm to humans.^[56]^[57]^[58]

References

[1]
Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science
### Coccoloba uvifera Summary
[2]
Seagrape - UF/IFAS Gardening Solutions
The natural range of seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera) covers the coastal areas of Central and South Florida, from USDA Hardiness Zones 10A-11. It has been reported ...Missing: habitat distribution
[3]
Coccoloba uvifera - Florida Native Plant Society (FNPS)
Landscaping. Recommended Uses: Works well as a specimen plant. Its thick, large leaves make it stand out from most other plants in the landscape.
[4]
Coccoloba uvifera - NatureServe Explorer
Abundant on sea beaches of the Atlantic and Pacific in Central America and the Antilles. From central and southern Florida to Trinidad and Tobago, and Curacao ...
[5]
ENH334/ST175: Coccoloba uvifera: Seagrape - UF/IFAS EDIS
10A through 11 (Figure 2). Origin: native to Florida, Central America, northwest portion of South America and the Caribbean ... Flower—Coccoloba uvifera: Seagrape ...Missing: classification | Show results with:classification
[6]
Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science
The native range of this species is Florida to Peru, Caribbean to N. South America. It is a tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome.
[7]
Coccoloba uvifera - Useful Tropical Plants
### Summary of Coccoloba uvifera
[8]
Cissus rotundifolia var. rotundifolia | Plants of the World Online
The native range of this variety is Eritrea to S. Africa, Mascarenes, Arabian Peninsula. It is a climbing shrub or tree and grows primarily in the seasonally ...Missing: habitat | Show results with:habitat
[9]
Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl - USDA Plants Database
Venezuelan treebine ; Family. Vitaceae Juss. - Grape family ; Genus. Cissus L. · - treebine ; Species. Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl - Venezuelan treebine ...Missing: habitat | Show results with:habitat
[10]
Species information: Cissus rotundifolia - Flora of Mozambique
Vigorous climber. Stems 4-5 angled, sometimes pubescent, with forked tendrils. Leaves succulent, broadly ovate to sub-circular-elliptic, c. 8 × 8 cm, ...Missing: classification cultivation
[11]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6828857/
[12]
CAUDICIFORM Cissus rotundifolia - of Bihrmann
Height: 2-9 Meters ; Flower: Green - Yellowish White - Yellow ; Propagate: Seeds/Cuttings ; Names: Arabian Wax Cissus, Peruvian Grape Ivy, Venezuelan Treebine, ...
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Cultivation. Grow in peat-free, loam-based potting compost in bright, indirect light. Water moderately during the growing season and apply a high-nitrogen ...
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Arabian wax Cissus (Cissus rotundifolia Forssk) leaves - PMC - NIH
Cissus rotundifolia is a wild plant, extensively used during scarcity and famine; however, the information about its chemical and nutritional properties still ...
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Aug 21, 2020 · Cissus rotundifolia (family Vitaceae) is a known plant in southwestern Saudi Arabia used by people in the region to treat skin diseases, burns ...
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Caulerpa lentillifera J.Agardh, 1837 - WoRMS
Caulerpa lentillifera is a marine species in the genus Caulerpa, classified under the kingdom Plantae, phylum Chlorophyta, and family Caulerpaceae.
[17]
Sea grape (Caulerpa lentillifera) aquaculture in Van Phong Bay, Viet ...
Jun 30, 2023 · Caulerpa lentillifera J.Agardh is a green seaweed of the order Bryopsidales (Guiry and Guiry 2023) and known as a delicacy by the names `sea ...
[18]
Round sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera) on the Shores of Singapore
Round sea grapes. Caulerpa lentillifera* Family Caulerpaceae updated Oct 2016. Where seen? This pretty seaweed is made up of tiny balls.
[19]
Sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh, Chlorophyta) for human ...
Jul 27, 2023 · Caulerpa lentillifera showed differences in mineral (indoor: 49.92—52.79% ash, outdoor: 32.04 – 36.60% ash), carotenoid (indoor: 1.32—2.11 ppm, ...
[20]
Caulerpa lentillifera (Sea Grapes) Improves Cardiovascular and ...
Dec 7, 2020 · Caulerpa lentillifera (sea grapes) is widely consumed in South-East Asia as a low-energy food with high contents of vitamins and minerals.Missing: habitat | Show results with:habitat
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Nutritional Value of Caulerpa lentillifera - Encyclopedia.pub
Oct 14, 2022 · Its dietary fibre content is approximately 17.5 to 36.7% in 100 g dried C. lentillifera, respectively. Water-soluble fibre content is ...
[22]
Ulvophyte Green Algae Caulerpa lentillifera: Metabolites Profile and ...
This study aims to explore the metabolites profile and the antioxidant, anticancer, anti-obesity, and in vitro cytotoxicity properties of fractionated ...Missing: feed | Show results with:feed
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Metabolomics provides insights into the alleviating effect of dietary ...
Apr 15, 2024 · In aquaculture, the addition of C. lentillifera meal in feed stimulates the growth of milkfish (Chanos chanos) and tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) ...Missing: reproduction | Show results with:reproduction
[24]
https://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3767
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Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata (J.V.Lamouroux) Eubank - AlgaeBase
Adjective (Latin), with flowers borne in racemes. General Environment This is a marine species. Created: 08 March 1998 by M.D. Guiry. Last updated ...
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Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J.Agardh - AlgaeBase
Adjective (Latin), with flowers borne in racemes. General Environment This is a marine species. Created: 16 September 1997 by M.D. Guiry. Last updated ...
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Caulerpa cylindracea - IUCN MedMIS
Caulerpa racemosa is a green alga with erect fronds up to 11 cm (exceptionally 19 cm) in length that bears rounded, vesicular branchlets (also called 'ramuli').
[28]
The Caulerpa racemosa invasion: A critical review - ResearchGate
Aug 6, 2025 · Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea is a marine Chlorophyta introduced into the Mediterranean Sea from south-western Australia.
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Experimental removal of the invasive Caulerpa racemosa triggers ...
Jul 5, 2010 · The invasive species Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea represents a serious threat to the diversity of benthic assemblages in the ...Caulerpa Racemosa Cover And... · Species Richness, Cover And... · Caulerpa Racemosa Invasion...
[30]
Sexual reproduction of the invasive green alga Caulerpa racemosa ...
Aug 9, 2025 · The alga is monoecious. The both sex gametes were released synchronously from all the fertile plants approximately 14 min before sunrise and ...
[31]
Secondary Metabolites and Biological Activity of Invasive ... - MDPI
One of its species, Caulerpa racemosa, also known as “sea grapes”, is an edible marine green seaweed widely distributed throughout the South China Sea. C ...
[32]
Production of biodiesel from Caulerpa racemosa oil using ...
Biodiesel yield reached 93.64 % after 30 h using developed whole cell biocatalyst.
[33]
(PDF) Variations in Caulerpenyne Contents in Caulerpa taxifolia ...
In the genus Caulerpa, the caulerpenyne is the most abundant cytotoxic sesquiterpene produced by C. taxifolia and C. racemosa [138, 139] . It is involved either ...
[34]
The Sesquiterpene Caulerpenyne From Caulerpa Spp. Is ... - PubMed
Jun 22, 2010 · The major secondary metabolite of Caulerpa species, caulerpenyne, is thus a novel lipoxygenase inhibitor that can be easily obtained in high ...Missing: reproduction vegetative sexual fragments
[35]
Molgula manhattensis - Marine Invasions research at SERC
Molgula manhattensis is known to negatively affect oyster aquaculture, because it fouls oyster stock and oyster cultch (empty shells, used for spat settlement).Missing: cycle | Show results with:cycle
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Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843) - WoRMS
Dec 5, 2007 · Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843) ; Animalia (Kingdom) ; Chordata (Phylum) ; Tunicata (Subphylum) ; Ascidiacea (Class) ; Stolidobranchia (Order) ...Missing: ecology cycle
[37]
[PDF] Bering Sea Marine Invasive Species Assessment
Sep 15, 2017 · This species is a solitary tunicate with a round, globular body. It is greenish-grey in color and 20-30 mm in length. M. manhattensis is ...
[38]
Sea squirt - Chesapeake Bay Program
Molgula manhattensis. The sea squirt is a marine invertebrae with a rounded, leathery body and two short siphons. It lives on reefs, pilings and other hard ...Missing: taxonomy ecology impact
[39]
Molgula manhattensis, Common sea grape - SeaLifeBase
Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae. Members of the class Ascidiacea are hermaphroditic; both cross- ...Missing: impact | Show results with:impact<|control11|><|separator|>
[40]
Sea grapes (Molgula manhattensis) - MarLIN
Molgula manhattensis frequently occurs in habitats with high levels of suspended matter. Increased suspended sediment may potentially have some detrimental ...Missing: cycle impact
[41]
Molgula manhattensis
Habitat Change- The rapid growth of Molgula manhattensis greatly alters fouled surfaces, by covering them with multiple layers of tunicates ~10-20 mm deep. ...Missing: cycle | Show results with:cycle
[42]
Creature Feature: Salp - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
When these fecal pellets (and dead salps) fall to the seafloor or are snapped up by other twilight zone creatures, it's like putting carbon into a bank vault.Missing: ecological sink prey beach strandings
[43]
https://www.whoi.edu/creature-feature-salp/
[44]
[PDF] Checklist of the salps (Tunicata, Thaliacea) from the Western ...
Feb 28, 2012 · The order Salpida comprises one family (Salpidae) and two subfamilies (Salpinae Yount 1954 and Cyclosalpi- nae Yount 1954), with eleven and ...
[45]
Salp - Anatomy, Habitat, Diet, Life Cycle, and Pictures
Sep 25, 2024 · Distribution and Habitat ... Salps are commonly found in offshore marine environments, particularly in equatorial, temperate, and cold seas, with ...
[46]
[PDF] The fate of salp blooms: decomposition and sinking of salp carcasses
Oct 27, 2023 · Water made up the largest portion of wet weight (~ 97% WW), after correcting for residual water in the freeze-dried material. The mean dry ...
[47]
What is a Salp? - Australian Museum
Salps are semi-transparent barrel-shaped marine animals that move through the water by contracting bands of muscles which ring the body (the body is ...Missing: siphons | Show results with:siphons
[48]
Comparative jet wake structure and swimming performance of salps
Sep 1, 2010 · Salps are barrel-shaped marine invertebrates that swim by jet propulsion. Morphological variations among species and life-cycle stages are ...Kinematic Swimming... · Aspects Of Salp Jet Wake... · Swimming Morphology...<|separator|>
[49]
Salp blooms drive strong increases in passive carbon export in the ...
Feb 2, 2023 · Salps in the Southern Ocean, in particular Salpa thompsoni, are important grazers that produce large, fast-sinking fecal pellets.Missing: rich | Show results with:rich
[50]
Krill and salp faecal pellets contribute equally to the carbon flux at ...
Dec 9, 2021 · Salps produce 4-fold more FP carbon than krill, but the FP from both species contribute equally to the carbon flux at 300 m, accounting for 75% of total carbon.
[51]
AboutSalps - Florida State University
Salps have two different life stages: a solitary asexual stage and a colonial sexual stage. The solitary stage of salps (also referred to as the oozooid stage, ...Missing: oozoid maturity hermaphroditic<|separator|>
[52]
A review of the life cycles and life-history adaptations of pelagic ...
Oct 3, 2011 · The salp life cycle consists of two life-history stages and obligatory alternation of sexually and asexually reproducing generations ( ...
[53]
Study reveals salps play outsize role in damping global warming
Feb 2, 2023 · Salps pump carbon from the ocean surface to the deep sea, where it doesn't contribute to warming, and their large blooms have an outsized role ...Missing: sink prey beach
[54]
Review Rethinking the Role of Salps in the Ocean - ScienceDirect.com
We show that salps play a major role in carbon sequestration and are key components of marine food webs as a food source for at least 202 species including fish ...
[55]
Comb jellies at Hampton Beach often confused with jellyfish or salps
Jun 3, 2021 · There are three different animals that wash up on the beach that are often confused with each other, jellyfish (phylum Cnidaria), salps (subphylum Tunacata) ...