Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Sepak takraw

Sepak takraw, also known as takraw or kick , is a traditional Southeast Asian in which volley a ball over a using only their feet, knees, chest, head, or shoulders, with hands and arms strictly prohibited. The game is played on a rectangular indoor measuring 13.4 meters long by 6.1 meters wide, divided by a 1.52 meters high for men or 1.42 meters for women, resembling a in size. Teams consist of three each in the standard regu format, with the objective of scoring points by landing the ball in the opponent's or inducing faults, such as the ball failing to cross the or exceeding three touches per team. The sport's origins trace back to the in the Malaccan Sultanate, where it was played in royal courts as a form of physical training and entertainment, combining elements of soccer and with acrobatic flair. By the , it had spread across , particularly in , , , and , where it was known by local names like in communities. Formal rules were established in the 1940s, with the first organized competition held in , , in 1945, and the name "sepak takraw"—from the word sepak meaning "kick" and the Thai word takraw for the woven ball—was standardized in 1960 during a meeting in involving representatives from , , and other regional nations. Today, it is governed internationally by the (ISTAF), founded in 1988 and headquartered in , which oversees major competitions and ensures standardized play. In terms of gameplay, matches are typically best-of-three sets, with each set won by the first team to reach 21 points (or 15 in the deciding set), requiring a two-point margin. The , made from woven synthetic or similar material, measures 42–44 cm in circumference for men or 43–45 cm for women and weighs 170–180 grams for men or 150–160 grams for women, designed for controlled kicks and high aerial maneuvers. Players often perform spectacular dives, spins, and headers, emphasizing and precision, while faults include stepping on the centerline or allowing the to touch the ground outside the boundaries. Variants include doubles regu with two players per team and circle takraw, a non-competitive exhibition form. Culturally, sepak takraw holds deep significance in Southeast Asian communities, particularly among Malay populations in and , where it promotes teamwork, discipline, and social bonds during festivals and village gatherings. Though its popularity waned in urbanizing areas like Singapore's kampongs during the and , it has experienced a global resurgence, with national federations in over 20 countries and inclusion in events like the Southeast Asian Games and . As of 2025, developments include the debut of adaptive sepak takraw at the World Abilitysport Beach Games. In , the Persekutuan Sepak Raga Singapura (PERSES), established in 1959, continues to nurture the sport through training and multi-ethnic teams.

Introduction

Overview

Sepak takraw is a dynamic team sport that closely resembles volleyball in its format and objective but distinguishes itself through the prohibition of using hands or arms, requiring players to manipulate the ball primarily with their feet, knees, chest, and head. Teams of three players per side compete to volley the ball over a central net, aiming to score by landing it in the opponent's court while preventing it from touching the ground on their own side. The ball, traditionally woven from rattan but now often made of synthetic fibers for durability and consistency, must be kept in play through precise, powerful kicks that highlight the sport's emphasis on agility and control. Renowned for its acrobatic flair, sepak takraw demands exceptional athleticism, with players executing high-flying dives, spins, and overhead kicks to outmaneuver opponents, often resulting in spectacular aerial displays. The game is typically played on a rectangular similar in size to a court, adaptable for both indoor and outdoor settings, which contributes to its accessibility and appeal in various environments. The (ISTAF), established in 1988, serves as the global governing body, standardizing rules, organizing international competitions, and promoting the sport's development worldwide. As of 2025, ISTAF oversees more than 50 member countries, though Southeast Asian nations such as and continue to dominate at elite levels due to their deep cultural ties and competitive infrastructure. This regional stronghold has fueled the sport's growth, drawing interest from emerging federations in , , and the .

Etymology

The term "sepak takraw" derives from two distinct linguistic roots in Southeast Asian languages. "Sepak" originates from , where it means "to kick," reflecting the sport's emphasis on foot-based play. In contrast, "takraw" comes from Thai, referring to a "woven " or specifically a ball made from woven , which describes the traditional equipment used in the game. The combined name "sepak takraw" was standardized in 1960 during a meeting in , , blending and Thai influences to create a unified terminology for international recognition. This adoption marked a shift toward formalization, as the gained structure through organizations like the Asian Sepak Takraw Federation (ASTAF), established in 1965. Across regions, the bears varied names tied to local languages and traditions. In the , it is known as "," which also means "kick" in , highlighting a similar focus on the kicking action. In , it is called "," while simply uses "takraw." English speakers often refer to it as "rattan ball " or "kick " to evoke its net-based, -like format. The terminology evolved from ancient Malay court games, where "sepak raga" denoted a traditional ball-kicking activity dating back to the in the . This early name persisted in , , , and until the mid-20th century, when "sepak takraw" became the standard following the 1960 meeting in , promoting global consistency.

History

Ancient predecessors

The ancient predecessors of sepak takraw trace back to unstructured kicking games prevalent across prior to the , where players used feet, knees, and heads to keep a rattan ball aloft in circular formations without nets or formal scoring. These activities emphasized , , and rather than , often involving groups standing in a ring to volley the ball as long as possible. Historical records indicate these games served as both recreational pastimes and physical conditioning exercises, fostering community bonds in royal courts and rural villages alike. In 15th-century Malaysia, during the Malacca Sultanate, the game known as sepak raga—meaning "kick woven ball"—was played in royal courts using a ball crafted from woven rattan strips. The earliest documented reference appears in the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals), a 15th- to 16th-century text that describes players receiving the ball on the foot and keeping it airborne before passing it to others, highlighting the emphasis on graceful, sustained play. This version lacked any dividing net and was typically performed in a circle, reflecting its origins as a display of agility rather than opposition. Regional variants emerged across neighboring cultures, adapting the core mechanics to local traditions. In ancient (present-day ), chinlone involved six players passing a rattan ball in a circle using feet, knees, and heads, with roots possibly tracing to the ancient Chinese game and serving as a non-competitive team exercise. Thailand's takraw dates to at least the (14th–18th centuries), with evidence from the reign of King Naresuan (1590–1605) showing it as a cooperative activity to enhance dexterity; murals at Bangkok's , dating to the late 18th century, depict the Hindu god engaging in ring-based kicking with monkeys, underscoring its ritualistic elements. Similar circle-based kicking games, often using twined balls, were historically played in , though specific nomenclature like kataw (meaning "twine kick") varied by community. These predecessors held significant cultural roles, blending recreation with ritual and training. In Malaysian villages and courts, was tied to festivals and social gatherings, promoting and sometimes structured as informal warrior drills to build and coordination among . Across the region, the games appeared in Buddhist festivals in and as communal displays in Thai communities, reinforcing social harmony without standardized rules—players simply aimed to prolong the ball's flight, adapting formations organically. No archaeological artifacts directly confirm play, but textual and artistic sources like the Sejarah Melayu and Ayutthaya-era murals provide key evidence of these enduring traditions.

Origins of modern sport

The modern form of sepak takraw emerged in the early in , where ancient kicking games evolved into a structured with the of formal rules and a . In 1929, the Siam Sports Association drafted the first official rules for takraw, transforming the traditional circle-based play into a more organized activity resembling but using only feet, knees, chest, and head for contact. Four years later, in , the association introduced a volleyball-style to divide the playing area, marking a pivotal shift toward court-based and enabling the first public tournament shortly thereafter. This innovation in drew partial inspiration from emerging colonial sports like and early variants, adapting the to hybridize local kicking traditions with Western court divisions. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the sport gained traction in Thai schools and communities, where it was promoted as a physical education activity emphasizing agility and teamwork, while in neighboring Malaysia—then part of British Malaya—it spread through villages as a recreational pastime during colonial times. In Malaysia, further refinements occurred in the 1930s, with a net adaptation on a badminton court during King George V's Silver Jubilee celebrations in Negeri Sembilan in 1935, dubbing the variant "Sepak Raga Jubilee" and blending local sepak raga with British-influenced net sports like football and volleyball for hybrid rules. Informal matches between Thai and Malaysian players began emerging in the 1920s, fostering cross-border exchanges that popularized the netted version in rural and educational settings by 1900. The pre-standardization era saw the sport diffuse across during the colonial period, adopting local names and variations while retaining core kicking mechanics. In , it was known as , played in communities influenced by migrations and colonial interactions, with early organized play emerging by the early . Similarly, in the under Spanish and later American rule, the game persisted as , a solo or group kicking exercise that survived colonial suppression of activities and integrated elements from European ball games by the 1930s. These regional adaptations, driven by cultural exchanges and colonial sports , laid the groundwork for the sport's hybrid evolution without formal international oversight until later decades.

Standardization and organization

The standardization of sepak takraw began in earnest in 1960, when representatives from , , , , and convened in to formalize the rules of the game and establish a unified . The participants adopted the name "sepak takraw," combining the word "sepak" (kick) and the Thai word "takraw" (ball), to reflect the sport's regional roots. Key elements of the codified rules included a rectangular measuring 13.4 meters by 6.1 meters, divided by a , with each team consisting of three players who could only use their feet, head, chest, or knees to contact the ball. Matches employed rally scoring, where a point was awarded on every rally, with the first team to reach 21 points winning a set; the overall match required two sets to secure . These specifications provided a consistent framework for competitive play, distinguishing the modern netted version from earlier informal variants. Regional organization advanced with the establishment of national governing bodies, such as the Malayan Sepak Raga Federation (later the Sepaktakraw Association of ) on June 25, 1960, in , which oversaw the sport's development domestically. Similar associations emerged in in 1959 and (then Burma) in 1953, laying the groundwork for coordinated regional efforts. The sport's milestone inclusion as a event occurred at the 1965 Southeast Asian Peninsular (SEAP) Games in , where it debuted competitively among Southeast Asian nations. In 1965, the Asian Sepaktakraw Federation (ASTAF) was formed to govern the sport across Asia, with its inaugural task being the translation of rules into English to enable broader international participation. The 1970s saw further institutional growth, highlighted by sepak takraw's introduction as a demonstration sport at the in , signaling plans for its eventual full integration into major continental competitions.

Global expansion

The (ISTAF) was founded in 1988 in , , with five initial member countries—Malaysia, , Singapore, Indonesia, and Myanmar—aimed at standardizing rules and promoting the sport beyond its Southeast Asian roots. By 2025, ISTAF had expanded to over 50 member nations worldwide, reflecting concerted efforts to globalize sepak takraw through membership drives, training programs, and international outreach. The sport's spread outside Southeast Asia accelerated in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. In the Americas, Canada became the first Western nation to officially recognize sepak takraw in 1998, establishing a national association and hosting early tournaments that drew participants from the United States, where the sport gained traction in the 2000s through community leagues and university programs. In Europe, associations formed in the early 2000s, including the Federation of European Sepak Takraw in 2003, which coordinated clubs in countries like France and the United Kingdom, fostering grassroots development and participation in ISTAF events. Within Asia, expansions included Taiwan's launch of structured development programs in 2024, building on its 2008 national association to integrate sepak takraw into school curricula and competitive pathways, while India hosted the 2025 ISTAF World Cup in Patna, marking a milestone for emerging Asian powers. Key milestones underscored this global growth. The inaugural ISTAF World Cup took place in 2011 in , , featuring teams from 23 men's and 13 women's divisions and establishing a quadrennial platform for international competition. ISTAF also introduced SuperSeries events in non-Asian venues, such as tournaments in and the , to build competitive depth outside traditional strongholds. In 2025, adaptive sepak takraw debuted at the World Abilitysport in , , with ISTAF support, promoting inclusivity for athletes with disabilities and expanding the sport's accessibility. Challenges in global expansion have centered on player development and infrastructure, addressed through ISTAF's coaching clinics, equipment standardization, and youth academies in new regions. The 2025 World Cup highlighted progress among emerging nations, where India's women's doubles team secured a historic , losing narrowly to in the final and signaling the rise of competitive talent beyond .

Rules and equipment

Court and net

The playing court for sepak takraw, as standardized by the (ISTAF), measures 13.4 meters in length by 6.1 meters in width, providing a rectangular area divided equally by a centerline for the two competing teams of three players each. The court must be free from all obstacles up to a height of 8 meters measured from the floor surface to ensure safe aerial play, with boundary lines no wider than 4 centimeters drawn inward from the edges. Key markings include quarter circles of 0.9-meter radius at each corner from the sidelines to the centerline ends, and service circles of 0.3-meter radius positioned 2.45 meters from the backline and 3.05 meters from the sidelines, all facilitating precise player positioning during serves and attacks. Attack lines are drawn 2 meters from the net on each side, beyond which front players may advance to the ball. The court surface for official ISTAF competitions is typically an indoor hard floor made of hardwood or synthetic materials, providing consistent traction and bounce while minimizing injury risk; sand or grass surfaces are not recommended due to uneven play conditions. A free zone of at least 3 meters must surround the court on all sides, and the playing area requires a minimum height of 8 meters to accommodate high kicks and dives. The net, stretched across the court's midline, is constructed from fine cord with a size of 6 to 8 centimeters, measuring at least 6.1 meters in length and 0.7 meters in depth to ensure tautness and visibility. For men's competitions, the net height is 1.52 meters at the center and 1.55 meters at the posts, while for women's matches it is 1.42 meters at the center and 1.45 meters at the posts, with 5-centimeter-wide side bands and edging tape for reinforcement. The posts, made of strong material with a maximum of 4 centimeters, stand 1.55 meters high for men and 1.45 meters for women, positioned 0.3 meters outside the sidelines and aligned with the centerline to avoid interference. While ISTAF mandates indoor courts for all official regu (team) competitions to maintain uniformity, informal or exhibition variants may adapt the setup for outdoor environments like beaches or grass fields, adjusting for natural surfaces but without altering core dimensions.

Ball and player requirements

The Sepak takraw , known as takraw, is spherical and constructed from in a single woven layer with 12 holes and 20 intersections, replacing traditional for enhanced durability in modern play. It must have a of 41–43 cm for men and 42–44 cm for women, weighing 170–180 g for men and 150–160 g for women, ensuring consistent handling and flight during acrobatic maneuvers. For international competitions sanctioned by the (ISTAF), including World Championships and , balls may feature a or soft durable covering to reduce impact on players' bodies—a common practice since the early for safety, though not required if woven with 12 holes and 20 intersections. Pre-match inspections by referees verify ball integrity, including weave tightness and absence of defects, with non-compliant balls replaced immediately. Competitors must wear specified uniforms: jerseys or T-shirts tucked into shorts (round-neck with sleeves for women), along with rubber-soled sports shoes without heels; play is not permitted in official matches to ensure grip and safety. No jewelry or accessories are allowed to prevent injury, and jerseys must display numbers (10 cm high on the back, 5 cm on the front) with captains identifiable by a colored armband. ISTAF organizes separate divisions for men, women, and mixed teams, with adjusted net heights and ball weights for gender equity—1.52 m for men and 1.42 m for women at the net center. In 2025, ISTAF introduced adaptive Sepak takraw versions for athletes with disabilities, debuting as a medal sport at the in , Türkiye, to promote inclusivity while adhering to core rules on attire and equipment.

Teams and positions

Sepak takraw is typically played in the regu format, where each team, known as a regu, consists of three players on the court at any time. This trios configuration emphasizes coordination and specialized roles, though doubles variants with two players per side are occasionally featured in exhibitions or youth competitions. For team events, which involve multiple regus rotating through matches, a squad can comprise up to 12 players to allow for rotations and depth, with a minimum of nine players required to field three full regus. The three positions on the court are the tekong (), positioned at the back near the responsible for initiating play; the (or inside ), typically in the middle or side who sets up attacks by tossing the ; and the attacker (or ), located at the front to execute powerful over the net. These roles are not rigidly fixed, as players may fluidly rotate during a set to adapt to the game's dynamics, promoting versatility in footwork and aerial maneuvers. The positions align with court zones, with the tekong behind the service line and the other two in the front half. Substitutions are permitted to maintain player freshness and tactical flexibility, limited to a maximum of two per set per regu, requested only during dead balls and approved by the referee. In team events, each regu within the squad can utilize its own substitutes from the reserve pool, but a player substituted out may re-enter later in the match unless specified otherwise by tournament rules. This system ensures continuous play while preventing overuse of any individual. Mixed-gender teams have been introduced in exhibitions and select competitions since the to promote inclusivity, typically structured as one male and two female players per regu, with no restrictions on position assignments to encourage balanced participation. The (ISTAF) formalized this format in 2022, allowing free role interchange among mixed players to highlight adaptability across genders.

Serving and gameplay

The game begins with the serve, executed by the designated , known as the tekong, who must position themselves behind the back line within the service circle on their team's right side. A teammate tosses the ball into the air, and the server kicks it without catching or holding, immediately after the referee announces the score; the non-kicking foot must remain planted inside the circle until contact is made. The served ball must pass over the net and land in the opponent's court, though it may touch the net during its trajectory. Following the serve, play proceeds in a where each team is allowed a maximum of three consecutive touches to return the ball over the net. The ball must cross the net on or before the third touch, and teams alternate turns in this manner until a fault occurs. Acrobatic techniques, such as the or rolling spike, are integral to , enabling players to generate power and precision while adhering to the no-hands rule. Only specific body parts may contact the during a : the feet, , head, chest, or shoulders, with any part of the body above the permitted as long as the arms and hands are not used. Each touch must be distinct, and simultaneous contacts by multiple players on the same team count as one. The maximum of three touches per side ensures fast-paced exchanges, emphasizing skill in aerial control and redirection. Under rules effective from February 2024, a match consists of the best of three sets, with each set won by the first team to reach 15 points with at least a two-point lead; if tied at 14-14, play continues until one team scores 17 points. Service alternates every point. There is no time limit on individual sets or rallies, promoting uninterrupted action, though a two-minute break is observed between sets, and each team may request one one-minute timeout per set.

Faults and scoring

In sepak takraw, faults are violations committed by either the serving or receiving team during service or play, resulting in the immediate loss of the and a point awarded to the opponent. These infractions ensure and adherence to the sport's emphasis on precise footwork and aerial control. Service faults primarily involve improper execution by the inside or . Examples include the inside touching the or stepping on the quarter while tossing the ball, the jumping off the ground or failing to kick the ball on the toss, or delaying the service beyond 15 seconds after the referee's call (with a warning issued for the first delay and a fault on repetition). Rally faults occur during ongoing play and include exceeding three touches per team before returning the ball over the , the ball landing out of bounds or failing to cross the , or any contact with the arms, hands, or illegal body parts. Additional rally violations encompass the ball touching the on the follow-through, hitting the or fixtures, or a player touching the opponent's court or the during play. General faults cover broader infractions such as double contact (where the ball is caught or thrown rather than cleanly struck), any team member interfering with the opponent's play, or the ball being played after it has hit the ground. For non-play violations like ungentlemanly conduct or aggressive behavior, referees issue yellow cards as warnings; repeated offenses lead to red cards, temporary expulsion, or disqualification, with the team continuing . Scoring follows a rally point system, where a point is awarded on every rally to the team that does not commit a fault, regardless of which side serves. Under rules effective from February 2024, each set is won by the first team to reach 15 points with at least a two-point lead; if the score ties at 14-14, play continues until one team scores 17 points to win the set. A match consists of the best of three sets, with service alternating every single point to promote continuous action.

Competitions

International events

The , organized by the (ISTAF), is a premier biennial tournament for sepak takraw featuring men's and women's teams in formats such as regu (three-player teams), (four-player teams), and doubles. Inaugurated in 2011, it promotes global competition with events held indoors, drawing participants from over 20 countries by the 2025 edition. The tournament emphasizes high-level play across individual and team categories, with matches following standard ISTAF rules for sets and scoring. The 2025 ISTAF World Cup, hosted in , , from March 20 to 25 at the Patliputra Indoor Stadium, marked a significant with participation from 20 nations. In the men's regu final, defeated 2-1 to claim gold, securing their first-ever title in the category and a total of seven medals (one gold, one silver, five bronze). dominated overall with four medals, including gold in women's doubles where they bested for silver. achieved a historic breakthrough, winning gold in the women's quadrant by defeating , alongside two silvers and one bronze. The ISTAF SuperSeries, launched in 2011, was an annual circuit of international tournaments held from 2011 to 2015 that provided elite players opportunities to compete at a high level. Other key global competitions under ISTAF include the Asian Championships organized in collaboration with the Asian Sepaktakraw Federation (ASTAF). The 2025 ASTAF Asian Cup, held in , , from May 9 to 18, highlighted regional powerhouses while contributing to international rankings. Additionally, adaptive sepak takraw made its medal-sport debut at the 2025 World Abilitysport Beach Games in , (October 18-25), introducing modified rules for athletes with disabilities in a beach format and marking the sport's expansion into para categories. Thailand has maintained dominance in these events, securing the majority of titles across World Cups and championships, with consistent podium finishes underscoring their technical prowess and historical edge in over 80% of major international competitions since ISTAF's founding in 1988. Participation in events exceeded 20 countries, reflecting the sport's growing global footprint beyond .

Regional tournaments

Sepak takraw has been a medal sport at the () since its debut as a demonstration event in the inaugural 1959 edition, becoming a full competitive discipline in 1965 at the third SEAP Games in , . Held biennially across Southeast Asian nations, the tournament features formats such as regu (three players per team), doubles, and quadrant (four players per team), showcasing the sport's acrobatic precision in team-based matches. The in , hosted from December 9 to 20 in and surrounding areas, included men's and women's events in these categories, with Thailand emerging as a dominant force amid a field of six nations per gender in regu. The have incorporated sepak takraw since the 1990 edition in , , where it debuted as a , and it has been a full event in subsequent quadrennial Games. Competitions typically include regu, doubles, quadrant, and team events for both men and women, emphasizing regional rivalries among Asian nations. has led the tally since the sport's inclusion, securing over 50 gold medals across editions through 2023, including seven consecutive men's team regu titles from 1998 onward. This dominance underscores the sport's deep roots in , with events like the 2022 highlighting 's 2-0 victory over in the men's regu final. The King's Cup Sepak Takraw World Championship, an annual invitational tournament hosted in Thailand since its inception in 1985, draws top teams primarily from Asia to compete in regu, quadrant, doubles, and team formats for men and women. Organized under the patronage of the Thai monarchy, it has grown into one of the sport's most prestigious regional events, with the 2025 edition—the 38th—featuring international participation primarily in Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand. In 2025, Thailand secured multiple titles, while Japan claimed its first-ever world championship gold in the men's quadrant event. Past champions include Malaysia (1985 and 1988) and Thailand, which has hosted and excelled in the competition, fostering high-level play among Southeast and West Asian squads. The ASTAF Sepak Takraw Asian Cup, organized by the Asian Sepak Takraw Federation, serves as a key biennial competition for Asian teams, often acting as a qualifier pathway for global events like the through its intense regu, doubles, quadrant, and team matchups. The 2025 edition, held from May 9 to 18 at Titiwangsa Indoor Stadium in , , featured draws among nations including , , , and , with defeating 2-0 in the men's team regu final. This event highlights the sport's competitive depth in Asia, promoting qualification opportunities and regional excellence.

Growth in emerging countries

In , sepak takraw has gained traction through organized associations and community programs. The Sepak Takraw Association of (STAC) was established in 1998 to govern and promote the domestically, organizing annual national championships since 1999 and fielding national teams for international events. In the United States, the USA Takraw Association (USAST), founded in 1996 by players in , has focused on , with the sport particularly prevalent in the state through local clubs and youth training initiatives tied to communities of Southeast Asian descent. The US national team marked a notable milestone by competing in the 2024 International Sepaktakraw , enhancing visibility and competitive experience. Beyond , adoption has occurred in and . The English Sepak Takraw Association (ESTA), active since the 1990s, serves as the national body in the , fostering recreational and competitive play through local events and training sessions. In , the sport has advanced significantly, with the country hosting the 2025 in and securing a in the men's doubles event at the same tournament, highlighting emerging competitive prowess. New adopters in the region demonstrate innovative approaches to integration. introduced sepak takraw in 2008 and has since developed a structured national program, prioritizing government funding, university-based training on existing courts, and coach development to prepare for the . , through the Australian Sepak Takraw Association, has built a competitive presence, with national teams earning medals such as gold in the men's Division 2 team event at the 2015 and exploring variants like sepak takraw to broaden appeal. Despite progress, growth in these emerging countries faces key challenges, including insufficient specialized facilities, limited talent pools due to low awareness, and shortages of trained coaches. The (ISTAF) supports expansion through coaching clinics and development programs, aiding integration in non-traditional regions as outlined in its global outreach efforts.

Cultural significance

Role in Southeast Asia

Sepak takraw holds profound national significance in , where it is recognized as the country's sport with origins tracing back to the in courts of Melaka. In , known locally as takraw, the sport is deeply embedded in cultural festivals and traditional celebrations, often likened to the " of the feet" for its acrobatic footwork that embodies national pride and agility. In , referred to as , it features prominently in community gatherings and village competitions, reinforcing social ties and physical prowess. These roots underscore its role as a symbol of regional , fostering a sense of historical continuity across . The sport plays a vital role in social cohesion, particularly in rural communities where it serves as a communal activity that strengthens bonds and promotes among youth. Women's participation has grown significantly since the 1970s, with dedicated teams emerging in countries like by the early 2000s, contributing to inclusion and challenging traditional barriers in a historically male-dominated activity. In the Philippines, known as , it remains a cherished traditional game among groups, emphasizing agility and cultural transmission through informal play. As a shared practice among member states, sepak takraw enhances regional identity by encouraging cross-border cooperation and mutual understanding through joint festivals and exchanges. Economically, sepak takraw boosts tourism in host nations, as seen in events like the Southeast Asian Games, where tournaments attract international visitors and stimulate local businesses through related cultural showcases. Youth development programs centered on the sport in rural areas help retain talent and reduce urban migration by providing engaging alternatives to city-bound opportunities, thereby supporting community stability. Preservation initiatives have gained momentum since the 2010s, with advocating for sepak takraw's recognition as an element of to counter threats like and modernization. Although not yet inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List, ongoing debates and regional policies emphasize its inclusion in educational curricula and international events to ensure its transmission to future generations.

Media and popular culture

Sepak takraw has gained visibility in through narratives that highlight its cultural and athletic significance in . A notable example is the 2025 Philippine Sepak Takraw, directed by Mes de Guzman, which follows two half-brothers from the Isinay tribe who reunite and join a local sepak takraw team, portraying the sport as a unifying force amid personal struggles. The movie premiered at the CinePanalo Film Festival and emphasizes sepak takraw's role as a formerly in the , blending drama with authentic gameplay sequences. In television and documentaries, sepak takraw features prominently in promotional and highlight content produced by the (ISTAF). ISTAF's official channels, such as We Are Sepaktakraw and ISTAF Sepaktakraw LIVE, have shared viral clips from major tournaments in the , including acrobatic spikes and match highlights from the 2025 World Cup in and the 38th in , amassing millions of views collectively. These short-form videos, often under five minutes, showcase the sport's high-flying maneuvers and have contributed to its global appeal, with individual clips garnering tens of thousands of views shortly after upload. The sport has inspired works in and , particularly in and the . The 2019 manga High Windz by Sapda Chanachot depicts a sepak takraw team navigating competitions and personal growth, blending sports action with slice-of-life elements in a one-shot story format. In the , SIPA: The Animation by Sinag explores sepak takraw (locally known as ) through an anime-style series, focusing on young players' journeys and the sport's acrobatic demands, with production updates shared on social platforms since the early 2020s. Digital media has propelled sepak takraw into pop culture via user-generated challenges and viral content. On , the #sepaktakraw has over 354,000 posts as of 2025, featuring acrobatic tutorials, edits, and challenges like roll spikes, which have driven through millions of cumulative views since 2020. Videos from official accounts, such as those highlighting the 2025 Asian Cup comebacks, often exceed 100,000 views, inspiring global users to recreate moves and boosting the sport's accessibility. Video games have further embedded sepak takraw in entertainment, with mobile titles simulating its unique gameplay. , released in 2016 and updated through the , allows players to perform headers, kicks, and spikes in matches, earning praise for its intuitive controls and Southeast Asian cultural authenticity. Other apps like Soccer Spike - Kick Volleyball (2023) and Soccer & Volley: Sepak Star (2022) offer similar experiences, with progression systems and multiplayer modes that have attracted thousands of downloads. Major events have received celebrity attention and global streaming exposure, enhancing the sport's profile. Thai broadcasters like Thai PBS exclusively streamed the 38th 2025, featuring promotions that drew in local stars for ceremonial appearances, while ISTAF's streams of the 2025 reached international audiences across platforms. This visibility has aligned sepak takraw with broader pop culture moments, such as festival tie-ins in .

References

  1. [1]
    How To Play Sepak Takraw - Rules of Sport
    Sepak Takraw is a volleyball-like game that originated in Southeast Asia. With a literal translation of 'Kick Ball', 3 players compete against their opposition.
  2. [2]
    Sepak Takraw: Origin, Objective, Events, Equipment & Techniques
    Dec 21, 2023 · Sepak Takraw or Sepaktakraw is also known as the 'Kick Volleyball'. It is a team sport that is commonly played among teams of two to four players on a court ...Introduction · History · Equipment · Playing Area
  3. [3]
    Sepak Takraw - Roots.sg
    Sepak takraw is a sport native to Southeast Asia, involving a rattan ball being kicked over a net. The term sepak means 'to kick' in Malay.Geographical Location · Communities Involved · Associated Social And...<|control11|><|separator|>
  4. [4]
    Sepaktakraw - Balls.com
    4.1 The Sepaktakraw ball previously made of rattan shall be spherical in shape, made of synthetic fiber of one woven layer. 4.2 Sepaktakraw ball without ...
  5. [5]
    https://worldabilitysport.org/news/milestone-debut-for-adaptive-sepak-takraw-at-the-2025-world-abilitysport-beach-games/
  6. [6]
    [PDF] the current state of sepaktakraw technical skills among 13-14-year ...
    Apr 29, 2025 · Sepaktakraw is played on a small court, similar in size to a badminton court. The rules of the game are generally similar to those of ...<|separator|>
  7. [7]
    International Sepaktakraw Federation
    No readable text found in the HTML.<|separator|>
  8. [8]
    “Sepak Takraw”: The Deep-Rooted Pride of Southeast Asia
    Sepak Takraw has been celebrated for its energy and excitement, combining elements of volleyball, football, and martial arts into a uniquely dynamic sport that ...
  9. [9]
    Exploring the Global Impact of Sepak Takraw - Theater of Sports
    Apr 2, 2025 · Global interest in Sepak Takraw is on the rise, transforming it from a regional pastime in Southeast Asia into a sport gaining traction ...
  10. [10]
    International Sepak Takraw History
    Modern Sepak Takraw, or Takraw for short (also known as Kick Volleyball), began in Malaysia and is now their national sport. It combines elements of Soccer, ...
  11. [11]
    Sipa and sepak takraw kicking in - Rappler
    Apr 21, 2012 · Sipa was our actual national sport while sepak takraw is a similar sport played mostly in Malaysia, Thailand, and other neighboring countries.
  12. [12]
    Sepak takraw - Q-files - Search • Read • Discover
    In Malaysia it is called as sepak raga. In Thailand, it is simply known as takraw. In the Philippines it is also called sipa, meaning "kick".
  13. [13]
    From Sepak Raga to Sepak Takraw - Taylor & Francis Online
    Sepak Raga, played since the 13th century, evolved into Sepak Takraw in 1966. It was included in the SEAP Games in 1965 and the Asian Games in 1990.
  14. [14]
    Sepak Takraw Takes Flight | AramcoWorld
    Mar 2, 2020 · Take the Malay word for kick and pair it with the Thai word for a hollow, woven ball and you have sepak takraw, the name of the acrobatic, ...
  15. [15]
    Chinlone - OCA
    A team of six players pass the ball back and forth with their feet, knees and heads as they walk around a circle. One player goes into the center to solo, ...
  16. [16]
    https://www.aramcoworld.com/articles/2020/sepak-takraw-takes-flight
  17. [17]
    Sports (Sepak Takro) - สถานเอกอัครราชทูต ณ กรุงลิมา
    Sepak takraw is one of the fastest growing sports in Asia, as well as many other parts of the world. The gravity-defying kicks, contorted aerial twists, turns ...Missing: dominance | Show results with:dominance
  18. [18]
    About Sepak Takraw
    Earliest evidence shows that the game was played in Malacca (Melaka), Malaysia's most historical city, in the 15 century, for it is mentioned in the famous ...
  19. [19]
    Sports Spotlight: The Acrobatic Awesomeness of Sepak Takraw
    Oct 21, 2020 · Sepak takraw is believed to have originated in Thailand, or Malaysia ... The first set of official regulations came about sometime in the 1920s ...<|separator|>
  20. [20]
    What is the history of sepak takraw? - Quora
    Mar 31, 2012 · In the Philippines the sport was called "sipa" and along with traditional martial arts survived the three century Spanish colonization. It is a ...Missing: bola colonial
  21. [21]
    Understanding shared histories: a teaching package for Southeast ...
    In 1960, a meeting was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and attended by representatives from Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Laos and Thailand to standardize ...
  22. [22]
    Sepak Takraw Overview and Historical Significance - BSIT.COMP ...
    The initial rules and regulations of the sport were enacted and compiled in writing on 15 April 1960 at Sultan Sulaiman Club in Kuala Lumpur. On 25 June 1960, ...
  23. [23]
    Significant Milestones in Sepak Takraw
    1960 - Rules & Regulations are standardized and the official name of the sport becomes Sepak Takraw. 1965 - Sepak Takraw becomes a medal event in the Southeast ...
  24. [24]
    How to play - Welcome to E.S.T.A. - English Sepak Takraw Association
    THE COURT. The court is an area of 13.4 m X 6.1 m, or 44 ft X 20 ft, free from all obstacles up to the height of 8 m, or 26.25 ft, measured from the floor ...
  25. [25]
    (DOC) International Sepak Takraw History - Academia.edu
    Sepak Takraw originated in Malacca, Malaysia, in the 15th century, documented in 'The Sejarah Melayu'. The first official competition took place on May 16, 1945 ...
  26. [26]
    History of Asian Games - InsideTheGames
    The Asian Games returned to Bangkok in 1970 after original hosts ... Sports that made their debut were canoeing, kabaddi, sepak takraw, softball and wushu.
  27. [27]
    International Sepaktakraw Federation (ISTAF) Details - Sportsmatik
    Jul 2, 2022 · It was formed in 1988 with five founding member countries including Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia and Myanmar. ISTAF is officially ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  28. [28]
    [PDF] sepak takraw's role in taiwan's sports and transitions, 2008-2024
    Aug 26, 2025 · The Chinese Taipei. Sepak Takraw Association was established in. January 2008 under Mr. Huang Zhongren's leadership, securing Taiwan's ...
  29. [29]
    Which state is the host of ISTAF Sepak Takraw 2025 World Cup?
    Mar 24, 2025 · It is contested by men's and women's national teams. The first ISTAF World Cup was held in 2011 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  30. [30]
    Milestone Debut for Adaptive Sepak Takraw at the 2025 World ...
    Oct 28, 2025 · The landmark competition supported for the first time by the International Sepak Takraw Federation (ISTAF) saw Thailand and Indonesia take the ...
  31. [31]
    India Wins Silver in Women's Doubles, Bronze in Men's at ISTAF ...
    Mar 23, 2025 · The Indian Women's team showcased splendid gameplay by winning the silver medal. The team lost the gold in a tight contest with the Myanmar team.
  32. [32]
    [PDF] Law 0f The Game ISTAF - Nagaland Sepaktakraw
    Oct 20, 2016 · Center Line. - A line that divides the court into two sides. 2. Quarter Circle. - An area inside the court where the inner players are ...
  33. [33]
    [PDF] LAW OF THE GAME SEPAKTAKRAW
    Jan 17, 2011 · THE SEPAKTAKRAW BALL. 4.1. The Sepaktakraw ball previously made of rattan shall be spherical in shape, made of synthetic fiber of one woven ...
  34. [34]
    Rules and regulations of Sepak Takraw - ActiveSG Circle
    Sep 19, 2025 · All equipment and attire must adhere to specifications set by ISTAF. A game of Sepak Takraw is played between two teams (known as Regu).
  35. [35]
    "Regu" Sepak Takraw
    The top of the net shall be 1.52 m, or 5 ft., in height from the floor at center court for men and 1.42 m or 4.65 ft. for women, while the height at the posts ...
  36. [36]
    Game procedure and player positions in Sepak Takraw - ActiveSG
    May 21, 2025 · Sepak Takraw has three players per team: Tekong (back), Killer (opposite end), and Feeder (opposite end). Tekong serves, Killer executes ...Missing: size substitutions mixed teams
  37. [37]
    ISTAF to introduce mixed regu of one man, two women - Bernama
    May 21, 2022 · He said the man and two women in the mixed regu are free to play in any position, whether tekong, striker or feeder. "There are no rules ...
  38. [38]
    Law of the Game 2024: ISTAF Regulations Overview - Studocu
    Rating 5.0 (22) Rules and regulations of Sepak Takraw istaf law 0f the game 2024 ... 1 The Court Dimension The court dimension of 13 (metres) x 6 free from all ...
  39. [39]
    New 15-point Scoring System Mandatory From Feb 1, 2024 - Istaf
    Dec 23, 2023 · He also added that under the 15-point scoring system, if the teams are tied at 14-14, the first team to score the 17th point will be the winner.
  40. [40]
    ISTAF Techical Committee 20231208001 15 Point System ... - Scribd
    Dec 8, 2023 · The ISTAF has finalized updates to the Sepaktakraw scoring system, effective February 1, 2024. Key changes include a 15 points scoring system ...
  41. [41]
    ISTAF World Cup - Wikipedia
    The first championships started in 2011 in Malaysian Kuala Lumpur and 23 male and 13 female teams took part in it.2025 ISTAF World Cup · 2024 · 2022Missing: members | Show results with:members
  42. [42]
    Sepak Takraw World Cup 2025 - Drishti IAS
    Apr 1, 2025 · The International Sepaktakraw Federation ( ISTAF ) was founded in 1982 . It is the world governing body of sepaktakraw . Headquarters : Bangkok, ...Missing: members | Show results with:members
  43. [43]
    India Wins Gold at the Sepak Takraw World Cup 2025 - Victor Growth
    India won its first-ever gold medal in Sepak Takraw at the 2025 World Cup, with a total of seven medals (1 gold, 1 silver, 5 bronze).
  44. [44]
    Việt Nam's sepak takraw team place second in World Cup
    Mar 27, 2025 · Việt Nam ended the 2025 ISTAF Sepak Takraw World Cup in India with a historic result, earning one gold medal, two silvers and one bronze.
  45. [45]
    India Shines at ISTAF Sepak Takraw World Cup 2025 - SGTTimes.com
    Mar 24, 2025 · India won silver in women's doubles and bronze in men's doubles at the ISTAF Sepak Takraw World Cup 2025. The women's team lost to Myanmar, and ...
  46. [46]
    ISTAF Events 2025/26 - International Sepaktakraw Federation
    ASTAF SEPAKTAKRAW ASIAN CUP 2025. 9 - 18 MAY 2025. KUALA LUMPUR , MALAYSIA. FIND OUT MORE. ISTAF WORLD SEPAKTAKRAW CHAMPIONSHIP 2025. 38TH THAI KING'S CUP 2025.Asian Cup 2025 · BIHAR Sepaktakraw WC 2025 · 38th Thai King's Cup 2025Missing: quadrennial | Show results with:quadrennial
  47. [47]
    Adaptive Sepak Takraw Debuts As Medal Sport In Turkiye
    Sep 6, 2025 · KUALA LUMPUR: Sepak takraw is set to write a new chapter in its history when it is contested at the World Abilitysport Beach Games 2025 in ...
  48. [48]
    International Sepaktakraw Federation - Wikipedia
    The ISTAF currently consists of 2 continental federation members, namely the Asian Sepaktakraw Federation (ASTAF) and the Federation of European Sepak Takraw ...
  49. [49]
    Sepak Takraw - SEA GAMES Thailand 2025
    The name combines two words: Sepak from the Malay language, meaning "kick," and Takraw, referring to a rattan-woven ball, reflecting the nature of the game.
  50. [50]
    33rd SEA Games 2025 - International Sepaktakraw Federation
    Event Overview: The 33RD SOUTH EAST ASEAN GAMES 2025 is set to take place from 9 - 20 December , 2025, at the Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
  51. [51]
    SEA GAMES 2025: Men's Regu : Small Field, Big Battles Ahead ...
    Oct 19, 2025 · Group A features Malaysia, Laos, and Vietnam, while Group B consists of Singapore, Indonesia, and the host nation Thailand.
  52. [52]
    Thai takraw teams soar to victory - Bangkok Post
    Sep 30, 2023 · Thailand continued their dominance in sepak takraw at the Asian Games on Friday making a clean sweep of gold medals in the men's and women's team regu events.
  53. [53]
    Sepak takraw teams add 2 more golds to Thailand's medal lineup at ...
    Oct 7, 2023 · Thailand's both sepak takraw teams won gold in the men's and women's inter-regu final competitions at the 2022 Hangzhou Asian Games in China ...
  54. [54]
    Save sepak takraw! Thai plea as golds keep on coming
    Aug 22, 2018 · " Thailand is the undisputed champion at the sport, winning 22 of the 33 gold medals at previous Asian Games since it was first included in 1990 ...Missing: 4 | Show results with:4
  55. [55]
    36th Thailand King's Cup to be the biggest in history - Newswav
    Jul 6, 2023 · KUALA LUMPUR - The 36th King's Cup Sepaktakraw Championships which kicks off in Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat), Thailand over the weekend is set ...
  56. [56]
    38th Thai King's Cup 2025 - International Sepaktakraw Federation
    The ISTAF World Sepaktakraw Championship 2025 inconjunction with the 38th Thai King's Cup 2025 is set to take place from 20 to 28 July 2025, at the ...
  57. [57]
    36th Thailand King's Cup to be the biggest in history - Sinar Daily
    Jul 6, 2023 · The events to be contested in the championships this time around are team event, regu, quadran and hoop, featuring categories for men, women and ...
  58. [58]
    USA National Sepak Takraw Team Wins Gold at the King's Cup in ...
    Aug 21, 2023 · In July, USA's National Sepak Takraw Team competed at the 36th Annual King's Cup in Korat, Thailand, from July 9th – July 16th.
  59. [59]
    Asian Cup 2025 - International Sepaktakraw Federation
    The ASTAF Sepaktakraw Asian Cup 2025 is set to take place from May 9 to May 18, 2025, at the prestigious Titiwangsa Indoor Stadium in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  60. [60]
    Here are the Draw Results of the ASTAF Asian Sepaktakraw Cup ...
    Apr 21, 2025 · Sepak Takraw | Here are the Draw Results of the ASTAF Asian Sepaktakraw Cup 2025. The draw was held yesterday, April 21.
  61. [61]
    Final - Team Regu - ASTAF Sepaktakraw Asian Cup KL 2025
    May 18, 2025 · Thailand VS Malaysia - Final - Team Regu ASTAF Sepaktakraw Asian Cup Kuala Lumpur 2025 #asiancup2025 #sepaktakraw #sepaktakrawdunia ...
  62. [62]
    ASTAF Sepak Takraw Asian Cup Groups and Schedule Revealed
    Apr 29, 2025 · India bags triple bronze at ASTAF Sepak Takraw Asian Cup 2025 – reaches semis in doubles , regu , and team events but falls to Thailand & Malaysia.Missing: biennial | Show results with:biennial
  63. [63]
    Canadian Sepak Takraw History
    Sepak Takraw is one of Canada's Newer and Most Acrobatic Sports (Described as Soccer-Volleyball) try it, just for kicks!
  64. [64]
    About US - USA Sepak Takraw, USAST, USA Takraw Association ...
    The official website of the USA Takraw Association(USAST). USAST is a 501(c)3 Non-profit organization. USAST is the only one Sepak Takraw organization in ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  65. [65]
    [PDF] Sepak Takraw Community Camp - WordPress.com
    In the US, the sport is most prevalent not only within LA, but through the entire state of California. Today, the US sends teams to compete world-wide in Takraw.
  66. [66]
    Welcome to E.S.T.A. - English Sepak Takraw Association
    Sepak Takraw is one of the hottest recreational/sports activities to hit England, based in Brackley Northamptonshire.
  67. [67]
    Sepak Takraw World Cup gold for India: Can this win spark a ...
    Apr 2, 2025 · India's Medal Tally at the Sepak Takraw World Cup 2025 · Gold: Men's Regu team · Silver: Women's Doubles team · Bronze: Men's Doubles, Women's Regu ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  68. [68]
    A new shortcut for competitive sports development? The purpose of ...
    Jan 13, 2025 · This article focuses on why a new sport, sepaktakraw, was introduced in Taiwan and how strategies for achieving international sporting success were developed ...
  69. [69]
    TakrawAustralia
    ### Summary of Australia Sepak Takraw and Beach Variants
  70. [70]
    [PDF] sepak takraw's role in taiwan's sports and transitions, 2008-2024
    Aug 26, 2025 · Jan initiated programs to introduce sepak takraw to elementary and junior high schools, forming numerous local school teams. He worked.Missing: launch | Show results with:launch
  71. [71]
    ISTAF - AIMS
    The International Sepaktakraw Federation, better known as ISTAF, was formed to serve the sport of Sepaktakraw throughout the world and developing the sport into ...
  72. [72]
    [PDF] YOUTH AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT - Asean
    Sepaktakraw Federation was formed in 1965 to oversee the game in Asia. The popularity of sepak takraw grew over the years and in 1992, the. International ...
  73. [73]
    [PDF] Promoting and Safeguarding Traditional Sports and Games in ASEAN
    Traditional sports and games have also helped foster social harmony and contribute to the development of closely-knit communities and, most importantly, ...
  74. [74]
    Sport in Malaysia: towards gender equality
    The Malaysian women's sepak takraw team was established in 2005 (Harun, 2020). The team has not won any medals at the Asian Games but won a silver medal at the ...
  75. [75]
    Fostering ASEAN Identity Through the Safeguarding of Traditional ...
    Feb 2, 2023 · All ASEAN Member States have their respective traditional sports and games. A few of them (e.g. sepak takraw, muay) have been successfully ...
  76. [76]
    Sport Tourists' Preferred Event Attributes and Motives - ResearchGate
    May 13, 2020 · This study investigates differences in motives, event attributes, and information sources, which influenced sport tourists' decision and ...Missing: programs | Show results with:programs
  77. [77]
    Sepak Takraw (2025) - IMDb
    Two half-brothers from the Isinay tribe, long separated, reunite and join a sepak takraw-or kickball-team, a sport considered a national game in the Philippines ...
  78. [78]
    Sepak Takraw (2025) directed by Mes de Guzman - Letterboxd
    Two half-brothers from the Isinay tribe, long separated, reunite and join a sepak takraw—or kickball—team, a sport considered a national game in the ...Missing: TV documentaries
  79. [79]
    We Are Sepaktakraw - YouTube
    Popular videos ; Sepaktakraw World Cup 2022, Daejeon-Korea - Match Highlight Day 3. 101K views ; Sepaktakraw World Cup 2022, Daejeon-Korea - Match Highlight Day 4.Missing: documentaries | Show results with:documentaries
  80. [80]
    MALAYSIA vs THAILAND (Semifinal Men Double) - YouTube
    Mar 23, 2025 · Livestream ISTAF Sepaktakraw World Cup 2025 Patlipurna, Bihar, India #sepaktakraw #wearesepaktakraw #istafworldcup #india.Missing: documentaries | Show results with:documentaries
  81. [81]
    High Windz - Sapda Chanachot｜Comics - ART street by MediBang
    High Windz · 10.3k Release Date: 5 years ago. Number of Pages: 47 Sepak Takraw sport Manga One-Short Story. · The Author Sapda Chanachot. Follow.Missing: Sipa Heroes
  82. [82]
    SIPA: The Animation - Sepak Takraw - Facebook
    Rating 5.0 (9) Sinag Animation Studio is working on a new Pinoy anime dubbed as Sepak Takraw. WATCH: New Pinoy anime 'Sepak Takraw' in the works.Missing: Heroes | Show results with:Heroes
  83. [83]
    https://www.tiktok.com/tag/sepaktakraw
  84. [84]
    https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vmediasoft.rollspike&hl=en_US
  85. [85]
    Soccer Spike - Kick Volleyball - Apps on Google Play
    Rating 4.1 (5,066) · Free · AndroidDive into the exhilarating world of soccer with Soccer Spike - Kick Volleyball⚽️ , the latest addition to the roster of action-packed sports games.Missing: video FIFA
  86. [86]
    Soccer & Volley: Sepak Star - App Store - Apple
    Rating 4.3 (18) · Free · iOSDec 14, 2022 · Sepak Takraw includes a simplified gameplay that makes the game more engaging and addictive. Play, gain experience, improve your hero and your ...Missing: FIFA | Show results with:FIFA
  87. [87]
    The 38th Thai King's Cup Sepak Takraw 2025 - Thai PBS
    Jul 21, 2025 · Live broadcast schedule of the 38th Thai King's Cup Takraw World Championship. July 22-27, 2025, 8:30 a.m. onwards. Facebook: Thai PBS, Thai ...
  88. [88]
    ISTAF Sepaktakraw World Cup 2025 - YouTube
    Mar 23, 2025 · Livestream ISTAF Sepaktakraw World Cup 2025 Patlipurna, Bihar, India #sepaktakraw #wearesepaktakraw #istafworldcup #india.Missing: quadrennial | Show results with:quadrennial