Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Spool knitting

Spool knitting, also known as French knitting or knitting Nancy, is a simple handicraft technique that uses a small cylindrical spool or similar device equipped with four or more pegs or nails around its rim to produce narrow tubular cords by interlocking loops of yarn.^[1] This method creates a continuous I-cord that emerges from the center of the spool, making it accessible for beginners and particularly popular as a children's activity to introduce the basics of knitting.^[2] The origins of spool knitting trace back to at least the 16th century, with the earliest documented evidence of a related knitting frame appearing in 1535 from Strasbourg.^[1] The name "French knitting" may derive from associations with French crafts, though its exact etymology is uncertain. Over time, the craft evolved from utilitarian purposes, such as creating decorative trims and cords, into a timeless educational tool, with commercial spool knitters becoming widely available in the 20th century for home use.^[1] The resulting cords serve diverse applications, from jewelry and ornaments to larger items such as mats when coiled and sewn together.^[1] Notably, the craft's simplicity has led to world records, such as the longest spool-knitted cord measuring 31.42 km (19.52 miles), achieved by Edward Hannaford in 2016.^[3]

Overview

Definition and principles

Spool knitting, also known as French knitting or corking, is a form of peg knitting that employs a cylindrical tool fitted with multiple pegs arranged around its rim to produce narrow tubular cords, commonly referred to as i-cords, by forming interlocking loops of yarn.^[1] This technique simplifies the fundamentals of knitting for beginners, particularly children, by using the pegs to hold and manipulate stitches without the need for traditional needles.^[1] The core principles of spool knitting revolve around the sequential formation of stitches on the pegs, where yarn is wound around each peg to create an upper loop over an existing lower loop, which is then lifted off the peg, pulling the new yarn through to form an interlocked chain.^[1] This looping mechanism mimics the basic knit stitch but in a continuous circular manner, distinct from flat knitting's row-based structure on needles or crocheting's single-loop chaining with a hook.^[1] The process advances by repeating these wraps and lifts around all pegs before drawing the emerging cord through the tool's central hole, ensuring a seamless tubular build-up.^[1] In comparison to related crafts such as lucet cord-making, which uses a two-tined fork to weave yarn into a solid, square braid through a series of knots, spool knitting's evenly spaced circular pegs enable the creation of hollow, seamless tubes without visible seams or joints.^[4]^[1] The resulting cord's structure comprises a dense series of interconnected stitches that interlock horizontally and vertically, yielding a flexible yet sturdy hollow tube that maintains its shape and elasticity.^[1] This knit-like fabric provides both aesthetic appeal and practical utility in cordage applications.^[1]

Materials and tools

Spool knitting requires minimal materials, making it an accessible craft particularly suited for beginners and children. The essential tool is a cylindrical spool, often a repurposed wooden thread spool with four evenly spaced pegs or nails driven into the top rim. These pegs serve as anchors for the yarn loops and are typically made from small finishing nails or sturdy wire for stability.^[5] This four-peg configuration aligns with the fundamental circular structure of spool knitting, enabling the formation of a continuous i-cord tube. For yarn, worsted-weight (medium) or thicker varieties are ideal for clear stitch visibility and ease of handling, while lighter yarns can produce finer cords with more practice. Common fiber choices include wool for its elasticity and warmth or cotton for its strength and breathability, both contributing to durable finished pieces suitable for accessories or toys.^[6]^[7] Additional tools include a crochet hook or blunt knitting needle (size 4-6 mm) to lift and manipulate loops over the pegs, and sharp scissors to trim yarn ends cleanly. A large-eyed tapestry or yarn needle may also be used for weaving in tails or joining cords.^[8]^[9] Homemade spools enhance accessibility by utilizing household items: for instance, a cardboard tube from a paper towel roll can be reinforced with four popsicle sticks glued or taped upright around one end to act as pegs. Commercial options, such as colorful plastic spool knitters complete with pegs and often bundled with yarn, are readily available in craft stores like Michaels or online kits from educational suppliers, offering ready-to-use durability without assembly.^[10]^[11]

History

Ancient origins

Archaeological evidence suggests that related cord-making techniques predate spool knitting, with artifacts such as lucet tools—lancet-like implements of wood or bone with two prongs—used for creating strong, square-sectioned braided cords. These date to the Viking Age, specifically the 9th to 11th centuries, with examples excavated in York, England, where bone and antler tools resembling lyre-shaped forms were found in Anglo-Scandinavian contexts, indicating their use in practical cordage for items like laces and trims.^[12] Similar lucet artifacts appear in Scandinavian sites, such as those from Sigtuna, Sweden, with numerous small bone tools (under 70 mm in length) from the 10th to 12th centuries, often decorated and linked to fiber crafts.^[13] In medieval Europe, these simple prong tools (lucets) facilitated the creation of reins, laces, and decorative trims, essential for clothing, accessories, and horse gear, reflecting pre-industrial reliance on hand-held devices for elastic, durable cordage. The technique spread through Scandinavian and Germanic regions, as evidenced by the distribution of these artifacts from York to Swedish urban sites, where they adapted to local needs in weaving and garment production. This evolution from two-prong lucets to multi-peg devices laid foundational methods for cord and trim fabrication, influencing broader European fiber arts before industrialization.^[14] By the 16th century, references to more developed European tools emerge, with wooden cylinders fitted with multiple nails or pegs appearing in textile practices across the continent—these represent the earliest documented form of spool knitting proper. The first recorded reference dates to 1535 in Strasbourg, in a legal decision regarding the guild for sock knitters using peg frames (stühl or gestell).^[15]^[1]

Modern development

Spool knitting, often referred to as French knitting, emerged as a popular craft in the 19th century, particularly as an accessible activity for children and beginners. Its introduction is sometimes associated with the French Revolution era (1789–1799), where larger versions of the knitting spool were reportedly used to create decorative trims or cords, though the exact origins remain uncertain.^[1] The technique spread widely during the Victorian period through instructional craft books and home activities, emphasizing simple tools like wooden thread spools fitted with nails or pegs to produce knitted cords.^[1] Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, the craft acquired numerous regional names reflecting its playful and informal nature, including "corking" in Britain, "tomboy knitting" in the United States, "Knitting Nancy" or "Knitting Jenny" in English-speaking areas, and "Strickliesel" in Germany.^[1] These variations highlight its adaptation across cultures as a gentle introduction to textile arts, often featured in educational materials like Mary A. McCormack's 1909 guide Spool Knitting, which provided patterns for children's projects.^[16] In the mid-20th century, during the Baby Boomer era (roughly 1946–1964), spool knitting flourished as a staple children's craft in schools and homes, particularly in countries like New Zealand and Australia, where it served as an early lesson in hand-eye coordination and basic stitching using everyday items such as cotton reels.^[17] This period marked a peak in its role as an informal educational tool, fostering creativity amid post-war domesticity. The craft saw a notable revival in the 2000s, driven by the rise of online tutorials and DIY resources that made it accessible to new generations, alongside the availability of commercial craft kits. Companies like Clover contributed to this resurgence by developing user-friendly tools, such as the Wonder Knitter introduced in the early 21st century, which modernizes the traditional spool design with rotating discs for faster cord production and expanded project possibilities.^[18]^[19]

Techniques

Basic process

Spool knitting begins with securing the yarn end inside the spool. Thread the working yarn through the central hole of a standard four-peg spool knitter from the top to the bottom, leaving a tail of about 4-6 inches dangling out the bottom for later pulling.^[20] Wrap the yarn around each of the four pegs once in a clockwise direction to form the initial loops, ensuring even tension to anchor the start of the cord.^[21] The core looping technique involves wrapping the working yarn over the existing loops on each peg and then lifting the bottom loops over the top ones to create stitches. Starting from the first peg, bring the yarn from the back to the front over the existing loop, then continue around to the next peg in the same manner until all four pegs have a new upper loop. Using a crochet hook or the fingers, carefully lift the original bottom loop over the new top loop and off the peg for each one, working clockwise to maintain the stitch direction; this action forms a single knit stitch per peg and begins the tubular cord inside the spool.^[22]^[21] To continue building the cord, repeat the wrapping and lifting sequence around all pegs multiple times, gently pulling downward on the emerging tail at the bottom after every few rounds to advance the knitted tube and keep it from bunching. Maintain consistent yarn tension by holding the working yarn steady while wrapping, which ensures uniform stitch size and prevents the cord from becoming misshapen as it lengthens.^[23]^[20] Basic troubleshooting addresses common issues like loose or tight stitches and yarn tangles. For loose stitches, increase tension by pulling the tail more firmly after lifting loops or by wrapping the yarn tighter around the pegs; conversely, for overly tight stitches that resist lifting, loosen the wraps slightly to allow smoother movement. To prevent tangles, keep the working yarn untangled by routing it away from the spool's body and periodically checking the feed path.^[23]^[22]

Casting on and off

Casting on in spool knitting involves securing the initial stitches around the pegs of the spool to create a stable foundation for the cord. One common method begins by threading the yarn through the central hole of the spool from top to bottom, pulling out a few inches at the bottom to serve as the tail. The yarn is then wrapped clockwise around each of the four pegs from inside to outside, creating a bottom loop on each peg. Using a knitting hook or tapestry needle, the bottom loop is lifted over the top strand and off the peg, tightening the stitch by gently pulling the yarn tail; this process is repeated for all pegs to form the first row of interconnected stitches.^[9] Once cast on, the knitter transitions into building the cord's length by repeating the wrapping and lifting process around the pegs, as the preparatory stitches integrate seamlessly into the ongoing repetitive looping that forms the tubular structure. This initial setup anchors the yarn securely, allowing the cord to emerge from the bottom of the spool as stitches accumulate.^[24] Casting off secures the end of the cord to prevent unraveling, typically by reducing the number of live loops on the pegs. With the desired length achieved, the loop from one peg is moved to the adjacent peg, and the bottom loop is lifted over the top loop and off the peg; this is repeated around all pegs until only one loop remains. The working yarn is then cut, leaving a tail of about 3 to 10 centimeters, threaded through a needle, passed through the final loop, and pulled tight to cinch the end closed, forming a firm knot that seals the tube.^[8]^[9] For projects requiring an open end, the tail can be left unpulled or woven in loosely after removing the loops, facilitating attachment to other pieces.^[24] To create longer cords, basic joining techniques allow seamless extension without bulky knots. One approach involves splicing by untwisting the ends of two yarn sections, overlapping them slightly, and twisting them together before continuing to knit, which integrates the join into the cord's structure. For multi-color changes or connecting separate cords, the end of one piece can be threaded through the starting loops of another using a needle, or the cords can be butted end-to-end and sewn with matching yarn for a discreet connection.^[9] These methods ensure durability while maintaining the cord's flexibility for various applications.^[8]

Variations

Handheld spool designs

Handheld spool designs for spool knitting typically consist of compact, manually operated tools that allow users to create knitted cords through simple looping around pegs. The standard 4-peg spool, often resembling a small hollow cylinder, is the classic configuration made from wood or plastic, enabling the production of basic i-cords by winding yarn around the pegs and pulling loops through the center.^[1]^[20] Peg variations expand the tool's versatility while maintaining the handheld format. A 3-peg setup produces flat cords or braids suitable for trims and edgings, differing from the tubular output of four pegs.^[25] In contrast, 5-peg configurations are available, often using multi-sided tools like the Boye Spool Loom.^[20] Materials for these variations include wood, plastic, and acrylic, with DIY options using cardboard.^[20]^[1] Modern handheld tools prioritize portability, with lightweight constructions that fit easily in pockets or bags for on-the-go projects.^[20] Decorative elements are common in child-oriented spools, featuring painted surfaces or themed shapes like dolls, mushrooms, flowers, or bees to engage young users. Such aesthetics emphasize portability, with lightweight constructions that fit easily in pockets or bags for on-the-go projects.^[1]

Mechanical and cranked versions

Hand-cranked spool knitting machines emerged as an advancement over manual handheld versions, enabling faster production of knitted cords for decorative trims and bindings. These devices feature a rotatable spool with fixed pegs around which yarn is looped, powered by a hand-operated crank that automates the stitching process. Examples include the Tricotin Mécanique from Bergère de France.^[26] Modern electric variants build on these mechanical principles by incorporating battery-powered or plug-in motors to drive the rotation, making them accessible for hobbyists seeking efficient cord-making without manual effort. Devices like the Caydo i-cord knitting machine clamp to a table and use a small electric motor to spin the pegged spool, producing uniform i-cords at speeds several times faster than hand methods. These tools often include adjustable tension guides and are designed as attachments for existing looms, appealing to crafters for quick production of trims, jewelry, or accessories.^[27] The primary advantages of mechanical and cranked versions over handheld methods include increased production speed and greater consistency in stitch tension, reducing errors in home settings. The basic principles of interlocking loops from traditional spool knitting are adapted here for continuous rotational motion, enhancing efficiency without altering the core tubular structure.^[26]

Uses and applications

Traditional purposes

Spool knitting, a technique for producing narrow tubular cords, has been used historically for creating durable utility items such as toy horse reins, as documented in early 20th-century craft literature.^[28] In early modern European contexts from the 16th century, spool-knitted cords were used for drawstrings in clothing, offering elastic and resilient alternatives to woven or braided options for garments and accessories.^[1] Such applications highlight the technique's versatility in supporting daily activities. In European folk crafts, spool knitting manifested in cultural artifacts like the German Strickliesel, a wooden tool used to produce cords for festive garlands and decorative elements in traditional celebrations.^[29] This practice preserved the technique within community traditions, linking it to seasonal and ritualistic expressions.^[30]

Contemporary projects

In modern crafting, spool knitting lends itself to engaging children's projects that utilize the basic tubular cord structure to produce simple, hands-on items. For instance, coasters are created by tightly coiling the knitted cord and securing it with stitching, providing a flat, durable surface ideal for young makers to practice sewing skills. Bracelets emerge from forming loops or braiding multiple cords, often adorned with beads for personalization, while toys such as caterpillars are fashioned by stuffing the tubes with fiberfill and attaching felt features to mimic segmented bodies. These activities foster creativity and coordination in children as young as four.^[31] Home decor applications highlight spool knitting's versatility with functional accents. Bookmarks are produced by attaching a knotted or tasseled end to a length of cord, offering a lightweight, colorful marker for readers. Drawer pulls can be customized by wrapping and gluing the cord around existing knobs, adding texture and a handmade touch to furniture. Wreath accents involve weaving or draping cords in seasonal colors around frames, enhancing holiday or everyday displays with subtle, yarn-based embellishments.^[32] Wearable items extend spool knitting into personal accessories, emphasizing quick assembly from the cord's inherent flexibility. Headbands are made by covering plastic bases with stretched cord for a snug, elastic fit, suitable for all-day comfort. Keychains utilize short looped sections attached to rings, providing durable, portable tags that withstand daily use. Additionally, i-cord edgings from spool knitting serve as trims for scarves, adding a knitted border without complex patterning.^[33]^[34] Therapeutic applications of spool knitting in occupational therapy target fine motor skill development through its repetitive, low-pressure motions of winding yarn and pulling loops, which improve hand-eye coordination and dexterity in patients recovering from injuries or managing conditions like arthritis. Programs often incorporate it for stress reduction, as the rhythmic process promotes mindfulness similar to other knitting forms. Eco-friendly adaptations encourage using recycled yarns, such as those from unraveled thrift-store garments or plastic bags turned into plarn, to create sustainable cords that minimize waste in environmentally conscious projects.^[35]^[36]^[37] The revival of spool knitting in the 21st century owes much to online platforms, where patterns from early 2000s craft blogs and YouTube tutorials have popularized upcycled fashion trims, such as cord-based appliques for clothing repairs or accessory enhancements, making the technique accessible to a global DIY community.^[38]

References

[1]
Knitting Spools - PieceWork magazine
Jun 1, 2020 · A wooden spool with four nails (or pegs or staples) hammered into one end has kept little fingers busy and out of mischief for centuries.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[2]
How To French Knit - With Pictures - Sew Historically
Nov 26, 2016 · French knitting or spool knitting is an easy and fast way to make I-cords. French knitting is also a perfect way to teach children how to knit.
[3]
French Knitting Techniques - Baker Ross
French knitting uses a spool with pegs, wrapping yarn around them to create an interlocking effect, and is named after French Revolutionists.
[4]
How Did They Do That? Lucet Braid - PieceWork
Apr 15, 2019 · The firm, square lucet braid so handy for lashing and tying—and eventually for embellishing—was ubiquitous throughout the Western world ...
[5]
How to Make Your Own Spool Knitter | Club Chica Circle
Sep 15, 2014 · All you need are some finishing nails and a wood spool to make this super simple spool knitting tool. The supplies I used to spool knit are:.
[6]
Art for Mental Health & Wellness: Knitting, Quilting, Crochet - Guides
Oct 4, 2025 · If you have fond memories of spool knitting (a round wooden spool with a central hole surrounded by four small nails) when you were a child ...
[7]
Giddy Cords - Snuggles Project
Materials. Light to worsted-weight yarn. Spool knitting tool. Crochet hook. Large yarn needle. Pattern Note. While these may be fun for cats to play with, I do ...
[8]
https://textilecentermn.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Mini-Knitter.pdf
[9]
Mini Knitter | Textile Center
Cast on: Grab your knitting tool and hold it so the smaller end is at the top, and thread one end of your yarn through the center hole from the top.
[10]
[PDF] French Knitting Basics - Squarespace
You will need a French knitting spool with four nails, the yarn of your choice, and a tapestry needle with a large eye. French Knitting. 1. Begin by threading ...Missing: tools | Show results with:tools
[11]
Cheap and Easy DIY French Knitter - Instructables
Step 1: Supplies · Paper towel roll (seemed sturdier to me than a toilet paper roll) · Popsicle Sticks · Duct Tape (or tape of choice, I like the sturdiness and ...
[12]
http://www.aslab.co.uk/app/download/13765738/ASLab+PWR+1997+AY17-11+Textile+Production+for+web.pdf
[13]
https://emp-web-94.zetcom.ch/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=RedirectService&sp=Scollection&sp=SfieldValue&sp=0&sp=0&sp=3&sp=SsimpleList&sp=0&sp=Sdetail&sp=0&sp=F
[14]
https://www.lrcrafts.it/lucet-cordmaking-history/
[15]
https://www.sca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/MedievalKnitting.pdf
[16]
[PDF] MEDIEVAL KNITTING
One form common in Europe is the “knitting spool,” a small hollow cylinder of wood with four to eight nails around the top. To create stitches, the thread is ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[17]
Brief history of the lucet braiding tool - LRCrafts
Aug 28, 2022 · The lucet is a tool for cordmaking or braiding. Cords, shoelaces, drawstrings, laces for hair or clothing fastening were made by hand, before the industrial ...Missing: principles | Show results with:principles
[18]
Spool Knitting. [1909]: McCormack, Mary A. - Amazon.com
30-day returnsThis book is a classic guide to spool knitting, originally published in 1909, that offers simple instructions for creating a variety of delightful projects ...
[19]
[PDF] how a clothing practice made girls in New Zealand, 1945 to 1965
born in 1947, one of New Zealand's baby boomers, notionally educated in the same way ... think we did French knitting first, with cotton reel with the four […] I ...
[20]
Wonder Knitter™ – CLOVER
The sweet old spool knitting has come back in a cute design! The Wonder Knitter is extremely easy to use and you'll never get tired of knitting!
[21]
Wonder Knitter Tutorial - Clover Needlecraft
Mar 31, 2021 · The Wonder Knitter is like a traditional spool knitter (aka French knitter) that's been given an upgrade to make it faster and easier to do.Missing: revival 2000s online company
[22]
How to Make and Use a French Knitter! - GoodKnit Kisses
Sep 16, 2023 · Learn how to make and use a French knitter or spool loom. Includes detailed, simple instructions and a video tutorial.<|separator|>
[23]
Spool Knitting by Mary A. McCormack
### Summary of Spool Knitting Process from "Spool Knitting" by Mary A. McCormack
[24]
How to Wire Spool Knit in 7 Easy Steps - Interweave
Jan 15, 2010 · A tutorial with photos from Jean Campbell, to show you basic spool knitting, and included my tips and method for how to add beads as you work.
[25]
Spool Knitting I-Cords on a Loom
Aug 11, 2024 · Learn the techniques for easy Spool Knitting I-Cords on a Loom. This is a great option for kids to quickly make cool knitting projects.Missing: principles | Show results with:principles
[26]
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Spool Knitting, by Mary A ...
Jul 9, 2007 · Begin in the same way as for round web, but after carrying the first or lower stitch over the second stitch on each post, bring the worsted back ...Missing: casting | Show results with:casting
[27]
CSM History - Circular Sock Knitting Machine Society
The Hand-Cranked Knitter and Sock Machine: A Social History and Catalogue of 19th and 20th Century Home Knitters of American Invention by Richard Candee.
[28]
The Story of a Sock Knitter - Tread of Pioneers Museum
In the late 1800's, circular sock knitting machines similar to the one in our museum were owned almost solely by families, when mothers and grandmothers ...
[29]
Save time with the best knitting machines to buy in 2025 - Gathered
Jun 9, 2025 · The Caydo electric i-cord knitting machine attaches to your work table and is simple to set up. For those wanting more guidance, the machine ...
[30]
The Surprisingly Controversial History of the Knitting Machine
Aug 30, 2023 · In 1816, French engineer and inventor Marc Brunel designed the first circular knitting machine that created tubes of fabric. This invention ...
[31]
Historic Folk Toys: Craft, 'Spool Knitter'
No readable text found in the HTML.<|separator|>
[32]
Catalog Record: Spool knitting | HathiTrust Digital Library
Main Author: McCormack, Mary A. ; Language(s): English ; Published: New York : A. S. Barnes, 1909. ; Subjects: Spool knitting > Spool knitting / Juvenile ...
[33]
[PDF] Ancient & historic metals - Getty Museum
called French or spool knitting with wool produced by generations of children. This type of braided chain, sometimes called Trichinopoly, first appears in ...
[34]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utKdio6bNLU
[35]
Knitting for Victory -- World War II - HistoryLink.org
Aug 19, 2004 · On the home front during World War II (1941-1945), knitting to help the war effort and to keep American soldiers warm was a major preoccupation of Americans, ...
[36]
Knitting Camouflage Nets in WWII – A Forgotten Home Front Story
Jul 29, 2025 · Discover how British home knitters created camouflage nets for submarines and ships during WWII – a fascinating mix of craft and history.
[37]
The Simple Pleasure of a Strickliesel , the German Spool Knitter
A Strickliesel is a round spool, mostly made from wood, a few inches long and just wide enough to comfortably fit in a child's hand.
[38]
Christmas decorations from the Erzgebirge - seiffen.us
Another traditional craft for which the Erzgebirge is famous is lacemaking. At these days, visitors can enjoy the individual work processes and development ...
[39]
SPOOL KNITTING PROJECTS & IDEAS - Needlepointers.com
Jul 29, 2021 · We have a long list of spool knitting projects for you to browse through and find the best project to create with the knitted tube that is made with your spool ...<|separator|>
[40]
Spool Knitted Bookmark | Needlepointers.com
Mar 8, 2023 · On this page is a tutorial for a spool knitting project that is fun and functional! Enter the free knitting pattern for bookmarks!Missing: drawer | Show results with:drawer
[41]
Spool-Knit Headband Tutorial - Own Two Hands
Mar 15, 2019 · 1. Thread your yarn through the knitting spool, leaving a tail of approximately 6′′ dangling. The ball of yarn should end up at the end of the tool with the ...Missing: wearables keychains
[42]
Loom Knit Wrist Keychain - YouTube
Jun 18, 2023 · You can make in different colors, use different stitches and create a wonderful simple keychain for someone or sell at a local craft show.Missing: wearables | Show results with:wearables
[43]
5 Mental & Physical Benefits of Knitting
Oct 24, 2017 · “Knitting promotes active finger and wrist movement, dexterity and fine motor coordination that can facilitate improvements in other functional ...
[44]
Knitting as Occupational Therapy - Marly Bird
May 12, 2021 · It can be used to help develop neuromuscular skills, fine motor skills and cognitive skills and it is something that can be done by people of ...
[45]
Knitting and Crochet: Finding (and making!) Eco-Friendly Yarn
Dec 29, 2017 · Newspaper Yarn – Spin yesterday's news into a spool of usable yarn! Plarn – Transform reclaimed plastic grocery bags into yarn for your knitting ...
[46]
Learn How to Spool Knit - YouTube
Jun 10, 2013 · Our instructional video will show you how to use a spool knitter to make a basic knitted cord. Spool knitting is also known as corking and ...