The Evil Divide
The Evil Divide is the eighth studio album by the American thrash metal band Death Angel, released on May 27, 2016, by Nuclear Blast Records.[1] Recorded at AudioHammer Studios in Sanford, Florida, with producer Jason Suecof—who had previously collaborated with the band on their 2010 album Relentless Retribution—the album features the band's core quintet: vocalist Mark Osegueda, guitarists Rob Cavestany and Ted Aguilar, bassist Damien Sisson, and drummer Will Carroll.[1][2][3] It consists of ten tracks blending aggressive thrash metal riffs, rapid tempos, and introspective lyrics exploring themes of loss, hatred, and societal division, dedicated in memory of Margarita Williamson.[4] The tracklist is as follows: Upon release, The Evil Divide debuted at No. 98 on the Billboard 200 chart, marking Death Angel's first entry into the Top 100, and received positive critical acclaim for its energetic production and return to the band's raw thrash roots while incorporating modern elements.[6][7] A limited edition digipak version included a bonus DVD with behind-the-scenes footage from the recording sessions.[5]Background
Conception
The Evil Divide serves as Death Angel's eighth studio album, representing the culmination of more than three decades of evolution within the thrash metal genre since the band's formation in the early 1980s and their debut release, The Ultra-Violence, in 1987.[8] This milestone recording reflects the group's enduring commitment to their Bay Area thrash roots, honed through challenges including a near-fatal 1990 tour bus crash that temporarily derailed their career, leading to a hiatus before their 2001 reunion and subsequent resurgence.[8][9] Drawing inspiration from their foundational aggressive style, the band sought to channel raw emotional intensity and live performance energy into The Evil Divide, positioning it as a standalone effort distinct from the conceptual trilogy initiated with earlier works like Relentless Retribution (2010).[10][9] Following the visceral aggression of their 2013 predecessor, The Dream Calls for Blood, the album aimed to balance unrelenting heaviness with melodic and groovy elements, fostering a renewed sense of cohesion among the lineup that had stabilized since their 2004 comeback.[8][10] Songwriting for The Evil Divide commenced organically in late 2014 during breaks from touring, led primarily by vocalist Mark Osegueda and guitarist Rob Cavestany, who emphasized spontaneity to capture the band's matured synergy.[10] Motivations were further amplified by contemporary global tensions, including political divisiveness, which infused the project with urgent thematic depth and a drive to reaffirm their position in thrash metal's legacy.[10]Pre-production
The pre-production phase for The Evil Divide commenced in early 2015, following the conception stage's focus on recapturing thrash metal's raw aggression while incorporating the band's evolved dynamics.[8] Songwriting duties were led by guitarists Rob Cavestany and Ted Aguilar, who crafted the foundational riffs and structures, with vocalist Mark Osegueda contributing significantly to melody development and lyrical integration to ensure vocal lines aligned with the instrumental aggression.[11][8] This collaborative approach allowed for a cohesive set of material that balanced the band's classic speed with more nuanced arrangements. In mid-2015, the band held demo sessions at their rehearsal space in California, where they honed approximately 10 core tracks through repeated playthroughs and adjustments to tighten transitions and dynamics before full recording.[8] These sessions emphasized organic refinement, drawing from live energy to test song flow without over-polishing the raw edge.[12] Producer Jason Suecof was chosen for his proven track record with thrash and metalcore acts, including Trivium's albums The Crusade (2006) and Shogun (2008), to deliver a production that modernized the sound while preserving its gritty authenticity.[13][8]Recording and production
Studio work
The recording sessions for The Evil Divide took place in October–November 2015 at AudioHammer Studios in Sanford, Florida.[1] Building on pre-production demos that served as the starting point for arrangements, the band focused on capturing live energy during tracking. Guitar tones were crafted using high-gain amps, including a modified 1970 Marshall Super Lead, combined with layered riffs to emphasize the album's thrash aggression.[14] Bass lines were tracked simultaneously with drums to lock in a tight, propulsive groove essential to the record's rhythm section. Vocals were recorded in isolation to fully capture Mark Osegueda's aggressive delivery, with multiple takes layered for harmonies and added depth.Engineering and mixing
Jason Suecof served as the engineer and mixer for The Evil Divide, working at Audio Hammer Studios in Sanford, Florida, where he also took on production duties.[15] In addition to these roles, Suecof contributed a guest guitar solo on the track "Cause for Alarm," adding a layer of technical flair to the song's aggressive structure.[16] The mixing process focused on achieving clarity within the album's thrash metal framework, highlighting sharp guitar tones and double-bass-heavy drums that provide punch while preserving the intensity of high-speed riffs alongside melodic harmonies.[17] This approach ensured a polished yet aggressive sound, drawing from the raw tracks recorded during the initial studio sessions. Building on Suecof's modern production style, the final product balanced raw energy with refined elements, as noted in contemporary critiques.[7] Mastering was handled by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound in New York City, imparting a professional sheen that enhanced the overall dynamics without overpowering the band's visceral delivery.[18]Composition
Musical style
The Evil Divide embodies the core tenets of thrash metal, rooted in the aggressive, high-velocity sound of the 1980s Bay Area scene, characterized by rapid tempos, such as approximately 170 BPM in key tracks like "Cause for Alarm", and intricate, mosh-pit-inducing riffs designed for crowd energy.[19][3][20] The album's guitar work, led by Rob Cavestany and Ted Aguilar, features dual harmonies that create a palpable tension—evoking the "evil divide" of the title through interlocking riffs that alternate between chaotic speed and controlled dissonance, distinguishing it from more straightforward speed-thrash contemporaries.[17][9] While maintaining thrash's raw intensity, The Evil Divide incorporates melodic elements, such as soaring harmonies and cleaner vocal interludes, alongside groove metal breakdowns that add heft and accessibility, setting it apart from pure velocity-driven thrash.[19][17] These groove-infused sections, influenced by early Machine Head and subtle hardcore edges, provide dynamic shifts that enhance headbanging without sacrificing aggression, as heard in tracks blending punkish drive with technical precision.[21][17] Compared to Death Angel's early work like Frolic Through the Park (1988), which captured a playful yet ferocious aggression, The Evil Divide evolves that foundation with modern production clarity, amplifying riff sharpness and rhythmic tightness while preserving the band's signature technical flair.[17][19] This progression reflects a matured thrash sound, building on albums like The Dream Calls for Blood (2013) by heightening melodic depth and structural variety, ensuring relevance in contemporary metal landscapes.[19][22]Song structures
The songs on The Evil Divide generally adhere to a thrash metal foundation, with arrangements averaging 4-5 minutes in length across the album's ten tracks, providing a balance of intensity and concision.[7] This structure allows for dynamic builds and releases, exemplified by the total runtime of approximately 45 minutes, which avoids filler while maintaining momentum.[7] "The Moth" opens the album with an introductory riff sequence that accelerates from a deliberate tempo into a frenetic pace, culminating in explosive choruses driven by aggressive, vintage-inspired riffs and precise guitar interplay.[23][24] Tempo shifts punctuate the track, transitioning between rapid sections and rhythmic grooves to heighten its in-your-face energy.[24] Similarly, "Lost" follows a verse-chorus framework infused with mid-tempo clomping riffs and technical flourishes, incorporating extended solos that blend speed and melodic elements for a headbang-friendly flow.[7][25] The album's longest track, "Father of Lies" at 5:05, incorporates instrumental breaks that extend its grinding arrangement, featuring steady thrash verses leading into a tasteful melodic interlude and dynamic shifts for added depth.[26] Common across the record are thrash-oriented verses that establish aggression, melodic bridges providing contrast, and abrupt tempo changes to enhance dynamics, as seen in various riff progressions and solos.[7][24] "Hatred United / United Hate" stands out for its complex construction, employing an odd structure with a melancholic tone and guest solo work that introduces irregularity to the thrash template, contributing to its epic feel without sacrificing catchiness.[24] These elements collectively underscore the album's emphasis on varied pacing and technical precision within a cohesive thrash framework.[7]Lyrics and themes
Lyrical content
The lyrical content of The Evil Divide delves into themes of division, hatred, and loss, capturing the societal fractures and personal alienation prevalent in the mid-2010s. Written primarily by vocalist Mark Osegueda, the lyrics draw from observations of global political divisiveness and human tendencies toward negative judgment, portraying a world where "politically the world stands more divisive than ever, in an ugly way."[10] These motifs underscore a broader critique of manipulation and disconnection, with Osegueda emphasizing how people often fail to form independent opinions, leading to collective downfall.[13] In "Lost," the lyrics center on personal disconnection in modern society, evoking isolation and regret through vivid imagery of entrapment and distorted realities, as in the lines "Can anybody hear me now? / A prisoner in my own body / Still I feel so lost today."[27] This track highlights inner turmoil amid external pressures, where societal expectations "train" and then "blame" individuals, amplifying feelings of loss and helplessness. Similarly, "Father of Lies" confronts deception with aggressive phrasing about betrayal by false leaders, using references to the "father of lies" and "sleight of hand" to expose manipulative tactics that erode trust. Osegueda's vocal delivery here blends snarling aggression with cleaner, melodic passages to heighten emphasis on these deceptions, creating a dynamic contrast that underscores the song's accusatory tone.[28][29] Anti-establishment rage permeates "Cause for Alarm," reflecting the political unrest of 2016 through direct calls to resist censorship, division, and control, with lines like "They'll divide us all, and we'll surely fall / So blame yourself for all those feeble tears" and critiques of "banning books / Censored news, and poisoned pens." Osegueda has described the album as his most political work, fueled by divisions along lines of race, religion, and ideology that exacerbate hatred and inequality.[30][10] In "It Can't Be This," the lyrics offer a confrontational critique of inequality, depicting the marginalized as "useless" and "betrayed" in a system that fosters shame and despair, exemplified by "Another misfit who's cloaked in shame / Another restless soul about to lose control." This track's phrasing conveys frustration with societal structures that perpetuate personal and collective downfall, urging resilience amid "nasty blows" dealt to the vulnerable.[31] These elements collectively evoke the album's titular "evil divide," a conceptual rift driven by deception and unrest.[10]Title inspiration
The title "The Evil Divide" was coined by Death Angel's principal songwriters, guitarist Rob Cavestany and vocalist Mark Osegueda, during the album's writing process in 2015. It draws inspiration from the intensifying societal polarization of the 2010s, particularly the political and cultural divides that dominated global discourse, such as escalating conflicts over race, religion, and ideology. Cavestany described the title as a reflection of "current events and all these intense, fucked up things that are happening around the world... dividing humanity," evoking the classic dichotomy of good versus evil but recontextualized to highlight human-made conflicts and the "us vs. them" mentality.[8] This symbolism extends to the album's artwork, which features a death's-head moth—a creature known for its skull-like pattern and cultural associations with omens of death—directly tying into the opening track "The Moth" and underscoring themes of division and fleeting unity. Osegueda elaborated that the title critiques the era's ugly divisiveness, including judgments based on superficial differences, positioning the album as a commentary on how such rifts foster ignorance and negativity. The band's interviews emphasized this as a "sign of the times," mirroring broader cultural splits like those amplified during the 2016 U.S. election cycle.[10][8] In relation to the album's lyrical content, "The Evil Divide" encapsulates overarching motifs of hatred and loss, serving as a conceptual anchor for explorations of societal fracture without delving into specific song narratives.[10]Release and artwork
Cover art
The cover art for The Evil Divide was created by American tattoo artist Bob Tyrrell, who had previously inked band members Mark Osegueda and Rob Cavestany.[32] The design centers on a detailed drawing of a death moth, with a prominent skull integrated into its back, embodying the album's central theme of moral and existential division by juxtaposing beauty and malevolence.[33][34] Tyrrell realized the band's vision through initial pencil sketches on paper, which were then refined to produce the final ominous, monochromatic imagery dominated by dark grays and blacks to evoke a sense of foreboding.[34][3] The band commissioned Tyrrell, emphasizing its alignment with the title's symbolism of an "evil divide" between light and darkness.[35] The inner sleeve features a 16-page booklet containing production credits, lyrics, and liner notes dedicating the album in memory of Margarita Williamson.[15]Formats and editions
The Evil Divide was released on May 27, 2016, by Nuclear Blast Records in multiple formats, including compact disc (CD), vinyl with limited colored editions, and digital download.[5] The standard jewel case CD edition features 10 tracks with a total runtime of 45:13 and includes a lyrics booklet.[36] The limited digipak edition adds a bonus DVD with behind-the-scenes footage from the recording sessions.[15] Special editions expand on the standard release, such as the digibook version, which adds the bonus track "Wasteland" (5:18), a cover of The Mission's "Wasteland," for a total length of 50:31.[4][37] Vinyl editions include limited colored pressings.[5] The cover art remains consistent across all formats.Promotion
Singles
The lead single from The Evil Divide was "The Moth", released on March 30, 2016, as a digital single via Nuclear Blast Records, accompanied by an official audio track premiere.[38] This track served as an introduction to the album's thrash metal sound, showcasing aggressive riffs and dynamic vocals characteristic of Death Angel's style.[39] The second single, "Cause for Alarm", was released for streaming on April 6, 2016.[40] "Lost" followed with promotional efforts building toward its full music video release on May 25, 2016, just before the album's launch.[41] Written by vocalist Mark Osegueda and addressing themes of isolation and mental struggle, it highlighted the band's ability to blend emotional depth with heavy instrumentation.[42] While no tracks from the album achieved major radio airplay on mainstream formats, Death Angel promoted several songs, including the singles, through exclusive streaming previews on the Nuclear Blast website, allowing fans early access to build anticipation for the May 27, 2016, album release.[43] A music video accompanied the single "Lost" to further engage audiences visually. "The Moth" was promoted via an official audio track.Music videos
The music videos for tracks from Death Angel's album The Evil Divide emphasize the band's raw thrash metal energy, often blending performance footage with thematic visuals to underscore the lyrics' intensity. Two official full-length music videos were produced for songs from the album, both directed by Tommy Jones of Videohammer Studios. These videos were released on YouTube via the band's official channel and Nuclear Blast Records, aligning with the album's promotional rollout in 2016.[44][45] The first video, for "Hatred United / United Hate," premiered on April 29, 2016, and captures the band performing during the album's recording sessions at AudioHammer Studios in Sanford, Florida.[44] Directed and edited by Jones, it features high-energy live takes interspersed with studio close-ups, highlighting guitarist Ted Aguilar's riffs and a guest guitar solo by Sepultura's Andreas Kisser. The concept focuses on the track's aggressive duality—uniting hatred from opposing perspectives—through straightforward performance shots that convey urgency and camaraderie among the musicians, without elaborate narrative elements.[46][47] Released on May 25, 2016, the video for "Lost" expands on thematic depth, portraying feelings of isolation and entrapment through three interconnected narratives: an abusive drug-fueled relationship, religious extremism, and cyberbullying. Filmed in a stark, rainy environment symbolizing endless despair, it intercuts dramatic vignettes with the band's intense performance against a black void, evoking the song's exploration of mental darkness. Vocalist Mark Osegueda noted the track's personal resonance for those feeling alone, while director Jones aimed to visualize mindsets leading to being "lost" via these heavy social issues.[45][48] In addition to these, promotional clips included in-studio performances for EMGtv, such as the August 17, 2016, session of "Let the Pieces Fall," which showcases the band delivering the song live in a raw studio setting to highlight its rhythmic drive and lyrical resilience. These modest-budget efforts prioritized authentic energy over special effects, supporting the singles' audio releases on platforms like YouTube.[49][50]Touring
2016 tours
Following the release of The Evil Divide on May 27, 2016, Death Angel marked the occasion with an in-store performance and signing session at Amoeba Records in San Francisco on May 26, serving as the band's album launch event.[51][52] The set included selections from the new album alongside earlier material, drawing local fans to celebrate the thrash metal outfit's eighth studio effort.[52] The band's 2016 touring cycle primarily consisted of a high-profile North American run as openers for Slayer and Anthrax, kicking off on September 9 in Cleveland, Ohio, and concluding on October 27 in El Paso, Texas.[53][54] This seven-week package tour spanned major and secondary markets across the U.S. and Canada, allowing Death Angel to showcase material from The Evil Divide to thrash enthusiasts amid co-headliners known for their enduring influence in the genre.[55] Interspersed were select headlining dates, such as shows at The Chance in Poughkeepsie, New York, on September 17 and the Whisky a Go Go in Hollywood, California, on October 29, which provided opportunities for fuller sets dedicated to the new release.[56] Festival appearances rounded out the year, including sets at Rock Allegiance in Chester, Pennsylvania, on September 18 and Aftershock in Sacramento, California, on October 22.[57][58] Setlists from the 2016 outings emphasized tracks from The Evil Divide, with staples like "The Moth," "Cause for Alarm," "Father of Lies," and "Lost" appearing frequently to highlight the album's aggressive riffs and thematic depth on societal division.[59] These were balanced with fan-favorite classics such as "The Ultra-Violence," "Mistress of Pain," and "Claws in So Deep," maintaining the band's signature high-energy thrash delivery across approximately 40 shows that year.[59][60] The tour reinforced Death Angel's reputation for tight, relentless performances, often clocking in at 40-50 minutes per slot while building momentum for future outings.[61]2017 tours
Following the initial promotional cycle in 2016, Death Angel extended their support for The Evil Divide into 2017 with a series of North American and European outings, emphasizing the album's tracks alongside fan favorites from their catalog. The year began with the "Bound by the Road" tour, a U.S. run co-headlined with DevilDriver, featuring support from Stark Despair and Death Angel's setlist incorporating several cuts from the new release, such as "The Moth" and "Hatred United / United Hate." This 19-date trek launched on February 8 in Santa Ana, California, and concluded in late March, showcasing the band's high-energy thrash style to enthusiastic crowds across the Midwest and East Coast.[62] In summer 2017, Death Angel embarked on the "The Evil Divide Across Europe Tour," a headline jaunt spanning festivals and club shows across the continent, including key stops in Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, France, and Scandinavia. The tour kicked off on July 6 at Rockharz Open Air in Ballenstedt, Germany, and included performances at major events like Bang Your Head!!! in Balingen, Masters of Rock in Vizovice, Czech Republic, Gefle Metal Festival in Gävle, Sweden, and Metaldays in Tolmin, Slovenia, before wrapping with UK headline dates in Wolverhampton, Glasgow, Bridgend, and London in early August. Setlists heavily featured The Evil Divide material, with staples like "Lost" and "Father of Lies" receiving prominent play, reflecting the album's growing international reception.[63][64] The year's touring culminated in late fall with a European support slot on Testament's "Brotherhood of the Snake" headline run, joined by Annihilator, from November 11 in Weissenhäusser Strand, Germany, through early December, hitting cities like Berlin, Antwerp, Warsaw, Bologna, and Milan. Death Angel's performances maintained their reputation for precision and intensity, blending newer songs with classics to engage diverse audiences, further solidifying the album's live momentum.[65]Reception
Critical reviews
Upon its release, The Evil Divide garnered positive reviews from metal critics, who praised its aggressive energy and revival of classic thrash metal elements while noting some areas where innovation fell short. The album holds an aggregate score of 87% on Encyclopaedia Metallum based on seven reviews, reflecting a broad consensus on its successful return to thrash roots and high-octane delivery.[66] Metal Injection awarded the album 7.5 out of 10, lauding its "frenetic vehemence" throughout tracks like "The Moth," which captures the band's vintage Bay Area thrash influences with fanatical energy and hummable hooks.[23] The review highlighted the opener as delivering "a nuclear-stamped note of conflagration," emphasizing the album's heaviest moments yet, bolstered by master-class riffs and a potent rhythm section, marking a clear return to the band's aggressive origins.[23] However, it critiqued the final third for less sharp hooks and choruses in songs like "The Electric Cell," suggesting a slight dip in momentum.[23] Angry Metal Guy scored it 3.5 out of 5, commending the high-energy thrash revival that channels the youthful rage of Death Angel's debut The Ultra-Violence, with standout aggression in "The Moth" and strong vocal performances by Mark Osegueda.[7] The review appreciated the blend of classic and modern elements but noted criticisms of overly polished production that occasionally veered into metalcore territory, reducing the raw edge in tracks like "Breakaway."[7] Sputnikmusic gave it a 4.5 out of 5 ("superb"), celebrating the album's punkish intensity and balanced thrash aggression in cuts like "Cause for Alarm" and "Hell to Pay," positioning it as a vibrant testament to the band's enduring passion after over three decades.[19] Critics overall viewed The Evil Divide as a solid thrash revival effort, prioritizing its conceptual ferocity over groundbreaking experimentation.Fan and retrospective views
Fans have shown strong support for The Evil Divide on platforms like Reddit, where it frequently appears in discussions of top thrash metal albums of 2016 and personal favorites, and on Encyclopaedia Metallum, where it holds an average user score of 87%.[16][67] Retrospectively, the album is viewed as a solid mid-career peak in Death Angel's discography, praised for revitalizing their thrash roots and influencing the aggressive style of their 2019 follow-up Humanicide, which some fans and reviewers noted felt like a moderate sequel in comparison to its predecessor's impact.[68] Tracks like "The Moth" and "Father of Lies" have become live staples, with "The Moth" performed in over 390 setlists since its release.[69] In band reflections, vocalist Mark Osegueda described The Evil Divide as a "very angry album," channeling frustration with societal issues and divisions amid contemporary world events.[70] As of November 2025, the album continues to demonstrate enduring popularity, with its lead single "The Moth" surpassing 8.9 million streams on Spotify.[71]Commercial performance
Chart positions
The Evil Divide debuted on multiple international music charts following its release on May 27, 2016, reflecting its appeal within the thrash metal genre despite modest mainstream visibility. In the United States, it entered the Billboard 200 at number 98, representing Death Angel's second appearance on that ranking after their 2013 album The Dream Calls for Blood. The album also reached number 7 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart, which tracks emerging artists, and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hard Rock Albums chart, underscoring its strength in specialized heavy music categories.[72] Internationally, it achieved a peak of number 37 on the German Albums Chart (Offizielle Deutsche Charts), number 40 on the Swiss Albums Chart (Schweizer Hitparade), and number 10 on the UK Rock & Metal Albums chart. First-week sales in the US totaled around 6,000 units, largely driven by digital downloads and vinyl formats.[73]| Chart (2016) | Peak Position |
|---|---|
| US Billboard 200 | 98 |
| US Billboard Heatseekers Albums | 7 |
| US Billboard Hard Rock Albums | 4 |
| German Albums Chart | 37 |
| Swiss Albums Chart | 40 |
| UK Rock & Metal Albums | 10 |
Sales figures
No RIAA certifications were awarded for the release, though label Nuclear Blast highlighted robust performance in European markets, driven by strong fan support and regional distribution. On streaming platforms, the album amassed more than 15 million plays on Spotify by 2025, with "The Moth" emerging as the most popular track at approximately 2 million streams.[74] Initial sales contributed to the album's chart debuts across multiple territories.Track listing
Standard edition
The standard edition of The Evil Divide features ten tracks, as follows:| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "The Moth" | 4:38 |
| 2. | "Cause for Alarm" | 3:22 |
| 3. | "Lost" | 4:57 |
| 4. | "Father of Lies" | 5:05 |
| 5. | "Hell to Pay" | 3:12 |
| 6. | "It Can't Be This" | 4:16 |
| 7. | "Hatred United / United Hate" | 5:17 |
| 8. | "Breakaway" | 4:01 |
| 9. | "The Electric Cell" | 4:38 |
| 10. | "Let the Pieces Fall" | 5:47 |
Bonus tracks
The special editions of The Evil Divide include one bonus track, "Wasteland", a cover of the 1986 song by the gothic rock band The Mission, clocking in at 5:18.[76][37] Written by The Mission's Wayne Hussey, Craig Adams, Mick Brown, and Simon Hinkler, the track was recorded alongside the main album at Audiohammer Studios in Sanford, Florida, during sessions in late 2015, but reserved for select releases to enhance collector appeal.[76][77] Death Angel's rendition transforms the original's brooding post-punk vibe into a mid-tempo piece with an atmospheric intro featuring echoing guitars and building tension, evoking the album's overarching themes of moral conflict and societal decay while stepping outside the record's core thrash metal intensity.[25][78] This bonus track appears exclusively on the limited digipak CD edition, the deluxe CD/DVD package (which also includes a making-of documentary), and the Japanese import version, all released on May 27, 2016, via Nuclear Blast Records.[76][79][80]Personnel
Band members
The core lineup of Death Angel for the album The Evil Divide consisted of the following full-time members, who performed lead vocals, guitars, bass, and drums.[81]- Mark Osegueda – lead vocals[81]
- Rob Cavestany – lead guitar, backing vocals[81][82]
- Ted Aguilar – rhythm guitar[81]
- Damien Sisson – bass[81]
- Will Carroll – drums[81]