Testament
Testament is an American thrash metal band formed in 1983 in the San Francisco Bay Area, originally under the name Legacy by guitarist Eric Peterson, his cousin Derrick Ramirez on guitar, and drummer Louie Clemente.[1] The group changed its name to Testament in 1986 after discovering another band called Legacy, releasing its debut album The Legacy the following year and solidifying its place among the era's influential thrash acts through aggressive riffing, technical precision, and socially conscious lyrics.[1] Featuring an original lineup of Peterson on rhythm guitar, Chuck Billy on vocals, Alex Skolnick on lead guitar, Greg Christian on bass, and Clemente on drums, the band toured extensively, including the 1990 Clash of the Titans package with Slayer, Megadeth, and Suicidal Tendencies, while navigating lineup shifts such as Skolnick and Clemente's departure in 1992.[1] Testament's career highlights include a string of seminal albums like The New Order (1988) and Practice What You Preach (1989), which expanded their sound toward groove elements, and resilience amid adversity, notably Billy's recovery from a 2001 cancer diagnosis that briefly halted activities but led to reunions and renewed output.[1] With Peterson and Billy as enduring constants, the band has produced fourteen studio albums to date, maintaining relevance in heavy metal via consistent touring and recent releases under Nuclear Blast Records.[2]Etymology and definitions
Origins and evolution
The English word testament first appeared in the late 13th century, borrowed from Old French testament and ultimately derived from Latin testāmentum, denoting "a last will" or "the publication of a will."[3] This Latin noun stems from the verb testārī, meaning "to make a will" or "to bear witness," compounded from testis ("witness") and the agent suffix -ā-.[3] The core idea reflects ancient Roman legal practice, where a will's validity required attestation by witnesses, emphasizing testimony as the foundation of inheritance disposition.[3] The root testis traces to Proto-Indo-European origins, linked to trei- ("three"), possibly alluding to a "third party" in disputes or the minimal number of witnesses needed for legal proceedings, though this etymological connection remains interpretive rather than definitive.[4] By the Middle English period, testament retained its primary legal connotation as a formal disposition of property after death, distinct from but related to terms like testimony (from the same testis root, entering English around 1400).[5] Over centuries, the term's meaning broadened beyond strict legalism to include any enduring declaration or proof, such as "a living testament" to resilience, influenced by its adoption in theological translations. In the Latin Vulgate (completed circa 405 CE by Jerome), testāmentum rendered Greek diathēkē ("covenant" or "disposition"), extending the word to scriptural divisions by the 2nd century CE in Christian usage, though this secondary evolution pertains more to contextual application than core lexical shift.[6] This semantic expansion underscores testament's enduring association with witnessed, binding declarations, evolving from juridical specificity to broader evidentiary and covenantal senses without altering its testimonial foundation.[3]Legal usage
In legal contexts, a testament refers to a formal written instrument by which a person, known as the testator, declares their intentions for the disposition of personal property after death.[7] Historically, the term distinguished from a "will," which applied to real property such as land; this bifurcation arose in English law, with "testament" specifically addressing movable assets like money or goods.[8][9] Following the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, the phrases merged into "last will and testament" to encompass both real and personal property, reflecting the integration of feudal land laws with ecclesiastical oversight of personal estates.[8] In contemporary common law jurisdictions, such as the United States and England, the terms are largely synonymous, with "testament" retaining formal usage in phrases like "last will and testament" to denote the complete document, including any codicils or amendments.[10][7] For a testament to be valid, it typically requires the testator to be of sound mind and at least 18 years old (or the age of majority in the jurisdiction), with the document executed in writing, signed by the testator, and attested by at least two disinterested witnesses present simultaneously.[11] These requirements stem from statutes like the English Wills Act of 1837, which standardized formalities to prevent fraud, and similar provisions in U.S. state laws modeled on the Uniform Probate Code adopted by over half of states by 2023.[12] Testamentary dispositions contrast with non-testamentary transfers, such as joint tenancy or revocable trusts, which bypass probate.[11] In civil law systems, such as those in France or Louisiana, "testament" remains the primary term for any will, often classified into holographic (handwritten), notarial, or mystic forms based on execution method.[12]Broader connotations
In contemporary English usage, "testament" extends beyond its legal and religious senses to denote tangible proof, evidence, or a tribute that attests to a particular quality, achievement, or conviction.[13] This figurative connotation derives from the word's Latin root testamentum, meaning a formal declaration or witness, emphasizing attestation rather than inheritance or covenant.[13] For instance, phrases like "a testament to resilience" describe outcomes or artifacts—such as a community's recovery after a disaster on record as of 2023 in reports from the Federal Emergency Management Agency—that serve as empirical demonstrations of enduring strength or efficacy.[13] The term also functions as an expression of belief or creed, akin to a solemn affirmation of principles, though this usage remains less common outside rhetorical or literary contexts.[13] In idiomatic expressions, it underscores causal links between actions and results, as in architectural or cultural critiques where enduring structures, like the 2,500-year-old Parthenon in Athens, Greece, stand as testaments to ancient engineering prowess amid seismic and wartime damage documented in archaeological surveys.[13] This broader application prioritizes observable evidence over abstract testimony, aligning with the etymological emphasis on witnessing, and appears frequently in journalistic and academic prose to highlight verifiable demonstrations of human endeavor or systemic reliability.[14]Religious contexts
Old Testament
The Old Testament constitutes the first division of the Christian Bible, encompassing ancient scriptures originally composed in Biblical Hebrew, with minor sections in Aramaic, and regarded by Christians as divinely inspired accounts of God's covenant with Israel prior to the advent of Jesus Christ.[15] These texts narrate creation, the patriarchs, the exodus from Egypt, the establishment of the monarchy and temple, prophetic warnings, and wisdom teachings, spanning genres from law and history to poetry and apocalypse. Scholarly estimates place the composition of its books between roughly the 12th century BCE (early poetic fragments like the Song of Deborah in Judges 5) and the 2nd century BCE (Daniel), reflecting oral traditions later redacted into written form amid Israel's historical experiences of exile and restoration.[16] The Documentary Hypothesis, dominant in academic biblical studies since the 19th century, posits the Pentateuch (first five books) as a composite of four main sources—Jahwist (J, ~10th century BCE), Elohist (E, ~9th century BCE), Deuteronomist (D, ~7th century BCE), and Priestly (P, ~6th-5th century BCE)—compiled during or after the Babylonian Exile (586-539 BCE), though this model relies on linguistic and thematic criteria subject to ongoing debate and lacks direct manuscript evidence for the posited sources.[17] In terms of canon, the Protestant Old Testament contains 39 books, aligning in content with the Jewish Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) of 24 books but organized differently: the Pentateuch (Genesis to Deuteronomy), Historical Books (Joshua to Esther), Poetical Books (Job to Song of Solomon), and Prophets (Isaiah to Malachi).[18] The Tanakh structures these as Torah (Law), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings), emphasizing a tripartite division finalized in Jewish tradition by the late 1st or early 2nd century CE, as evidenced by references in Josephus (c. 93 CE) and the Mishnah (c. 200 CE).[19] Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions incorporate seven additional deuterocanonical books (Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, and 1-2 Maccabees) plus expansions to Daniel and Esther, drawn from the Septuagint Greek translation (3rd-2nd century BCE), totaling 46 books; these were affirmed at councils like Hippo (393 CE) and Carthage (397 CE) but excluded from the Hebrew canon due to criteria of prophetic authorship and linguistic purity post-2nd century BCE.[20] While Protestant reformers like Martin Luther (16th century) aligned with the shorter Hebrew canon to emphasize scriptural sufficiency apart from tradition, the variations stem from early Christian use of the broader Septuagint, which included texts valued for historical and ethical insights but not universally deemed prophetic.[21] The textual transmission of the Old Testament involves multiple traditions: the Masoretic Text (MT), standardized by Jewish scribes (Tiberian Masoretes, 7th-10th centuries CE) with vowel points and accents for preservation; the Septuagint (LXX), an Alexandrian Greek version predating the MT by centuries and used by early Christians; and the Samaritan Pentateuch, diverging in about 6,000 variants.[16] The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1946-1956), dating from the 3rd century BCE to 68 CE, includes fragments of every Old Testament book except Esther and demonstrates over 95% agreement with the MT in Isaiah (the most complete scroll), underscoring textual stability despite minor variants attributable to scribal errors or intentional harmonizations.[22] Textual criticism, employing comparative analysis of these witnesses, reconstructs probable originals by weighing external evidence (manuscript age and provenance) against internal (contextual coherence), revealing that while no autographs survive, the core content has been reliably transmitted, with differences rarely affecting doctrinal essentials.[23] Historically, the Old Testament's formation reflects Israel's self-understanding as a covenant people, with texts serving covenantal, liturgical, and didactic roles in temple and synagogue worship by the Second Temple period (516 BCE-70 CE). Prophetic books like Isaiah (divided into proto-, deutero-, and trito-Isaiah by scholars based on stylistic shifts, dated 8th-5th centuries BCE) and historical narratives (e.g., Samuel-Kings, compiled ~6th century BCE per Deuteronomistic History theory) integrate theological interpretation of events like the Assyrian (722 BCE) and Babylonian exiles. Wisdom literature (Proverbs, Ecclesiastes) draws from ancient Near Eastern parallels but asserts Yahweh's sovereignty over fate. In Christian usage, these scriptures foreshadow messianic fulfillment, as cited extensively in the New Testament (over 300 direct quotes), though Jewish interpretation maintains ongoing covenantal validity without supersession. Academic consensus, influenced by higher criticism since the Enlightenment, favors late redaction and pseudepigraphy (e.g., rejecting Solomonic authorship of Proverbs entirely, dated ~8th-3rd centuries BCE), yet conservative analyses highlight early linguistic strata and archaeological corroborations, such as the Tel Dan Stele (9th century BCE) affirming "House of David."[24]New Testament
The New Testament is the collection of 27 texts forming the second major division of the Christian Bible, focusing on the ministry, crucifixion, resurrection, and teachings of Jesus Christ, alongside apostolic letters and apocalyptic prophecy. These writings, originally composed in Koine Greek, emerged from the first-century Christian communities and were circulated as authoritative teachings by the late second century. Unlike the Old Testament, which draws from ancient Hebrew traditions, the New Testament emphasizes fulfillment of Jewish prophecies through Jesus and the expansion of his message to Gentiles.[25] The corpus divides into four Gospels narrating Jesus's life (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John), the Acts of the Apostles detailing early church history, 21 epistles offering doctrinal instruction and pastoral guidance (13 attributed to Paul, including Romans through Philemon, plus Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 1-3 John, and Jude), and the Book of Revelation envisioning eschatological events.[26] This structure reflects oral traditions codified into written form, with the Gospels drawing on eyewitness accounts and the epistles addressing specific church issues like doctrine, ethics, and persecution.[27] Authorship attributes the Pauline epistles—Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon—to the apostle Paul, with internal evidence of his style and references to historical events like his Roman imprisonment supporting composition between AD 50 and 62. The Gospels lack internal author names, leading mainstream scholars to view them as anonymous works from the late first century, though early patristic sources like Papias (c. AD 130) ascribe Matthew to the apostle, Mark to Peter's associate, Luke to Paul's companion, and John to the apostle. Academic consensus often dates Mark to AD 65-70, Matthew and Luke to AD 80-100, and John to AD 90-110, based on assumptions of literary dependence and prophecy fulfillment post-AD 70 temple destruction; however, this overlooks earlier patristic attestations and the absence of explicit post-70 events, prompting revisionist arguments for pre-AD 70 dates across most texts to align with eyewitness proximity.[28][29] Transmission relies on over 5,800 Greek manuscripts, the earliest fragments dating to the second century (e.g., P52, a John fragment c. AD 125), with complete codices like Sinaiticus (fourth century) preserving the full text. This abundance—far exceeding classical works like Homer's Iliad—enables textual reconstruction with 99.5% agreement on content, variants mostly minor (spelling, word order) rather than doctrinal.[27][30] Canon formation unfolded gradually: the Muratorian Fragment (c. AD 170) lists most books, Athanasius's Easter letter (AD 367) first enumerates all 27, and councils like Hippo (AD 393) and Carthage (AD 397) ratified them based on apostolic origin, orthodoxy, and widespread liturgical use, excluding texts like the Gospel of Thomas for gnostic divergences. This process countered heresies like Marcionism, prioritizing documents tied to apostles or their associates over later forgeries. Mainstream scholarship, influenced by 19th-century higher criticism skeptical of supernatural claims, sometimes downplays early attestation in favor of fluid development, but patristic citations (e.g., over 89,000 in second-third centuries) demonstrate rapid core stabilization.[25][31]| Category | Books |
|---|---|
| Gospels | Matthew, Mark, Luke, John |
| History | Acts of the Apostles |
| Pauline Epistles | Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1-2 Thessalonians, 1-2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon |
| General Epistles | Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 1-3 John, Jude |
| Apocalypse | Revelation |
Literature
Fictional works
"The Testament" is a 1999 legal thriller novel by American author John Grisham, published by Doubleday on February 2. The story centers on Troy Phelan, an eccentric billionaire who, hours before committing suicide, rewrites his will to disinherit his six children and leave his $11 billion estate to his illegitimate daughter Rachel Lane, a missionary in the remote Pantanal region of Brazil. Phelan's lawyer, Josh Stafford, dispatches washed-up attorney Nate O'Riley to locate and inform Rachel, sparking a perilous jungle adventure amid family legal challenges and personal redemption arcs for the protagonists.[32][33] "The Testaments," published in 2019 by Canadian author Margaret Atwood as a sequel to her 1985 dystopian novel "The Handmaid's Tale," explores the theocratic regime of Gilead through the interleaved narratives of three women: Aunt Lydia, a high-ranking enforcer; Agnes, raised in Gilead; and Daisy, smuggled out as an infant. Set 15 years after the original, the novel details internal dissent, espionage, and the regime's potential downfall, culminating in revelations about the protagonists' connections. It won the 2019 Booker Prize, shared with "Girl, Woman, Other" by Bernardine Evaristo. "Testament," a 1975 thriller by American author David Morrell, depicts a family—Dr. Jonathan Reid, his wife, and young son—fleeing modern civilization after a nuclear apocalypse triggered by global conflict, pursued by survivalist enemies in a post-apocalyptic landscape. The narrative draws on themes of human endurance and societal collapse, influencing subsequent survival fiction.[34] "The Testament of Mary," a 2012 novella by Irish author Colm Tóibín published by Scribner, presents a first-person account from the Virgin Mary reflecting on her son Jesus's life, miracles, crucifixion, and resurrection, portraying her as a grieving mother skeptical of the emerging Christian narrative and resentful of the apostles' interpretations. The work, nominated for the Man Booker Prize, emphasizes historical realism over doctrinal fidelity.Non-fictional and religious texts
The "testament" genre within ancient religious literature encompasses pseudepigraphical works attributed to biblical patriarchs or figures, framed as deathbed exhortations, ethical legacies, or revelatory discourses delivered to heirs. These texts, part of the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, emerged primarily from Jewish Hellenistic circles between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE, though some incorporate later Christian or other interpolations. They typically feature moral admonitions against vices such as jealousy, lust, and idolatry, alongside promises of divine reward, apocalyptic visions, and narratives of supernatural encounters, serving didactic purposes rather than historical chronicle.[35][36] The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs represents the most extensive example, comprising twelve independent treatises purportedly composed by the sons of Jacob (Reuben through Benjamin) shortly before their deaths, circa 107–137 BCE in an original Hebrew form during the Hasmonean period. Each testament recounts the patriarch's life, confesses personal failings, warns descendants of corresponding sins (e.g., Reuben on fornication, Simeon on envy), and urges piety, love for God and neighbor, and observance of the Law. Interwoven are eschatological prophecies, including dual messianic figures (priestly and kingly), which scholars attribute to a Jewish core later expanded with Christian insertions referencing Jesus as savior by the early 2nd century CE. The work's composite nature—evident in linguistic shifts from Semitic to Greek influences and theological tensions—reflects editorial layering, yet it influenced early Christian ethics and was cited approvingly by figures like Origen.[37][36] The Testament of Solomon, composed in Greek likely between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE, purports to record King Solomon's account of subjugating demons via a divine ring to construct the Jerusalem Temple. It enumerates 72 demons (drawing from astrological and folkloric traditions), detailing their hierarchical ranks, thwartable powers (e.g., causing infirmities or tempting with idolatry), and angelic counteragents, culminating in Solomon's hubris leading to his downfall. This text blends Jewish wisdom lore with Hellenistic demonology, emphasizing Solomon's wisdom as a tool against spiritual adversaries, and circulated in Jewish, Christian, and magical grimoires, though excluded from canons for its late date and syncretic elements.[38] Additional testaments include the Testament of Abraham (1st century BCE–1st CE), depicting Abraham's guided tour of heaven and earth, his evasion of death through angelic intervention, and ultimate submission, highlighting themes of judgment and mercy; and the Testament of Job (1st–2nd century BCE), which amplifies the biblical Job's trials with demonic afflictions, magical artifacts from God, and vindication, incorporating patience and almsgiving as virtues. These compositions, preserved in Greek, Ethiopic, or Slavonic manuscripts, were not deemed canonical by rabbinic Judaism or early Christianity due to their pseudonymous authorship, post-exilic origins, and occasional esoteric content, yet they illuminate intertestamental Jewish thought on fate, sin, and redemption.[39]Film and television
Films
Testament (1983) is an American drama film directed by Lynne Littman, released on November 4, 1983.[40] The screenplay by John Sacret Young adapts a short story titled "The Last Testament" by Carol Amen, focusing on Carol Wetherly (Jane Alexander), a mother in the suburban town of Hamlin, California, whose family grapples with the aftermath of an unspecified nuclear exchange that obliterates major cities.[41] With her husband Tom (William Devane) away on business and presumed lost, Carol maintains routine amid escalating radiation sickness, community funerals, and societal breakdown, emphasizing personal loss over geopolitical causes.[42] The cast includes Ross Harris as son Brad, Roxana Zal as daughter Mary Liz, and early appearances by Kevin Costner and Rebecca De Mornay.[43] Running 90 minutes and rated PG, the film avoids action sequences, instead deriving tension from quiet domestic devastation.[40] Critics praised its restraint and emotional authenticity; Roger Ebert awarded four stars, noting its focus on human-scale consequences without spectacle or villains.[42] It holds an 89% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 reviews, with consensus highlighting its anchoring of nuclear fears in familial ordeal.[44] Jane Alexander received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress, underscoring the film's impact during Cold War anxieties.[41] Produced on a modest budget, it reflects anti-nuclear sentiments prevalent in 1980s independent cinema.[42] Other films bearing the title include Testament (2004, original French-Moroccan title Ten'ja), a drama directed by Hassan Legzouli about emigrant Nordine (Roschdy Zem) returning to Morocco to fulfill his father's burial wish, encountering cultural tensions and romance; released May 10, 2004, it runs 80 minutes and was described as sweetly engaging but low-drama.[45] [46] A 2017 independent film Testament, directed by Tim Ritter, follows Simon joining a religious movement after its leader's execution in a dystopian setting, earning a 4.5/10 IMDb rating from limited viewings.[47] These lesser-known works contrast the 1983 film's prominence in discussions of apocalyptic drama.[47]Television series
Testament is a drama television series produced by Angel Studios that premiered on June 8, 2025. The show reimagines the Book of Acts from the New Testament in an alternate modern dystopian setting where the Roman Empire persists into contemporary times, blending biblical events with gritty, urban realism akin to a British council estate environment. It depicts a small group of early believers, filled with the Holy Spirit, facing persecution as they propagate the resurrection of Jesus amid a hostile imperial regime.[48][49] The series stars Charles Beaven, Eben Figueiredo, Mogali Masuku, and Tom Simper in key roles portraying figures like Stephen and Saul, with episodes structured around pivotal Acts narratives such as Pentecost and early church expansions. Season 1 consists of eight episodes, initially available to Angel Guild members via the Angel app and website, emphasizing high-stakes drama, visual authenticity, and character-driven faith journeys without diluting scriptural fidelity. Production prioritizes a reverent tone, avoiding anachronistic liberties that could undermine the source material's historical and theological claims.[50][51][52] Critical reception highlights the series' success in rendering ancient events accessible and compelling, with reviewers noting its balance of evangelism and entertainment in a faith-based production landscape often criticized for formulaic storytelling. As of October 2025, it holds a 7/10 rating on IMDb based on over 300 user votes, praised for thematic relevance while following Acts closely. Angel Studios, known for crowdfunded biblical adaptations, markets Testament as a movement-sparking narrative, though its niche appeal limits broader mainstream discourse.[53][50][52]Music
Bands and artists
Testament is an American thrash metal band from the San Francisco Bay Area, formed in 1983 under the name Legacy by guitarist Eric Peterson, guitarist Derrick Ramirez, and drummer Louie Clemente.[1] The group changed its name to Testament in 1986 during the recording of its debut album The Legacy, released in 1987 via Megaforce Records, which established them as a key act in the Bay Area thrash scene alongside bands like Metallica and Exodus.[1][54] Vocalist Chuck Billy joined in 1986 and has fronted the band continuously since, while Peterson remains the sole constant member across lineup shifts driven by personnel changes and health challenges, including Billy's recovery from cancer in 2001.[1][55] The band's current lineup consists of Billy on vocals, Peterson on rhythm guitar, Alex Skolnick on lead guitar (original member from 1983–1992 and since 2005), Steve DiGiorgio on bass (periods since 1998), and Chris Dovas on drums (since 2023).[55] Testament has released 14 studio albums as of 2025, including the critically acclaimed Practice What You Preach (1989), which peaked at number 77 on the Billboard 200, and their latest Para Bellum via Nuclear Blast Records, maintaining their reputation for aggressive, technically proficient thrash with themes of war, society, and apocalypse.[56][57] They have toured extensively with acts like Slayer and Megadeth, influencing subsequent metal subgenres through their consistent output and live intensity despite multiple member departures, such as original drummer Louie Clemente in the early 1990s.[1] Testament also refers to Andrew Brooks, a British hip-hop MC, beatboxer, poet, and playwright born in North London and raised in Manchester, now based in West Yorkshire.[58] Active since the early 2000s, he gained recognition as a Guinness World Record holder for human beatboxing and won the BBC Urban Music Talent Award in 2007 for his fusion of rap, spoken word, and performance art addressing social issues, identity, and heritage.[59] Brooks has produced works including the hip-hop album Homecut: No Freedom Without Sacrifice, the award-nominated play Black Men Walking (2018), and screenwriting for Netflix's Castlevania: Nocturne (2023) and Disney+'s The Full Monty remake, often incorporating beatboxing into theatrical and multimedia formats.[59] His multidisciplinary approach has earned residencies, such as Channel 4 Writer in Residence at the Royal Exchange Theatre in 2019, positioning him as a prominent figure in UK urban arts beyond traditional rap circuits.[59]Albums and songs
Testament's discography includes fourteen studio albums, with their debut The Legacy released in 1987 on Megaforce Records, establishing their thrash metal sound through aggressive riffs and themes of societal critique.[60] Subsequent releases on Atlantic Records, such as The New Order (1988) and Practice What You Preach (1989), expanded their commercial reach, with the latter exceeding 400,000 copies sold.[61] Later albums shifted labels to Nuclear Blast, culminating in Para Bellum, their fourteenth full-length, released on October 10, 2025.[56] The following table lists Testament's studio albums:| Album Title | Release Year | Label |
|---|---|---|
| The Legacy | 1987 | Megaforce Records [60] |
| The New Order | 1988 | Megaforce Records [60] |
| Practice What You Preach | 1989 | Atlantic Records [60] |
| Souls of Black | 1990 | Atlantic Records [60] |
| The Ritual | 1992 | Atlantic Records [60] |
| Low | 1994 | Atlantic Records [60] |
| Demonic | 1997 | Burnt Offerings/Mayhem |
| The Gathering | 1999 | Spitfire Records [60] |
| The Formation of Damnation | 2008 | Nuclear Blast Records [55] |
| Dark Roots of Earth | 2012 | Nuclear Blast Records [55] |
| Brotherhood of the Snake | 2016 | Nuclear Blast Records [55] |
| Titans of Creation | 2020 | Nuclear Blast Records [55] |
| Para Bellum | 2025 | Nuclear Blast Records [56] |