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Tree spiking

Tree spiking is a sabotage technique utilized by certain radical environmental activists to impede commercial logging by inserting large metal rods, nails, or spikes into tree trunks, typically at the base where chainsaws would engage, thereby endangering saw operators and mill workers with the risk of catastrophic equipment failure or flying debris.^[1]^[2] The method aims to economically deter timber harvesting through heightened safety hazards and repair costs, though it has resulted in documented severe injuries, such as the 1987 case where millworker George Alexander suffered critical wounds from a chainsaw blade shattering against an undetected spike.^[3] Emerging prominently in the 1980s amid campaigns against old-growth forest clearcutting, tree spiking was promoted by groups like Earth First! as a form of direct action to preserve ecologically valuable stands, with early documented uses in the United States including the 1989 spiking of approximately 300 trees in Idaho's Clearwater National Forest to disrupt a planned lumber sale.^[2]^[3] Proponents argued it could be conducted nonviolently by notifying authorities of spiked areas to allow safe removal, yet critics, including forestry industry representatives and law enforcement, classify it as a criminal act tantamount to eco-terrorism due to its inherent peril to human life and the difficulty in ensuring spikes are detected before felling.^[4]^[1] In the United States, tree spiking constitutes a felony under statutes prohibiting damage to timber on federal lands and has led to federal investigations and convictions, as seen in the Clearwater case where participants faced charges for conspiracy to commit the act.^[1]^[2] While rare in recent decades due to legal repercussions and shifting environmental strategies toward litigation and public advocacy, isolated threats and incidents persist, underscoring ongoing tensions between preservationist imperatives and the practical realities of forest management safety.^[2]

Methods and Techniques

Spiking Procedures

Tree spiking procedures generally entail inserting metal or non-metallic objects into tree trunks to disrupt logging equipment. Basic techniques involve hammering large nails, such as 60d nails measuring 6-1/4 to 10 inches, or spikes like 12-inch bridge timber spikes, into the tree bole using a 2.5- to 4-pound single-jack hammer or sledgehammer.^[5] Spikes are driven at varying heights—typically 2 to 6 feet above ground or higher—and angles, including upward, downward, or horizontal, to target chainsaws during felling or mill blades during processing.^[5] Multiple spikes per tree, often in triangular patterns, enhance effectiveness by increasing the likelihood of equipment damage.^[5] Advanced methods include drilling holes with a cordless drill or hand brace and bit to insert "super spikes," such as 3- to 4-inch steel welding rods, drill rods, or 1-foot sections of 1/2-inch rebar sharpened at a 45-degree angle.^[5] Holes are bored at a slight downward angle, approximately 4 to 4.5 inches deep, and sealed with clear silicone caulk before camouflaging entry points with bark chips, mud, moss, or paint to evade detection.^[5] Rebar insertion may employ a galvanized pipe cap for hammering, ensuring partial protrusion for blade contact.^[5] Variations incorporate non-metallic materials to counter metal detectors, such as ceramic spikes fired to 2350-2400°F or quartz spikes with a Mohs hardness of 7, driven similarly but requiring specialized fabrication.^[5] Operations emphasize stealth, conducted covertly with lookouts, at night, or in adverse weather to minimize tracks, and often involve teams for efficiency.^[5] De-heading nails with bolt cutters and flush insertion further conceals spikes, though some practitioners mark spiked trees with flagging to alert loggers and mitigate injury risks from flying fragments.^[5]

Materials and Variations

![A nail driven into a tree trunk as part of tree spiking][float-right] Tree spiking typically employs large metal fasteners driven into tree trunks to deter logging. Common materials include 60-penny (60d) nails measuring approximately 6 inches in length, bridge timber spikes around 1 foot long, and sections of rebar or steel rods, often 1/2-inch in diameter and cut to similar lengths with sharpened ends.^[5] Helix or spiral nails in 8-, 10-, or 12-inch sizes have also been recommended for their gripping properties.^[5] Variations in materials extend to non-metallic options designed to evade detection by metal detectors used in logging operations. Ceramic spikes, crafted from stoneware clay mixed with grog and fired at high temperatures (2350–2400°F), provide a durable, non-conductive alternative.^[5] ^[6] Rock spikes, made from quartz or gravel cut into shape and secured with epoxy, offer another undetectable method.^[5] In some cases, activists have discussed or employed both ceramic and metal spikes in planning operations.^[7] Techniques vary by insertion method and spike type, with basic hammering of nails contrasting "pinning," where holes are drilled to accommodate "super spikes" such as heat-treated drill rods or dowel pins for enhanced strength and concealment.^[5] Multiple spikes per tree, including cross-nailing or placements at varying angles and heights, amplify the sabotage effect, targeting not only felling but also milling processes.^[5] Nine- to ten-inch metal nails have been documented in specific incidents to damage chainsaws upon encounter.^[2]

Historical Origins and Evolution

Pre-1980s Uses

No documented instances of tree spiking as an environmental sabotage tactic exist prior to the 1980s. The practice, involving the insertion of metal spikes into tree trunks to deter logging by risking equipment damage or injury to chainsaw operators, emerged alongside the radical environmental movement led by groups such as Earth First!. Historical accounts consistently trace its initial application to 1983, when activists first employed it in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon on the Woodrat timber sale administered by the Bureau of Land Management.^[8]^[9] Earlier forestry practices occasionally involved nails or spikes for non-sabotage purposes, such as marking boundaries or experimental treatments, but these lacked the deliberate intent to impede commercial harvesting and thus do not qualify as tree spiking in its modern form. Claims of pre-1980s use, including vague references to 1970s activities, remain unsubstantiated by primary records or peer-reviewed analyses, often appearing in retrospective narratives without specific evidence.^[10] The tactic's absence before the 1980s aligns with the timeline of escalated direct-action environmentalism, which gained prominence only after Earth First!'s founding in 1980.^[11]

Rise in the 1980s

Tree spiking gained prominence in the 1980s as a form of "monkeywrenching" sabotage employed by radical environmental activists, particularly members of Earth First!, a group founded in 1980 to defend wilderness areas through direct action.^[12] The tactic involved hammering large metal spikes—often 8 to 12 inches long—deep into the bases or trunks of targeted trees in timber sale areas, aiming to damage chainsaws or mill blades upon encounter, thereby increasing costs and risks for logging operations and discouraging harvest of old-growth forests.^[1] Proponents argued it was a non-lethal method to protect ecosystems, with spikes placed low and sometimes marked to alert loggers, though critics, including timber industry representatives and federal investigators, classified it as eco-terrorism due to the potential for equipment failure and worker injury.^[13] ^[14] Incidents proliferated amid escalating conflicts over logging in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains, where federal timber sales threatened ancient stands of Douglas fir and ponderosa pine.^[14] By 1987, reports documented spiking in Oregon, Washington, and central Rocky Mountain states, with activists using sledgehammers and bolt cutters to insert spikes undetected during routine forest surveys.^[14] The practice's visibility surged following a May 1987 event at the Louisiana-Pacific mill in Cloverdale, California, where millworker George Alexander suffered severe facial injuries—his jaw severed—when a saw blade shattered upon hitting an undetected spike in processed lumber, marking the first widely publicized human casualty and prompting Earth First! co-founder Dave Foreman to publicly denounce the tactic for endangering workers.^[3] Further escalation occurred in 1989, when approximately 284 trees were spiked in Idaho's Clearwater National Forest by a group linked to Earth First!, targeting a specific U.S. Forest Service timber sale to protest perceived overharvesting.^[2] This operation involved coordinated planning, including debates over spike materials to evade metal detectors, and drew federal scrutiny, highlighting the tactic's spread as a tool of resistance against industrial forestry amid broader campaigns like those against Louisiana-Pacific's operations in northern California.^[7] Despite its intent to avoid violence, the inherent risks—such as spike migration within the tree or failure to disclose placements—fueled debates over its ethics and efficacy, with logging firms reporting heightened operational delays and costs exceeding thousands of dollars per affected site.^[1]

Decline After 1990s

The tactic of tree spiking experienced a marked decline following the May 8, 1987, incident at the Louisiana-Pacific mill in Cloverdale, California, where 23-year-old mill worker George Alexander sustained severe injuries—a broken jaw and facial lacerations—when his saw blade struck an 11-inch metal spike embedded in a log, causing the blade to shatter and fragments to strike him.^[15]^[13] This event, the first documented serious injury linked to spiking, generated widespread media scrutiny and internal debate within radical environmental groups, highlighting the unintended risk to human life beyond equipment damage.^[3] In April 1990, Northern California Earth First! explicitly renounced tree spiking, with organizers like Judi Bari emphasizing solidarity with loggers and mill workers by rejecting tactics that endangered them, particularly in anticipation of the nonviolent Redwood Summer protests against old-growth redwood logging.^[16] The group pivoted to safer methods of civil disobedience, such as extended tree-sits, road blockades, and mass rallies, which proliferated during Redwood Summer and subsequent campaigns, proving more effective in drawing public and legal attention without alienating working-class allies.^[17] Post-1990, spiking incidents became rare due to a combination of factors, including adapted logging practices like pre-harvest spike detection via metal detectors or X-rays, escalated federal prosecutions treating it as felony sabotage, and a broader strategic evolution in environmentalism toward litigation under laws like the Endangered Species Act.^[2] By the late 1990s, Earth First! publications and activism had ceased endorsing the practice, reflecting both its diminished tactical utility— as spikes often failed to halt felling outright and merely deferred costs to mills—and growing consensus against methods risking worker safety.^[18] Sporadic concerns over legacy spikes persisted into the 2000s and 2020s, primarily as hazards to firefighters rather than active sabotage.^[1]

Notable Incidents by Region

United States

Tree spiking emerged as a tactic in the United States during the 1980s, primarily linked to Earth First! activists protesting timber harvests on public lands. The first recorded instance associated with the group occurred in 1983 in Oregon's Siskiyou Mountains on the Woodrat timber sale administered by the Bureau of Land Management, where metal spikes were driven into trees and advance notice provided to forest officials.^[9] A pivotal event took place on May 8, 1987, at the Louisiana-Pacific mill in Cloverdale, California, when 23-year-old millworker George Alexander sustained severe injuries. While operating a bandsaw to split logs, the blade encountered an embedded metal spike approximately 11 inches long, causing it to shatter; fragments struck Alexander in the face, fracturing his jaw and inflicting deep cuts.^[15] ^[19] The incident, which nearly decapitated him, highlighted the risks to workers and spurred federal responses, including the proposed Anti-Tree Spiking Act of 1987 that sought to criminalize the practice with penalties for spiking timber and related instruction.^[20] In February 1989, another significant case unfolded in Idaho's Clearwater National Forest, targeting a Plum Creek Timber Company sale. Activists inserted 384 nails into 284 trees to deter logging operations, followed by a letter claiming responsibility sent to the U.S. Forest Service. Investigations revealed the spikes aimed to damage chainsaws and milling equipment. John Blount and Jeffrey Fairchild were indicted in 1993 and convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 1864 for depredation of government property through tree spiking on national forest lands; Blount received a sentence including probation and restitution.^[2] ^[21]^[7] Subsequent incidents included the use of ceramic spikes in Oregon forests in 1992, which broke logging equipment without detection until processing, though no injuries were reported.^[22] Tree spiking prosecutions under federal statutes remained rare but underscored the tactic's classification as a felony when conducted on federal lands, with potential penalties escalating if injury resulted.^[23]

New Zealand

In 1980, activists inserted steel spikes into standing rimu trees in Charleston Forest on New Zealand's South Island to disrupt planned logging operations by the state-owned Forest Service.^[24] This action aimed to render the trees hazardous for chainsaw felling or mill processing, reflecting broader protests against native timber harvesting during a period of intensifying environmental opposition to rimu extraction in indigenous forests. No arrests or prosecutions resulted from the incident, and documentation remains limited to historical accounts. Unlike in the United States, where tree spiking garnered significant attention and legal scrutiny, such tactics appear rare in New Zealand, with no major reported disruptions to commercial logging or injuries to workers attributed to spiking in available records.

Canada and Other Locations

In Canada, tree spiking has been documented primarily in British Columbia's coastal forests amid disputes over old-growth logging. In the Fairy Creek watershed on Vancouver Island, activists protesting Teal-Jones Group's operations reported spiking trees as a tactic to deter harvesting, with incidents detected as early as September 2022 in Tree Farm Licence 46, where multiple trees were found embedded with metal spikes, prompting safety warnings from forestry companies about risks to chainsaw operators.^[4] Further spiking occurred in the same area by April 2022, leading to RCMP investigations of intentionally placed spikes aimed at hindering safe forestry work.^[25] More recently, in January 2025, evidence of additional spiking in Fairy Creek—sent to the provincial Forests Ministry via photos—directly influenced the B.C. government's decision to extend a logging deferral from February 1, 2025, to September 2026, amid ongoing protests that have resulted in over 1,000 arrests since 2021.^[26]^[27]^[28] Earlier cases include a 2012 incident near Kamloops, where spikes in trees threatened sawmill workers, stumping RCMP efforts to identify perpetrators despite the tactic's association with anti-logging protests.^[29] Outside North America and New Zealand, tree spiking has appeared sporadically in Australia, particularly in Tasmania's forestry conflicts. In May 2020, police launched investigations into spikes discovered in logs at two Tasmanian sawmills, believed to have been hammered into trees prior to harvest by anti-forestry activists, raising alarms from industry groups about potential fatalities from equipment damage or flying metal shards.^[30]^[31] Such actions align with broader "monkeywrenching" tactics in Australian environmental activism, though documented prosecutions remain rare, and claims of spiking are sometimes contested as industry propaganda or unsubstantiated bravado within activist circles.^[32] Isolated reports exist elsewhere, such as nails embedded in Swedish birches noted in environmental sabotage discussions, but lack widespread verification or notable escalations comparable to North American cases. In Indonesia, proposals have surfaced to legalize spiking against illegal loggers, but no major incidents have been confirmed in practice.^[33] Overall, these international occurrences underscore tree spiking's limited but persistent use as a low-tech sabotage method in logging disputes, often evading attribution due to its anonymous nature.

Legal Status and Prosecutions

In the United States

Tree spiking in the United States gained prominence in the 1980s through actions by Earth First! activists opposing logging in old-growth forests, particularly in the Pacific Northwest and California.^[2] One of the earliest documented uses occurred in Mendocino County, California, where spikes were inserted to deter timber harvests amid debates over forest preservation.^[9] A pivotal incident unfolded on May 8, 1987, at the Louisiana-Pacific mill in Cloverdale, California, when millworker George Alexander suffered severe injuries. A saw blade struck a metal spike embedded in a logged tree, shattering and lacerating Alexander's jaw, nearly decapitating him. This event, linked to Earth First! tactics, prompted widespread condemnation from labor unions and some environmentalists, contributing to Northern California Earth First! renouncing the practice due to risks to workers.^[3]^[9] In 1989, activists spiked approximately 284 trees with 384 nails in Idaho's Clearwater National Forest to sabotage a Plum Creek Timber Company sale. The U.S. Forest Service investigation revealed the spikes aimed to damage equipment and halt operations. Federal prosecutions followed; in February 1993, John Blount and Jeffrey Fairchild were indicted, with both convicted in a Spokane jury trial for violating 18 U.S.C. § 1864, which prohibits tree spiking on federal lands. Blount received a one-year sentence, highlighting the tactic's classification as a felony endangering public resources and safety.^[2]^[21]^[1] Subsequent incidents have been rarer, though vandalism including tree spiking occurred in Utah's Deep Creek area in recent years, with 7-inch spikes driven into trees and heads removed to conceal them. Such actions underscore ongoing tensions between preservation efforts and timber interests, often leading to operational shutdowns and increased security measures by forest managers.^[34]

Internationally

Tree spiking lacks specific statutory prohibition in most countries outside the United States, often falling under broader criminal provisions for property damage, sabotage, or reckless endangerment when prosecuted.^[35] Incidents have occurred in nations such as Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, primarily during environmental protests in the 1980s and 1990s, but documented convictions remain rare, with authorities typically addressing related activities like blockades rather than spiking itself.^[36] In Canada, tree spiking was employed during the 1993 Clayoquot Sound protests on Vancouver Island, where activists targeted old-growth logging, yet no federal or provincial prosecutions specifically for spiking have been widely reported, as enforcement focused on civil disobedience charges.^[37] Similarly, in New Zealand, spiking incidents linked to native forest preservation efforts in the 1980s did not result in notable legal actions, reflecting a pattern where such tactics evaded targeted litigation amid broader forestry debates.^[38] An atypical case arises in Indonesia, where a 2000s report commissioned by the Ministry of Forestry's Directorate General of Nature Conservation recommended tree spiking as a permissible deterrent against illegal logging, emphasizing placement to minimize risks to legitimate operators while disrupting illicit chainsaw use.^[33] This proposal positioned spiking as a state-sanctioned tactic rather than a prosecutable offense, contrasting with Western views of it as sabotage, though implementation details and any subsequent cases remain undocumented in public records. In Europe and Australia, tree spiking has appeared sporadically in activist literature but without leading to specialized laws or high-profile prosecutions; Australian commentary has framed it as akin to terrorism due to injury risks, yet legal responses prioritize general environmental vandalism statutes over dedicated measures.^[39] Overall, the absence of uniform international frameworks classifies tree spiking under domestic penal codes, with enforcement varying by incident severity and jurisdictional priorities toward illegal logging versus activist intent.^[35]

Effectiveness and Empirical Outcomes

Impacts on Logging Operations

Tree spiking disrupts logging operations by damaging chainsaws and other cutting equipment during tree felling or processing, often causing blades to shatter and produce hazardous metal fragments. This equipment failure necessitates immediate halts in harvesting to repair or replace tools, introducing operational delays that can span hours or days per incident.^[13]^[40] The safety risks to loggers and mill workers amplify these disruptions, as contact with spikes has resulted in injuries; for instance, on May 23, 1987, millworker George Alexander sustained 28 stitches to his jaw and chin when a saw blade struck a spike hidden in a log, leading to heightened industry caution and temporary shutdowns of affected mills.^[1] Such events prompt logging firms to adopt precautionary measures, including manual or technological inspections for spikes before cutting, which increase labor and equipment costs—potentially by thousands of dollars per site depending on scale—and reduce overall productivity.^[9] Widespread spiking in targeted areas elevates the economic burden, as firms must de-spike trees or scan logs with metal detectors, rendering some timber uneconomical to harvest if removal costs exceed sale value. In the 1980s Pacific Northwest, this tactic contributed to delays or cancellations of specific U.S. Forest Service timber sales, though comprehensive data on total operational downtime remains limited due to varying site-specific responses.^[8] Loggers often respond by avoiding visibly spiked stands or purchasing specialized insurance, further inflating operational expenses and slowing regional harvesting rates.^[2]

Effects on Forest Preservation

Tree spiking has shown negligible long-term effects on forest preservation, with documented cases revealing only temporary operational delays rather than sustained conservation outcomes. In targeted areas, loggers and authorities have routinely mitigated risks by scanning for spikes with metal detectors, felling trees cautiously, or redirecting harvests, allowing broader logging to proceed unabated.^[2] For example, in Idaho's Clearwater National Forest in 1989, activists inserted 384 spikes into 284 trees to disrupt a planned timber sale, notifying officials via letter to avoid undetected hazards; while this prompted investigations and prosecutions, it did not prevent ongoing forest management or regional harvesting.^[41] ^[1] Even within activist circles, the tactic's failure to achieve preservation goals has been acknowledged. Judi Bari, a key Earth First! figure, argued in 1990 that tree spiking does not halt logging but merely transfers dangers to downstream mill workers, citing the 1987 Cloverdale mill incident where a spike shattered a saw blade and nearly killed operator George Alexander, leading Northern California Earth First! to publicly renounce the practice.^[3] This backlash highlighted how spiking alienated labor unions and communities, undermining broader environmental coalitions without yielding measurable forest protection.^[3] Recent instances, such as reported tree spiking in British Columbia's Fairy Creek watershed in early 2025, similarly decoupled the tactic from preservation successes; the area's logging deferral extension to September 2026 resulted from provincial old-growth policies and prior non-violent protests, with officials explicitly condemning spiking as a safety risk rather than crediting it for the deferral.^[42] ^[26] Absent peer-reviewed analyses linking spiking to reduced deforestation rates or preserved acreage, its causal role in forest conservation appears marginal, overshadowed by legal, regulatory, and economic drivers of land use.^[43]

Economic and Safety Consequences

Tree spiking presents acute safety risks to logging and sawmill workers, as concealed metal spikes can cause saw blades to shatter upon contact, ejecting high-velocity fragments capable of inflicting severe injuries or death. This hazard extends to both chainsaws used in felling and bandsaws in mills, where undetected spikes lead to equipment failure without warning.^[1]^[29] A prominent example occurred on May 8, 1987, at the Louisiana-Pacific mill in Cloverdale, California, where millworker George Alexander, aged 23, sustained facial cuts and a broken jaw when a bandsaw blade fragmented after striking an 11-inch spike embedded in a log. The incident prompted FBI investigations and federal prosecutions of Earth First! activists, highlighting the tactic's potential for unintended but foreseeable harm to workers distant from the spiking site.^[15]^[19] Similar dangers have been reported in recent cases, such as investigations into spiking in British Columbia's Fairy Creek area in January 2025, where officials noted risks of worker injury or death alongside wood damage.^[44] Economically, tree spiking incurs costs through equipment damage, including the need to replace shattered blades and halt operations for inspections or spike removal. Affected timber often suffers discoloration and structural compromise at spike sites, diminishing its commercial value and requiring additional processing or outright rejection by buyers. Logging operations face delays as crews scan trees for spikes, sometimes necessitating advanced detection methods like metal detectors or X-rays, which increase overhead and reduce harvest efficiency. While comprehensive industry-wide figures are limited due to the tactic's targeted and infrequent application, the combined effects elevate the financial barriers to timber harvesting in spiked areas.^[29]^[44]

Controversies and Viewpoints

Activist Rationales and Defenses

Tree spiking is presented by proponents as a non-violent sabotage tactic to halt logging and preserve old-growth forests and wilderness areas by damaging equipment and rendering operations uneconomical. Activists argue it targets corporate exploitation through increased costs for saw maintenance, equipment replacement, and mandatory inspections, rather than direct confrontation. In Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching, authors including Dave Foreman detail its use to disrupt timber sales, citing the 1980s spiking of over 1,000 trees on Meares Island, British Columbia, which deterred bids and preserved the area from clear-cutting.^[45] Defenders emphasize "high spiking"—inserting spikes above chainsaw felling height to affect mill blades—as a safer variant that avoids endangering fellers while still achieving deterrence. Foreman claimed in the manual that such methods are "unlikely to cause anyone physical injury even should a blade shatter upon striking a spike," framing it as resistance against ineffective legal conservation efforts.^[45]^[46] Proponents advocate anonymous notifications to forest managers or authorities about spiked zones to prevent accidents, positioning the practice as ethically aligned with ecosystem defense over human harm.^[45] Foreman reiterated the core intent in public statements: "The purpose of tree spiking is not to hurt anybody; it's to keep trees from being cut."^[13] Despite these rationales, the tactic faced internal reevaluation after a May 1987 incident in Cloverdale, California, where millworker George Alexander suffered severe leg injury from a chainsaw striking a concealed spike, prompting Northern California Earth First! to renounce it amid worker safety concerns.^[3]

Criticisms as Eco-Terrorism

Tree spiking has faced sharp criticism as a form of eco-terrorism due to its deliberate endangerment of human life and use of intimidation tactics against economic activities. Critics contend that by embedding metal objects in trees to sabotage chainsaws and sawmill blades, practitioners create hazards that can result in severe injuries or fatalities for loggers and mill workers, thereby employing violence to advance environmental agendas.^[11]^[13] A key incident underscoring these risks occurred on May 8, 1987, at a Louisiana-Pacific sawmill in Cloverdale, California, where 23-year-old millworker George Alexander sustained life-threatening injuries to his face and jaw when an 11-inch spike in a log caused a bandsaw blade to shatter, sending fragments flying up to 15 feet.^[19]^[47] Alexander, who required multiple surgeries and lost teeth, later described the act as eco-terrorism in congressional testimony, highlighting how it targeted workers rather than merely equipment.^[1]^[13] Lawmakers and federal agencies have echoed this view, with the U.S. House Republican Western Caucus labeling tree spiking as eco-terrorism that threatens rural workers' lives, advocating for proactive removal of spikes from federal lands to mitigate ongoing dangers from past actions.^[48] The Federal Bureau of Investigation, in assessing domestic terrorism threats, has categorized environmental extremist tactics—including those akin to tree spiking by groups like Earth First!—as significant risks involving property damage and potential violence to coerce policy changes.^[10]^[36] Proponents of this classification argue from causal principles that the method's foreseeability of harm—evident in the physics of high-speed machinery encountering metal—transforms protest into terrorism, as it prioritizes disruption over non-violent means and disregards collateral risks to uninvolved individuals.^[11] Senate Energy Committee reports have reinforced this by documenting how spiked trees from the 1980s and 1990s persist as hazards, framing the tactic as ideologically driven sabotage rather than mere activism.^[1]

Broader Debates on Sabotage Tactics

Sabotage tactics such as tree spiking have fueled ongoing debates within environmental activism about the boundaries between nonviolent civil disobedience and direct action that risks human safety and legal repercussions. Proponents, including early advocates associated with Earth First!, frame monkeywrenching—including spiking—as a necessary response to systemic ecological destruction driven by economic incentives that prioritize short-term exploitation over long-term sustainability.^[49] This perspective posits sabotage as a form of defensive intervention, akin to protecting property from imminent harm, where legal avenues have proven inadequate against industrial logging pressures.^[50] Critics within the movement, however, argue that such tactics alienate potential allies, provoke backlash from policymakers, and escalate conflicts without achieving proportional conservation gains, leading to internal schisms and a strategic pivot toward community-based organizing and less confrontational methods like tree-sitting.^[51]^[52] Empirical assessments of sabotage's strategic value highlight mixed outcomes, with studies indicating that while tactics like spiking generate media attention and temporary disruptions to operations, they rarely result in sustained forest preservation.^[52] For instance, spiked timber stands have often been logged after delays or avoidance, but broader deforestation trends persist due to underlying market and policy drivers unaffected by isolated acts.^[2] Activist Judi Bari, a key figure in radical environmentalism, acknowledged limited successes, noting that numerous spiked areas were eventually harvested despite the tactic's intent.^[52] These findings underscore a core debate: whether sabotage amplifies urgency and forces dialogue or instead reinforces narratives of extremism, eroding public support for environmental causes.^[50] Ethically, the contention centers on consequentialist justifications versus deontological concerns over harm. Advocates invoke moral confrontation rhetoric, equating industrial logging to violence against ecosystems and thus legitimizing reciprocal disruption to deter it, provided no direct human injury occurs.^[53] Opponents counter that even "non-lethal" methods like spiking introduce unintended risks—such as sawmill blade failures causing worker injuries—and undermine the movement's ethical high ground by mirroring the coercive tactics they oppose.^[1] This tension mirrors broader philosophical divides in activism, where radical flanks test the limits of permissible resistance, but empirical evidence suggests sabotage often correlates with heightened enforcement rather than policy shifts favoring preservation.^[50]

References

[1]
[PDF] Tree Spiking Incident
Jul 14, 2021 · Tree spiking is intended to prevent logging by risking damage to saws – and to the loggers and sawmill workers using them – if the tree is cut.
[2]
Tree Spiking in Idaho's Clearwater National Forest, 1989
Sep 3, 2024 · Tree spiking involves driving nine to ten-inch metal nails into trees to deter deforestation. This was a popular tactic by some radical environmentalist groups.
[3]
The Secret History of Tree Spiking - Part 1 - iww.org
Tree spiking is a tactic endorsed by some Earth First! groups, though the incident involved a worker injured by a tree-spike, and the group may not have been ...
[4]
Tree spiking a criminal act putting workers' lives at risk | News
Sep 23, 2022 · Tree spiking is a dangerous criminal act meant to maim or kill forestry workers, as seen when a spiked log nearly hit a sawyer.<|separator|>
[5]
Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching
A hand-operated bit and brace can be used to drill holes into trees for insertion of “super spikes.” After drilling the hole, a section of sharpened rebar can ...
[6]
RCW 9.91.150: Tree spiking. - | WA.gov
Tree spiking. (1) Any person who maliciously drives or places in any tree, forest material, forest debris, or other wood material any iron, steel, ceramic ...
[7]
Convicted tree spiker: Stone-Manning knew plans in advance
Jul 15, 2021 · A convicted felon and a former Forest Service investigator are contradicting Tracy Stone-Manning's portrayal of her role in a 1980s tree-spiking ...
[8]
The Secret History of Tree Spiking - Part 2 - iww.org
Mar 8, 1993 · Tree-spiking is an extremely effective method of deterring timber sales, which seems to be becoming more and more popular.
[9]
[PDF] Timber Wars - Bron Taylor
In 1987, a millworker was nearly decapitated by a tree-spiking incident, leading to the media calling it "Tree Spiking Terrorism".
[10]
FBI — The Threat of Eco-Terrorism
Feb 12, 2002 · In 1984, however, members introduced "tree spiking" (insertion of metal or ceramic spikes in trees in an effort to damage saws) as a tactic to ...
[11]
Ecoterrorism: The Dangerous Fringe of the Environmental Movement
This tree spiking can injure lumberjacks and mill workers severely. Road spikes are recommended to flatten tires. Methods for destroying roads, disabling ...
[12]
Earth First! - actions in the early years 1980-1990
EF! monkeywrenching actions included pulling up survey stakes, tree-spiking, and equipment destruction. Sensational acts of vandalism earned the most attention ...
[13]
TREE SPIKING AN 'ECO-TERRORIST' TACTIC - The Washington Post
Mar 5, 1990 · The purpose of tree spiking is not to hurt anybody; it's to keep trees from being cut," said Dave Foreman, co-founder of Earth First.
[14]
Environmentalist sabotage threatens loggers. Idaho senator wants ...
Aug 11, 1987 · A number of tree-spiking incidents have also been reported in Oregon and Washington. In the central Rockies, most of the ecotage has been ...Missing: United | Show results with:United
[15]
The State - News from May 26, 1987 - Los Angeles Times
May 26, 1987 · George Alexander suffered cuts and a broken jaw May 8 when his saw blade shattered after hitting a metal spike in a tree trunk he was cutting at the Louisiana ...
[16]
The lessons of Redwood Summer, thirty years later
Sep 29, 2020 · To support loggers, Bari disavowed tree-spiking, a controversial tactic in which activists drove metal spikes into trees, thereby forcing ...<|separator|>
[17]
IF A TREE FALLS IN THE FOREST, THEY HEAR IT - The New York ...
Nov 4, 1990 · The mainline environmental movement deplores ecological sabotage. "I have no use for tree spiking and other tactics which in their ideal ...
[18]
The Secret History of Tree Spiking, Part 3 | ecology.iww.org
Apr 10, 2015 · ers (all women) employed the use of colorful knitting yarn to thwart the cutting of old growth redwoods by chainsaw wielding loggers. The ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[19]
Environment Radicals Target of Probe Into Lumber Mill Accident
May 15, 1987 · The force caused a 10- to 15-foot section of the blade to fly off its track and hit millworker George Alexander, 23, in the face. ... tree-spiking ...
[20]
H.R.3075 - 100th Congress (1987-1988): Anti-Tree Spiking Act
Anti-Tree Spiking Act - Amends the Federal criminal code to provide criminal penalties for: (1) spiking timber; (2) teaching another to spike timber knowing ...
[21]
United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. John P. Blount ...
John Blount was convicted of offenses related to his spiking of trees in the Clearwater National Forest. He now appeals his conviction under 18 USC § 1864(a) ( ...
[22]
Equipment Broken By Ceramic Spikes In Trees In Oregon
Dec 26, 1992 · Forest Service officials say tree spiking is rare despite strong opposition to logging in some areas. "I don't recall recently that there's been ...
[23]
ORS 164.886 – Unlawful tree spiking - OregonLaws - Public.Law
Unlawful tree spiking that results in serious physical injury to another person is a Class B felony.Missing: United | Show results with:United
[24]
Attempts to stop rimu logging in Charleston forest - Facebook
May 29, 2025 · In 1980 attempts were made to frustrate rimu logging in Charleston Forest. Steel spikes were driven into standing trees.<|control11|><|separator|>
[25]
RCMP investigating spiked tree found in Fairy Creek area
Apr 14, 2022 · The RCMP say it is believed the spiked tree was intentionally placed in order to hinder forestry workers from safely conducting their operations ...
[26]
B.C. extends deferral of logging in Fairy Creek amid reports of tree ...
Jan 29, 2025 · B.C. extends deferral of logging in Fairy Creek amid reports of tree spiking. The 2021 deferral already extended to Feb. 1, 2025, now stretches ...Missing: incidents | Show results with:incidents
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RCMP investigates Fairy Creek tree spiking as logging ban extended
Jan 29, 2025 · The BC RCMP is investigating a tree spiking in the Fairy Creek logging area, carried out days before the government extended a logging ban in the area.
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Photos of spiked trees in Fairy Creek sent to Forests Ministry
Jan 30, 2025 · “Spiking a tree, or even attempting to, is a dangerous criminal activity that puts the health and safety of B.C.'s forestry workers at risk.Missing: incidents | Show results with:incidents
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Tree spikes pose serious threat to forestry workers
Dec 3, 2012 · Spiked trees also pose a risk to any employee working in the processing mill as well, Tobin explained, as the spikes can cause the high-speed ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Investigation into Tasmanian tree spiking | The Canberra Times
May 20, 2020 · Police are investigating cases of tree spiking at two Tasmania sawmills. Spikes have been found in several trees at two Tasmanian sawmills ...Missing: notable Europe
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Tasmanian forestry activists may kill someone with malicious ...
May 20, 2020 · Frightening reports that anti-forestry activists in Tasmania are booby-trapping trees scheduled for harvest by driving large metal spikes ...
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Prologue to Tasmania Treesit Research - Mechanical Advantage
Jan 31, 2024 · " Destructive practices such as tree-spiking and cabling trees polarised the environmental community, yet brought awareness that continued ...<|separator|>
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Tree spiking - Wikipedia
Tree spiking involves hammering a metal rod, nail or other material into a tree trunk, either inserting it at the base of the trunk where a logger might be ...History · By country · New Zealand · United States
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Recommendations regarding the use of tree spiking as a legal tool ...
Recommendations regarding the use of tree spiking as a legal tool to combat illegal logging in Indonesia. Unpublished report for the Directorate General of ...Missing: besides | Show results with:besides
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Utah vandalism includes spiked trees - High Country News
Jan 24, 2024 · On the Deep Creek sale, 7-inch-long spikes were driven into trees, and then the heads were cut off with bolt cutters. Goddard says the spikes ...
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Environmental Terrorism: Not Yet an International Crime
Apr 19, 2022 · The objective of this article is to raise awareness of environmental terrorism and the lack of an international legal framework to suppress it.
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[PDF] Creation of Eco-Terrorism: A History of Actions by the Earth Frist ...
the use of “tree spiking devices including spikes, nails, or other objects hammered, driven, fastened, or otherwise placed into or on any timber” is illegal.77.
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Acts of Ecoterrorism by Radical Environmental Organizations
'' Earth First! also advocates tree spiking, the act of driving a metal spike into a tree to damage a saw, or outright vandalism. The results of monkeywrenching ...
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[PDF] Environmental Boon or Bane
Tree spiking and sitting are good examples of ... After seven years, it boasts. 72 chapters in 24 states, with liasons in Mexico,. Canada, Japan, Australia, ...
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Tree spiking = Beheading ergo Environmentalism = Terrorism
Oct 4, 2015 · There has been only one confirmed instance of tree spiking and that occurred at the Terania Creek rain forest protests in 1979 when a couple of ...
[41]
A Tree Spiking Incident From The 1980s Is Looming Over Biden's ...
Jul 21, 2021 · Radical environmental groups used the tactic over the decades, in an effort to make it too unsafe to harvest timber in sensitive areas. Recently ...Missing: activism | Show results with:activism
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United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Jeffrey C. Fairchild ...
Jeffrey Fairchild appeals his conviction for tree spiking, willful injury to the property of the U.S. government, and conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1864 and ...Missing: outside | Show results with:outside
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Tree spiking reported as Fairy Creek protected for another year and ...
Jan 30, 2025 · Tree spiking first became widely known in the 1980s to disrupt logging operations, but many environmental groups have since condemned the ...
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Tree Spiking Revisited: Myth, Reality, and the Future of Forest Defense
### Summary of Tree Spiking Effectiveness Discussion
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Tree spiking in Fairy Creek area under investigation
Jan 30, 2025 · Tree spiking is the act of hammering a metal rod or nail into a tree trunk to prevent it from being cut down. It's a criminal activity that can injure or kill ...
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[PDF] Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching
The Ecodefense Deluxe Noose Pole . ... The second philosophy of tree spiking is to place the spikes in the trees well above the area where.
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The Secret History of Tree Spiking - Part 2 | ecology.iww.org
Mar 8, 1993 · Dave Foreman tells us in EcoDefense that tree spiking is "unlikely to cause anyone physical injury even should a blade shatter upon striking ...
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Booby-Trapped Tree Was Felled in Area Known for Bizarre Protests
May 16, 1987 · A 23-year-old millworker was severely injured May 8 when a large band saw struck an 11-inch spike driven into a tree. The saw blade shattered, ...
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Tree Spiking Mitigation Act Protects Rural Workers from Radical Eco ...
Aug 3, 2021 · “Tree spiking is eco-terrorism, and the government should prosecute eco-terrorists—not appoint them to lead federal agencies,” said Vice Chair ...
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Monkeywrenching, Perverse Incentives and Ecodefence - jstor
First, advocates of monkeywrenching see sabotage above all as a technique for counteracting perverse economic incentives. Second, their main argument for ...
[51]
Civil Disobedience, Sabotage, and Violence in US Environmental ...
This chapter explores tactical debates in the United States environmentalist movement, focusing specifically on the logic of illegal or “radical” tactics.
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SEARCHING FOR PEACE IN THE "TIMBER WARS" - jstor
movement away from short-term actions, such as tree spiking, which workers found threatening, towards longer-term, community-based strategies. Above all they ...
[53]
[PDF] The Role of Ecotage in Radical Environmentalism
One way or another, it is thought, enough tree-spiking could cause timber operations – in specific areas, or in general – to become economically inviable. The ...
[54]
Earth First! and the Rhetoric of Moral Confrontation
Ecological sabotage, or monkey wrenching, is justified by Earth Firsters through arguments almost identical to those made by characters in the novel. Believing ...