Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Vienna rectifier

The Vienna rectifier is a unidirectional three-phase three-level (PWM) designed for active correction () in AC-to-DC power conversion, featuring only three active switches to minimize complexity and losses while achieving sinusoidal input currents and unity . It consists of a three-phase diode bridge front-end integrated with boost inductors and a split DC-link capacitor, where each phase includes a single bidirectional switch (typically a MOSFET or IGBT) that connects the phase to the neutral point of the DC-link, enabling three-level voltage output and reduced switching stress. Originally developed at the Technical University of Vienna in the early 1990s by Johann W. Kolar and Franz C. Zach, the topology was introduced in a 1994 IEEE paper as an efficient solution for minimizing line current harmonics in high-power telecommunications rectifier modules. Key advantages of the Vienna rectifier include lower conduction losses due to fewer active devices (only three switches versus six in conventional three-phase PWM rectifiers), halved voltage stress on switches from three-level operation, and high often exceeding 97.5% at levels from several kilowatts to tens of kilowatts. It also provides low (EMI), immunity to single-phase faults or voltage imbalances without a wire, and reduced output voltage , making it suitable for continuous conduction mode operation at switching frequencies around 20 kHz. Common applications encompass power supplies, uninterruptible power systems (), input stages for drives, off-board () fast chargers, and more systems, where its compact design, high power density (up to 3.5 kW/dm³), and reliability under harsh grid conditions are particularly valued.

History and Development

Invention and Origins

The Vienna rectifier was invented in 1993 by Johann W. Kolar and his team at the , where it was developed as a simplified three-level (PWM) specifically tailored for high-power applications. The design emerged from collaborative efforts with Franz C. Zach, focusing on a three-phase, three-switch, three-level configuration that integrates a with boost-type switches to achieve efficient AC-to-DC conversion. The primary motivations for its development stemmed from the need to address limitations in conventional three-phase rectifiers, which suffered from high conduction losses, bulky components, and significant distortion in three-phase systems. At the time, the was transitioning to modular, high-density supplies to support growing network demands, prompting the adoption of advanced PWM techniques to enable sinusoidal input currents, unity , and compact designs while complying with emerging standards like IEEE 519-1992 for limits. This rectifier offered reduced switch count and voltage stress compared to full-bridge active topologies, prioritizing efficiency and reliability for uninterruptible in telecom interchanges. A for the was filed on December 23, , under Austrian application AT2612/93, with the counterpart (EP 94 120 245.9) emphasizing its unidirectional power flow and neutral-point clamping mechanism achieved without requiring bidirectional switches in a full structure. The first experimental demonstrator, built in as a 12-kW for rectifiers, featured a 400 V input voltage, 700 V output, and hysteresis-based control with output , achieving sinusoidal mains currents with low harmonic content ( ripple of 0.62 A) at a 50 Hz grid and 33.3 kHz average switching frequency. Initial performance evaluations, detailed in a seminal , highlighted its potential for high efficiency and minimal line perturbations, laying the groundwork for three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converter advancements.

Evolution and Modern Variants

Following its foundational three-switch topology introduced in 1993, the Vienna rectifier evolved in the toward optimized implementations emphasizing reduced component count and unity operation for high-power applications. Early developments focused on practical designs achieving power densities around 8.5 kW/dm³ at switching frequencies up to 400 kHz, leveraging the rectifier's inherent three-level structure to minimize losses and sizes. In the 2000s, integration with (SVM) techniques advanced control precision and harmonic performance, enabling discontinuous PWM strategies that further reduced switching losses while maintaining sinusoidal input currents. These enhancements, detailed in seminal works on vector-based modulation, facilitated broader adoption in industrial drives by improving dynamic response and efficiency under varying loads. The 2010s marked a shift toward wide-bandgap semiconductors, with (SiC) and (GaN) devices enabling switching frequencies exceeding 100 kHz, which reduced passive component sizes and boosted overall efficiency in compact systems. For instance, GaN-based Vienna rectifiers demonstrated superior performance in and applications due to lower on-resistance and faster switching transients compared to counterparts. Key topological variants emerged to address specific needs, including reduced-switch-count configurations equivalent to two-switch pairs per leg for simplified high-power setups, and Vienna rectifiers that replace diodes with active switches for bidirectional power flow in systems. Soft-switching variants, such as zero-voltage/zero-current switching (ZVS/ZCS) topologies, were particularly impactful for chargers, achieving up to 20% loss reduction through resonant snubbers without additional components. In the 2020s, developments emphasized integration with renewable energy systems, including hybrid Vienna-neutral point clamped (NPC) converters for grid-tied wind turbines, combining unidirectional rectification with multilevel inversion to enhance fault tolerance and harmonic mitigation. A notable example is STMicroelectronics' 30 kW reference design, featuring digital control via STM32 microcontrollers for active front-end applications, achieving near-unity power factor and low THD in three-phase setups. These advancements have driven power density improvements, with SiC-based units reaching over 20 kW/dm³ at 99% efficiency, excluding full EMI filters, through optimized multi-objective designs. Recent research as of 2025 has focused on advanced control strategies, such as direct modulation index control for light-load stability and signal-based fault diagnosis, enhancing reliability in EV charging and renewable integration.

Operating Principles

Basic Concept and Power Flow

The Vienna rectifier is a three-phase three-level (PWM) rectifier that employs neutral point clamping (NPC) principles while utilizing only three active switches, effectively integrating rectification with conversion to produce a regulated output voltage. This topology achieves sinusoidal input currents with unity , low harmonic distortion, and reduced switching losses compared to conventional two-level converters, making it suitable for high-power applications such as and . It represents a seminal advancement in unidirectional AC- power conversion. Power flows unidirectionally from the three-phase grid to the load, with no capability for energy regeneration back to the source. The input consists of three-phase voltages, which may be balanced or unbalanced, filtered through inductors to smooth the currents before . These currents are then processed via the and controlled switches, directing power to a split bus featuring a neutral point, where two capacitors maintain the intermediate voltage levels. This configuration ensures that the rectifier behaves resistively toward , drawing sinusoidal currents in with the input voltages while boosting the voltage to the side. The operates primarily in continuous conduction mode (CCM), where remain continuous, enabling effective PWM control for shaping. It provides functionality, with the output voltage u_{DC} exceeding \sqrt{2} U_{[RMS](/page/RMS)}, where U_{[RMS](/page/RMS)} denotes the line-to-line input voltage, allowing above the peak line-to-line value for stable operation under varying loads. The system assumes a three-wire input without a conductor and employs split capacitors to generate a three-level output at +U_{DC}/2, $0, and -U_{DC}/2 relative to the neutral point. The average is p = u_{DC} i_{DC} = \sqrt{3} U_{[RMS](/page/RMS)} I_{[RMS](/page/RMS)} \cos [\phi](/page/Phi), achieving unity when \cos [\phi](/page/Phi) = 1.

Circuit Topology

The standard Vienna rectifier topology is a three-phase, unidirectional (PWM) designed for high-efficiency correction, featuring a reduced number of active components compared to conventional three-level converters. It consists of three AC-side inductors L, one per , connected to the input phases A, B, and C. Each feeds into a node that connects to two diodes in separate branches—one directing current to the positive rail and the other to the negative rail—along with a bidirectional switch per phase leg, typically implemented using an (IGBT) or (MOSFET) equipped with an antiparallel . The output side employs two series-connected electrolytic capacitors, each rated at half the total DC-link C/2, forming a split bus with a neutral point N at their midpoint; the load is connected across the full bus. This configuration ensures unidirectional power flow from the AC source to the load while enabling three-level voltage . The switch configuration is a key feature, utilizing only three active switches—one per —contrasting with the six switches required in a full-bridge three-phase rectifier. Each switch is positioned between the phase node (after the inductor) and the point N, allowing the output voltage for each phase to to three discrete levels: +U_{DC}/2 (connected to the positive rail via the upper ), $0 V (clamped to the via the switch), or -U_{DC}/2 (connected to the negative rail via the lower ). This clamping mechanism, facilitated by the diode pairs and neutral connection, achieves three-level operation without additional clamping diodes or complex multi-level structures, thereby reducing conduction losses and component count. The input s provide a common-mode path and filter the AC currents, while the neutral point serves as a reference for balancing the split capacitor voltages. Component ratings reflect this setup: the switches experience a maximum voltage stress of U_{DC}/2, and the diodes are rated for the full -link voltage U_{DC}. Schematic details illustrate the as follows: the three input phases connect sequentially through their respective inductors to individual , where each branches to an upper toward the positive , a lower toward the negative , and the bidirectional switch to the N. The bus comprises the positive (+), N, and negative (-), with the split capacitors bridging + to N and N to -, ensuring symmetric voltage sharing under balanced conditions. While extensions to single-phase versions exist by adapting one , the focus remains on the three-phase for high-power applications.

Electrical Characteristics

Input and Output Waveforms

The input phase currents of the Vienna rectifier, denoted as i_A, i_B, and i_C, are sinusoidal and maintained in phase with the corresponding voltages u_A, u_B, and u_C, ensuring power factor operation under ideal conditions. This sinusoidal shape is achieved through (PWM) control combined with inductive filtering, which smooths the switching-induced ripple and results in low (THD), typically below 5%. The voltage across the input is governed by the fundamental relation u_L = L \frac{di}{dt}, where the inductor opposes rapid current changes to preserve the quality. At the output, the Vienna rectifier produces a three-level bus voltage relative to the neutral point, stepping between +U_{DC}/2, 0, and -U_{DC}/2, which arises from the clamping diodes and split configuration in the . Additionally, a common-mode voltage u_{0M} exists between the grid midpoint and the neutral point; this voltage waveform is triangular and oscillates at the switching frequency, contributing to potential if not mitigated. For PWM signal generation, the reference grid voltage is computed as \underline{u}_D^* = \underline{u} - j \omega_1 L_1 \underline{i}_D, accounting for the imaginary quadrature component of the inductor voltage drop to align the current with the grid voltage. The DC output voltage experiences low-frequency ripple primarily at six times the line frequency due to the three-phase nature, influencing capacitor sizing for stable operation. In a representative 10 kW experimental system with a switching frequency of 360 kHz, measured waveforms demonstrate near-sinusoidal input currents at 4.75% THD and a stable DC output voltage of 680 V under 4 kW load, highlighting the rectifier's performance in high-frequency applications.

Efficiency and Losses

The efficiency of the Vienna rectifier is determined by the total power losses, which primarily consist of conduction losses in the diodes and switches, switching losses in the active devices, and magnetic losses in the inductors. Conduction losses (P_{cond}) arise from the on-state voltage drop and resistance of the semiconductors, approximated as P_{cond} = I_{RMS}^2 R_{on} for the switches and diodes, where I_{RMS} is the root-mean-square current and R_{on} is the on-resistance. In the Vienna topology, these losses are relatively low due to the reduced number of active switches compared to full-bridge rectifiers. Switching losses (P_{sw}) are given by P_{sw} = f_s E_{sw}, where f_s is the switching frequency and E_{sw} is the energy dissipated per switching cycle; the three-level operation halves the voltage stress across switches compared to two-level converters, reducing P_{sw} by approximately 50% since E_{sw} scales with the square of the voltage. Inductor losses include copper losses from winding resistance and core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, which become more significant at higher frequencies or power levels. The overall efficiency \eta is calculated as \eta = \frac{P_{out}}{P_{out} + P_{loss}}, where P_{out} is the output power and P_{loss} is the total loss. With devices, efficiencies exceeding 98% are achievable at 10 kW, as demonstrated in datasheet-based models for SiC-based Vienna rectifiers operating at 20 kHz switching frequency. Unbalanced input voltages can exacerbate losses by increasing current ripple and neutral-point voltage deviations due to higher peak currents and distorted waveforms. Several factors influence efficiency in Vienna rectifiers. Higher switching frequencies reduce size but elevate P_{sw}, creating a optimized around 20-100 kHz for most applications. Soft-switching variants, such as zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) implementations, minimize P_{sw} to near zero by ensuring switches turn on/off at zero voltage, enabling efficiencies above 99% in high-power setups. Early prototypes, like a 2.5 kW laboratory model from 1999 using MOSFETs, achieved around 94% efficiency, limited by devices and basic clamping circuits. Modern 3 kW units employing () transistors reach 99% efficiency, benefiting from ultra-low on-resistance and fast switching; SiC-based designs achieve similar efficiencies in 30 kW systems as of 2022.

Control Strategies

Current Control Techniques

The of input currents in the Vienna rectifier is typically achieved through a double closed-loop structure, featuring an inner for fast regulation of phase currents and an outer voltage loop for maintaining the DC-link voltage. The inner employs either , which bounds the error between the actual and reference currents within a predefined band to generate switching signals, or proportional-integral (PI) , which minimizes steady-state error in tracking sinusoidal references. The reference current for each phase is generated as i^* = I_m \sin(\omega t + \phi), where I_m is the amplitude determined by the outer loop, \omega is the grid angular frequency, t is time, and \phi is the phase angle, ensuring sinusoidal input currents and unity . This structure provides robust performance in correction applications, with the inner responding quickly to grid disturbances. Modulation strategies are essential for synthesizing the required voltage vectors to control the switches while minimizing harmonic distortion. Space vector (SVPWM) exploits the three-level nature of the Vienna rectifier, utilizing 27 distinct space vectors divided across six main sectors to achieve precise current shaping and reduced switching losses compared to two-level modulation. Carrier-based PWM serves as an alternative, employing triangular carriers with injected offsets to generate duty cycles, which inherently supports neutral point voltage balancing alongside current control. These methods ensure low (THD) in the input currents, typically below 5% under nominal conditions, by optimizing vector selection and dwell times. Feedforward compensation enhances in the by accounting for voltage variations and cross-coupling terms, particularly in the dq rotating frame. voltage is sensed and incorporated into the reference voltage calculation, typically as v_d^* = v_{grid,d} - \omega L i_q and v_q^* = v_{grid,q} + \omega L i_d (neglecting for simplicity), where v_{grid,d/q} are the d/q voltages, L is the input , and i_d, i_q are the - and quadrature-axis current components, effectively linearizing the and improving . This approach reduces the burden on regulators and maintains stable operation during voltage sags or swells. Advanced techniques, such as (MPC), have gained prominence in 2020s implementations for their ability to optimize switching actions over a prediction horizon, directly minimizing cost functions involving current errors and THD. Finite-set MPC evaluates all possible voltage vectors to select the optimal one, achieving THD reductions below 3% in experimental setups while handling constraints like switching frequency limits. Recent advances (as of 2025) include sensorless predictive control eliminating grid voltage sensors for reduced cost and hybrid strategies combining active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) with predictive methods for robust operation under grid imbalances and in . For unbalanced grid conditions, these methods incorporate positive and negative sequence separation in the dq frame to independently active and reactive , ensuring stable operation without excessive neutral currents.

Neutral Point Balancing Methods

In the Vienna rectifier, the split DC-link capacitors are prone to voltage imbalance, defined as \Delta u_N = u_{C1} - u_{C2}, arising from the neutral point current that unevenly charges the capacitors due to modulation-induced common-mode components. This imbalance distorts input currents, increases stress, and can lead to low-frequency oscillations. The design target is to limit \Delta u_N to less than 5% of the total DC-link voltage U_{DC} to ensure stable operation and minimize harmonic distortion. A fundamental approach to neutral point balancing employs zero-sequence voltage injection in (PWM) schemes to shift the neutral potential and equalize voltages. The injected offset is given by u_{offset} = \frac{1}{2} \left( \max(v_a^*, v_b^*, v_c^*) + \min(v_a^*, v_b^*, v_c^*) \right), where v_a^*, v_b^*, v_c^* are the reference voltages for the three phases; this centers the modulation waveform, distributing switching durations to reduce the average over each cycle. This technique, rooted in carrier-based PWM, correlates directly with (SVM) principles and effectively mitigates DC offsets in the neutral voltage without altering the fundamental output. For enhanced performance, advanced methods leverage the redundant switching states inherent in three-level SVM, particularly the medium vectors, which allow multiple combinations to synthesize the same reference vector while directing current differently to the neutral point. By optimizing the dwell times of these redundant states—such as increasing the duration of states that charge the lower when \Delta u_N > 0—the average is driven toward zero, achieving precise balance across varying loads. In certain Vienna rectifier variants, active balancing incorporates auxiliary circuits, like networks or small DC-DC converters connected across the split capacitors, to provide bidirectional current paths for rapid correction independent of the main . These approaches are particularly effective in high-power applications where passive balancing alone is insufficient. Neutral point balancing is typically integrated into the overall control framework via a proportional-integral (PI) regulator acting on \Delta u_N, with its output modulating the zero-sequence component or redundant state durations within the current to ensure seamless coordination. Simulations of such integrated systems show the neutral voltage balancing within 1% of U_{[DC](/page/DC)} during abrupt load transients, such as from no-load to full-load conditions, while preserving low in the input currents.

Applications and Implementations

Power Factor Correction Systems

The Vienna rectifier plays a pivotal role in three-phase correction () systems by enabling near-unity operation and minimizing input current (THD) to levels below 5%, thereby ensuring compliance with IEEE 519 standards for harmonic limits in electrical power systems. This topology is particularly advantageous in medium- to high-power applications, where it replaces conventional six-switch boost rectifiers for systems rated above 10 kW, offering reduced conduction and switching losses while maintaining sinusoidal input currents. In practical , the Vienna rectifier functions as an efficient front-end converter preceding DC-DC stages, commonly in rectifiers that require stable DC buses for downstream power distribution. A representative 10 kW implementation, designed for such applications, achieves a compact of 195 mm × 120 mm × 42.7 mm with a weight of 2.17 kg, delivering a 650 V output from a nominal 380 V three-phase input at 50/60 Hz, while supporting power densities up to 10 kW/dm³. These units enhance overall system reliability by integrating seamlessly with isolated DC-DC converters, minimizing , and supporting wide input voltage ranges. For grid compliance, Vienna rectifiers incorporate features to manage voltage sags and dips, tolerating fluctuations up to 20% of nominal input voltage without compromising output stability or performance. Certain variants employ bidirectional switches per , enabling precise input current control for correction. Early adoption of Vienna rectifiers occurred in the within telecommunications infrastructure, where their high efficiency and low generation addressed the demands of centralized supplies for base stations and centers. In contemporary offboard (EV) chargers, designs such as ' reference implementation utilize the topology for three-phase , achieving over 98% efficiency, THD under 4% at full load, and 700 V DC output from 400 V AC input, facilitating fast-charging stations compliant with grid standards.

High-Power and Specialized Uses

Vienna rectifiers have been scaled to power levels exceeding 100 kW in applications, such as variable-speed motor drives, where their three-level enables reduced switching losses and higher compared to two-level alternatives. For instance, ' STDES-30KWVRECT reference design demonstrates a 30 kW three-phase Vienna rectifier operating at a 70 kHz switching frequency, achieving over 98.5% peak and a greater than 0.99, suitable for high-power active front-end in systems. Experimental validations have further confirmed scalability, with a 40 kW modular charger prototype using parallel Vienna rectifiers delivering stable output from a 400 V three-phase grid while maintaining low below 5%. In , Vienna rectifiers serve as grid-side converters in and inverters, leveraging their unidirectional power flow and neutral-point-clamped structure to interface variable AC sources with DC links efficiently. A comprehensive highlights their role in photovoltaic systems during the , where Vienna configurations enable multilevel output waveforms to minimize harmonic injection into the grid. For energy conversion, Vienna rectifiers integrated with permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) provide , achieving unity and reduced DC-link voltage ripple under variable speeds. Similarly, setups combining five-phase PMSGs with PV generators use Vienna rectifiers to boost output voltage during low-speed operations, enhancing overall system efficiency for off-grid or distributed renewable installations. For electric vehicles (EVs) and traction systems, Vienna rectifiers are employed in offboard chargers rated at 11-22 kW, converting three-phase AC to high-voltage for fast-charging while ensuring sinusoidal input currents and compliance with standards. In electric locomotives, modified Vienna rectifier topologies act as three-phase front-ends in traction substations, providing controlled from overhead lines with low distortion to support high-power auxiliary and loads. Zero-voltage switching (ZVS) variants of the Vienna rectifier further reduce conduction and switching losses in fast-charging applications, as demonstrated in a 2019 study where a snubber-assisted design achieved soft commutation across a wide load range, improving efficiency by up to 1-2% in high-power EV scenarios. Beyond these, Vienna rectifiers find use in uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) for their ability to deliver stable DC from three-phase inputs with minimal ripple, supporting critical loads in data centers and . In , particularly more-electric , their high and efficiency with wide-bandgap devices like enable lightweight designs for variable-frequency rectification, outperforming silicon-based alternatives in weight-sensitive environments. As of 2025, emerging trends integrate transistors into Vienna rectifiers for data center power supplies, targeting volumetric power densities exceeding 50 kW/dm³ to meet the demands of AI-driven high-density racks, with enabling higher switching frequencies and reduced thermal management needs.

Advantages and Limitations

Key Benefits

The Vienna rectifier employs only three active switches compared to six in conventional two-level PWM rectifiers, resulting in reduced , lower costs, and 50% fewer gate drivers required for control. This simplified topology minimizes the number of components while maintaining full three-phase functionality, enhancing overall system reliability and ease of integration in applications such as chargers. The three-level switching structure contributes to low electromagnetic interference (EMI) by halving the dv/dt compared to two-level designs, as the voltage steps across the switches are reduced to half the DC-link voltage. It also offers high reliability under unbalanced input conditions, capable of sustaining operation during significant voltage sags, which is advantageous for grid-connected systems prone to disturbances. Furthermore, the rectifier achieves high , reaching up to 12 kW/dm³ in optimized implementations using devices. Efficiency is improved through switching losses that are significantly lower than in two-level rectifiers, with reductions up to 80% owing to the reduced voltage and inherent three-level that allows for slower switching speeds without compromising . The unidirectional power flow simplifies thermal management and cooling requirements, as there are no bidirectional conduction losses. Additionally, the rectifier generates nearly sinusoidal input currents with low , thereby reducing on the and improving power quality. Its supports to high-power levels exceeding 15 kW without necessitating parallel configurations, making it suitable for demanding industrial and charging applications.

Challenges and Comparisons

One primary challenge of the Vienna rectifier is its inherent unidirectional power flow, which restricts its use in regenerative applications such as bidirectional charging or motor drives requiring energy feedback to the grid. Another operational limitation involves point balancing, which is sensitive to parameter variations like mismatches or load changes, potentially leading to DC-link voltage instability and requiring precise to maintain . Additionally, the topology's higher count—typically six diodes across three phases—results in increased conduction losses compared to fully active switch-based designs, contributing to slightly elevated overall thermal management needs. In comparison to the six-switch PWM rectifier, the Vienna topology employs 50% fewer active switches (three versus six), reducing complexity and cost for unidirectional applications, though it sacrifices bidirectional capability and four-quadrant operation. Versus the active neutral-point-clamped (NPC) rectifier, the Vienna rectifier offers a simpler structure with fewer semiconductors overall, but it lacks the flexibility for bidirectional power flow and requires additional measures for neutral balancing in unbalanced conditions. When evaluated against the rectifier, the Vienna excels in unidirectional high-power scenarios due to its three-level operation and lower switching losses at elevated currents, while the T-type is preferable for bidirectional low-power systems owing to its hybrid switch ratings and reduced conduction path complexity. Modern () devices mitigate these challenges by lowering both switching and conduction losses in the diodes and switches, enabling the Vienna rectifier to achieve efficiencies exceeding 98% in applications over 10 kW, compared to approximately 95% for traditional rectifiers under similar conditions. Looking ahead, ongoing research into bidirectional variants, such as isolated topologies, is addressing the unidirectional limitation, with prototypes demonstrating improved performance through integrated strategies as of 2025.

References

  1. [1]
    [PDF] Benchmarking Highly Efficient, Three-level, Power Factor Correction ...
    It was first proposed by J.W. Kolar and developed with F.C. Zach at the Technical University Vienna [3]. The Vienna rectifier is used mainly in telecom power ...
  2. [2]
    (PDF) Comparative Analysis of Different Topologies of Vienna Rectifier
    This paper provides a comparative evaluation of different topologies of Vienna rectifiers. Vienna rectifier is used for AC-DC conversion and has a reduced ...
  3. [3]
    3-Phase PFC Using Vienna Rectifier Approach - EDN Network
    Jul 13, 2013 · Vienna Rectifier as shown in Figure 1, was originally developed at the Technical University Vienna. It comprises a semiconductor switch, say, a ...Missing: inventor | Show results with:inventor
  4. [4]
    Designing Vienna Rectifiers for EV Chargers - Avnet
    Jun 24, 2024 · Compared to other topologies, Vienna rectifiers boast higher efficiency, lower electromagnetic interference (EMI), and a simpler design with ...
  5. [5]
    https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/396642
  6. [6]
    https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0660498A2/en
  7. [7]
    [PDF] VIENNA rectifier II-a novel single-stage high-frequency isolated ...
    KOLAR et al.: VIENNA RECTIFIER II. 689. • According to the constant power flow at the input for sinusoidal current shape, there are no low-frequency harmonics ...
  8. [8]
    PWM Converter Power Density Barriers - J-Stage
    3.5 kW/dm3 (52) for a switching frequency of 48kHz and a power density of 8.5kW/dm3 for a 400kHz switching fre- quency (38). To further increase the power ...
  9. [9]
    [PDF] Discontinuous Space-Vector Modulation for Three-Level PWM ...
    The Vienna rectifier is a unity power factor (zero phase angle) rectifier with only a unidirec- tional power flow. Three-level rectifiers have the advantages of.
  10. [10]
    Space Vector Modulation for Vienna-Type Rectifiers Based on the ...
    Aug 10, 2025 · This paper presents the equivalence between two- and three-level converters for the Vienna rectifier, proposing a simple and fast space vector modulator built ...
  11. [11]
    Modelling and analysis of vienna rectifier for more electric aircraft ...
    GaN with Vienna rectifier provides better performance than Si and SiC devices for aircraft applications among the three devices. It gives high efficiency, high ...
  12. [12]
    ZVS/ZCS Vienna rectifier topology for high power applications
    May 1, 2019 · It consists of a single leg of two back-to-back semiconductor switches, two rectifier diodes, a grid connected inductor, and two output DC link ...
  13. [13]
    A Novel Hybrid Converter Proposed for Multi-MW Wind Generator ...
    In this configuration of converters, NPC works as a bi-directional power flow, while Vienna rectifiers work as a unidirectional active-rectifier having a lower ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s<|separator|>
  14. [14]
    [PDF] Getting started with the STDES-30KWVRECT 30 kW Vienna PFC ...
    Apr 13, 2022 · The Vienna rectifier works as a three-phase boost converter that steps up the AC mains input voltage to 800 VDC output while forcing a ...Missing: inventor | Show results with:inventor
  15. [15]
    [PDF] X-Technology of 3-Φ AC/DC Mains Interfaces
    Oct 10, 2021 · □ Power Density ρ ≈ 4kW/dm3. ○ SiC Power MOSFETs & Diodes. ○ 2 ... Power Density of 20kW/dm3 (w/o Full EMI-Filter) @ 99% Efficiency.
  16. [16]
    https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10980178
  17. [17]
    Three-Level Unidirectional Rectifiers under Non-Unity Power Factor ...
    Three-phase three-level unidirectional rectifiers are among the most adopted topologies for general active rectification, achieving an excellent compromise ...
  18. [18]
    [PDF] Vienna Rectifier-Based, Three-Phase Power Factor Correction (PFC ...
    The Vienna rectifier power topology is used in high- power, three-phase power factor correction applications such as offboard electric vehicle (EV) chargers and ...Missing: inventor | Show results with:inventor
  19. [19]
    https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/17/5280
  20. [20]
    https://www.ti.com/lit/ug/tiducj0b/tiducj0b.pdf
  21. [21]
    [PDF] A New Concept for Minimizing High-Frequency Common-Mode EMI ...
    Jul 10, 1991 · In this paper a detailed discussion of the formation of the common-mode voltage for the VIENNA Rectifier I is given and a modified circuit ...
  22. [22]
    [PDF] Ultra Compact Three-phase PWM Rectifier - Conferences
    For the implementation of the six-switch Vienna Rectifier switching at frequencies up to 400 kHz the selection of the optimal switch/diode combination is ...
  23. [23]
    [PDF] Vienna topology based active rectifier: Modulation and loss calculation
    In this thesis work an active rectifier using Vienna topology has been simulated in MATLAB. For modulating the switching pattern for sinusoidal waveform, sine ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  24. [24]
    [PDF] Comparison of AC/DC Power- Conversion Topologies for Three
    The Vienna rectifier has lowest relative cost because its passive components, capacitors and switches cost the least. NPC, T-type and ANPC converters have ...
  25. [25]
    https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/slup417
  26. [26]
    [PDF] Effects Of Voltage Imbalance In Three Phase Controlled Rectifier ...
    Voltage imbalance in a three-phase rectifier causes voltage ripple, increases switching losses, and distorts the input current waveform.
  27. [27]
    An efficient soft-switched vienna rectifier topology for EV battery ...
    This article proposes a soft-switching three-level T-type vienna rectifier, which can be used as a front-end power stage converter in an on-board EV battery ...
  28. [28]
    Design and implementation of interleaved Vienna rectifier with ...
    In this paper, the design and implementation of a 3 kW, three-phase, two-channel interleaved Vienna rectifier with greater than 99% efficiency is presented.
  29. [29]
    A compound control strategy of three‐phase Vienna rectifier under ...
    Oct 29, 2021 · For Vienna rectifiers, double closed-loop control of voltage and current is usually used. For the current inner loop control strategy, ...INTRODUCTION · VIENNA RECTIFIER... · ANALYSIS OF... · NEW FINITE-SET...
  30. [30]
    Vienna Rectifier Based on Hysteresis Current Control and FS-MPC ...
    The work in this paper focuses on verifying the effectiveness of two types of control algorithms to control the Vienna rectifier. Hysteresis current control ...
  31. [31]
    [PDF] Phase Vienna PFC Rectifier by Using SVPWM Control Method
    At first, the space vector pulse width modulation method (SVPWM) for this converter is theoretical analyzed and the control method based in d-q frame is given.
  32. [32]
    Hybrid Space Vector PWM Strategy for Three-Phase VIENNA ... - MDPI
    Sep 1, 2022 · The hybrid strategy uses DPWM in a zero-crossing distortion sector and SVPWM in other sectors to improve current distortion and midpoint ...
  33. [33]
    Vienna Rectifier Control Using SPWM and SVPWM for EV Charging ...
    The Vienna rectifier is the best choice for high-power applications because it helps to increase output voltage while reducing ripple and improving current ...
  34. [34]
    Digitized Feedforward Compensation Method for High-Power ...
    In this paper, the digitized feedfoward compensation method is proposed for the rectifier to reduce the impact of the switch between DCM and CCM. The ...
  35. [35]
    Direct Power Control Strategy for Three-phase Vienna Rectifier
    In this paper, based on the mathematical model of the Vienna rectifier in the rotating coordinate system, the power model in the d-q coordinate frame is derived ...
  36. [36]
    Carrier-Based Modulated Model Predictive Control for Vienna ...
    This control strategy aims to improve the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the AC current waveform without introducing any additional weight factor in the ...
  37. [37]
    A novel low‐complexity model predictive control for Vienna rectifier
    Jun 8, 2023 · A novel low-complexity model predictive control (LC-MPC) algorithm is proposed based on the optimal switching vector sequence in this paper.
  38. [38]
    [PDF] A Two-Loop Feedback Control Strategy For Neutral Point Voltage ...
    This paper proposes a two-loop control strategy for bal- ancing the neutral point voltage of Vienna rectifier-the fast loop works on the third-harmonic ripple ...
  39. [39]
    Neutral-point voltage balance control and oscillation suppression for ...
    A novel strategy of zero-sequence component injection to balance the neutral-point voltage and suppress oscillation for VIENNA rectifier is proposed in this ...
  40. [40]
    Neutral-point balancing control of vienna-type rectifier based on ...
    This paper presents a simplified SVM for Vienna-type rectifier which is based on the space vector modular of a three-level converter into a two-level ...
  41. [41]
    Neutral-point balancing control of vienna-type rectifier based on ...
    This paper presents a simplified SVM for Vienna-type rectifier which is based on the space vector modular of a three-level converter into a two-level converter.
  42. [42]
    [PDF] Controlling the Vienna Rectifier Using a Simplified Space Vector ...
    Nov 12, 2019 · This chapter covers the transformation used in SVPWM methods, the available switching states, space vectors and Dwell time calculation. Chapter ...
  43. [43]
    (PDF) Hybrid Space Vector PWM Strategy for Three-Phase VIENNA ...
    Sep 1, 2022 · Vienna rectifiers are widely used, but they have problems of zero-crossing current distortion and midpoint potential imbalance.
  44. [44]
    [PDF] Study of Constant DC-voltage Control for VIENNA Rectifier under No ...
    In this paper, a high reliability hardware auxiliary circuit and an easy- implement software regulation algorithm are proposed to achieve voltage stability.
  45. [45]
    https://ir.library.ontariotechu.ca/bitstream/handle/10155/1115/Sunbul_Ali.pdf?sequence=3
  46. [46]
    3-Phase Power Factor Correction - EDN Network
    Mar 29, 2013 · The Vienna Rectifier approach to achieve 3-Phase power factor correction ... Active PFC front ends also help meet the IEEE 519- 92, IEC-555 ...
  47. [47]
    Energy-efficient Vienna rectifier for electric vehicle battery charging ...
    Having a high power density of 12 kW/dm3 [36,37] to the Swiss rectifier's 4 kW/dm3 [38], the Vienna rectifier is the superior converter architecture for ...
  48. [48]
    Digital current controller for a 1 MHz, 10 kW three-phase VIENNA ...
    Aug 6, 2025 · Measurements taken from a 10 kW VIENNA rectifier laboratory prototype finally demonstrate the high performance of the proposed control concept ...
  49. [49]
    [PDF] VIENNA Rectifier Technology Package: VR250 - mpec.at
    Dimensions (l x w x h). 195 mm x 120 mm x 42.7 mm. 7.68 inch x 4.72 inch x 1.68 inch. Power density. 10 kW/dm3 (164 W/inch3). Weight (without cooler). 2.17 kg.Missing: 250x120x40 2.1
  50. [50]
    [PDF] MSCSICPFC/REF5 3-Phase 30 kW Vienna PFC Reference Design
    In this version of the Vienna PFC rectifier, there is one bidirectional switch per phase. The bidirectional switch consists of two SiC MOSFETs connected in ...Missing: handles sags variants
  51. [51]
    Control of a three‐phase AC/DC VIENNA converter based on the ...
    May 1, 2014 · This evolution has resulted in important advantages such as minimisation of both, total harmonic distortion (THD) and electromagnetic ...Missing: seminal | Show results with:seminal
  52. [52]
    Different topologies of Vienna rectifier - ResearchGate
    This technology operates with voltage levels ranging from 400 to 900 V, current between 100 and 200 A or higher, and power levels from 50 to 350 kW or more, ...
  53. [53]
    Experimental Validation of 40 kW EV Charger Based on Vienna ...
    Aug 4, 2023 · This work presents the experimental validation of a 40 kW electric vehicle (EV) charger. The proposed system comprises two 20 kW modules connected in parallel.
  54. [54]
    Comprehensive Analysis of Vienna Rectifiers for Renewable ...
    Jan 26, 2024 · This section provides an overview of the approaches and features used to optimize the operating performance of Vienna rectifiers in four key ...Missing: hybrid NPC
  55. [55]
    Vienna-Rectifier-Based Direct Torque Control of PMSG for Wind ...
    Aug 9, 2025 · In Ref. [14] , a Vienna rectifier is used as the generator side converter in a wind power conversion system based on the PMSG generator direct ...
  56. [56]
    Efficiency enhancement through hybrid integration of five-phase ...
    The integration of a five phase Vienna rectifier with a five-phase PMSG represents an innovative and efficient approach in modern power systems. The five-phase ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
  57. [57]
    Vienna Rectifier Modeling & Harmonic Coupling Analysis
    Apr 11, 2024 · The Vienna rectifier is widely utilized in electric vehicle charging stations and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems due to its high ...
  58. [58]
    Power Electronics for Data Centers 2025 - Yole Group
    May 25, 2025 · Yole Group has released this report, Power Electronics for Data Centers 2025, to provide deep insights about the of power electronics market forecast and ...Missing: Vienna rectifier dm³
  59. [59]
    [PDF] Demystifying Three-Phase PFC Topologies - onsemi
    The Vienna rectifier is a pulse-width modulation rectifier, invented in 1993 by Johann W. Kolar.[1] Before Kolar's invention, people were using a single phase ...
  60. [60]
    Constant power control‐based strategy for Vienna‐type rectifiers to ...
    Jan 1, 2014 · For a Vienna type rectifier, unbalanced grids introduce twice the fundamental frequency ripples in dc-link voltage and input active/reactive ...
  61. [61]
    Numerical Computation of Multi-Parameter Stability Boundaries for ...
    Aug 13, 2024 · A hardware experimental setup is established to validate the stability boundaries of the Vienna rectifier under various parameter variations, ...
  62. [62]
    Hybrid Space Vector PWM Strategy for Three-Phase VIENNA ...
    Sep 1, 2022 · Vienna rectifiers are widely used, but they have problems of zero-crossing current distortion and midpoint potential imbalance.<|control11|><|separator|>
  63. [63]
    [PDF] COMPARISON BETWEEN THREE LEVEL RECTIFIERS
    In comparison with the two level rectifiers, the NPC and. Vienna 2 structures have the input filter reduced to half, while in the presented structure the filter ...
  64. [64]
    [PDF] Performance Benchmarking of Active-Front-End Rectifier Topologies ...
    Dec 10, 2021 · The circuit configuration of the 3-phase 3-level T- type rectifier, which has such advantages; low conduction/switching losses, simple operation.
  65. [65]
    Designing with Silicon Carbide in Unidirectional On-Board Chargers
    May 25, 2022 · In an all-SiC design, the 11 kW Vienna rectifier uses six E3M0060065K SiC MOSFETs and six E4D20120H diodes. The diodes are 1,200 V devices; the ...Missing: dm3 | Show results with:dm3
  66. [66]
    Vienna reference design with silicon carbide switches with 98% ...
    May 25, 2018 · The Vienna toplogy is essentially a three-phase diode bridge with an integrated boost converter and is suited to fast electric vehicle (EV) charging.
  67. [67]
    A High-Efficiency High-Power-Density SiC-Based Portable Charger ...
    The Vienna rectifier achieves an efficiency of above 97% from 1 kW output power and reaches efficiencies of 98% at nominal power over a wide output voltage ...
  68. [68]
    [PDF] Optimized Modulation of Isolated Bidirectional Single-Stage Three ...
    May 8, 2025 · This paper first presents an improved X-Rectifier standard modulation method (M#1) with significantly lower current stresses compared to a ...
  69. [69]
    Hybrid Control Strategy for VIENNA Rectifiers in More Electric ...
    May 23, 2025 · It integrates an HCC with an SOGI-PLL to enhance grid voltage and frequency synchronization, achiev- ing greater precision under dynamic ...