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WD-40

WD-40 is a versatile multi-use product consisting of a unique blend of lubricants, designed to displace water, prevent and , penetrate surfaces, and remove and grime. Developed in 1953 by the Chemical Company in , , the formula was perfected after 40 attempts, with its name standing for "Water Displacement, 40th formula." It was initially created as a rust-preventive solvent for the aerospace industry and first used commercially in 1953 by to protect the outer skin of the Atlas missile from and . The product gained widespread consumer availability in when it appeared on store shelves in in cans, marking the beginning of its transformation from an industrial tool to a essential. Over the decades, WD-40 has expanded its applications to more than 2,000 documented uses, including lubricating moving parts, loosening rusted bolts, protecting metal from moisture, and cleaning various surfaces, though it is not recommended for high-friction or rubber components without wiping excess. Its proprietary formulation, which remains a closely guarded secret, includes refined mineral spirits as a primary component but excludes , contrary to some urban legends. Founded by Norm Larsen and partners as a small operation with three employees, the Rocket Chemical Company renamed itself the in 1970 and went public in 1973, experiencing a 61% stock surge on its debut. Today, the operates globally, with products distributed in over 176 countries as of 2025, and continues to innovate through acquisitions like 3-IN-ONE oil in 1995 and expansions into specialized lines such as WD-40 Specialist. The brand's enduring popularity stems from its reliability in diverse scenarios, from automotive maintenance to disaster recovery efforts, such as during in 1961.

History

Invention and Early Development

In 1953, the Rocket Chemical Company, a fledgling firm with a staff of three, was established in , , to develop rust-prevention solvents and degreasers tailored for the aerospace industry. The company's initial focus was on creating a water-repelling agent to address challenges in high-stakes environments, initially for preventing on US Navy ship gears, marking the origins of what would become WD-40. The formula was adapted to safeguard the outer skin of 's Atlas missiles against rust and corrosion, a critical need during the early era when missile reliability was paramount. became the first entity to employ WD-40 for its intended missile protection purpose in 1953. Early testing involved applying the product to missile components to displace water and prevent moisture-induced failures, such as electrical shorts or structural degradation, during prolonged storage and pre-launch preparations. This application underscored its role in ensuring the integrity of intercontinental ballistic missiles amid humid coastal conditions in . The product's name, WD-40, originates from "Water Displacement, 40th formula," commemorating the successful iteration after 39 prior attempts failed to yield an effective rust-preventative compound. These experiments, conducted in a modest lab setting, involved iterative refinements to achieve optimal water-repelling properties without compromising the underlying materials. Attribution for the invention varies between accounts: company records credit , the founder of Rocket Chemical Company, with directing its development. In contrast, a detailed historical analysis by Iris Engstrand, a and co-editor of the Journal of History, attributes the formula's creation to Norman Lawson, who perfected it through evening experiments in his garage and received a modest $500 bonus for his efforts.

Commercial Launch and Growth

WD-40's commercial launch began in 1958, when the Rocket Chemical Company introduced the product in aerosol cans to San Diego-area stores, making it available for both industrial and consumer applications, primarily focused on rust prevention in the aviation and marine sectors. The initial industrial customer was Convair, which used it to protect the outer skin of Atlas missiles from corrosion and rust. This targeted release marked the transition from laboratory development to practical deployment, with the product first appearing on store shelves in San Diego that year. Growth accelerated following a key catalyst in 1961: the fulfillment of the first full truckload order to assist victims of along the U.S. Gulf Coast, where it was employed to recondition flood-damaged vehicles and equipment, boosting its reputation among everyday users. The company's expansion continued in the late , with sales reaching all U.S. states by 1969, prompting a from Rocket Chemical Company to to emphasize its flagship product. In 1973, it went public on the exchange under the WDFC, experiencing a 61% stock price increase on its debut day, which fueled further expansion. International markets followed in the , with licensing agreements and distribution networks established in and , transforming WD-40 into a global brand. In recognition of its enduring legacy—originally purposed for missile protection—the product was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame in 2014.

Formulation and Composition

Key Ingredients

The formula for WD-40 Multi-Use Product is a closely guarded , never patented to prevent public disclosure of its composition. The original handwritten recipe, dating back to the product's development in the , has been stored in a secure in since 2018, accessible only to a limited number of company executives. While exact proportions remain confidential, reverse-engineered approximations based on safety data sheets and official disclosures provide a general breakdown of its components. The primary ingredients consist of 45-50% low vapor pressure (LVP) aliphatic (refined spirits or distillates), serving as the base. Additional aliphatic hydrocarbons make up 10-<25% of the formula, contributing to the action that displaces and dissolves residues such as , grease, and adhesives. -based accounts for <35%, providing temporary by forming a protective film on metal surfaces. The aerosol version includes 2-3% as the , though regional formulations may vary slightly in this component. The remaining ingredients () include corrosion inhibitors that help prevent formation. These components work synergistically: the hydrocarbons penetrate and clean by displacing moisture and breaking down contaminants, while the ensures short-term without attracting dirt. Notably, despite common misconceptions, WD-40 does not contain , , or . As a consideration, WD-40 is classified as an extremely flammable under GHS standards, requiring storage away from heat sources and ignition. It contains no ozone-depleting substances, aligning with environmental regulations such as the .

Manufacturing and Regional Variations

WD-40 Multi-Use Product is produced through a network of over 20 third-party contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) strategically located in , , , , and to blend the proprietary ingredients—primarily hydrocarbons, base oils, and additives—under strictly controlled conditions before filling aerosol cans with . This decentralized approach ensures efficient while maintaining consistency across global production sites. The blending occurs in specialized facilities that adhere to rigorous standards, with the company employing systems to verify that each batch meets exact specifications regardless of location. The product is packaged in standard cans ranging from 8 to 14 ounces, designed for easy dispensing. In , the introduced the Smart Straw applicator, a permanently attached dual-function nozzle that allows users to switch between a precision stream for targeted application and a wide spray for broader coverage, reducing the risk of losing the straw and enhancing usability. Regional variations in the formula are primarily driven by differing environmental regulations, particularly those governing volatile organic compounds (). , the formulation has been adjusted to comply with 50-state VOC limits, including a key change in the mid-1990s that reduced VOC content through modifications to the blend. The European formulation, compliant with REACH regulations, consists of 60–80% hydrocarbons C9–C11 (n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, cyclics <2% aromatics) and 1–5% , incorporating lower percentages of aromatic hydrocarbons to align with stricter emissions standards. Australian versions similarly adhere to environmental protection guidelines with reduced aromatic content. These adaptations maintain equivalent efficacy in water displacement, , and prevention across markets. The core formula of WD-40, developed in and protected as a rather than patented, has remained fundamentally unchanged to preserve its proven effectiveness. However, the propellant was updated in 1996 from hydrocarbon-based to to lower emissions and flammability risks in compliance with evolving regulations. This shift, prompted by California limits, exemplifies ongoing efforts to balance product integrity with regulatory demands while upholding the original 40th-attempt formulation's legacy.

Uses and Applications

Primary Functions

WD-40 Multi-Use Product primarily functions as a displacer, , , and , derived from its formulation of solvents, oils, and additives. These properties enable it to address common issues in mechanical and maintenance applications by penetrating surfaces and providing protective actions. One of its core mechanisms is water displacement, where the formula penetrates metal surfaces and repels , preventing by forming a thin protective barrier that drives out from crevices and electrical contacts. This capability, central to its original development as the 40th attempt (WD-40) to create a -displacing , ensures dry conditions on treated areas to inhibit formation. As a , WD-40 reduces on such as hinges and through its blend of light lubricating oils, offering short-term that eases but is not intended as a replacement for long-lasting greases, as it evaporates relatively quickly. The company's specialized products are recommended for extended needs, highlighting WD-40's role in temporary reduction. In and , the dissolves substances like adhesives, , gum, and light via chemical action, allowing removal without methods by breaking down residues on surfaces. This penetration facilitates the loosening and elimination of contaminants, contributing to the product's removal properties. For prevention, WD-40 inhibits oxidation on metals through incorporated inhibitors that create a protective film, safeguarding against after moisture displacement. These agents actively suppress development on exposed metal parts. The product's versatility extends to non-food applications on metals, plastics, rubber, and wood, where it maintains efficacy across an range of -60°F to 300°F without causing damage in standard uses. This broad compatibility stems from the balanced formulation of its key ingredients, including aliphatic hydrocarbons and mineral spirits that support multiple surface interactions.

Common Applications

WD-40 Multi-Use Product is widely applied in settings to loosen rusted bolts in machinery, where its penetrating properties allow it to break through on seized components such as valves and fittings. It also protects tools from by forming a thin protective film after cleaning, extending the lifespan of equipment like drills and saws in workshops. Additionally, it cleans electrical contacts in and automotive repair by displacing moisture and removing oxidation from connectors, ensuring reliable performance in critical systems. In household applications, WD-40 effectively removes crayon marks from walls and other surfaces by dissolving the wax without damaging paint or finishes. It squeak-proofs door hinges and cabinet hardware through lubrication that reduces friction and prevents future noise. For cleaning, it polishes stainless steel appliances by wiping away fingerprints and grime, restoring shine without streaking. It further prevents rust on bicycles by coating chains and frames, particularly in humid environments. Automotive uses include dislodging stuck license plates by penetrating the corroded screws holding them in place. It treats squeaky by lubricating caliper pins and sliding mechanisms to eliminate noise and improve operation. WD-40 also removes road tar from exteriors, such as bumpers and undercarriages, by breaking down the residue for easy wiping. In marine and outdoor contexts, WD-40 protects fittings from saltwater by displacing and inhibiting on like cleats and winches. It maintains zippers on tents and outdoor gear by lubricating the tracks to prevent jamming in wet conditions. Official endorsements highlight its utility in high-stakes environments, including use by for maintenance, where it served as a temporary preventive applied to areas like the speed brake and wing leading edges, surviving multiple mission cycles. The company documents over 2,000 practical uses based on end-user reports, underscoring its versatility across sectors.

Myths and Misconceptions

One persistent myth surrounding WD-40 is that its formula contains , purportedly responsible for its slippery texture and even its ability to attract when used on gear. This likely originated from the product's faint fishy odor and anecdotal reports of enhanced fishing success, but the has repeatedly debunked it, stating that the product contains no animal-derived ingredients whatsoever. Instead, WD-40 is composed primarily of distillates, such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, making it a synthetic, non-animal-based . Another common misconception is that WD-40 serves as a true, long-lasting suitable for all mechanical applications, including high-load or continuous-use scenarios like chains. In reality, while WD-40 provides temporary slipperiness through its light oils, the majority of its formula consists of volatile solvents that evaporate quickly, leaving minimal residual . The company itself clarifies that it excels at water displacement, penetration, and cleaning but is not designed for sustained under heavy loads; for bike chains, dedicated chain-specific greases or lubes are recommended to prevent accelerated wear and attract less dirt. WD-40 is often mistakenly believed to be safe and effective for lubricating rubber components, such as or , without causing harm. However, prolonged exposure can degrade certain types of rubber, leading to swelling, cracking, or loss of elasticity due to its petroleum-based solvents, which act as penetrants rather than protectants. Manufacturers advise against ongoing contact with rubber, recommending silicone-based alternatives for such uses to avoid material breakdown over time. Additional myths portray WD-40 as a versatile capable of killing viruses and , a fix for complex computer issues beyond surface cleaning, or food-safe for direct contact in cooking or preparation. None of these hold true: WD-40 lacks agents and is not registered as a by regulatory bodies like the EPA, making it ineffective against pathogens. For , its conductive residues and dust-attracting properties can exacerbate problems rather than resolve them, with experts suggesting specialized contact cleaners instead. Regarding , the product contains distillates that are toxic if ingested and unsuitable for any direct contact, potentially contaminating surfaces or items. The cultural proliferation of these misconceptions stems largely from email chains and online lists claiming "2,000 uses" for WD-40, which have circulated since the and include unverified, exaggerated, or outright unsafe suggestions like applying it to for repelling or using it in preparation. While the company acknowledges over 2,000 user-reported applications, many in these lists promote misuse that can lead to health risks, material damage, or inefficacy, underscoring the importance of adhering to official guidelines rather than anecdotal hype.

The WD-40 Company

Corporate Overview

The WD-40 Company was established in 1953 as the Rocket Chemical Company in , , initially focused on developing rust-preventive solvents and degreasers for the aerospace industry. In 1969, the company was renamed the WD-40 Company to reflect its flagship product, marking a pivotal shift toward consumer marketing while maintaining its core emphasis on problem-solving formulations. Headquartered in , the company employs 714 people worldwide as of August 31, 2025 and operates with a mission to create positive lasting memories by developing and selling products that solve problems in workshops, factories, and homes. Under the long-term of Garry Ridge, who served as president and CEO from 1997 until 2022, the company cultivated a distinctive corporate centered on , , and . Current CEO Steve Brass, who became CEO in 2022 after serving as president and since 2019, continues to guide the board's priorities, which include advancing sustainable practices and fostering creative product development to address evolving customer needs. The company's values emphasize a "tribal" of belonging, where "tribal knowledge" sharing through learning and teaching empowers employees to contribute ideas freely, promoting a people-first approach without major acquisitions that have fundamentally altered its identity as a focused marketer of maintenance solutions. The has been publicly traded on the since 1973, enabling steady growth while preserving its roots. In recognition of its contributions to innovation—stemming from the product's original development for protection—the WD-40 brand was inducted into the San Diego Air & Space Museum's International Air & Space Hall of Fame in 2014.

Products and Brands

The WD-40 Multi-Use Product serves as the cornerstone of the company's portfolio, originally formulated as a water-displacing spray and now available in various sizes such as 8-ounce aerosol cans, 11-ounce cans with Smart Straw applicators, 14-ounce trigger sprays, and larger formats including 1-gallon bulk containers for industrial use. This versatile product acts as a , penetrant, rust preventer, and cleaner, distributed globally in both and non-aerosol pump spray forms to accommodate diverse consumer needs. In the , the company expanded its offerings with the WD-40 Specialist line, launched in to target professional and industrial applications with high-performance formulas. This range includes specialized products such as Release Penetrant Spray for loosening rusted components, Electrical Contact Cleaner for , Protective White Grease for high-load , and Water Resistant Silicone for moisture-prone environments, with the lineup growing to over eight items by 2013 and featuring innovations like the no-drip Spray & Stay Gel introduced in 2016. Beyond the WD-40 brand, the company has diversified through strategic acquisitions, integrating complementary household products. The 3-IN-ONE brand, acquired in 1995 from & Colman, provides everyday lubricants and precision oilers dating back to 1894, emphasizing drip-free application for household tasks. Lava, purchased in 1999 from Company, offers heavy-duty bar soaps formulated since 1893 for removing tough grime from hands, while Solvol, acquired in 2000, delivers industrial-strength hand cleaners popular in since 1915. Additional brands include GT85, a UK-based multi-purpose bike product acquired in 2014, and , a line bought in 2004. Recent innovations focus on and targeted efficacy, with biodegradable formulations introduced in the Specialist line during the 2020s, such as the water-based Cleaner & Degreaser featuring a bio-solvent that effectively removes grease while being environmentally friendlier than traditional distillates. The original WD-40 Multi-Use Product remains non-food-grade due to its base, though the Specialist range includes compliant options like Food Grade Silicone Lubricant for incidental contact in processing environments. The WD-40 brand enjoys widespread , with over 80% of U.S. households stocking the product.

Global Operations and Financial Performance

The WD-40 Company maintains a global presence with its products available in over 176 countries, supported by manufacturing facilities in four key locations and partnerships with more than 20 contract manufacturers across , , , , and . Key markets include the , which accounted for approximately 47% of net sales at $290.6 million, EIMEA (, , , and ) at 38% or $236.4 million, and at 15% or $93.0 million during fiscal year 2025. The company's sources raw materials globally, with a strategic shift toward initiated in recent years to bring sourcing and closer to end markets, thereby mitigating the effects of tariffs and trade disruptions. This approach has enhanced , achieving global on-time delivery rates of 96.4% in fiscal 2025 while maintaining inventory levels at 99 days. Following initiatives launched post-2020, the company has emphasized sustainable sourcing, including third-party assessments of Tier 1 suppliers for and to reduce its overall . In 2025, ending August 31, the reported net sales of $620.0 million, reflecting a 5% year-over-year increase, with reaching $91.0 million, up 31% (or 14% excluding a one-time ). Operating income grew 8% to $103.8 million, driven primarily by the WD-40 Multi-Use Product, which generated $478.0 million in sales (about 77% of ) with 6% growth, and the Specialist line, which rose 11% to $82.0 million, particularly through expansions in and other markets. The company faced challenges from affecting raw material costs and potential tariff escalations, prompting further optimizations and regional expansions, including enhanced distribution in as part of broader growth strategies. On sustainability, the has committed to net-zero by 2050, advancing through a full assessment covering Scopes 1, 2, and 3 emissions across all products, alongside efforts to implement recyclable packaging and reduce () emissions in formulations. Recent product innovations, such as low- maintenance solutions, further support these goals by minimizing environmental impact while adhering to ISO standards for reduction.

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