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Yasuj

Yasuj is the capital city of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province in southwestern Iran, located in the Zagros Mountains along the Beshar River.^[1] At an elevation of approximately 1,830 meters (6,010 feet) above sea level, it serves as an administrative, economic, and cultural hub for the region, with a 2016 census population of 134,532 residents.^[2]^[3] The city's geography is characterized by rugged mountainous terrain, lush valleys, and proximity to protected natural areas like the Dena Biosphere Reserve, making it a gateway to Iran's nomadic heritage and outdoor attractions.^[4] Yasuj experiences a Mediterranean climate (Köppen classification Csa), with hot, dry summers reaching average highs of 35°C (95°F) in July and cold, snowy winters dipping to lows of -2°C (28°F) in January, annual precipitation averaging 865 mm concentrated in winter and spring.^[5] This climate supports diverse ecosystems, including oak forests and alpine meadows, but also poses challenges like seasonal flooding and drought.^[6] Economically, Yasuj relies on agriculture, particularly livestock rearing, wheat, and fruit production, supplemented by small-scale industries such as a sugar mill, brick and tile manufacturing, and traditional crafts like carpet weaving and basketry.^[1] The province's economy benefits from its thermoelectric power station and road connections to major cities like Shiraz and Bushehr, facilitating trade in agricultural goods and tourism.^[1] As a center for the predominantly Lur ethnic group, Yasuj preserves cultural traditions including nomadic pastoralism, music, and festivals, while modern developments include educational institutions and healthcare facilities serving the surrounding rural areas.^[7]

Geography

Location and Topography

Yasuj is situated at coordinates 30°40′02″N 51°34′47″E, with an elevation of approximately 1,839 meters above sea level.^[8]^[9] As an industrial city in southwestern Iran, it lies within the Zagros Mountains, positioned near the transitional zone to the Iranian Plateau, where the rugged fold-thrust belt meets the broader plateau interior.^[7]^[10] The topography of Yasuj features predominantly mountainous terrain characterized by steep slopes, deep valleys, and river systems that carve through the landscape. The Beshar River flows adjacent to the city, originating from the northern slopes of nearby Mount Dena and contributing to the region's hydrological network. The Dena mountain range, whose highest peak, Qash-Mastan, reaches 4,409 meters—the highest in the Zagros Mountains—is located at the city's foothills, with its upper elevations supporting permanent glaciers such as Ghashmastan and Bozkosh, which serve as vital water sources for surrounding valleys. The Dena region is part of the Dena Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO-recognized protected area supporting diverse flora and fauna.^[7]^[11]^[12]^[13] Geologically, Yasuj occupies the High Central Zagros foreland, part of the folded and thrust-faulted Zagros range formed by the convergence of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. This structural setting exposes layered sedimentary rocks, including abundant limestone formations that influence local resource extraction and landscape durability. The region's position in a tectonically active zone results in notable seismic activity, with fault systems like the Kazerun contributing to ongoing deformation and earthquake risks.^[14]^[15]^[16] This topography also modulates local climate patterns, fostering cooler temperatures and higher precipitation compared to lowland areas.^[17]

Administrative Divisions

Yasuj has served as the capital of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province since the region's designation as a governorship on July 13, 1963, following its separation from parts of Fars and Khuzestan provinces, and was later elevated to full provincial status in 1974.^[18] The city is governed by Mayor Keyvan Ashna, who was appointed in September 2023 by the Minister of Interior. In a significant administrative expansion, Yasuj merged with the city of Madavan and seven surrounding villages—Balahzar, Jadval-e Ghureh-ye Mehrian, Madavan-e Sofla, Mehrian, Sarab-e Taveh, Servak, and Tall Khosrow—in 2023, as approved by Iran's Ministry of Interior, thereby broadening its municipal boundaries to incorporate additional rural peripheries. This integration enhanced the city's jurisdictional scope while integrating diverse local communities into its urban framework. Administratively, Yasuj distinguishes a densely developed central urban core—encompassing key governmental, commercial, and residential zones—from expansive peripheral rural areas that blend agricultural lands with emerging suburban developments. Examples of central neighborhoods include Madani and Shahrak-e Behesht, which house administrative offices and markets, while outer districts like those near Madavan feature more dispersed settlements tied to traditional livelihoods. This division facilitates targeted municipal services, from infrastructure maintenance in the core to rural development initiatives on the edges.

History

Ancient and Prehistoric Periods

The region surrounding Yasuj exhibits evidence of early human occupation during the Bronze Age, particularly in the 3rd millennium BC, as indicated by archaeological artifacts unearthed at sites like Martyrs Hills.^[19] These findings, including pottery and tools, suggest settled communities engaged in basic agriculture and craftsmanship amid the Zagros Mountains' rugged terrain.^[19] Nearby, the Deh Dumen graveyard, located about 70 km northwest of Yasuj, further attests to Bronze Age funerary practices, with pottery production reflecting cultural exchanges in southwestern Iran.^[20] During the Achaemenid era (6th–4th century BC), the area held strategic importance due to its position along key mountain passes, with architectural remains and artifacts discovered at Khosravi Hill, approximately 4 km south of modern Yasuj.^[21] This hill, associated with the ancient name Tal-e Khosrow, likely served as a defensive or administrative outpost within the Persian Empire's network.^[22] The Persian Gates (modern Tang-e Meyran), a narrow pass connecting Yasuj to Sedeh, functioned as a critical chokepoint; in early 330 BC, it was the site of the Battle of the Persian Gates, where Achaemenid satrap Ariobarzanes mounted a fierce resistance against Alexander the Great's forces before their eventual breakthrough.^[23] Early influences from pastoral tribes ancestral to the Lurs are discernible in the region's nomadic patterns, linking to pre-Achaemenid herding communities in the western Zagros.^[24] The Yasuj Museum, established in 2002, preserves and displays over 270 artifacts from these periods, including prehistoric stone tools and agate beads, Achaemenid coins and reliefs, and Bronze Age pottery alongside bronze vessels recovered from local excavations.^[25] These items provide tangible evidence of the area's continuous habitation from prehistoric times through antiquity, highlighting technological and cultural developments in isolation from major urban centers.^[25]

Modern Development

Yasuj was established during the reign of Reza Shah (1925–1941) as part of governmental initiatives to settle the nomadic Boyer-Ahmad tribe, following the Tang-e Tamradi war, aligning with broader Pahlavi policies to centralize control and integrate tribal regions.^[26] Yasuj was designated the capital when Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province was established in 1963.^[27] Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Yasuj underwent accelerated urban expansion, driven by state-led infrastructure projects that included road networks, public utilities, and housing developments to support population influx and regional stability, enhancing its role as a provincial administrative center. Key milestones in Yasuj's modern trajectory include the 1980s emphasis on industrialization, where local policies promoted manufacturing facilities such as sugar mills and brick production to diversify the economy beyond agriculture.^[1] This period saw initial investments in industrial zones amid national reconstruction efforts post-revolution. More recently, in 2023, administrative mergers integrated the nearby city of Madavan and several villages into Yasuj, significantly broadening its municipal boundaries and governance responsibilities.^[28] Despite these advances, Yasuj has faced challenges from irregular urban sprawl, which has encroached on agricultural lands and natural areas, particularly in the northern, northeastern, and western directions. A 2014 study analyzing development indices from 1996 to 2011 concluded that this sprawl pattern, characterized by low-density expansion and inadequate utilization of endogenous resources, poses significant barriers to achieving sustainable urban development by increasing environmental degradation and inefficient land use.^[29]

Climate

Classification and Patterns

Yasuj features a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), characterized by dry summers and wet, mild winters, with notable continental influences arising from its elevation of approximately 1,831 meters in the Zagros Mountains.^[5] This classification reflects the region's transition from typical Mediterranean patterns to more variable conditions due to the highland setting, where temperature extremes and precipitation are moderated by altitude but amplified by orographic effects.^[30] The area receives an average annual precipitation of 865 mm, establishing it as one of the wetter locales south of the Alborz Mountains, where much of central and southern Iran experiences far less rainfall.^[5]^[31] These patterns are driven by seasonal Mediterranean cyclones that bring monsoon-like rains, primarily from October to May, enhanced by the Zagros topography that orographically lifts moist air (as detailed in the Location and Topography section). Summers remain arid with negligible rainfall, while winters contribute the bulk of the total, supporting relatively lush vegetation compared to surrounding arid zones.^[5] Temperature variations underscore the continental overlay, with summer highs reaching up to 35°C in July and winter lows dropping to around -5°C in January, influenced by the elevation and influx of cold air masses.^[5] These ranges highlight the diurnal and seasonal swings typical of highland Mediterranean climates, where daytime heating is intense but nights cool rapidly. Microclimate variations are pronounced across the region: higher Zagros peaks, exceeding 4,000 meters, sustain small permanent glaciers due to persistent snow accumulation, while lower valleys commonly form fog banks from temperature inversions and moisture trapping.^[32]

Seasonal Data

Yasuj experiences distinct seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation, characteristic of its Mediterranean climate classification detailed in the Classification and Patterns section.^[5] In winter, from December to February, average high temperatures range from 8.3°C to 11.8°C, while lows vary between -2°C and 0.5°C, often accompanied by frost. This period receives the heaviest rainfall, totaling approximately 539 mm across the three months, with December being the wettest at 205.1 mm. Humidity levels average 64-71%, contributing to cooler, damper conditions.^[5] Spring, spanning March to May, brings milder weather with average highs rising from 14.4°C to 26.9°C and lows from 2.9°C to 11.1°C. Precipitation peaks early in the season, averaging 165.8 mm in March, though totals for the season amount to about 245.5 mm, decreasing sharply by May to 14.7 mm. Humidity drops to 38-57%, fostering clearer skies and increasing daylight hours up to 13.7.^[5] Summer, from June to September, is hot and arid, with average highs between 31.1°C and 35.1°C and lows from 13.5°C to 18.6°C. Rainfall is minimal, totaling less than 4 mm for the season, and humidity remains low at around 26%, resulting in dry, sunny days with up to 12 hours of sunshine.^[5] Autumn, covering October and November, sees temperatures cooling, with average highs of 17.3°C to 24.7°C and lows of 3.7°C to 8.5°C. Rainfall increases to about 76 mm total, primarily in November at 65 mm, and occasional frost may occur toward the end of the season as humidity rises to 36-52%.^[5] The all-time record high temperature in Yasuj is 36.7°C, recorded during summer, while the record low is -5.6°C, observed in winter, based on historical data from 1980 to 2016. Recent climate trends indicate a slight warming, with Iran's mean annual temperature increasing by approximately 0.3°C per decade, a pattern reflected in Yasuj through rising monthly temperature anomalies relative to the 1980-2010 baseline. Additionally, Yasuj has shown significant increases in annual precipitation in recent decades.^[33]^[30]^[34]^[35]

Demographics

Population Trends

The population of Yasuj city proper has exhibited consistent growth, reflecting broader urbanization patterns in Iran. The 2006 national census recorded 96,786 residents in the city. This figure rose to 108,505 by the 2011 census, indicating an annual growth rate of approximately 2.3% over the five-year period.^[36] The 2016 census further documented 134,532 inhabitants, marking a sharper annual growth rate of about 4.4% from 2011, driven primarily by rural-urban migration from surrounding areas in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province.^[37] The broader Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County, encompassing Yasuj and its suburbs, reported 260,840 residents in the 2016 census, highlighting the city's role as a regional hub. Administrative mergers in 2023 incorporated the city of Madavan and several nearby villages (Balahzar, Jadval-e Ghureh-ye Mehrian, Madavan-e Sofla, Mehrian, Sarab-e Taveh, Servak, Tall Khosrow), adding approximately 25,000 residents based on 2016 census figures and contributing to continued expansion. As of the latest 2016 census, the population was 134,532, with ongoing growth and expansions; updated figures await the 2025 national census.^[38] Urban density in Yasuj's core stands at approximately 1,200 people per square kilometer, underscoring the pressures of population influx on infrastructure and land use.

Ethnic and Linguistic Groups

Yasuj, as the capital of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, is home to a predominantly Lur population, which forms the ethnic majority in the region, exceeding 80% based on linguistic distribution patterns where Southern Luri speakers account for the largest group at approximately 510,000 individuals out of a provincial total of 713,052 in 2016.^[39] The Lurs speak the Luri language, a Southwestern Iranian tongue closely related to Persian, with dialects such as Southern Luri prevalent throughout the province's districts and often aligned with specific ethnic subgroups.^[40] This linguistic homogeneity underscores the Lurs' cultural cohesion, marked by tribal traditions including distinctive clothing like embroidered vests and turbans for men, and colorful shawls for women, as well as music featuring instruments such as the sorna and dohol in communal festivals.^[41] Minority ethnic groups in Yasuj include Persians, who speak standard Persian and represent urban influences, alongside Bakhtiaris—a Lur subgroup with their own dialect spoken by a notable portion in areas like Dogonbadan—and small Arab communities using Khuzestani Arabic, comprising about 0.9% of speakers in scattered locations.^[39] Nomadic influences from Qashqai tribes, who speak a Turkic language and migrate through nearby Fars Province routes, and Mamasani Lurs add seasonal diversity, with Qashqai dialects present among Turkish-speaking minorities in the broader area.^[42] Religiously, the population is overwhelmingly Shia Muslim, aligning with the national pattern where 90-95% of Muslims follow Twelver Shiism, though small Sunni minorities exist among certain tribal elements like nomadic groups.^[43] Lur heritage emphasizes communal rituals tied to Shia observances, such as mourning processions, while preserving pre-Islamic folk beliefs in protective spirits within daily tribal life.^[44]

Economy

Traditional Sectors

Yasuj's traditional economy is predominantly driven by agriculture, which leverages the region's Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with cold winters featuring sufficient rainfall and hot, dry summers to support staple crop cultivation. Wheat and barley are the primary grains grown, thriving in the fertile valleys and plateaus around the city, while feed production for livestock is integrated into farming practices to sustain animal husbandry. Livestock rearing, centered on sheep and goats, plays a crucial role, providing meat, milk, wool, and hides essential for local sustenance and trade, with nomadic herding traditions persisting among the Lur and other tribal groups in the surrounding Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province.^[45]^[5]^[46] Handicrafts form a vital component of Yasuj's traditional sectors, rooted in the province's nomadic heritage and abundant natural resources like wool and clay. Basket weaving, often using reeds and willow from nearby rivers, produces durable items for storage and transport, while carpet production involves hand-knotting woolen rugs and kilims with geometric patterns inspired by tribal motifs. Artisans also engage in mosaic tile work and brick-making, utilizing local clay to create decorative tiles for architecture and sturdy bricks for construction, preserving techniques passed down through generations. These crafts not only meet domestic needs but also contribute to cultural identity.^[47]^[48]^[49] Small-scale industries in Yasuj focus on food processing, such as drying fruits, milling grains, and dairy production from local livestock, alongside textile manufacturing that transforms wool into fabrics and garments. These activities employ a significant portion of the workforce, supporting rural livelihoods amid the province's limited industrialization.^[49]^[50] As the capital of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Yasuj functions as a regional hub for trading tribal goods, where weekly bazaars and permanent markets facilitate the exchange of agricultural outputs, livestock products, and handicrafts between nomadic communities and urban dwellers, bolstering local economic ties.^[51]

Infrastructure and Projects

Yasuj's infrastructure development emphasizes energy exploration, transportation enhancements, and urban planning to support economic growth in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. Key initiatives include the ongoing development of the Mokhtar Yasuj gas field, where the Iranian Central Oil Zones Company is advancing extraction and processing capabilities to bolster regional energy supplies. A large gas storage facility is also planned for the site to meet up to 25% of national gas demand by 2026, enhancing storage and distribution networks amid Iran's push for self-sufficiency in natural gas.^[52]^[53] Road improvements form a critical component of Yasuj's infrastructure, with recent completions aimed at improving connectivity and economic access. The 136 km Pataveh-Dehdasht road, part of the North-South Corridor, was inaugurated in July 2023, featuring 10 km of tunnels and multiple bridges to link remote areas and facilitate trade. Similarly, the Semirom-Yasuj Road (Lot 1), spanning 32.3 km, remains under construction to enhance links between Isfahan and Yasuj, reducing travel times and supporting logistics for local industries. These efforts complement the establishment of the Yasuj Airport Industrial Park, which hosts units focused on manufacturing and agro-processing, contributing to the province's approximately 700 industrial operations.^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57] Urban development in Yasuj addresses sprawl through studies recommending sustainable zoning to balance growth with environmental preservation. A 2023 analysis highlighted irregular expansion as a barrier to sustainability, advocating for integrated land-use planning to optimize green spaces and infrastructure distribution. Recent strategies, including SWOT-based assessments, promote zoning that supports industrial parks while mitigating flood risks in the Beshar River valley, aiming for resilient urban expansion. International sanctions have delayed some timelines, yet projects prioritize local job creation, with initiatives like the Pataveh-Dehdasht road projected to benefit over 400 villages economically through improved access and employment opportunities estimated in the thousands.^[58]^[59]^[60]

Education

Higher Education

Yasuj University, the primary public institution of higher education in the city, was established in 1983 as the Yasuj Technical College, initially offering associate degrees in fields such as rural development and welding mechanics.^[61] It evolved into a comprehensive public university by the 1990s, now serving over 6,000 students across its main campus and additional facilities.^[62] The university comprises faculties in sciences, agriculture, engineering, and humanities, providing undergraduate and graduate programs in areas like agronomy, soil science, mechanical engineering, and literature.^[63] In national rankings, it places approximately 148th among Iranian universities, reflecting its role as a key educational hub in the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province.^[62] The Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, dedicated to health-related education and training, was founded in 1986 to address regional healthcare needs following the expansion of medical infrastructure in post-revolutionary Iran.^[64] It specializes in programs such as medicine, dentistry, nursing, midwifery, nutrition sciences, and paramedical fields, offering bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees through schools including health and nutrition sciences.^[65] With an enrollment of around 2,000 students, the institution emphasizes practical training and community health services, contributing to the province's medical workforce development.^[66] Complementing these public options, the Yasuj Branch of Islamic Azad University operates as a private institution within Iran's largest university system, providing accessible higher education since its establishment in the late 1980s as part of the broader Islamic Azad network.^[67] It offers diverse degree programs across disciplines including engineering, humanities, basic sciences, and management, with a focus on serving local and regional students who may lack access to larger urban centers.^[68] The branch facilitates broader enrollment in undergraduate and postgraduate studies. Overall, higher education in Yasuj supports approximately 8,000 students across these institutions, with growing emphasis on research in agriculture and environmental sciences tailored to the region's mountainous and forested terrain.^[61] Yasuj University's Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Natural Resources, for instance, conducts studies on soil conservation, forestry, and sustainable crop management, leveraging facilities like the 706-hectare Research Education Forest to address local ecological challenges.^[63] This research orientation aligns with provincial priorities, fostering innovations in natural resource utilization amid environmental pressures.^[69]

Primary and Secondary Systems

In Iran, primary and secondary education in Yasuj adheres to the national framework, where schooling is compulsory from ages 6 to 18 and consists of six years of primary education (grades 1-6) followed by six years of secondary education divided into a three-year lower secondary phase (grades 7-9) and a three-year upper secondary phase (grades 10-12). Public schools dominate the system, offering free tuition and comprising the vast majority of institutions, while private schools serve a limited number of students primarily in urban areas.^[70]^[71] Enrollment rates in Yasuj's K-12 system are robust, with approximately 30,000 students attending primary and secondary schools, bolstered by provincial and national funding allocations that prioritize public education infrastructure. The adult literacy rate in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province lags behind the national average, which stood at 90.7% as of 2023–2024, due to regional socioeconomic factors.^[72] Upper secondary education includes academic, technical, and vocational tracks, with the latter emphasizing practical skills relevant to local industries.^[73] Access to education faces significant challenges in Yasuj's rural and tribal regions, particularly among nomadic communities where geographic isolation, poverty, and seasonal migrations disrupt consistent attendance. Multi-grade primary schools and mobile education units have been implemented to serve these populations, allowing instruction in tent-based or portable settings that align with nomadic lifestyles in the province's mountainous terrain. Since the early 2000s, targeted initiatives have focused on improving girls' education, including literacy programs and enrollment drives that have narrowed gender gaps in deprived areas, supported by national efforts from organizations like UNICEF.^[74]^[75]^[76]^[77] Local facilities incorporate adaptations for nomadic needs, such as semi-mobile schools operating across Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad to ensure continuity for children of pastoral families. Vocational training in secondary education often integrates agriculture-focused curricula, covering topics like crop management and livestock husbandry to equip students for the province's predominant rural economy. These programs are delivered through public secondary schools and supported by the Ministry of Education's emphasis on practical skills in underdeveloped regions.^[78]^[71]

Culture and Tourism

Cultural Heritage

Yasuj's cultural heritage is deeply rooted in the traditions of the Lur people, who form the majority ethnic group in the region and preserve a vibrant array of intangible cultural elements. Lur music features prominent instruments such as the tanbur, a long-necked lute used in both folk and spiritual performances to accompany singing and storytelling.^[79] Traditional Lur dances, often performed in groups during social gatherings, emphasize rhythmic movements that reflect communal bonds and regional identity.^[79] Oral folklore, transmitted through epic tales and myths, serves as a key medium for preserving Lur history and values, with music playing a sacred role in its dissemination.^[80] Annual tribal festivals in Yasuj highlight these traditions, bringing together communities to celebrate nomadic heritage through music, dance, and rituals aimed at reviving cultural and spiritual identities.^[81] Handicrafts represent another cornerstone of Yasuj's tangible heritage, particularly kilim weaving, where local artisans create flat-woven textiles with distinctive geometric patterns inspired by Lur tribal motifs and natural surroundings.^[82] These kilims, along with related crafts like jajim-bafi and kilim-mashteh, have seen revival efforts to sustain traditional techniques passed down through generations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province.^[83] Religious sites in Yasuj embody post-Islamic influences, predominantly Shia, with structures that blend architectural elegance and spiritual significance. The Yasuj Grand Mosque, also known as Jameh Mosque, stands as a central place of worship featuring intricate designs and serving as a hub for communal prayers.^[51] Nearby, the Imamzadeh Bibi Hakime Mausoleum honors a descendant of the seventh Shia Imam, Musa al-Kazim, and exemplifies the region's devotion to Shia heritage through its serene complex and pilgrimage traditions.^[84] The Yasuj Museum of Anthropology plays a vital role in curating and displaying Lur artifacts, including traditional clothing, tools, and ethnographic items that illustrate the daily life and customs of the local population alongside ancient regional history.^[51] Exhibits feature over 270 objects from archaeological sites, emphasizing the continuity of Lur cultural practices within broader Iranian contexts.^[85]

Attractions and Development

Yasuj boasts a variety of natural attractions that draw visitors seeking outdoor experiences in the Zagros Mountains. The Beshar River, flowing through the region from the Dena range, features picturesque waterfalls, including the 10-meter Yasuj Waterfall, surrounded by verdant orchards, streams, and pastures that create an ideal setting for nature enthusiasts.^[86]^[87] Further along the river, additional cascades and narrow passes enhance its appeal as a tourist spot near the city.^[88] The Dena Mountains offer extensive hiking trails amid rugged terrain, deep valleys, and peaks surpassing 4,000 meters, some capped with permanent snow and glacial features. As part of Dena Protected Area, these sites provide breathtaking views and opportunities for adventure activities like trekking, while preserving the area's biodiversity.^[89]^[90] Among historical sites accessible to tourists, the ruins of the Persian Gates pass, also known as Tang-e Meyran, stand out for their connection to ancient battles, including Alexander the Great's campaign against the Persians in 330 BCE.^[91] Nearby, the Martyrs Hills excavations reveal artifacts from the 3rd millennium BCE, offering insights into Bronze Age settlements in the region.^[92]^[11] Tourism development in Yasuj has gained momentum with 2023 initiatives focused on expanding infrastructure, such as building hotels and upgrading roads to improve access to remote natural and historical sites.^[93] These efforts emphasize eco-tourism in river valleys and protected areas, aiming to promote sustainable growth through strategic planning that balances environmental conservation with economic benefits.^[94] However, challenges persist, including limited accommodation and facilities, which hinder visitor capacity in this lesser-developed province. To counter this, government programs encourage tribal homestays among local nomadic communities, fostering authentic cultural immersion while supporting rural economies.^[95]^[96]

Transportation

Air and Road Networks

Yasuj Airport (YES), located in the Zagros Mountains, serves as the primary aerial gateway for the city, offering domestic flights exclusively to Tehran-Mehrabad International Airport. These services are operated by Mahan Air, with multiple daily flights accommodating regional travel needs.^[97] The airport's single asphalt runway measures 2,598 meters in length and supports operations at an elevation of 1,810 meters above sea level, making it suitable for smaller commercial aircraft. Following a 2018 aviation incident, Iranian authorities implemented substantial infrastructure enhancements at the facility, including improved navigation aids and runway safety measures to mitigate risks associated with the mountainous terrain.^[98] The city's road connections integrate it into Iran's national highway system, with Road 6 providing the main link northwest to Borujen and onward to Isfahan, a distance of approximately 327 kilometers.^[99] To the southwest, routes connect Yasuj to Ahvaz over about 369 kilometers, facilitating access to Khuzestan Province and the Persian Gulf ports. These highways traverse the rugged Zagros terrain, supporting both passenger and goods movement across the region.^[100] Intercity bus services from Yasuj operate daily to major destinations such as Tehran and other provincial centers, managed by reputable operators like SeiroSafar and Hamsafar, offering both standard and VIP options for comfort on longer journeys.^[101]^[102] Highways emanating from Yasuj are essential for freight transport, particularly in conveying agricultural exports like grains, fruits, and livestock products to national markets and beyond, contributing to Iran's overall road-based commodity transit volume exceeding 17 million tons annually.^[103]^[104]

Urban Mobility

Urban mobility in Yasuj, the capital of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, relies primarily on a network of taxis, minibuses, and a limited bus system, reflecting the challenges typical of smaller Iranian cities with growing populations. Taxis, including traditional yellow and green models as well as phone and wireless variants, form the backbone of intra-city travel, operating along 31 designated lines with 14 stations. Approximately 1,048 taxis were active as of 2018, serving around 40,000 passengers daily, though reports indicate that about 500 vehicles are outdated and non-functional, with 335 drivers inactive due to violations.^[105]^[106] The bus system, managed by the municipality, consists of a limited fleet with fewer than 13 active vehicles as of recent assessments, covering key routes such as those to universities, Sarabtaveh, Belehzar, and Madvan areas. These include both municipal and private buses, but usage remains low due to insufficient fleet size and public preference for taxis amid concerns over bus security and vandalism. Minibuses supplement the network, contributing to a total public transport fleet of roughly 3,700 vehicles, though exact current figures are unavailable. Efforts to modernize include the refurbishment of 10 buses in 2021 at a cost of 22.65 billion rials and ongoing procurement of additional units, supported by 70 billion tomans in allocated bonds.^[107]^[106]^[108] Infrastructure supports include 25 bus stops and 100 signage units installed in 2021 across new routes like Sarok, Mehrivan, and Imamzadeh Ghasem, valued at 4 billion rials, with free fares offered initially to encourage adoption. However, challenges persist, including overcrowded stations, traffic congestion at hubs like Shahid Square, and a lack of smart systems or uniform fleet standards, leading to higher reliance on private cars that charge elevated fares. Municipal authorities emphasize the need for greater provincial and national support to expand affordable options and reduce urban congestion.^[108]^[106]

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Zagros Mountains, Iran - The Geological Society
The Zagros Mountains make up a belt of deformed crustal rocks located in south eastern Iran. They extend for over 1500km from eastern Turkey in the northwest ...Missing: Yasuj coordinates elevation topography Beshar River
[18]
کهگیلویه و بویراحمد-معرفی استان
### Summary of Establishment Details for Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and Yasuj as Capital
[19]
Yasouj Ancient Village or Settlement - The Megalithic Portal
Jul 3, 2010 · Yasuj has had a long history, being occupied at least since the early Bronze Age. Of note are the Martyrs Hills (dating from third millinium ...
[20]
[PDF] The pottery production from the Deh Dumen Bronze Age graveyard ...
The ancient graveyard of Deh Dumen is located in the south-western Iran, about 70 km north-west of the city of Yasuj, the capital of the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer- ...
[21]
Khosravi Hill 2025 | Boyer Ahmad (Yasooj), Kohgiluyeh va Boyer ...
This hillock is located at a distance of 4 km. south of Yasooj close to the Tal-e- Khosravi Village. Read more about Archaeological sites in Iran.Missing: Yasuj Martyrs Hills
[22]
The City of Yasuj - Facebook
Mar 27, 2017 · The City of Yasuj Yasuj is a city in and the capital of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was ...Missing: become | Show results with:become
[23]
Persian Gate (330 BCE) - Livius.org
Sep 24, 2020 · Persian Gate: site along the Royal Road where, in the first days of 330 BCE, the Persian commander Ariobarzanes was defeated by Alexander the Great.
[24]
Lur | Persian Plateau, Ethnic Group, Nomadic - Britannica
Lur, any member of a mountain Shīʿite Muslim people of western Iran numbering more than two million. The Lurs live mainly in the provinces of Lorestān, ...Missing: Yasuj | Show results with:Yasuj
[25]
Yasuj Museum | Tourist attractions in - Iran travel and tourism
all unearthed from nearby archaeological sites that date back to the ...
[26]
Kohgiluyeh and Buyer-Ahmad Province | Visit iran
Located in the temperate district of the province, Yasuj is the capital of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province where the Lurs of the Boyer-Ahmad tribe live. Its ...Missing: become | Show results with:become
[27]
https://fanooszagros.ir/?p=23241
[28]
Assessment of climate change over Iran: CMIP5 results and their ...
Apr 13, 2020 · The current research is an effort to assess the possible impact of climate change on precipitation, temperature, and consequently climate zones over Iran.
[29]
Spatiotemporal Variations of Precipitation over Iran Using the High ...
... Iran, and western mountainous regions of the country (The Zagros Mountains) are the wettest regions. On the other hand, central, eastern, and southern ...
[30]
[PDF] Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa- GLACIERS OF IRAN
In the eastern Elburz Mountains, two small glaciers are located on. , the highest peak in Iran. In the Zagros Mountains, five glaciers have been described ...
[31]
Yasuj Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Iran)
Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 30°F to 94°F and is rarely below 22°F or above 98°F.
[32]
Climate Change Yasuj - meteoblue
Each coloured stripe represents the average temperature for a year - blue for colder and red for warmer years. Yearly Precipitation Change - Yasuj. The top ...
[33]
Evaluation of climate indices related to water resources in Iran over ...
Apr 7, 2025 · ... Yasuj, and Yazd. The second cluster, comprising Kermanshah and Ardabil, showed the lowest temperature values. Ahvaz, Bushehr, and Bandar ...
[34]
(PDF) Assessing the capabilities of resilience against earthquake in ...
Apr 10, 2018 · ... Yasuj, Iran | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ... According to the 2011 census, population of the city is 108,505 people.<|control11|><|separator|>
[35]
Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water reservoirs ...
Oct 2, 2025 · According to the 2016 report by the Iranian Statistical Census Centre (ISCC), Yasuj had a population of 134532 residents. With a mountainous ...
[36]
Kohgiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad Province: All languages (2024)
Kohgiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad is likely the most linguistically homogenous province of Iran. Still, in several respects, it embraces more diversity than might be ...
[37]
LORI LANGUAGE i. LORI DIALECTS - Encyclopaedia Iranica
Jan 7, 2011 · The Lori dialects divide naturally into two quite distinct groups corresponding to the distinction between the so-called Greater Lors (Lor-e bozorg) and Lesser ...
[38]
CLOTHING xxv. Clothing of the Baḵtīārīs and other Lori speaking ...
In the north (Luristan) it consists of a kind of turban (tarā; Figure 75) wrapped over a scarf (tarā awwal), which allows the hair to flow free. In the south ( ...Missing: Lurs | Show results with:Lurs
[39]
Kohgiluyeh & Boyer Ahmad Province, Iran - Persia Advisor
Nov 11, 2017 · Before the advent of Islam in Iran in 651 A.D., Kohgiluyeh was one of the five districts of Fars. When Alexander Macedonian invaded Iran in 330 ...
[40]
2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Iran
According to Iranian government estimates, Muslims constitute 99.4 percent of the population, of whom 90 to 95 percent are Shia, and 5 to 10 percent are Sunni.
[41]
LURISTAN v. Religion, Rituals, and Popular Beliefs
Apr 3, 2015 · 348), is a supernatural being with the attributes of a female, a kind of witch, often described as four-footed, and with a tail. She is very ...
[42]
Yasuj | ToIran, Tourism Platform
The city of Yasuj in southwestern Iran is the capital of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and home to various nomadic tribes.
[43]
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Facts for Kids
The capital city, Yasuj, is the largest city in the province. It is an important center for trade and government. The province is divided into 5 main areas ...
[44]
Get away from the crowds: discover Kohgiluyeh-Boyerahmad's ...
Apr 24, 2023 · Native speakers of Persian (Farsi language) are considered as the predominant ethnic generally of mixed ancestry, and the country has important ...<|separator|>
[45]
Yasuj Crafts of Iran | The Koolleh Shop
Most of Yasuj's handicrafts are made of wool from the livestock they breed and provide all the tools they need. Handicrafts of Kohgiluyeh & Boyer Ahmad Province ...Missing: basket mosaic tiles brick-
[46]
Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province; Agriculture, livestock and ...
The main economic activities in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province include agriculture, livestock farming, and handicrafts. Due to the province's mountainous ...
[47]
Persian Handicrafts - Adventure Iran
Persian handicrafts include rugs, carpets, glassware, wood carving, pottery, tile making, and fabrics, reflecting the country's culture and history.Persian Rugs · Wood Carving & Carpentry · Pottery And Tile Making<|control11|><|separator|>
[48]
Yasuj, The Ancient Persian Gate - شیش دنگ
Yasuj is a city located in the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province in southwestern Iran. It serves as the capital of the province and is situated in the Zagros ...
[49]
Iran aims to strike gold by developing another gas field - Trend.Az
Jul 13, 2024 · Iranian Central Oil Zones Company is working on the development of the Mokhtar Yasuj gas field in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Provinces located in the west of ...
[50]
Iran to Meet 25% of Gas Demand from Storage by 2026
Jul 10, 2023 · A large gas storage facility is planned to be built in Mokhtar gas field, in southern Iranian region of Yasuj ... Refinery, Petchem Plants, ...
[51]
Iran's refining capacity rises to 2.4m barrels a day - Tehran Times
Jun 6, 2025 · Iran has increased its daily crude oil refining capacity to 2.4 million barrels, with the Abadan refinery contributing the largest share to the rise.
[52]
President Raisi inaugurates important road in southeast Iran
Jul 18, 2023 · Yasuj, IRNA – The 136km-long Pataveh-Dehdasht road – an important part of the North-South Corridor – has been inaugurated in southwestern Iran ...
[53]
Semirom-Yasuj Road (Lot 1) - ev-yol.com
Project Title : Semirom-Yasuj Road (Lot 1) ; Location : Iran - Isfahan, Status : Under Construction - Road ; Technical Specifications : Length of project: 32.3 km.
[54]
شهرک صنعتی فرودگاه یاسوج - Kohgiluyeh & Boyer-Ahmad - Mapcarta
شهرک صنعتی فرودگاه یاسوج is in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Iran. Mapcarta, the open map.Missing: park | Show results with:park
[55]
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad prov exports $5m worth of products ...
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province has about 700 industrial units and around 800,000 tons agricultural products are manufactured annually in the province.
[56]
[PDF] Sprawl Growth of Yasuj City, a Barrier to Achieve Sustainable ...
The present paper has been presented with the purpose of assessing and analyzing the innermost development indices to avoid the irregular growth of the city and ...Missing: 2015 | Show results with:2015
[57]
Developing and Assessing a Sustainable Strategy for Yasuj City
Sep 11, 2025 · This study aims to assess the urban management of Yasuj and to develop a sustainable development strategy using SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses ...
[58]
'Inauguration of southwest road to boost economy of 400 villages ...
Jul 18, 2023 · According to the president, the length of tunnels on the Pataveh-Dehdasht road is 10 kilometers as well as the construction of several bridges ...
[59]
Yasuj University - Islamic Culture and
In the evaluation of the Times Institute published in 2023, this university was ranked 30th among Iranian universities. Yasuj University has recently received ...Missing: ranking | Show results with:ranking<|control11|><|separator|>
[60]
Yasuj University [Ranking 2025 + Acceptance Rate + Tuition]
Yasuj University ranked 148th in Iran and 10207th in the World 2025 overall rankings with enrollment - 6099, male/female ratio - 49:51, founded in 1983.
[61]
Yasouj University | World University Rankings | THE
Find the latest world rank for Yasouj University and key information for prospective students ... Iran. 1501+ in World University Rankings 2026. Share. About ...
[62]
yasuj university of medical sciences - صفحه اصلی
Yasuj University of Medical Sciences was primarily established in 1986 with the aim of providing health services and education. The University started ...
[63]
School of Health & Nutrition Sciences
In 1995, School of Health was established with four departments: Environmental Health, Biostatics and Epidemiology, Public Health, and Nutritional Sciences, and ...
[64]
Yasuj University of Medical Sciences - uniRank
History; Literature; Museum Studies; Performing Arts; Philosophy ... Click here to explore a list of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences courses and programs ...
[65]
Islamic Azad University, Yasuj | 2025 Ranking and Review - uniRank
Islamic Azad University, Yasuj is a private higher education institution located in the small city of Yasuj (population range of 50,000-249,999 inhabitants) ...
[66]
Islamic Azad University, Yasuj - Uni2Study.com
Islamic Azad University, Yasuj offers courses and programs leading to officially recognized higher education degrees in several areas of study. See the ...
[67]
Islamic Azad University, Yasuj [Ranking + Acceptance Rate]
Quick Review. Religion: Islamic. Funding: Private. Website: iauyasooj.ac.ir. Acceptance rate: 46%*. * Islamic Azad University, Yasuj is among the institutions ...
[68]
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Natural Resources
Research institutes and centers · Natural Resources Research Institute · Observatory · Free and Virtual Education Center · Medical Plants Research Institute.Missing: environment | Show results with:environment
[69]
Primary and secondary education in Iran - Nuffic
In Iran, primary education starts at age 6 and lasts 6 years. Secondary education, for ages 12-18, lasts 6 years and has two phases.
[70]
Education System in Iran - Scholaro
Primary Education. School education is free right through state secondary school, and mandatory for primary school grades. 42% of the national budget is ...
[71]
Iran at a Glance | Iran Data Portal
Education ; Literacy Rate, male (% of 6 and older), 88.3 ; Literacy Rate, female (% of 6 and older), 81 ; Literacy Rate, urban areas (% of 6 and older), 88.5.
[72]
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) - Iran ...
Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24) · Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15-24) · Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24).
[73]
Educational Challenges in Iran - Broken Chalk
The lack of technology investment has led to outmoded equipment and a lack of teacher training, which has limited the use of technology in education and ...Missing: Yasuj | Show results with:Yasuj
[74]
[PDF] A Comparative Study of Characteristics of Nomadic Education in ...
Aug 27, 2024 · A nomadic school in Iran is a school where more than fifty percent of pupils are nomadic children and it is managed in three ways 1- Mobile: A ...
[75]
s Experience in Nomadic Multi-grade Primary Schools of Kohgiluyeh ...
Purpose of the research: This research aims to delve deeply into the educational challenges faced by multi-grade nomadic primary schools in Kohgiluyeh and ...Missing: mobile | Show results with:mobile
[76]
[PDF] Print-17Jan-EN-Expanded - UNICEF
May 15, 2022 · Primary education net enrolment in Iran is more than 95%, however girls, children with special needs, and children living in border and ...<|separator|>
[77]
Over 6,700 nomadic schools operating across Iran - Tehran Times
Feb 23, 2021 · TEHRAN – Some 6700 mobile, semi-mobile and fixed nomadic schools are providing education in 27 provinces of the country, the director of the ...
[78]
Lur - Summary - eHRAF World Cultures
One theory is that the Lur may have migrated from Syria into the western Zagros Mountains some time after the Arab invasion of Iran in the seventh century A.D. ...
[79]
Lur Mythology | Mythosphere
1. Music and Oral Traditions. Music holds a sacred role in Lur culture, serving as a medium to transmit myths, histories, and spiritual teachings. Instruments ...Missing: Yasuj | Show results with:Yasuj
[80]
Yasuj to host national tribal festival - Tehran Times
Jul 6, 2022 · A major objective of holding this festival is to revive nomads' cultural and spiritual identities and traditions, CHTN quoted Saeid Talebipur as ...Missing: tanbur dance oral folklore annual
[81]
Lori Carpets - The Introduction Of Oriental Persian Carpets - Part 5
Feb 1, 2025 · Lori rugs and kilims are primarily woven by the Lor people in western Iran, particularly in the provinces of Lorestan, Khuzestan, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer- ...Missing: Yasuj Lur
[82]
Three neglected crafts revived in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
Jun 22, 2020 · Kilim-Mashteh (a kind of hand-woven kilim), jajim-bafi (a kind of hand-woven floor covering) and chit-bafi (a kind of wickerwork) are the ...
[83]
Kohgiluyeh & boyer ahmad province attractions - Visit Iran
Imamzadeh Bibi Hakime Mausoleum. Bibi Hakime (peace be upon her) mausoleum, the burial place of the seventh Shia Imam's daughter, Imam Musa.
[84]
http://www.visitiran.ir/en/type/kohgiluyeh-boyer-ahmad-province-attractions
[85]
Yasuj; a paradise for nature lovers and adventurers - Iran Daily
Apr 13, 2025 · Yasuj is famously located at the foothills of Mount Dena, the highest peak in the Zagros Mountains. It boasts beautiful attractions such as the ...
[86]
Yasuj Waterfall | Tourist attractions in - IranDiscovery
Though Yasuj Waterfall has no human-built architecture, its natural formation is a masterpiece shaped by the geological features of the Zagros Mountains.
[87]
Beshar River 2025 | Boyer Ahmad (Yasooj), Kohgiluyeh va Boyer ...
Here it is known as the river of Barez that is at the northern slopes of Dena in the upper Boyer Ahmad and Tayebi areas. Finally it enters the Persian Gulf.Missing: Yasuj glaciers
[88]
Dena Protected Area - ADVENTURE IRAN Official Website
Jun 1, 2024 · In the rugged terrain of Dena Protected Area you can see towering peaks, deep valleys, and cascading waterfalls, offering breathtaking views ...Missing: Beshar River
[89]
Beshar River - Iran Travel Information
Oct 16, 2020 · Beshar River is one of the important rivers of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and of course the neighboring provinces.Missing: glaciers valleys
[90]
Yasuj | Travital
The area of Yasuj has been settled since as early as the Bronze Age. Findings include the Martyrs Hills (dating from 3rd millennium BC), the Khosravi Hill ...
[91]
Yasuj | Iran Tour and Travel with IranianTours
Yasuj is the capital of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province in the middle of Zagros mountains in southwestern Iran. It's an industrial city and its people speak ...Missing: Boyer- Ahmad
[92]
Yasuj to develop tourism infrastructure - Tehran Times
Feb 12, 2023 · “By expanding the tourism infrastructure, we intend to attract more tourists to Yasuj to help promote its economy,” Yasuj's Mayor has said.
[93]
Strategic analysis of tourism development in the valleys of Yasuj ...
This research has been conducted with the aim of strategic analysis of tourism development of Yasuj river valleys.Missing: infrastructure roads
[94]
Lesser-known province to boost tourism - Tehran Times
Nov 12, 2022 · TEHRAN –Iranian government plans to boost tourism across the southwestern Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, IRNA reported on Saturday.
[95]
(PDF) Current challenges facing ecotourism development in Iran
Aug 10, 2025 · The study results indicated that the most significant challenges facing the Iranian ecotourism industry are governance, management, and planning issues.Missing: Yasuj homestays
[96]
Yasuj Airport - Wikipedia
### Summary of Yasuj Airport (Flights, Capacity, Upgrades)
[97]
Flights from Yasuj (YES)
Aug 7, 2025 · Explore planned flights to 1 destinations, find new routes and get detailed information on airlines flying from Yasuj Airport.
[98]
The Call of the Mountains: The crash of Iran Aseman Airlines flight ...
Jan 22, 2022 · And in the months following the accident, Iranian civil aviation authorities significantly upgraded the infrastructure at Yasuj Airport. But ...Missing: capacity | Show results with:capacity
[99]
List of roads and highways in Iran - Wikipedia
List of roads and highways in Iran · Tehran Province · Zanjan Province · Qazvin Province · Alborz Province · Gilan Province · Qom Province · Mazandaran Province.
[100]
Distance from Yasuj, Iran to Esfahan, Iran - Travelmath
The total driving distance from Yasuj, Iran to Esfahan, Iran is 203 miles or 327 kilometers. The total straight line flight distance from Yasuj, Iran to Esfahan ...Missing: 6 Ahvaz
[101]
Ahvaz to Yasuj - 3 ways to travel via car, taxi, and plane - Rome2Rio
How far is it from Ahvaz to Yasuj? The distance between Ahvaz and Yasuj is 369 km. The road distance is 369.2 km. Get driving directions. How do I travel ...
[102]
Cheap Bus Tickets From Yasuj To Tehran - OrientTrips
Book Affordable Bus Tickets From Yasuj To Tehran On OrientTrips. Enjoy A Comfortable Journey With Top Iranian Bus Companies Like SeiroSafar And Hamsafar.
[103]
Iran Bus Tickets Online Booking - Iran VIP Bus, Timetable, Price
Book your nationwide Iran bus ticket price starting at 5€ for VIP buses. While buses take longer to get to each destination, you get to take in the diverse and ...Missing: Yasuj | Show results with:Yasuj
[104]
Annual transit of goods via Iran's roads anticipated to reach 17.5m tons
Feb 2, 2025 · Transit of commodities through the roads of Iran is anticipated to reach 17.5 million tons by the end of the current Iranian calendar year (March 20).
[105]
Iran's Agricultural Exports Surge 29% to $5.2 Billion, Boosting ...
Iran's agricultural exports soared by 29% to $5.2 billion in the calendar year ending March 20, 2025, with shipment volumes rising 11% to 7.6 million metric ...
[106]
حمل و نقل عمومی در یاسوج - کجارو
Apr 8, 2018 · حمل و نقل عمومی یاسوج شامل ۳۷۰۰ دستگاه خودروی تاکسی، تاکسی تلفنی، تاکسی بی سیم، اتوبوس و مینی بوس می شود. فرودگاه یاسوج نیز در مسیر ...
[107]
https://www.isna.ir/news/1404012513423/
[108]
https://kebnanews.ir/vdcdjx0osyt0s96.2a2y.html
[109]
راه اندازی سیستم حمل و نقل عمومی یاسوج به دست معاون عمرانی بی توجهی ...
به گزارش کبنا نیوز، راه اندازی مجدد سیستم حمل و نقل عمومی یاسوج با ارزش 4 میلیارد ریال شامل 25 ایستگاه اتوبوس و 100 عدد تابلوی ایستگاه اتوبوس برای شهر یاسوج ...