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Nord Stream pipelines sabotage

The Nord Stream pipelines sabotage consisted of a series of underwater explosions on 26 September 2022 that ruptured three strands of the four pipelines—two from Nord Stream 1 and one from Nord Stream 2—located in the Baltic Sea near Bornholm, Denmark, rendering the infrastructure inoperable and causing significant methane releases into the atmosphere and seawater.^[1]^[2] Seismic recordings detected events equivalent to hundreds of kilograms of TNT detonated at depths of 70 to 80 meters, confirming deliberate sabotage rather than mechanical failure or natural causes.^[1]^[2] The pipelines, owned by the Russian company Nord Stream AG and designed to transport natural gas from Russia to Germany while bypassing Ukraine and Poland, had been largely idle since Russia's invasion of Ukraine earlier that year, with Nord Stream 2 never entering full commercial operation due to geopolitical tensions and certification halts.^[3] Investigations by Swedish, Danish, and German authorities independently verified the explosive nature of the damage through residue analysis, ROV inspections, and pressure telemetry, but Sweden and Denmark closed their probes in February 2024 without naming suspects, citing insufficient jurisdiction or evidence for prosecution.^[3] Germany's ongoing inquiry, however, has identified potential involvement of a small, non-state group of Ukrainian nationals operating from a chartered yacht, leading to an international arrest warrant for a key suspect—a diving instructor—detained in Poland in September 2025, though extradition remains contested amid political sensitivities.^[3]^[4]^[5] The absence of definitive attribution has fueled competing narratives, including state-sponsored operations by Western actors, Russian false-flag tactics, or opportunistic non-state sabotage, underscoring challenges in forensic attribution underwater and amid heightened geopolitical stakes during the Russia-Ukraine conflict.^[6]^[7] No conclusive evidence has publicly linked any government directly, with probes hampered by limited international cooperation and the politicization of intelligence assessments from sources prone to selective disclosure.^[6]

Background

Nord Stream Pipelines Overview

The Nord Stream pipelines are a pair of subsea natural gas transmission systems connecting Russia to Germany via the Baltic Sea, comprising Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2. Each system consists of two parallel pipelines with a combined annual capacity of 55 billion cubic meters (bcm) of gas, potentially totaling 110 bcm if fully operational.^[8] ^[9] The pipelines span approximately 1,200 kilometers from the Russian coast near Ust-Luga to the German landing point at Lubmin, avoiding transit through intervening countries.^[10] Nord Stream 1's construction began in April 2010, with the first line entering service in November 2011 and the second in October 2012, delivering gas from Russia's Yamal Peninsula fields.^[11] Ownership is held by Nord Stream AG, a consortium led by Russia's Gazprom (51% stake), alongside German firms Wintershall Dea and E.ON (each 15.5%), France's Engie (9%), Austria's OMV (8%), and Anglo-Dutch Shell (6%). Nord Stream 2 followed a similar route and technical specifications, with construction advancing intermittently from 2018 and reaching completion in September 2021, though it never commenced commercial operations due to regulatory and geopolitical developments.^[10] Its shareholders included Gazprom (50%) and the same European partners with adjusted stakes totaling 50%. The pipelines were engineered for high reliability, featuring 48-inch diameter steel pipes laid at depths up to 110 meters, secured by compressor stations maintaining pressure for efficient long-distance transport. By design, they bypassed Ukraine, Poland, and the Baltic states, enabling direct Russian exports to Western Europe and reducing reliance on aging Soviet-era onshore infrastructure prone to political disputes and transit fees.^[12] This routing enhanced Gazprom's control over delivery volumes but intensified debates over European energy dependence on Russia, as it diminished Ukraine's role as a key transit hub, which had generated billions in annual fees and provided geopolitical leverage.^[13] Prior to disruptions, Nord Stream 1 supplied about one-third of the European Union's Russian gas imports, underscoring its strategic role in continental energy supply.^[8]

Pre-Sabotage Geopolitical Context

The Nord Stream pipelines, comprising Nord Stream 1 operational since 2011 and Nord Stream 2 completed in September 2021, represented a strategic shift in Europe's natural gas supply dynamics by enabling direct undersea exports from Russia to Germany, bypassing traditional transit routes through Ukraine and Poland.^[14] Nord Stream 1 had an annual capacity of 55 billion cubic meters, accounting for a significant portion of Russia's pipeline gas deliveries to Europe, which supplied approximately 40% of the European Union's gas imports in 2021, with Germany relying on Russia for over 50% of its needs.^[15] This infrastructure enhanced Russia's leverage over European energy markets, as evidenced by prior supply disruptions during Russia-Ukraine gas disputes in 2006 and 2009, which indirectly affected European consumers and highlighted vulnerabilities in transit-dependent routes.^[16] Opposition to the pipelines, particularly Nord Stream 2, came from the United States, Ukraine, and Eastern European states, who argued that they would undermine regional energy security by increasing Europe's dependence on Russian supplies and depriving Ukraine of up to $2 billion in annual transit fees while allowing Russia to circumvent sanctions or political pressures via alternative routes.^[17] The U.S. imposed sanctions under the Protecting Europe's Energy Security Act (PEESA) in December 2019, targeting entities involved in the project to counter what it viewed as Russia's efforts to divide European allies and maintain economic influence despite geopolitical tensions, including the 2014 annexation of Crimea.^[18] Critics contended that the pipelines enabled Russia to weaponize energy, a tactic employed in responses to Ukraine's pro-Western shifts, exacerbating divisions within NATO and the EU over energy policy.^[19] Germany's pursuit of Nord Stream 2 under Chancellor Angela Merkel and continued by Olaf Scholz reflected a policy of Wandel durch Handel—change through trade—aiming to foster economic interdependence to moderate Russian behavior, despite warnings from allies about the risks of over-reliance on a single supplier amid escalating tensions in eastern Ukraine since 2014.^[19] Certification of Nord Stream 2 was suspended on February 22, 2022, just before Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24, amid mounting sanctions and Russia's demands for ruble payments and guarantees against further NATO expansion.^[20] In the preceding months, Russia had reduced gas flows through Nord Stream 1 citing technical maintenance, contributing to rising European prices and exposing the fragility of the arrangement as hybrid warfare and military buildups along Ukraine's borders intensified.^[21]

The Sabotage Event

Timeline of Explosions

On September 26, 2022, seismic stations across the region detected two distinct underwater explosion events in the Baltic Sea, near the Danish island of Bornholm, which damaged three of the four strands of the [Nord Stream 1](/page/Nord Stream 1) and 2 pipelines.^[22]^[3] The events, separated by approximately 17 hours, were classified as non-natural based on their impulsive waveforms and lack of corresponding earthquake signatures, with magnitudes around 2.1 to 2.3.^[23]^[24] The first event registered at 02:03:24 CEST (00:03:24 UTC), originating from a site southwest of Bornholm in international waters at depths of 70-80 meters, where multiple blasts—spaced seconds apart—ruptured both parallel pipes of Nord Stream 2, each about 250 millimeters in diameter.^[1]^[25] Seismic analysis indicated at least two to three closely timed detonations equivalent to hundreds of kilograms of explosives, causing immediate pressure drops and gas releases observed via satellite and aircraft monitoring.^[22]^[24] The second event occurred at 19:03:50 CEST (17:03:50 UTC), from a separate site northeast of Bornholm, also in international waters, where an explosion damaged one of the two pipes of Nord Stream 1, leaving the parallel strand intact.^[1]^[25] This detonation similarly produced a seismic signal consistent with an underwater blast, followed by visible gas plumes rising to the surface, detected over the subsequent days.^[23] No further explosions were recorded, though leaks persisted until early October 2022, releasing an estimated 100-500 million cubic meters of methane.^[26]

Initial Detection and Confirmation

On September 26, 2022, operators detected sudden pressure drops in the Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 pipelines, followed by visible gas leaks bubbling to the surface of the Baltic Sea near the Danish island of Bornholm.^[27]^[28] The first leak from Nord Stream 2 was observed in the early hours of that day in the Danish economic zone, with additional leaks emerging over the following days, totaling four sites across three of the four pipeline strings by September 29.^[7]^[1] Seismic stations in the region, including those in Denmark and Sweden, recorded two distinct events on September 26: the first at 02:03:24 CEST near the Nord Stream 2 pipelines (Event S), and the second at 19:03:50 CEST near Nord Stream 1 (Event N), with magnitudes equivalent to hundreds of kilograms of explosives based on initial analysis of the signals.^[1]^[29] These detections preceded public reports of the leaks and indicated underwater blasts rather than natural ruptures, as the signals showed characteristics of detonation-induced energy release followed by gas venting.^[27]^[29] Danish and Swedish authorities quickly issued maritime warnings and confirmed the leaks as deliberate acts, with Denmark's energy infrastructure agency stating on September 27 that explosions had occurred based on seismic data, ruling out technical faults.^[28]^[27] International observers, including seismologists, corroborated this through infrasonic and hydroacoustic data, which aligned with the timeline of the visible methane plumes rising from depths of 70-80 meters.^[29] By late September 27, multiple governments, including Germany, Poland, and the United States, expressed suspicions of sabotage, prompting joint investigations while emphasizing the need for forensic evidence over speculation.^[27]^[7]

Technical and Forensic Details

Damage Assessment

The sabotage resulted in ruptures to three of the four pipeline strands comprising Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2, located on the seabed of the Baltic Sea at depths of 70 to 110 meters. Both parallel strands of Nord Stream 1 were damaged, as was one strand of Nord Stream 2, while the second strand of Nord Stream 2 remained intact and pressurized.^[30]^[31] The explosion sites were concentrated near the Danish island of Bornholm, with initial blasts occurring at approximately 2:03 a.m. on September 26, 2022, followed by additional detonations up to 17 hours later in nearby Swedish economic exclusive zones.^[3]^[32] Seismic data recorded signals consistent with underwater explosions, including events with magnitudes of 2.1 to 2.3, equivalent to hundreds of kilograms of TNT per detonation.^[33] Forensic examinations by Swedish, Danish, and German authorities confirmed the presence of explosive residues at the sites, indicating deliberate placement of devices on or near the pipeline seams, likely by trained divers who excavated sediment to position the charges.^[34] The physical damage included large craters—such as one measuring 100 by 60 meters and 10 meters deep at the primary Nord Stream 2 rupture site—and breaches in the 48-centimeter-diameter steel pipes, shattering their protective concrete coatings and rendering the affected strands inoperable.^[32]^[35] The ruptures led to the release of approximately 800 million cubic meters of methane gas over several days, constituting the largest recorded single-event methane emission from human infrastructure, though the pipelines' structural integrity assessments focused primarily on confirming sabotage rather than long-term reparability.^[3] Damaged sections exhibited extensive deformation and fragmentation, complicating potential repairs, which Nord Stream AG estimated would require specialized underwater operations but has not fully pursued amid ongoing investigations.^[36]

Sabotage Methods and Capabilities

The sabotage of the Nord Stream pipelines was executed through the underwater detonation of man-made explosive charges placed externally on or adjacent to the pipelines on the seabed. Investigations by Swedish authorities confirmed in November 2022 that the breaches resulted from deliberate explosions rather than natural causes or mechanical failure. Seismic data from regional monitoring stations recorded four distinct events on 26 September 2022, with local magnitudes ranging from 1.9 to 3.0, corresponding to yields equivalent to 100-400 kg of TNT per detonation. German forensic analysis identified HMX (also known as octogen), a high-velocity military-grade explosive more powerful than TNT and suitable for underwater applications due to its stability under pressure, as a key component; traces of this substance were recovered from the site and linked materials. Reports from the ongoing German probe detail the use of four timed devices, each weighing 14-27 kg and incorporating a mixture of HMX and RDX (hexogen), equipped with delayed-action detonators to allow for remote deployment and evasion.^[1]^[24]^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40] The explosions inflicted targeted damage, creating large breaches in the steel casings of three pipelines (two from Nord Stream 1 and one from Nord Stream 2), with the blasts severing the pipes and displacing surrounding concrete coatings over spans of several meters. This external placement method—rather than internal sabotage via pipeline "pigs" or other transit devices—required precise seabed positioning to maximize structural failure while minimizing extraneous debris, as evidenced by the localized nature of the ruptures. The operations occurred at depths of approximately 70-90 meters in the Baltic Sea, where water pressures exceed 7-9 atmospheres, demanding explosives engineered for hydrodynamic efficiency to propagate shockwaves effectively through water and sediment.^[36]^[41] Such sabotage underscores advanced underwater operational capabilities, including the ability to navigate and attach charges in low-visibility, current-influenced environments patrolled by naval and commercial shipping. Deployment likely involved either human divers employing mixed-gas or saturation diving systems for extended bottom times, or unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) with manipulators for precise handling—technologies typically held by state militaries or specialized private firms. The use of low-signature vessels for approach, combined with timed fuzes, indicates proficiency in covert logistics, electronic timing resistant to saltwater corrosion, and area denial countermeasures to avoid detection by sonar or aerial surveillance. No non-state actor without military backing has publicly demonstrated comparable precision in open-sea explosive delivery at these depths, highlighting the threshold of technical sophistication required.^[42]^[43]

Official Investigations

Swedish Probe

The Swedish Prosecution Authority initiated an investigation into the Nord Stream pipeline explosions on September 27, 2022, classifying the incident as gross sabotage under Swedish law, following preliminary assessments by the Swedish Armed Forces and National Defence Radio Establishment that confirmed deliberate detonations in international waters within Sweden's exclusive economic zone.^[44] Swedish divers and investigators recovered foreign objects from the seabed near the explosion sites, including items bearing traces of explosives consistent with military-grade materials such as HMX (octogen), which supported the sabotage determination but did not immediately yield perpetrator identification.^[45] By November 18, 2022, lead prosecutor Mats Ljungqvist publicly affirmed that the damage to both Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines resulted from sabotage, based on forensic analysis of the recovered objects and seismic data indicating powerful, targeted blasts rather than accidental failure or natural causes.^[46] The probe involved coordination with Danish authorities, who were investigating parallel leaks in their economic zone, and emphasized empirical evidence from hydroacoustic sensors and visual inspections confirming at least four distinct explosions between September 26 and 27, 2022.^[47] In April 2023, Swedish officials stated that the sophistication of the operation—requiring advanced underwater capabilities and precise explosive placement—pointed to a state actor as the most probable perpetrator, though no specific nation or group was named, reflecting caution amid geopolitical sensitivities.^[48] The investigation progressed without identifying suspects or establishing a direct link to Swedish jurisdiction, as the pipelines were foreign-owned and the blasts occurred outside territorial waters. On February 7, 2024, the Swedish Prosecution Authority announced the closure of the probe, determining that Sweden lacked legal authority to prosecute due to the absence of Swedish nationals or assets as targets, and transferred all seized evidence—including analyzed debris and forensic reports—to German investigators, who maintained an active case.^[49] This conclusion aligned with Denmark's simultaneous closure of its inquiry on the same jurisdictional grounds, leaving attribution unresolved at the Swedish level despite confirmation of intentional state-level sabotage.^[50]

Danish Inquiry

The Danish investigation into the Nord Stream pipeline explosions was initiated shortly after the incidents on September 26–27, 2022, as the leaks occurred within Denmark's exclusive economic zone in the Baltic Sea, approximately 20 kilometers southeast of Bornholm island.^[51] ^[52] Danish authorities, led by the police and supported by the Danish Energy Agency, coordinated with Swedish and German investigators to examine the sites, recovering debris and analyzing seismic and acoustic data indicating powerful underwater explosions equivalent to hundreds of kilograms of explosives.^[7] ^[6] Forensic analysis confirmed that the damage resulted from deliberate sabotage using explosives placed on the pipelines, with no evidence of natural causes or accidental failure.^[51] ^[53] In a joint letter to the United Nations Security Council on February 21, 2023, Denmark, alongside Germany and Sweden, affirmed that "powerful explosions due to sabotage" were responsible for the ruptures in both Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 pipelines.^[54] The probe involved international cooperation, including sharing of evidence such as pipeline fragments and explosion residues, but focused on Danish jurisdiction without yielding identifiable suspects or actionable leads within its legal framework.^[55] ^[52] On February 26, 2024, Danish police announced the closure of the investigation, stating that while sabotage was unequivocally established, there were insufficient grounds to pursue criminal proceedings in Denmark due to jurisdictional limitations and lack of evidence tying perpetrators to Danish territory.^[51] ^[53] ^[55] Authorities emphasized that relevant findings, including potential perpetrator identification, were forwarded to Germany, whose probe continued, reflecting Denmark's assessment that the acts originated outside its prosecutorial scope.^[52] ^[56] This outcome mirrored Sweden's concurrent closure of its parallel inquiry, leaving attribution unresolved at the national level despite technical confirmation of state-level capabilities required for the operation.^[51] ^[55]

German Investigation

The German investigation into the Nord Stream sabotage, led by the Federal Public Prosecutor General (Generalbundesanwalt), began shortly after the September 26, 2022, explosions and confirmed deliberate sabotage through powerful explosions targeting three of the four pipelines in the Baltic Sea.^[7] Forensic analysis identified hexogen-based explosives at the blast sites, with seismic data indicating at least four detonations equivalent to hundreds of kilograms of TNT.^[3] In January 2023, German authorities searched the yacht Andromeda, rented under a Polish proxy in Rostock, Germany, days before the sabotage, finding traces of the same explosives used in the attack.^[3] The probe centered on a small team of civilian Ukrainian divers, ruling out involvement by state actors from Russia, Ukraine, the United States, or NATO allies based on available evidence.^[57] By mid-2024, investigators identified a pro-Ukrainian group operating independently, motivated by opposition to Russian energy exports to Europe.^[58] Key developments included an August 2024 arrest warrant for Volodymyr Z., a Ukrainian diving instructor suspected of diving to plant the devices.^[59] In August 2025, Serhii K., another Ukrainian, was arrested on charges of coordinating the operation with a team of five divers using the Andromeda to access the pipelines at depths of 70-80 meters.^[60] ^[61] On September 30, 2025, Volodymyr Zhuravlov, a trained diver linked to a Kyiv diving school, was detained in Poland on a German warrant for allegedly placing the explosives; however, a Polish court rejected extradition on October 17, 2025, citing national interests and releasing him.^[62] ^[63] ^[64] As of September 2025, the investigation had identified seven suspects, including former instructors from a private Ukrainian diving firm, with evidence tracing funding to a Ukrainian businessman via cryptocurrency donations totaling around 300,000 euros.^[65] The case remains active, with German prosecutors pursuing international cooperation despite geopolitical tensions complicating extraditions.^[66] No conclusive links to Ukrainian state intelligence have been established, emphasizing the operation's non-state character.^[54]

Other National and International Efforts

No formal international investigation into the Nord Stream sabotage was established, despite calls from Russia for a United Nations-led commission of inquiry. In March 2023, the UN Security Council rejected a Russian draft resolution proposing such a body, with Western members citing ongoing national probes by Denmark, Germany, and Sweden as sufficient.^[67] Subsequent UN Security Council briefings in February 2023, August 2025, and October 2024 discussed the incident, emphasizing the need for transparency but yielding no new investigative mechanisms or attributions, as delegates urged avoidance of speculation amid unresolved questions.^[68]^[6]^[7] Poland played a limited role through the 2024 arrest of Ukrainian national Volodymyr Zhuravlov, suspected by German prosecutors of involvement in the sabotage via a rented yacht operation. A Warsaw court refused Germany's extradition request in October 2025, deeming evidence insufficient and releasing him from custody, which impeded the German probe but did not constitute a separate Polish investigation.^[62]^[69] Polish officials expressed views that the sabotage weakened Russian energy leverage over Europe, aligning with national interests in diversifying away from Russian gas.^[70] Norway, sharing the Baltic Sea region, enhanced security for its own subsea infrastructure post-incident, deploying vessels to inspect pipelines like Europipe II in October 2022 due to sabotage fears. However, Oslo launched no independent probe into the [Nord Stream](/page/Nord Stream) blasts, focusing instead on domestic critical infrastructure protection amid heightened regional tensions.^[71] Other nations, including the United States and United Kingdom, issued intelligence assessments attributing the sabotage to non-state actors but conducted no public criminal investigations, deferring to European jurisdictions with territorial claims.^[72] No evidence emerged of coordinated multilateral forensic efforts beyond evidence-sharing among the primary investigators.

Attribution Hypotheses and Evidence

Evidence Pointing to Ukrainian Actors

German investigations have identified a group of Ukrainian nationals as primary suspects in the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipelines on September 26, 2022. Traces of subsea explosives were detected on a table inside the chartered yacht Andromeda, rented from Rostock, Germany, in early September 2022 by individuals using false identities. The vessel, a 15-meter Bavaria C50 sailboat, was sailed into the Baltic Sea near the explosion sites, where it is believed a small team of divers planted the devices. Witnesses reported the Andromeda as the only yacht in a nearby Swedish harbor displaying a small Ukrainian flag.^[73]^[63] A Wall Street Journal investigation detailed the operation as a low-budget effort funded by Ukrainian businessmen and overseen by a senior military intelligence officer, Roman Chervinsky. The plan originated in May 2022 among Ukrainian officers celebrating the sinking of the Russian cruiser Moskva, with initial approval from President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who later attempted to halt it following U.S. intelligence warnings. The six-member team, including two women for cover, included experienced divers who transported explosives hidden in modified suitcases aboard the Andromeda. Ukrainian authorities have denied state involvement, asserting any actions were unsanctioned by rogue actors.^[74] German federal prosecutors issued European arrest warrants for two Ukrainian suspects: Volodymyr Zhuravlev, a diving instructor accused of participating in the yacht-based operation, and another identified as Serhii K., suspected of leadership. Zhuravlev was detained in Poland on September 30, 2025, but released by a Warsaw court on October 17, 2025, defying extradition requests, citing risks to his safety amid the ongoing war. Location data, IP addresses, and communication records traced to Ukraine further corroborated the suspects' movements and planning. Earlier media reports, including from Die Zeit and Der Spiegel, highlighted Ukrainian-owned diving firms in Poland supplying equipment, with IP traces linking plotters to Kyiv.^[75]^[76]^[77] Forensic analysis by Swedish and German authorities confirmed the sabotage required specialized diving capabilities consistent with the suspects' profiles, ruling out amateur execution despite the operation's improvised nature. The German probe, ongoing as of October 2025, has amassed evidence including yacht rental documents under aliases tied to Ukrainian nationals and explosive residue matching HMX used in the blasts. While no charges have been filed due to jurisdictional hurdles and suspect locations, the accumulation of digital, physical, and testimonial evidence has directed scrutiny toward Ukrainian military-linked operatives rather than state adversaries like Russia.^[78]^[79]

Claims of Russian Self-Sabotage

Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki described the September 26, 2022, explosions damaging the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines as "an act of sabotage" that "probably marks the next step of escalation of the hybrid war unleashed by Russia against Europe."^[80] ^[81] Similar attributions came from Ukrainian officials, who accused Russia of orchestrating the attack to frame Kyiv or the West amid the ongoing invasion of Ukraine.^[82] These claims positioned the sabotage as a Russian false flag operation, potentially aimed at sowing discord among NATO allies or justifying further energy weaponization after Moscow had already curtailed gas flows through Nord Stream 1 citing maintenance issues.^[83] Proponents of Russian responsibility speculated on motives such as permanently disabling the pipelines to eliminate leverage for future gas supply negotiations with Europe, especially as sanctions might ease post-conflict, or to claim insurance payouts on the €11 billion infrastructure while avoiding delivery obligations.^[84] Others suggested it served as a demonstration of Russia's undersea sabotage capabilities, warning against interference with its Baltic Sea assets like the annexed Crimea bridge.^[84] Poland's longstanding opposition to the [Nord Stream](/page/Nord Stream) projects—viewing them as a "brutal German-Russian alliance" bypassing Ukrainian transit routes and enhancing Moscow's leverage—lent contextual bias to Warsaw's accusations, aligning with its pre-war criticisms of the pipelines as a security threat.^[85] The Kremlin rejected these assertions outright, with spokesman Dmitry Peskov labeling claims of Russian involvement "stupid" and insisting on awaiting impartial investigations, while emphasizing that Moscow had no incentive to destroy its own export infrastructure amid lost revenues exceeding €100 billion from halted European gas sales since 2022.^[86] No public forensic evidence, such as explosive residues or vessel traces linking to Russian assets, has been proffered by accusers to substantiate self-sabotage; official probes by Sweden, Denmark, and Germany have instead pursued leads on non-state actors, including Ukrainian nationals, without implicating Moscow.^[44] This absence of empirical support underscores the speculative nature of the claims, which appear driven more by geopolitical antagonism than causal evidence.

Allegations Against the United States and NATO Allies

In February 2023, investigative journalist Seymour Hersh published an article alleging that the United States orchestrated the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipelines through a covert naval operation. According to Hersh, citing a single anonymous source with direct knowledge, U.S. Navy divers from the USS Kearsarge planted C4 explosives on the pipelines during the NATO BALTOPS 2022 exercise in the [Baltic Sea](/page/Baltic Sea) in June 2022, with the charges remotely detonated on September 26, 2022, via a sonar buoy dropped by a Norwegian P-8 Poseidon aircraft.^[87] Hersh claimed the operation was authorized by President Joe Biden and National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan to disrupt Europe's reliance on Russian natural gas amid the ongoing Ukraine conflict, though he provided no documentary evidence or corroborating witnesses.^[87] The White House categorically denied Hersh's account, labeling it "utterly false and complete fiction," while emphasizing that the U.S. had no involvement in the explosions.^[88] Critics, including mainstream U.S. media outlets, questioned the report's reliability due to its reliance on one unnamed source and absence of verifiable details, noting Hersh's history of controversial claims but also his past Pulitzer Prize-winning journalism on other national security matters.^[88] Norwegian officials similarly rejected any role in detonation, with no independent evidence emerging to substantiate Hersh's narrative despite its circulation in international forums like the United Nations Security Council.^[68] Russian government officials have repeatedly accused the United States and its NATO allies of responsibility, framing the sabotage as an act to escalate energy dependence on American liquefied natural gas exports. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov cited U.S. motives in undermining Russian energy leverage over Europe, while Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov specifically implicated Anglo-Saxon interests, including the UK, in potential involvement.^[89] In September 2022, Russian investigators claimed traces of British-made explosives at the site, though these assertions remain unverified by Western probes and align with Moscow's broader narrative of NATO aggression without forensic backing from neutral parties.^[90] Some European Parliament members, invoking Hersh's reporting, raised parliamentary questions in early 2023 about possible U.S.-Norwegian complicity, urging the European Commission to investigate NATO's role given the pipelines' location in allied waters.^[91] However, no official NATO body has acknowledged or probed these claims internally, and ongoing national investigations by Sweden, Denmark, and Germany have not publicly endorsed U.S. or allied involvement, instead focusing on other actors amid a lack of conclusive attribution.^[92] These allegations persist amid geopolitical tensions but lack empirical corroboration beyond circumstantial motives, such as the U.S. push for LNG sales to Europe, which increased post-sabotage but do not prove causation.^[93]

Alternative Theories and Unresolved Questions

Several theories have posited involvement by other European actors beyond the primary hypotheses, citing geopolitical opposition to the pipelines. Polish officials had long criticized Nord Stream as a tool of Russian influence, and the sabotage occurred one day after Poland and Norway inaugurated the Baltic Pipe on September 25, 2022, which bypassed Russian gas routes. The yacht Andromeda, implicated in investigative reports as the possible staging vessel for divers, was rented from a Polish company with ties to Ukrainian figures, raising questions about potential Polish awareness or facilitation, though no direct evidence of state involvement has emerged.^[94] German authorities accused Poland in 2024 of obstructing their probe by harboring suspects and refusing cooperation, including the denial of extradition for a Ukrainian diver in October 2025, which Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk justified as not serving Poland's or justice's interests.^[95]^[96] Speculation has also included British special forces, drawing from broader accusations against NATO allies, but such claims lack empirical support and stem largely from Russian narratives without verifiable traces like those linked to the Andromeda.^[97] Some analysts have proposed a false-flag operation designed to implicate Ukraine and strain Western unity, as suggested by German officials in 2023, potentially orchestrated by Russian elements to exploit divisions, though seismic data and residue analysis point to deliberate explosive placement inconsistent with internal pipeline failure.^[98] These alternatives remain marginal, undermined by the absence of physical evidence such as vessel logs or diver forensics tying non-Ukrainian states directly to the September 26, 2022, blasts at 70-80 meters depth near Bornholm Island.^[99] Unresolved questions persist regarding technical feasibility and perpetrator capability. Doubts linger over how a small team, potentially using a 15-meter chartered yacht like Andromeda, could deploy sufficient explosives—estimated at hundreds of kilograms—for precise cuts to three pipelines without detection by regional naval patrols, including Russian and Danish vessels spotted nearby days prior.^[73]^[100] Experts question the equipment needs, such as heavy cranes or submersibles for depth operations, which exceed typical civilian diving resources.^[72] Investigative opacity fuels further ambiguity: Sweden and Denmark closed their probes in February 2024 without attributing blame, citing insufficient evidence for prosecution, while Germany's ongoing inquiry has issued warrants for Ukrainian suspects like Volodymyr Z. but faces extradition blocks and limited public disclosure.^[101] As of August 2025, a Ukrainian suspect was arrested in Italy, yet broader coordination—possibly state-sanctioned or freelance—remains unclarified, with intelligence leaks multiplying suspicions without resolution.^[102]^[100] The lack of international accountability, despite UN Security Council discussions, underscores tensions over motive attribution, as no party has claimed responsibility and repairs to the damaged lines remain partial.^[54]

Consequences

Environmental and Ecological Effects

The sabotage of the Nord Stream pipelines on September 26, 2022, resulted in the release of up to 485,000 tonnes of methane, marking the largest single human-caused emission event of this potent greenhouse gas on record.^[103] Approximately 94.9% of the leaked methane entered the atmosphere directly, with an additional 5% volatilizing from seawater over time, contributing an estimated climate forcing equivalent to the annual CO2 emissions of several million vehicles.^[104] The leaks originated from three of the four pipelines in the Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea, creating visible surface plumes and subsurface methane concentrations up to four orders of magnitude above background levels within a week.^[105] Ecologically, the explosions generated underwater shockwaves that posed acute risks to marine mammals, with seals and harbor porpoises within a 4 km radius facing high potential for injury or mortality from blast overpressure and noise.^[106] An estimated 10,000 to 55,000 tonnes of methane dissolved into the seawater, altering the microbial food web by fueling methanotrophic bacteria, which could lead to localized oxygen drawdown in the already hypoxic Baltic Sea.^[107] Methane plumes dispersed across approximately 14% of Baltic Sea surface waters and affected 23 marine protected areas, though no widespread fish kills or ecosystem collapse were reported in subsequent monitoring.^[108]^[109] Long-term assessments indicate that while the atmospheric methane pulse exacerbates short-term radiative forcing, microbial oxidation in the water column mitigated some dissolution effects, with the Baltic's enclosed nature amplifying potential bioaccumulation in sediments.^[110] Germany's Federal Environment Agency characterized the event as causing "significant climate damage," but empirical data from integrated carbon observation systems refined emission estimates to 465,000 ± 20,000 metric tons, underscoring the event's scale relative to prior leaks like Aliso Canyon.^[111]^[112]

Energy Market Disruptions and Economic Costs

The sabotage of the Nord Stream pipelines on September 26, 2022, exacerbated Europe's preexisting energy crisis, which had intensified after Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine prompted supply cuts and sanctions. Nord Stream 1 had already been indefinitely halted by Gazprom on September 2, 2022, citing turbine issues, while Nord Stream 2 remained uncertified and unused; however, the explosions damaged three of four pipeline strands, permanently foreclosing any near-term resumption of the roughly 55 billion cubic meters of annual Russian gas capacity those lines represented, equivalent to about 12% of Europe's total gas demand prior to the crisis.^[20]^[113] European gas markets reacted swiftly with heightened volatility and price spikes; the benchmark Dutch TTF natural gas futures contract surged up to 10% in the days immediately following the announcement of the leaks, driven by fears of irreversible infrastructure loss amid ongoing supply constraints.^[114] This uncertainty amplified reliance on spot LNG cargoes, with Europe accelerating imports from the United States, Qatar, and Norway—U.S. LNG exports to Europe reached record levels in late 2022, displacing potential pipeline volumes but at premiums of $20-30 per million British thermal units over pre-crisis Russian piped gas.^[94]^[115] The combined effect of pipeline shutdowns and sabotage resulted in an estimated 28.5 billion cubic meter shortfall in Russian gas supplies to Europe for 2022, compelling industrial rationing, particularly in energy-intensive sectors like German chemicals and steel, where production curtailed by up to 20% in Q4 2022 due to elevated costs.^[116] Overall economic burdens included hundreds of billions of euros in additional household and industrial energy expenditures across the EU, with Germany's GDP growth shaved by 0.5-1 percentage points in 2023 partly attributable to sustained high prices, though disentangling sabotage-specific impacts from broader war-induced disruptions remains challenging as markets had already decoupled from cheap Russian volumes.^[113]^[117] Longer-term, the incident locked in structural shifts toward LNG terminals and renewables, with EU member states committing over €50 billion in emergency subsidies and infrastructure by mid-2023 to mitigate shortages, but at the cost of trade imbalances favoring LNG exporters and persistent inflationary echoes into 2024.^[118] Critics, including Russian officials, have attributed much of Europe's recessionary pressures—such as slowed manufacturing output and elevated unemployment in import-dependent nations—to the sabotage's elimination of reversible pipeline options, though empirical analyses emphasize that sanctions and voluntary diversification predated the event and would likely have precluded restarts regardless.^[119]

Pipeline Repairs and Operational Status

Following the sabotage on September 26, 2022, which ruptured both lines of Nord Stream 1 (NS1) and one line of Nord Stream 2 (NS2), initial efforts focused on containing gas leaks rather than full restoration. Gas emissions ceased naturally within days as pipeline pressures equalized, with no immediate repair operations authorized due to ongoing investigations and security concerns.^[3] By late 2022, operator Gazprom assessed technical feasibility for repairs but cited Western sanctions as a barrier, preventing access to necessary equipment and services from firms like Siemens.^[120] Long-term repair plans stalled amid geopolitical tensions. NS1, which had been offline since August 2022 due to reduced flows and turbine issues, remained unaddressed, with both lines unrepaired after over three years.^[9] For NS2, completed in September 2021 but never commissioned due to German suspension amid Russia's Ukraine invasion, a Danish permit for repair work expired in September 2025 without progress.^[121] In January 2025, Denmark approved limited preservation measures for the damaged NS2 line, including installation of plugs at open ends to avert further deterioration or uncontrolled gas release, but this did not restore integrity or enable flows.^[122] As of October 2025, both pipelines remain inoperable. NS2's undamaged line (Pipe B), pre-filled with gas, has been highlighted by Russian officials as potentially activatable "quickly" or even "right now," subject to political decisions.^[123]^[124] However, European Union opposition, reinforced by proposals to amend regulations blocking Russian gas infrastructure use, and persistent sanctions have precluded resumption, with early 2023 reports indicating intentions to seal and mothball the systems indefinitely.^[125]^[126] Discussions between Russia and the United States on potential restarts, noted in March 2025, yielded no concrete advancements.^[127]

Global Reactions

Responses from European Nations

European leaders initially characterized the September 26, 2022, explosions damaging the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines as sabotage, with the European Union stating the incidents were "not a coincidence" and likely deliberate acts requiring the "strongest possible response."^[128]^[129] European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen described the damage as sabotage following consultations with Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen, emphasizing threats to Europe's energy infrastructure.^[130] NATO expressed deep concern over the sabotage in international waters, viewing it as an attack on critical energy infrastructure and pledging support for investigations while urging restraint to avoid escalation.^[131] Sweden, Denmark, and Germany launched parallel investigations into the blasts near their territorial waters. Swedish prosecutors confirmed traces of explosives at the sites in November 2022 but closed their probe in February 2024, citing lack of jurisdiction over the foreign-flagged vessel potentially involved and transferring evidence to Germany.^[132]^[50] Denmark similarly concluded in February 2024 that the pipelines were deliberately sabotaged via powerful explosions but found insufficient grounds to pursue a criminal case domestically, also handing materials to Germany.^[52]^[53] Germany's investigation persisted, with Chancellor Olaf Scholz labeling the act terrorism in September 2024; by August 2024, federal prosecutors issued an arrest warrant for a Ukrainian national suspected of planting explosives, alleging coordination with others using a yacht.^[7]^[59] Germany's efforts to extradite suspects faced resistance from other European states. In September 2025, Polish authorities detained a Ukrainian diver linked to the operation but rejected Berlin's extradition request in October 2025, with Prime Minister Donald Tusk opposing handover and Poland's security services deeming non-prosecution of alleged saboteurs a "vital interest" given prior warnings about Russian energy leverage via the pipelines.^[66]^[133]^[4] An Italian court likewise blocked extradition of another Ukrainian suspect in October 2025, citing risks of unfair treatment.^[134] Poland and Baltic states, long opponents of Nord Stream for increasing Europe's Russian gas dependence, had viewed the pipelines as security risks, with some Polish officials framing the sabotage as strategically beneficial despite the lack of attribution consensus.^[135]^[70] In response to the sabotage, nations like Norway enhanced military protections for their subsea energy assets, deploying naval forces to deter similar threats amid heightened vigilance over hybrid attacks on infrastructure.^[136] The incidents prompted broader EU discussions on securing critical infrastructure, though unified attribution remained elusive, with joint letters from Denmark, Germany, and Sweden to the UN in February 2023 confirming explosions without naming perpetrators.^[7]

Positions of Russia and Ukraine

Russia has consistently denied responsibility for the Nord Stream sabotage, asserting that it lacked motive since Russia could have simply halted gas flows through the pipelines, which it had already reduced prior to the September 26, 2022, explosions.^[137] Russian officials, including President Vladimir Putin, have accused Western nations—particularly the United States and United Kingdom—of orchestrating the attacks to undermine Europe's energy ties with Russia and escalate the Ukraine conflict.^[138] On September 30, 2022, Putin described the incident as an "idiotic and, to be frank, murderous act" by the West during a speech at the Energy Week forum in Moscow.^[138] The Kremlin has endorsed investigative reports alleging U.S. involvement, such as Seymour Hersh's February 2023 claim of a U.S. Navy operation, and accused British intelligence of coordination. Russia has criticized ongoing national probes by Sweden, Denmark, and Germany for excluding Russian participation and pushed for a United Nations-led international investigation, convening Security Council meetings in February 2023 and October 2024 to demand accountability for what it terms "international terrorism."^[139]^[7] Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated in August 2024 that evidence points to U.S. orchestration, dismissing alternative narratives as diversions.^[140] Ukraine has firmly rejected any involvement in the pipeline explosions, with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stating in a June 2023 interview with Bild that he would "never" order such an action, emphasizing his authority to issue commands but denying any directive for sabotage.^[141] Ukrainian officials have accused Russia of masterminding the blasts as a false-flag operation to frame Kyiv and justify further aggression, with Zelenskyy's adviser Mykhailo Podolyak calling initial Western intelligence leaks in March 2023 "absolute nonsense" and "Russian propaganda" reliant on unverified anonymous sources.^[142] Following Wall Street Journal reports in August 2024 alleging a Ukrainian-planned operation approved by Zelenskyy (later reportedly halted after CIA warnings), Kyiv reiterated denials of state knowledge or participation, labeling the claims fabricated to undermine Ukraine's position amid its defense against Russia.^[143] Ukraine has maintained that Russia, as the pipelines' operator with access to the infrastructure, benefits from sowing discord in Europe by disrupting its own export routes while blaming adversaries.^[144] Despite these positions, German authorities issued an arrest warrant in June 2024 for a Ukrainian diving instructor suspected of scouting the sites, with Poland detaining another Ukrainian national in 2025 linked to the plot, though Kyiv contests the validity of such accusations without conclusive public evidence tying them to official orders.^[69]

Views from the United States and NATO

The North Atlantic Council issued a statement on September 29, 2022, expressing deep concern over the damage to the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines in the Baltic Sea, attributing it to deliberate, reckless, and irresponsible acts of sabotage based on available information at the time.^[131] The alliance emphasized the need for a full and transparent investigation, holding those responsible accountable under international law, and warned that any deliberate attack against critical infrastructure would be met with a united and determined response, underscoring NATO's readiness to defend allies.^[131] While not attributing culpability to a specific actor, NATO framed the incident within broader hybrid threats to undersea infrastructure, prompting enhanced maritime patrols and critical infrastructure protection measures in the Baltic region.^[84] United States officials, including President Joe Biden, described the explosions on September 30, 2022, as a deliberate act of sabotage, rejecting Russian narratives that sought to implicate the West and calling for accountability.^[145] The Biden administration consistently denied any U.S. involvement, dismissing allegations—such as those in Seymour Hersh's February 2023 Substack report claiming a U.S.-led covert operation—as "utterly false" and unsupported by evidence.^[146] In UN Security Council briefings, U.S. representatives condemned the sabotage while rejecting politicization of the incident, stressing the importance of impartial investigations over unsubstantiated claims.^[147] U.S. intelligence assessments, as reported in early 2023, pointed to a possible pro-Ukrainian group acting independently rather than state-directed actors from NATO members, though officials urged caution against speculation amid ongoing probes.^[148] Secretary of State Antony Blinken characterized the event in April 2023 as a "tremendous opportunity" to diminish Europe's reliance on Russian energy, aligning with long-standing U.S. policy opposition to the pipelines, but without endorsing theories of Western orchestration.^[149] NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg echoed this restraint in March 2023, advocating patience for verified findings over premature attributions, even as reports of non-state perpetrators emerged.^[148] By 2024, both entities maintained focus on bolstering undersea security, viewing the sabotage as emblematic of vulnerabilities exploited in hybrid conflicts, without conclusive public attribution.^[150]

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Not in Poland's interest to give Germany Nord Stream suspect, Tusk ...
Oct 7, 2025 · It is not in Poland's interest to hand over a Ukrainian man wanted by Germany for suspected involvement in explosions which damaged the Nord ...Missing: theories | Show results with:theories
[98]
Online Sleuths Untangle the Mystery of the Nord Stream Sabotage
Mar 20, 2023 · Russia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and an unnamed pro-Ukrainian group have all been accused of planting explosives on the Baltic Sea ...
[99]
https://www.nzz.ch/english/the-nord-stream-sabotage-mystery-a-reconstruction-ld.1843733
[100]
The Nord Stream sabotage mystery: A reconstruction - NZZ
Aug 20, 2024 · Divergent theories have attributed responsibility for the 2022 Nord Stream explosions to Russia, Ukraine and the United States.
[101]
Suspicions Multiply as Nord Stream Sabotage Remains Unsolved
Apr 13, 2023 · Intelligence leaks surrounding the sabotage of the pipelines have provided more questions than answers. It may be in no one's interest to reveal more.
[102]
https://www.dw.com/en/nord-stream-sabotage-arrest-raises-difficult-questions/a-73731229
[103]
Nord Stream sabotage: Arrest raises difficult questions - DW
Aug 22, 2025 · German investigators suggest a Ukrainian suspect arrested in connection with the sabotage of the gas pipelines might have links to the ...Missing: alternative | Show results with:alternative
[104]
Pipeline blasts released record-shattering amount of methane - UNEP
Jan 15, 2025 · Up to 485,000 tonnes of methane seeped from the pipeline network following a series of explosions under the Baltic Sea in September of 2022.Missing: details | Show results with:details
[105]
Fate of Methane from the Nord Stream Pipeline Leaks
Sep 7, 2023 · Overall, 94.9% of the methane that leaked from the Nord Stream pipelines immediately entered the atmosphere, and an additional 5.0% volatilized ...
[106]
Methane plume detection after the 2022 Nord Stream pipeline ...
Jun 19, 2024 · A week post-explosion, we detected methane concentrations up to 4 orders of magnitude above the natural Baltic Sea background.
[107]
Environmental impact of the explosion of the Nord Stream pipelines
Nov 14, 2023 · This paper assesses the overlooked direct impact of the explosions on the marine ecosystem. Seals and porpoises within a radius of four km would be at high ...
[108]
Nord Stream Methane Leak: Environmental Impact on Baltic Sea ...
Jun 20, 2024 · Nord Stream methane leak: Scientists estimate 10000-55000 tonnes of methane dissolved in seawater, affecting Baltic sea microbial food web.
[109]
Nord Stream methane leaks spread across 14% of Baltic waters
Jan 15, 2025 · On September 26, 2022 four explosions damaged the pipelines, and in consequence, three pipelines started to leak in the Bornholm Basin.
[110]
Nord Stream Pipeline Attack In 2022 Led To Biggest Single Human ...
Jan 16, 2025 · The leak impacted 23 marine protected areas in the Baltic Sea.
[111]
A bottom-up emission estimate for the 2022 Nord Stream gas leak
Apr 19, 2024 · A major release of methane from the Nord Stream pipelines occurred in the Baltic Sea on 26 September 2022. Elevated levels of methane were recorded at many ...
[112]
Nord Stream gas pipeline leaks lead to “significant climate damage”
Sep 29, 2022 · Leaking methane from the damaged Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines is likely to lead to “significant climate damage”, Germany's Federal Environment Agency (UBA) ...
[113]
ICOS data helped quantify methane emissions from Nord Stream ...
Feb 5, 2025 · The study found that 465 ± 20 thousand metric tons of methane were released into the atmosphere due to the Nord Stream pipeline leaks.Missing: sabotage | Show results with:sabotage
[114]
Nord Stream blasts: Three years on, Germany counts the cost - Europe
Sep 27, 2025 · The twin Nord Stream 1 pipelines once carried 55 billion cubic meters of Russian gas a year, providing a major share of Europe's demand and ...
[115]
'Act of Sabotage' Hits Europe's Energy and Stocks Markets
Sep 28, 2022 · Natural gas prices soared in Europe and stocks fell, as officials investigate the causes of the Nordstream 1 and 2 gas pipeline explosions.
[116]
Nord stream 2, geopolitical conflicts and energy security: Evidence ...
Dec 30, 2024 · Therefore, Nord Stream 2 became a trigger for the U.S. sanctions against Russia, increasing the geopolitical conflicts among U.S., Europe and ...
[117]
Russia's Gas Export Strategy and EU Market Upheaval - Enerdata
Jul 24, 2023 · Overall, the closing and sabotage of Nord Stream caused an estimated supply loss of 28.5 bcm in 2022. The impact exceeded north-west market ...
[118]
European Economic impacts of cutting energy imports from Russia
The share of Russian gas in total gas imports fell from a weekly average of 35% in the first 21 weeks of 2020 and 2021 to 24% in the same period of 2022.
[119]
Corking Russian Gas | Cato Institute
Aug 17, 2023 · Gas piped to Turkey under the Black Sea and onward to Europe continues, but the September 2022 sabotage of the Nord Stream pipelines eliminated ...Corking Russian Gas · Fueling Europe · Pipeline Politics In The...
[120]
At Security Council Meeting on Sabotage of Nord Stream Pipeline ...
Oct 4, 2024 · Two years after the September 2022 explosions that severely damaged the Nord Stream 1 and 2 natural gas pipelines in the Baltic Sea, the Security Council met ...
[121]
What Happened to Nord Stream Pipelines? — Sputnik Explains
Sep 26, 2025 · German company Siemens was ready to repair the issues, but it was impossible due to Western sanctions. ... In August 2025, a Ukrainian national, ...
[122]
Nord Stream 2 Repair Permit Expires Soon - Energy Intelligence
Sep 9, 2025 · A permit for Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline repair work expires this month, a Danish Energy Agency spokesperson tells Energy Intelligence.
[123]
Denmark to allow preservation work on damaged Nord Stream 2 ...
Jan 28, 2025 · "The work aims to preserve the damaged pipeline by installing customised plugs at each of the open pipe ends to prevent further gas blow-out and ...
[124]
Kremlin says intact section of Nord Stream gas pipelines could be ...
Sep 26, 2025 · Kremlin says intact section of Nord Stream gas pipelines could be quickly activated. By Reuters. September 26, 20254:53 AM PDTUpdated September ...
[125]
Russia: Nord Stream 2 Pipeline Could Be Launched 'Right Now ...
Sep 29, 2025 · Russia: Nord Stream 2 Pipeline Could Be Launched 'Right Now' Despite Sabotage ... The Kremlin said on Friday that the surviving section of the ...<|separator|>
[126]
Nord Stream 2: Twists and turns of a controversial gas pipeline
The pipeline Nord Stream 2 connects Germany directly to Russian gas supplies, but it has never come into operation and has split opinions, both in Europe ...Missing: accusations UK<|control11|><|separator|>
[127]
Nord Stream: Could Germany return to Russian gas imports? - DW
Amid the rumors about the possible repair of the pipelines, the European Commission is currently consulting member states about permanently banning the use of ...
[128]
Russia and US discuss restarting Nord Stream pipelines, Kremlin says
Mar 26, 2025 · Russia and US discuss restarting Nord Stream pipelines, Kremlin says. EU countries are against reviving the ruptured gas links, which experts ...
[129]
EU, NATO say Nord Stream gas pipelines were sabotaged
Sep 28, 2022 · Sudden and unexplained leaks from the undersea Nord Stream pipelines from Russia to Germany appear “not a coincidence”, the European Union has said.
[130]
European Union official says Nord Stream pipeline damage was ...
Sep 28, 2022 · European Union official says Nord Stream pipeline damage was likely "a deliberate act" as nations ramp up energy security.
[131]
EU sees sabotage of Nord Stream, warns against attacks on 'active ...
Sep 27, 2022 · European Commission chief Ursula von der Leyen on Tuesday said the leaks of the Nord Stream pipelines were caused by sabotage, and warned of ...
[132]
Statement by the North Atlantic Council on the damage to gas ...
Sep 29, 2022 · The damage to the Nordstream 1 and Nordstream 2 pipelines in international waters in the Baltic Sea is of deep concern.<|separator|>
[133]
'Gross sabotage': traces of explosives found at sites of Nord Stream ...
Nov 18, 2022 · Traces of explosives have been found at the sites of September's multiple leaks from the Nord Stream gas pipelines, confirming that the breaches ...<|separator|>
[134]
https://www.euronews.com/2025/10/16/italy-court-blocks-extradition-of-ukrainian-to-germany-in-nord-stream-pipelines-blast-case
[135]
Italy court blocks extradition of Ukrainian in Nord Stream blast case
Oct 16, 2025 · German prosecutors allege that Kuznietsov organised and carried out the detonation of at least four bombs between 14 and 27 kilograms at a depth ...
[136]
Poland says alleged Nord Stream saboteurs should not be prosecuted
Oct 16, 2025 · Poland and the Baltic states strongly opposed the construction of Nord Stream 2, warning that it would increase Europe's dependence on Russian ...Missing: reaction | Show results with:reaction
[137]
Exposed Europe steps up energy defences after Nord Stream ...
Sep 30, 2022 · European nations are investigating the leaks, which Russia has blamed on sabotage by the West. Norway has deployed its military to safeguard its ...
[138]
No conclusive evidence Russia is behind Nord Stream attack
Dec 23, 2022 · European and U.S. officials who continue to believe that Russia is the most likely culprit say it had at least one plausible motive: Attacking ...
[139]
West rejects Putin's claim it sabotaged Nord Stream gas pipelines
Sep 30, 2022 · Russian President Vladimir Putin on Friday accused the West of sabotaging Russia-built natural gas pipelines under the Baltic Sea to Germany ...
[140]
Russia calls UN meeting on Nord Stream pipeline 'sabotage'
Feb 21, 2023 · Pipeline operator Russia and other interested parties have been barred from national investigations into the matter, it said. Tap to unmute.
[141]
Russia Says 'Clear' That US Ordered Nord Stream Attacks - YouTube
Aug 19, 2024 · Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov has accused the US of ordering the 2022 attacks on the Nord Stream gas pipelines, ...Missing: Kremlin statements culprits
[142]
Nord Stream: Zelenskiy rejects claim of Ukraine plot to destroy pipeline
Jun 8, 2023 · In an interview with Germany's Bild newspaper, Zelenskiy said that as president, he had the power to give orders, but that he would “never do ...
[143]
Ukraine denies involvement in Nord Stream pipeline explosions - NPR
Mar 8, 2023 · An adviser to Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy says the reports are based on "anonymous conjecture but not real facts.
[144]
Nord Stream pipeline sabotage: Ukraine denies involvement - DW
Aug 15, 2024 · A day after it was announced that Germany had issued an arrest warrant over the 2022 pipeline explosions, Kyiv denied advanced knowledge of the attack.
[145]
Russia Accuses Joe Biden Over Nord Stream Pipelines Sabotage
Sep 26, 2025 · German prosecutors investigating the incident arrested a 49-year-old Ukrainian national in August 2025. The Kremlin has accused Ukraine of ...
[146]
Biden calls Nord Stream pipeline leaks a 'deliberate act of sabotage'
Sep 30, 2022 · Biden's strong words mark the first time he's directly asserted that the leaks were a result of sabotage, pushing back on Russia's narrative ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[147]
White House says blog post on Nord Stream explosion 'utterly false'
Feb 8, 2023 · The White House on Wednesday dismissed a blog post by a US investigative journalist alleging the United States was behind explosions of the Nord Stream gas ...
[148]
Remarks at a UN Security Council Briefing on Nord Stream Pipeline ...
Apr 26, 2024 · Let me begin by once again condemning the acts of sabotage against the Nord Stream pipelines and underscoring the need for accountability. But ...Missing: position | Show results with:position
[149]
NATO cautious amid ongoing Nord Stream blasts investigation
Mar 8, 2023 · NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg has called for caution following media reports that a pro-Ukrainian group may be responsible for blowing ...
[150]
Like A Glove: Nord Stream Pipeline Sabotage And American ...
Apr 19, 2023 · At 2:03am on the 26th of September, 2022, the Geological Survey of Denmark recorded a 2.3 magnitude tremor originating from the depths of ...
[151]
NATO's Path to Securing Undersea Infrastructure in the Baltic Sea
May 29, 2024 · On September 26, 2022, powerful blasts ruptured three of the four Nord Stream pipelines in international waters in the Baltic Sea. It is ...