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Aviation combat element

The Aviation Combat Element (ACE) is the aviation component of the ' Marine Air-Ground (MAGTF), task-organized to conduct aviation operations and deliver the six functions of Marine aviation—antiair warfare, offensive air support, assault support, air , , and control of and missiles—in support of the MAGTF's assigned missions. As one of the four principal elements of the MAGTF—alongside the command element, , and —the ACE provides integrated air power to enhance the MAGTF's mobility, firepower, intelligence, and across expeditionary operations. It operates from sea-based platforms such as amphibious ships or carriers, or from expeditionary shore bases, enabling rapid response in contested environments. The ACE is not a fixed organizational unit but is tailored to mission requirements, ranging from small detachments for limited operations to full Marine Aircraft Wings (MAWs) for major campaigns. It typically includes aviation headquarters, fixed-wing and rotary-wing squadrons (such as Marine Fighter/Attack Squadrons (VMFA) for F-35B aircraft and Heavy Marine Helicopter Squadrons (HMH) for CH-53E/K heavy-lift), unmanned aerial vehicle units, and support elements like the Marine Air Control Group (MACG) for command and control via the Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS). The ACE commander exercises authority through the Tactical Air Command Center (TACC), coordinating with the MAGTF commander to integrate aviation assets into combined-arms operations. Key capabilities of the ACE emphasize versatility and sustainability, supporting , vertical envelopment, air defense, and logistics delivery in all weather conditions and during day or night. Under ongoing force design initiatives, the ACE is adapting to distributed operations (DAO), incorporating advanced platforms like the MQ-9A Reaper for unmanned intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, and the XQ-58 Valkyrie for roles to enhance persistence and lethality in maritime campaigns. This evolution prioritizes resilience against peer adversaries, with ground support units enabling operations from dispersed, austere locations.

Overview

Definition and purpose

The Aviation Combat Element (ACE) is the designated aviation component of the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), task-organized to provide the full spectrum of Marine capabilities in support of MAGTF operations. It encompasses , personnel, and supporting equipment tailored to the MAGTF's mission requirements, operating under the operational control of the MAGTF commander. Unlike the more centralized air forces of other military services, the ACE is inherently expeditionary, designed for rapid deployment from amphibious ships or austere forward bases, and emphasizes direct, organic integration with Marine ground forces to enable . The primary purpose of the ACE is to deliver the six functions of Marine aviation: antiair warfare to achieve air superiority, offensive air support for striking enemy targets, assault support for troop and transport, electronic to disrupt adversary systems, air reconnaissance for intelligence gathering, and control of and missiles for management. These functions enable core missions such as , which provides immediate firepower to ground troops in contact with the enemy; deep air support, including and armed reconnaissance to shape the beyond forward lines; and air to sustain operations across extended ranges. By focusing on these roles, the ACE enhances the MAGTF's combat power, mobility, and flexibility in , naval, or multinational environments. Marine Corps , as outlined in MCDP 1-0 Marine Corps Operations, underscores the ACE's role in achieving dominance through integration, where assets complement ground maneuvers by exploiting enemy vulnerabilities with speed and precision. This doctrinal foundation prioritizes the ACE's support to the MAGTF's overall objectives, distinguishing it from independent air operations by ensuring remains responsive to the tactical needs of expeditionary forces.

Historical background

The origins of the Aviation Combat Element (ACE) trace back to the establishment of Marine Corps aviation on May 22, 1912, when Alfred A. Cunningham, USMC, reported for duty at the Naval Aviation Camp in , marking the Corps' entry into powered flight as part of . This nascent capability saw its first combat employment during in 1918, when the 1st Marine Aviation Force deployed to France for reconnaissance, bombing, and antisubmarine patrols in support of ground operations along the Western Front. World War II catalyzed a dramatic expansion of Marine aviation, with the formation of dedicated aircraft groups and squadrons, including Marine Torpedo Bomber (VMTB) units equipped for strike missions in the Pacific theater. Operating from both land bases and aircraft carriers, these forces provided , air superiority, and interdiction against Japanese forces, growing from a handful of squadrons to over 100 by war's end. A pivotal milestone occurred during the in August 1942, where Marine squadrons of the newly formed conducted the first major integrated air-ground operation, defending Henderson Field and delivering critical support to the against Japanese assaults. In the post-World War II era, the Marine Corps reorganized to institutionalize integrated operations, with the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) concept emerging in the and formally defined in during the to enable scalable, combined-arms deployments. During the , Marine adapted within this framework by emphasizing mobility for troop insertions and extensive fixed-wing , as seen in operations like those of the , which flew over 300,000 sorties to aid ground maneuvers in I Corps. The terminology evolved from "aviation support element" to "Aviation Combat Element" in the 1970s, reflecting its doctrinal role as a core, task-organized component of the MAGTF focused on offensive contributions. Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, the shifted toward counterinsurgency support, integrating unmanned systems and precision-guided munitions for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeted strikes in and , as demonstrated by Marine aviation's role in operations like the 2004–2008 Al-Anbar Awakening.

Role in MAGTF

Integration with ground and logistics elements

The Aviation Combat Element (ACE) integrates with the (GCE) and (LCE) through structured mechanisms that ensure synchronized operations within the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF). Central to this integration is the (ATO) process, managed by the Tactical Air Command Center (TACC), which allocates aviation resources across a 24- to 72-hour cycle to support GCE maneuvers and LCE sustainment requirements. Joint fires coordination occurs via the Direct Air Support Center (DASC), which interfaces with the GCE's Coordination Center (FSCC) to deconflict aviation strikes with ground-based fires, prioritizing targets based on MAGTF objectives. Additionally, tactical air control parties (TACPs), including liaison officers, are embedded within GCE units to facilitate real-time communication and request fulfillment for air support. Support to the GCE emphasizes (CAS), where ACE assets deliver precision fires in direct coordination with ground forces. Procedures involve terminal control by joint terminal attack controllers (JTACs), who are qualified personnel within TACPs that guide to targets while ensuring compliance with and minimizing risk to friendly forces. Forward air controllers (airborne) (FAC(A)) from ACE provide overhead to enhance JTAC effectiveness during dynamic engagements. The interplay with the LCE focuses on aviation-enabled to maintain operational tempo. ACE conducts air delivery of critical supplies using fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft, enabling rapid resupply to forward GCE positions without reliance on vulnerable ground convoys. (MEDEVAC) missions prioritize casualty extraction via helicopters, integrating with LCE medical assets for seamless handoff. operations, often using heavy-lift helicopters, support LCE by transferring fuel, ammunition, and equipment from ships to shore or forward arming and refueling points (FARPs). Synergy between elements is evident in amphibious assaults, where ACE provides suppressive fires and to cover GCE landings during ship-to-objective maneuver (STOM). For instance, in Operation Sea Angel (1991), Marine Aircraft Group 50 conducted over 1,100 sorties to deliver 700 tons of supplies and evacuate personnel, demonstrating integrated aviation-logistics support in a akin to combat scenarios. This integration adheres to the doctrinal framework outlined in MCWP 3-20, Aviation Operations, which emphasizes a combined-arms approach with centralized command and decentralized execution through the Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS). The framework aligns planning with MAGTF warfighting functions, ensuring ACE contributions enhance overall mobility, firepower, and sustainment.

Command and control functions

The command and control of the aviation combat element (ACE) in the United States Marine Corps is structured to enable centralized command with decentralized execution, allowing the ACE commander to oversee aviation operations while subordinate units maintain flexibility in dynamic environments. The ACE is led by an aviation commander, ranging from a colonel (O-6) for smaller task-organized ACEs to a major general (O-8) for a full Marine Aircraft Wing in larger MAGTFs, who reports directly to the Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) commander through the MAGTF's command element. This hierarchy ensures alignment of air operations with overall MAGTF objectives, with the ACE commander exercising operational control over assigned aviation assets. The primary control system for the ACE is the Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS), a network of integrated agencies that provides the aviation commander with the means to direct and coordinate air operations across the . Key components include the center (TACC), which serves as the senior MACCS agency and the ACE commander's operational command post; tactical air operations centers (TAOCs), responsible for and ; tactical air direction centers (TADCs), which provide air direction and warning services; and direct air support centers (DASCs), focused on managing requests. These elements are interconnected via secure communications and data links to facilitate seamless information flow. Core functions of ACE command and control encompass management, , and real-time battle management to support offensive and defensive air operations. management is achieved through a combination of positive control (direct monitoring of ) and procedural control (pre-planned routes and altitudes), ensuring safe deconfliction of friendly forces in complex environments. occurs primarily in the TACC's future operations section, where air tasking orders (ATOs) are developed to sequence strikes, , and support. Real-time battle management is enabled by tools such as the Advanced Tactical Air Command Central (ATACC, AN/TYQ-51), an automated system within the TACC that provides near-real-time displays of air tracks, weapon status, and , while integrating with links like for joint interoperability. Personnel roles within ACE command and control are specialized to support these functions, with the ACE commander at the apex directing overall strategy. The air boss, typically positioned in the TACC, serves as the principal coordinator for ongoing air operations, prioritizing missions and allocating resources. Supporting staff sections include operations (G/S-3), which handles current and future planning; (G/S-2), providing threat assessments and targeting data; and (G/S-4), ensuring readiness through oversight. These roles are filled by aviation-specific military occupational specialties, such as 72XX for air control officers, to maintain expertise in tactical air integration. A key challenge addressed by these systems and roles is deconfliction in contested environments, where enemy threats, , and dense air traffic demand robust coordination to prevent and maximize effectiveness. MACCS components like the TAOC and DASC use and procedural measures to segregate , while ATACC's digital tools enable rapid adjustments to evolving threats, ensuring assets remain survivable and responsive. As of 2025, the MACCS is being modernized under Force Design initiatives, merging legacy air support and air functions, reorganizing Marine Air Control Groups, and integrating advanced systems such as TPS-80 radars and Ground-Based Air Systems to enhance in contested environments and support distributed operations.

Organization and Composition

Size variations by MAGTF type

The Aviation Combat Element (ACE) of a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) is task-organized to scale with the overall force size and mission requirements, ranging from small, rapidly deployable units to large, theater-level formations. For a (MEU), the smallest standard MAGTF type designed for crisis response and forward presence, the ACE typically comprises 12-24 aircraft drawn from a reinforced medium . This includes representative assets such as 12 MV-22B Ospreys for assault support, 4 AH-1Z attack helicopters for , 4-6 F-35B Lightning IIs for fixed-wing strike, and 4 CH-53E Super Stallions for heavy lift (with transition to CH-53K ongoing), enabling versatile operations from amphibious ships. In a Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), a mid-tier MAGTF for sustained operations supporting a reinforced , the ACE expands to a task-organized Marine Aircraft Group with approximately 50-100 . This configuration incorporates multiple squadrons, such as 12 MV-22B Ospreys for , reinforced attack and utility helicopters, and detachments of 12-16 like F-35B Lightning IIs for enhanced air superiority and , balancing increased operational depth with logistical constraints. The largest variant occurs in a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), intended for major theater campaigns, where the ACE equates to a full Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW) with over 300 aircraft across numerous groups. Representative elements include squadrons of 12 F-35Bs for multirole strikes, 16 CH-53Es for heavy-lift sustainment (transitioning to CH-53K), and integrated unmanned systems such as the MQ-9A Reaper, providing comprehensive aviation support for division-level ground forces in prolonged conflicts. Special Purpose MAGTFs (SP-MAGTFs), formed for discrete missions like or theater security cooperation, feature a smaller, highly specialized ACE of 4-20 tailored to unique needs, such as a of 6 F-35Bs for precision strikes or 4 MV-22Bs for rapid insertion, often no larger than an MEU-scale but optimized for brevity and specificity. ACE size and structure are influenced by doctrinal factors including mission duration, threat environment, geographic scope, operational tempo, and available sustainment resources, ensuring adaptability from short-duration raids to extended campaigns. Post-Cold War budgetary reductions prompted shifts in MAGTF toward more flexible, expeditionary configurations, emphasizing rapid deployability over large, static forces to align with emerging global security demands.

Core components and personnel

The Combat Element (ACE) is structured around three core components: flying squadrons, elements, and a unit. Flying squadrons serve as the primary operational units, delivering the capabilities essential for supporting Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) missions through trained aircrews and operations. elements, such as Marine Logistics Squadrons (MALS) and Marine Wing Squadrons (MWSS), provide critical maintenance, supply, and infrastructure functions to sustain squadron readiness and expeditionary operations. The unit coordinates these components, ensuring integrated planning and execution across the ACE. Personnel forming the ACE include pilots, aircrew, maintainers, and air traffic controllers, who collectively enable the element's multifunctional support. In a mid-sized ACE, such as that supporting a , manpower typically ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 personnel, scaled to meet operational demands while maintaining core expertise. Key roles encompass commanders, who direct flying operations and unit training; aviation maintenance officers, who manage aircraft sustainment and integration; and specialists, who analyze threats and support mission planning. All ACE personnel adhere to rigorous training standards under the Naval Air Training and Operating Procedures Standardization (NATOPS) program, which standardizes flight operations, safety protocols, and proficiency requirements to enhance and reduce mishaps. The logistics backbone of the ACE relies on , including airfield construction tools and refueling systems provided by MWSS units, as well as forward arming and refueling points (FARPs) that enable rapid rearming and refueling in austere environments to extend operational reach. While the precise composition of these core elements adapts to the overall MAGTF size, their fundamental roles and structure remain consistent to ensure versatile aviation support.

Aviation Units

Marine Aircraft Groups

Marine Aircraft Groups (MAGs) form the foundational operational units of the aviation combat element () within the Marine Air-Ground (MAGTF), serving as administrative and tactical headquarters for subordinate aviation squadrons. These groups enable independent aviation operations when supported by , providing essential and support capabilities to forces. Typically structured by category, a MAG includes a varying number of squadrons, encompassing operational flying units and support elements, with total inventories varying depending on task organization and mission requirements. MAGs are categorized into fixed-wing, rotary-wing, and mixed types to align with specific aviation roles. Fixed-wing MAGs emphasize fighter and attack squadrons, such as Marine Fighter Attack Squadrons (VMFA) equipped with F-35B Lightning II aircraft for multirole strike missions. Rotary-wing MAGs focus on helicopter operations, including Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadrons (HMH) operating CH-53E Super Stallion for heavy-lift transport and Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadrons (HMLA) with AH-1Z Viper for close air support. Tiltrotor capabilities are integrated via Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadrons (VMM) utilizing MV-22B Osprey for rapid troop insertion and extraction, often within composite MAGs that blend these assets for versatile assault support. The primary missions of MAGs revolve around projecting combat power ashore, including offensive air support through and deep air support strikes, antiair warfare to achieve air superiority, and assault support for transporting personnel and equipment. Additional roles encompass air reconnaissance, , and to facilitate MAGTF maneuver. Organized under one of the Marine Aircraft Wings (MAWs)—such as the 1st MAW in the Pacific or the 2d MAW on the East Coast—MAGs ensure coordinated execution of these functions across expeditionary operations. Each MAG is commanded by a who oversees a staff responsible for planning, coordination, and administration, supported by a Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron (MALS) that handles intermediate maintenance, supply, and aviation ground support. This includes specialized sections for , , and fuels to sustain squadron readiness. Additional squadrons, such as a Marine Wing Support Squadron (MWSS) when attached, provide expeditionary airfield services, enhancing the MAG's ability to operate from austere locations. Active examples illustrate MAG diversity: MAG-11, part of the 3d MAW at , , specializes in fixed-wing operations with multiple VMFA squadrons focused on fighter/attack roles. On the East Coast, MAG-26 under the 2d MAW at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina, delivers rotary-wing and assault support through HMH and VMM units. These groups integrate seamlessly into the to support varying MAGTF scales, from Marine Expeditionary Units to full Marine Expeditionary Forces.

Marine Air Control Groups

Marine Air Control Groups (MACGs) serve as critical enablers for operations within the Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW), providing the infrastructure for the Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS) without maintaining organic assets. Their primary focus encompasses radar-based surveillance, secure communications networks, and anti-air warfare capabilities to support the (ACE) of the Marine Air-Ground (MAGTF). The core components of a MACG include Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) battalions, which employ man-portable missiles to counter low- and medium-altitude aerial threats; air traffic control squadrons, such as Marine Air Traffic Control Squadrons (MATCS) and detachments (MATCD), responsible for all-weather and non-radar approach, departure, en route, and tower services; and surveillance centers, including the and Center (SARC), which integrate data from various sensors for real-time battlefield awareness. Additional supporting elements, like Marine Wing Communications Squadrons (MWCS), ensure expeditionary communications across up to two airfields and four forward operating bases. These subunits operate the Tactical Air Operations Center (TAOC), Early Warning/Control (EW/C) systems, and Direct Air Support Center (DASC) to facilitate seamless integration of air assets. MACGs execute key missions such as air surveillance to detect and track threats, intercept control for directing engagements, and expeditionary airfield services to enable rapid deployment and sustainment of air operations in austere environments. These functions contribute to achieving air superiority by coordinating surface-to-air missiles, providing early warning, and managing airspace deconfliction in support of MAGTF objectives. Organizationally, each MACG is subordinate to a MAW and task-organized to align with MAGTF requirements at the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), , or level, subdivided into , battalions (e.g., LAAD), and squadrons (e.g., Marine Air Control Squadrons [MACS] and Marine Tactical Air Command Squadrons [MTACS]). As of 2025, MACGs are transitioning to the Multi-function Air Operations Center (MAOC) concept, with reorganization of Marine Air Support Squadrons (MASS) and Marine Air Control Squadrons (MACS) into companies, and expansion of Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) units through new battalion activations planned through FY29. Commanded by a , the MACG oversees all air and defense activities, with flexibility for detachments to deploy independently for specific missions. Key systems employed by MACGs include the AN/TPS-80 Ground/Air Task Oriented Radar (G/ATOR), a multi-mission radar providing air , control, and capabilities, as well as integrations with systems like the Composite Tracking Network (CTN) for enhanced . These technologies enable robust anti-air warfare and in contested environments, supporting the transition to advanced concepts like the Multi-function (MAOC).

Capabilities and Equipment

Fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft

The Aviation Combat Element (ACE) employs a mix of fixed-wing and rotary-wing to deliver offensive air support, , and logistical sustainment within Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) operations. Fixed-wing platforms provide multirole strike capabilities from amphibious assault ships, emphasizing short takeoff and vertical landing () operations to enable expeditionary flexibility in contested environments. Rotary-wing complement these by offering close-range attack, utility transport, and heavy-lift functions, supporting rapid insertion and extraction of ground forces in littoral and austere settings. As of 2025, Marine aviation maintains approximately 400 fixed-wing and 500 rotary-wing , enabling persistent forward presence and distributed operations across global theaters. The primary fixed-wing aircraft in the ACE is the F-35B Lightning II, a fifth-generation designed for air-to-air superiority, ground attack, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. Equipped with advanced , the F-35B integrates data from multiple sources to enable , allowing pilots to share real-time with joint forces for enhanced decision-making in complex battlespaces. Typically, 6-8 F-35B deploy per (MEU) as part of aviation combat element detachments (AVDETs), operating from amphibious ships like the America-class for sustained forward deployment. By the end of 2025, the Marine Corps inventory includes 183 F-35B , supporting transitions to full squadron integration and Block 4 upgrades for improved radar and weapons compatibility. The Boeing F/A-18 Hornet (A++/C/D variants) provides multirole capabilities for air superiority, strike, and , with advanced upgrades extending service life to at least 2030. It carries a variety of air-to-air missiles, precision-guided munitions, and supports missions. As of 2025, the inventory includes 161 F/A-18 across active and reserve squadrons, facilitating transitions to F-35 platforms while maintaining operational tempo. The AV-8B Harrier II serves as a legacy fixed-wing platform for and precision strikes, featuring capabilities for operations from forward bases or sea-based platforms. It carries a range of guided munitions, including laser-guided bombs and rockets, to provide responsive to ground elements. As of 2025, the inventory stands at 39 AV-8B aircraft across two squadrons, with full retirement planned for 2026 as F-35B squadrons assume these roles. for the AV-8B focuses on sustaining operational readiness through existing depots until phase-out, ensuring seamless without capability gaps. Rotary-wing assets in the ACE include the , a twin-engine optimized for escort, destruction, and using missiles, 70mm rockets, and a 20mm . Its advanced targeting systems and digital enhance survivability and precision in low-altitude, high-threat environments. The Marine Corps operates approximately 150 AH-1Z aircraft as part of the , with ongoing enhancements for interoperability and extended range. The provides utility support, including troop transport, , and command-and-control functions, with capacity for up to 10 combat-equipped or equivalent cargo. Sharing with the AH-1Z, it facilitates joint operations and common . Inventory numbers align with the H-1 program at around 150 UH-1Y platforms, enabling flexible detachments for MEU-level deployments on amphibious vessels. The Bell Boeing MV-22B Osprey is a aircraft that combines the speed and range of with the vertical takeoff and landing capabilities of helicopters, serving as the primary medium-lift platform for assault support. It can transport up to 24 combat-equipped or 9,150 pounds of cargo over 425 nautical miles, supporting vertical envelopment and in expeditionary operations. As of 2025, the Marine Corps maintains approximately 350 MV-22B aircraft across 16 active and 2 reserve squadrons. Heavy-lift requirements are met by the and its successor, the CH-53K King Stallion, both capable of external loads up to 16,000 pounds for the CH-53E and 27,000 pounds for the CH-53K, facilitating the movement of vehicles, , and supplies over extended ranges. The CH-53K's tripled payload and advanced controls support operations in degraded visual environments, with 20 units delivered by late 2025 and full operational capability targeted for 2027. The legacy CH-53E fleet numbers 127 , undergoing sustainment upgrades until phased out. Both types deploy via AVDETs to amphibious ships, with maintenance emphasizing corrosion resistance and rapid turnaround for expeditionary sustainment.

Air support and control systems

The air support and control systems of the Marine Corps Combat Element () are primarily embodied in the Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS), which integrates assets to provide centralized command and decentralized control for Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) operations. MACCS enables the ACE commander to direct air operations, including offensive air support, assault support, and antiair warfare, while ensuring with joint forces. It supports all-weather and real-time management through a network of agencies and equipment tailored for expeditionary environments. Key components of MACCS include the Tactical Air Command Center (TACC), which serves as the senior agency for planning and executing air operations as the operational command post of the ACE commander; the Tactical Air Operations Center (TAOC), responsible for control, surveillance, and antiair warfare; and the Direct Air Support Center (DASC), the principal agency for coordinating (CAS) by processing requests and integrating with the MAGTF's coordination center. These agencies facilitate functions such as air direction (regulating asset employment) and air (directing aircraft maneuvers), using positive control methods like and (IFF) systems for high-threat areas, and procedural control for broader management. In joint operations, MACCS interfaces with the (JFACC) to align Marine air assets with overall mission objectives, as demonstrated during operations like Desert Storm where it coordinated thousands of sorties. Modern enhancements to MACCS emphasize digital interoperability and mobility, with the Composite Air Operations System (CAC2S) serving as the core platform, fully fielded across 50 systems to integrate air and ground data via Link-16 and joint integrated fire control networks. A variant of CAC2S, with 42 systems planned for initial operational capability in FY25, supports 5th-generation integration and expeditionary advance base operations. and defense capabilities are bolstered by multi-role radars such as the AN/TPS-80 Ground/Air Task Oriented Radar (G/ATOR), with 57 systems providing air and at ranges up to 280 nautical miles, achieving full operational capability by FY28. Ground-based air defense systems like the Marine Air Defense Integrated System (MADIS), mounted on Joint Light Tactical Vehicles with missiles, number 190 units and protect against unmanned aerial systems, , and cruise missiles, with full fielding by FY31. For , the DASC employs measures like the Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL) to deconflict from ground fires, maximizing effectiveness while minimizing risks to friendly forces near target areas. Air defense operations under the TAOC include intercept direction and surface-to-air weapon within Airspace Coordination Areas (ACAs) to safeguard friendly . Recent developments, such as the transition to a Multi-function Air Operations Center (MAOC) by FY25-28, merge DASC and TAOC functions with and for data-centric , enhancing responsiveness in contested environments. The MAGTF Agile Network Gateway Link (MANGL) further connects sensors to shooters, enabling scalable support across MAGTF elements.

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