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Bermuda rig

The Bermuda rig, also known as the Bermudian or Marconi rig, is a fore-and-aft sailing configuration characterized by a tall, triangular mainsail hoisted on a single mast using slides or a track system, with the sail's luff (leading edge) running parallel to the mast and no gaff spar required.^[1]^[2] Originating in Bermuda during the 17th century, it evolved from local adaptations of Dutch and lateen influences to optimize windward performance in the islands' prevailing southwest winds, with the earliest documented reference appearing in 1670 during a visit by the ship Marygold.^[3]^[4] Initially used on small workboats like sloops for freight, fishing, and piloting, the rig gained prominence in the 19th century through adoption by British naval officers and yacht designers such as William Fife III and Linton Hope, who refined it for racing vessels.^[3]^[4] By the early 20th century, innovations like continuous masts and wire stays—reminiscent of Guglielmo Marconi's radio antennas—propelled its worldwide dominance, powering America's Cup winners from the 1930s onward and becoming the standard for modern keelboats due to its simplicity, efficiency, and reduced crew requirements compared to gaff rigs.^[4]^[5] Key features include masthead or fractional variants, where the forestay attaches at the masthead for larger headsails or fractionally lower for better balance and reefing; its high-aspect-ratio sail provides superior upwind pointing ability, though it may underperform downwind without additional sails like spinnakers.^[1]^[2]

Description

Basic Configuration

The Bermuda rig employs a fore-and-aft sail plan utilizing a single, tall mast positioned forward of amidships to balance the sail plan and enhance upwind performance.^[6] This configuration centers on a mainsail and one or more headsails, such as a jib or genoa, set forward of the mast to balance the sail forces and optimize performance across wind angles.^[2]^[7] The mainsail forms a triangular shape with a high aspect ratio—typically up to 4 for cruising and higher (5 to 7) for racing designs—defined as the square of the sail height divided by its area, promoting greater lift and reduced induced drag.^[6]^[8] Its luff runs parallel to the mast from tack to head, secured via slides or slugs for smooth hoisting, while the leech extends aft from the masthead to the clew at the boom's aft end, and the foot aligns along the boom from tack to clew.^[6] Modern Bermuda mainsails are typically loose-footed, meaning the foot is not fully attached along its length to the boom, allowing for adjustable camber and better airflow adaptation to varying conditions.^[9] The headsails complement the mainsail by providing adjustable forward area, with their luff attached to the forestay and the foot secured to a deck track or furler, ensuring the overall rig maintains a streamlined geometry for effective wind capture.^[2] The mast itself is supported by standing rigging including a forestay, backstay, and side shrouds to withstand the substantial loads from the high-aspect sails.^[6]

Key Components

The Bermuda rig relies on a central mast as its primary vertical support structure, typically constructed from aluminum for its durability and cost-effectiveness or carbon fiber for enhanced strength-to-weight ratio and reduced windage. These masts are either stepped on the deck for easier installation and maintenance or directly on the keel for greater stability in larger vessels. Spreaders, horizontal projections attached to the mast, facilitate the connection of shrouds, distributing loads and preventing excessive bending under sail pressure.^[10]^[11]^[12] The boom serves as the horizontal spar attached to the base of the mast, extending aft to form the foot of the mainsail and providing structural support to maintain sail shape and tension. Constructed from similar materials as the mast—aluminum or carbon fiber—the boom ensures the triangular mainsail remains taut and controllable without sagging.^[2] Standing rigging forms the fixed framework that tensions and stabilizes the mast against wind forces, comprising the forestay, backstay, and shrouds. The forestay runs from the masthead to the bow, countering forward loads and preventing the mast from falling aft. The backstay extends from the masthead to the stern, offering rearward support and aiding in overall mast alignment. Shrouds, positioned on either side, provide lateral stability, with upper and lower sets often terminating at chainplates on the hull; they attach via spreaders to optimize load distribution and minimize mast compression. Materials for standing rigging include stainless steel wire rope for corrosion resistance or rod rigging for precision tuning, while high-performance options use synthetic composites like Dyneema for lighter weight.^[12] Running rigging includes essential lines such as halyards, which run from the masthead through sheaves to hoist and secure the mainsail and headsails in position. These are typically low-stretch ropes like polyester or Dyneema to ensure reliable elevation without slippage.^[13] Sail construction in the Bermuda rig employs Dacron (woven polyester) for its abrasion resistance and longevity in mainsails and headsails, or laminate fabrics combining polyester with reinforcing films for improved shape retention under varying loads. These materials attach to the mast, boom, and rigging via slides, luff tapes, or tracks, optimizing the triangular sail's aerodynamic profile.^[14]

History

Origins in Bermuda

The Bermuda rig originated in the early 17th century on the islands of Bermuda, where colonial shipbuilding practices were shaped by European influences amid the challenges of local navigation. In 1619, a Dutch pinnace wrecked on Bermuda's reefs, and among its crew was a skilled shipwright named Jacob Jacobsen, who remained on the island and was employed by Governor Nathaniel Butler from 1619 to 1622 to construct vessels essential for the colony's survival and operations. Jacobsen's expertise contributed to the development of fore-and-aft rigged boats suited to Bermuda's demanding maritime environment, marking the beginnings of what would become the distinctive Bermuda rig.^[15] The earliest documented reference to the rig appears in 1670, during a visit by the ship Marygold to Bermuda.^[3] This early rig drew from Dutch maritime traditions, particularly adaptations of the bezaan or leg-of-mutton sail configuration, which featured a tall, triangular mainsail set on a single mast without a boom, derived from lateen influences modified for efficiency in variable winds. These designs were tailored for Bermuda's shallow coastal waters, where vessels needed shallow drafts and maneuverability to pilot through coral reefs and engage in fishing or small-scale trade. Single-masted sloops built in this manner allowed for quick tacking and handling by small crews, addressing the islands' isolation and the need for self-reliant boating in confined, hazardous areas.^[16]^[17] A 1671 woodcut illustration depicts an early Bermudian vessel exhibiting proto-Bermuda rig features, including a high-aspect triangular mainsail and a small jib, highlighting the rig's practical form for reef navigation even at this nascent stage.^[18] These single-masted configurations facilitated trade routes between Bermuda and nearby colonies, underscoring the rig's role in sustaining the island economy through efficient, versatile sailing craft. The design's innovations laid the groundwork for its eventual adoption beyond Bermuda in subsequent centuries.

Global Evolution and Adoption

In the 19th century, the Bermuda rig underwent significant advancements that enhanced its performance and facilitated its spread beyond local Bermudian waters. By the 1830s, the introduction of hollow wooden masts constructed from lightweight Bermuda cedar allowed for taller, more efficient sails while reducing overall weight and improving stability.^[4] Iron fittings further refined the rig by providing stronger, more durable hardware for shrouds and stays, enabling greater tension and control in racing conditions. These innovations were prominently featured in single-masted racing sloops, such as those designed by William Fife III, including Lapwing (1889) and Stormy Petrol (1892), which dominated regattas in Britain and demonstrated the rig's superiority for speed and handling.^[4] The rig's distinctive tall mast and triangular sails led to its alternative naming as the "Marconi rig" around the early 1910s, drawing parallels to the slender, wire-supported antennas of Guglielmo Marconi's wireless telegraph systems. This moniker gained traction with designs like Charles E. Nicholson's 15mR Istria (1912), which incorporated a high-aspect-ratio mast resembling radio masts, and was later applied to J-class yachts in the interwar period.^[5] By the 1930s, the Bermuda rig had become integral to elite competition, notably in the America's Cup, where J-class yachts such as Shamrock V (1929) adopted it to support expansive sail plans and achieve superior aerodynamic efficiency over traditional gaff rigs.^[19] The rig's global adoption accelerated in the mid-20th century, becoming the standard for Olympic sailing classes like the Star, which debuted in 1932 and utilized the Marconi configuration for its balance of power and maneuverability in international events.^[20] Concurrently, material shifts propelled further evolution: aluminum masts emerged in the 1920s for large racing yachts, offering lighter weight and corrosion resistance compared to wood, with early applications on vessels like the J-class Enterprise in the 1930 America's Cup.^[21] Post-World War II, the introduction of synthetic sails, particularly DuPont's Dacron polyester in the mid-1950s, revolutionized durability and shape retention, replacing cotton fabrics and enabling the rig's dominance in both recreational and competitive sailing worldwide.^[22]^[23]

Variations

Standard Forms

The Bermuda rig's standard forms encompass the most prevalent configurations employed on modern sailboats, particularly sloops, cutters, and adaptations for multi-masted vessels like schooners. These setups prioritize simplicity, efficiency, and versatility for both racing and cruising, featuring a single or multiple masts with triangular mainsails and headsails supported by wire stays.^[2] The sloop rig represents the foundational and most widespread standard form of the Bermuda rig, consisting of a single mast stepped amidships, a mainsail hoisted on the mast's trailing edge with a boom at its foot, and a single headsail—typically a jib or genoa—forward of the mast on the forestay. This configuration allows for straightforward sail handling and optimal balance, making it ideal for keelboats ranging from 20 to 50 feet in length.^[24]^[2] In contrast, the cutter rig adapts the Bermuda setup to a single mast but incorporates multiple headsails, such as an outer jib on the forestay and an inner staysail on a separate inner forestay, enabling finer sail area adjustments for varying wind conditions. This arrangement, often seen on seaworthy cruisers like the Hallberg-Rassy 34, distributes sail loads more evenly and facilitates reefing without overly reducing power.^[25]^[26]^[7] Within both sloop and cutter rigs, a key distinction lies in the forestay attachment: masthead rigs secure the forestay at the top of the mast, supporting larger overlapping headsails like 150% genoas for enhanced upwind performance and stability under load. Conversely, fractional rigs attach the forestay at a point below the masthead—typically 7/8 or 3/4 of the way up—allowing greater mast bend under backstay tension to flatten the mainsail and improve pointing ability, as exemplified in designs like the Hunter Channel 31.^[1]^[27] The schooner adaptation extends the Bermuda rig to multi-masted vessels, featuring two or more masts— with the foremast shorter than the mainmast—each carrying triangular Bermuda mainsails and corresponding headsails, replacing traditional gaff sails for reduced complexity and better aerodynamics. This configuration, as in the Spirit of Bermuda, maintains the schooner's fore-and-aft balance while leveraging the efficiency of Bermuda sails for upwind sailing on larger hulls up to 120 feet.^[28]^[29]^[30]

Specialized Adaptations

The Bermuda Fitted Dinghy represents a specialized adaptation of the Bermuda rig tailored for intense inter-club racing in Bermuda's shallow coastal waters. This 14-foot open cedar-planked boat features an oversized triangular mainsail with a high-peaked profile, supported by a tall mast and long bowsprit, allowing for vast sail area relative to the hull size despite the vessel's modest dimensions.^[31] The rig's design accommodates a crew of five to seven, who actively bail water during races to maintain freeboard, emphasizing the rig's power in light winds and its role in the boat's extreme performance characteristics.^[32] Competitions occur biweekly in summer, starting from stake boats in harbors like Hamilton, where the shallow draft—enabled by a fixed fin keel of just 3-4 inches—permits navigation in areas inaccessible to larger yachts.^[33] In the realm of grand yacht racing, the J-class yachts exemplify a pinnacle adaptation of the Bermuda rig for high-stakes competition during the 1930s America's Cup challenges. These vessels, governed by the Universal Rule with a maximum rating of 76 feet, employed exceptionally tall masts—often exceeding 150 feet—and expansive sail plans, including large genoas on removable forestays, to maximize aerodynamic efficiency and speed.^[34] The Bermuda rig's triangular mainsail and headsails, supported by hollow aluminum masts and rod rigging, allowed for precise sail trim and power in varying winds, contributing to their dominance in events like the 1930 defense against Shamrock V and the 1937 victory of Ranger.^[19] Between 1929 and 1937, ten such yachts were built, with six contesting America's Cup finals, their rigs optimized for ocean racing courses that demanded both upwind pointing ability and downwind stability.^[35] The catboat configuration adapts the Bermuda rig to a single-masted, headsail-free setup, prioritizing simplicity and ease of handling for day sailing and coastal cruising. In this variant, the tall, triangular mainsail is set far forward on the hull, often with a free-standing or minimally stayed mast, reducing rigging complexity and eliminating the need for jib sheets or winches.^[36] Modern examples, such as fiberglass catboats from builders like Sanderling, incorporate a Bermuda mainsail to replace traditional gaff setups, achieving comparable sail area with a taller but slimmer profile that enhances windward performance without additional sails.^[37] This adaptation suits shallow-draft vessels with centerboards, providing ample cockpit space for solo or small crews while maintaining the rig's efficiency in moderate winds, as seen in designs up to 20 feet where the single sail's control via a mainsheet alone underscores the rig's user-friendly nature.^[38] Contemporary fractional rigs in performance dinghies, such as the Laser 2 class, modify the Bermuda configuration for two-person racing by attaching the forestay below the masthead, distributing load across diamond shrouds and enabling a lighter, more responsive setup. This 14-foot-5-inch fiberglass boat uses a fractional sloop rig with a Bermuda mainsail and jib totaling 124 square feet, often paired with a spinnaker for downwind legs, allowing crews to trapeze for stability in high winds.^[39] The design, introduced in the 1970s and recognized by World Sailing, emphasizes planing hull speed and quick maneuvers, with the fractional spreaders facilitating bendy mast tuning for optimal sail shape.^[40] Popular in club and regatta circuits, this adaptation highlights the Bermuda rig's versatility in small, high-performance craft where fractional geometry reduces heeling moments compared to masthead versions.^[41]

Technical Aspects

Sail Controls and Adjustments

In the Bermuda rig, sail controls are essential mechanisms for optimizing sail shape, tension, and angle relative to the wind, allowing sailors to adapt to varying conditions by adjusting the mainsail and headsail independently. These controls primarily target the luff, foot, and leech of the sails to manage draft position, twist, and camber, enhancing aerodynamic efficiency without altering the basic mast-boom configuration.^[42]^[43] The outhaul tensions the foot of the mainsail along the boom, controlling depth in the lower portion of the sail. By increasing tension, the sail flattens for depowering in stronger winds, while easing it adds fullness and power in lighter conditions, typically achieving 50-75 mm from maximum tension upwind.^[42] The cunningham adjusts luff tension by pulling the luff downward toward the boom, independent of the halyard, to flatten the sail and move the draft forward during gusts or high winds. It is tensioned until slight horizontal wrinkles appear along the luff in the lower third, providing precise control over entry shape without excessive halyard load.^[42]^[44] The boom vang (or kicking strap) prevents the boom from lifting and controls leech tension to minimize mainsail twist, keeping the top batten parallel to the boom. Tightening the vang maintains a flat leech in puffy conditions, reducing heel and preserving power, particularly when the mainsheet is eased.^[42] The traveler and mainsheet together adjust the mainsail's angle of attack to the wind. The traveler shifts the boom laterally across the deck to control heel and power without inducing twist, positioning it on the centerline for maximum drive in moderate winds or leeward to depower in gusts. The mainsheet then fine-tunes the boom's vertical angle and overall sheet tension, flattening the sail when pulled hard while allowing twist control via the vang.^[42] For the headsail, halyard tension primarily governs luff tautness and draft position, pulling the draft forward (to about 29-34% chord) when tightened to flatten the aft sections and reduce drag in stronger winds, while easing shifts fullness aft for power in light air. Jib sheets complement this by controlling camber and leech tension; tightening them flattens the sail for better pointing, with adjustments guided by telltales to balance flow (e.g., easing until leeward telltales stream evenly).^[44]^[45]

Performance Characteristics

The Bermuda rig's high aspect ratio, typically around 3:1 for the mainsail (luff length to foot length in cruising configurations), contributes to its aerodynamic efficiency by minimizing induced drag through reduced wingtip vortices at the sail's edges.^[8]^[46] This design allows for superior upwind performance, enabling the rig to point closer to the wind—often within 35-45 degrees apparent—compared to lower-aspect rigs, as the elongated sail shape optimizes lift-to-drag ratios in airflow.^[8] In high-performance variants, aspect ratios can extend to 4:1 or higher, further enhancing pointing ability while maintaining structural integrity under load.^[46] A key performance metric for Bermuda-rigged vessels is the sail area to displacement (SA/D) ratio, which often ranges from 18 to 25 in racing boats, indicating a powerful setup that balances speed and stability.^[47] This ratio enables strong performance, allowing speeds approaching or exceeding theoretical hull speed (typically 7-12 knots for modern keelboats, depending on size) in moderate conditions, particularly on reaches and runs, where the rig's clean airflow and adjustable sail plan maximize drive without excessive heel.^[48] The elevated center of effort (CE) on the tall mast—positioned roughly two-thirds up the luff—amplifies the heeling moment from wind pressure, necessitating robust standing rigging such as wire shrouds and stays to distribute compressive and lateral loads effectively and prevent mast failure.^[49]^[50] The rig demonstrates versatility across wind speeds of 5-25 knots, where it excels in generating consistent power through efficient sail shapes that maintain attached airflow.^[51] However, in these conditions, it remains sensitive to luffing if sails are not precisely trimmed, as the high-aspect leading edge can stall abruptly without adjustments to angle of attack. Tools like the cunningham can briefly mitigate this by tensioning the luff for better airflow control.^[52]

Comparisons and Advantages

Versus Traditional Rigs

The Bermuda rig, characterized by its triangular mainsail hoisted on a single tall mast without a gaff, offers distinct advantages over traditional rigs like the gaff rig, which employs a four-sided mainsail supported by a diagonal gaff spar. The absence of the gaff in the Bermuda design allows for a taller mast while reducing overall weight aloft, as there is no additional spar or associated rigging hardware, thereby lowering the center of gravity and enhancing the vessel's stability in varying conditions.^[4] This contrasts with the gaff rig's heavier configuration, where the gaff and often a topsail contribute to greater mass higher up, potentially increasing heeling moments during gusts.^[1] Sail handling with the Bermuda rig is notably simpler during maneuvers such as tacking, as the lack of a gaff eliminates the need to manage or adjust this spar, reducing crew effort and enabling quicker turns with fewer personnel.^[4] In contrast, gaff rigs require coordinated handling of the peak and throat halyards to position the gaff properly, which can complicate short-tacking, especially on smaller crews or in confined waters.^[53] Modern Bermuda setups further benefit from self-tailing winches and roller-furling headsails, streamlining operations compared to the more manual adjustments typical of gaff sails.^[1] Historically, the Bermuda rig gained prominence in yacht racing during the 1920s, supplanting the gaff rig due to its superior upwind performance, which allowed yachts to sail closer to the wind and execute faster starts in competitive scenarios.^[4] Key milestones included the 1921 re-rigging of the yacht Nyria as a Bermuda cutter and the 1931 conversion of King George V's Britannia, prompting widespread adoption among Big Class racers by the mid-1930s.^[4] This shift was driven by the Bermuda rig's higher aspect ratio, providing greater aerodynamic efficiency to windward—making it indispensable for rule-constrained racing under formulas like the Universal Rule.^[6] Despite these benefits, the Bermuda rig demands more precise sail trimming to maintain optimal shape, as its sleek triangular profile is less forgiving of errors compared to the gaff rig's inherently more tolerant four-sided sail, which naturally twists off in gusts to depower without extensive adjustments.^[1] Improper trim on a Bermuda mainsail can lead to stalling or excessive weather helm, requiring vigilant monitoring of outhaul, cunningham, and traveler settings, whereas gaff sails offer greater inherent stability through their design.^[53]

Versus Other Modern Rigs

The Bermuda rig, with its wire stays and shrouds, supports taller masts that enable higher aspect ratio sails for improved upwind efficiency compared to simpler modern alternatives like wishbone or wing rigs.^[54] Wishbone rigs, often used on small boats and windsurfers, employ a curved boom that eliminates the need for complex standing rigging, reducing overall complexity but limiting adjustability and mast height potential.^[55] Wing rigs, featuring rigid aerofoil sails, further simplify the setup by removing traditional fabric sails and wire supports entirely, offering ease of deployment but sacrificing fine-tuned shape control essential for varying wind conditions.^[56] In contrast to the junk rig, a post-1950s alternative inspired by traditional Chinese designs, the Bermuda rig provides superior upwind speed and velocity made good (VMG), though junk rigs may sometimes point slightly higher.^[57] Although junk rigs excel in broad reaching and running due to their balanced power delivery and self-jibing characteristics, the Bermuda rig's triangular sail shape and adjustable controls deliver higher speeds in mixed conditions, as demonstrated in direct comparisons where Bermudan-rigged boats outpaced junk-rigged counterparts upwind.^[57] Reefing remains a key trade-off: junk rigs allow instantaneous reduction by dropping battened panels in about 30 seconds without winching, whereas Bermuda rigs require more steps like slab reefing or headsail furling, adding time and effort in gusty weather.^[57] Bermuda rigs incur higher costs and maintenance demands than these alternatives, primarily from the extensive wire rigging that requires periodic inspection and replacement—often every 10-15 years—to prevent failures, compared to unstayed or minimally rigged options like junk or wing setups.^[58] Despite this, the Bermuda rig's versatility yields superior overall performance across wind angles, justifying the investment for sailors prioritizing speed over simplicity.^[57]

Modern Applications

In Yacht Racing

The Bermuda rig has achieved dominance in modern yacht racing, serving as the standard configuration in numerous competitive classes due to its efficiency and adaptability. In one-design racing, the J/24 class exemplifies this prevalence, recognized as the world's most popular racing keelboat with over 5,500 boats produced since 1977, all featuring a fractional Bermuda sloop rig optimized for close-quarters maneuvers and upwind performance.^[59] Similarly, the Etap 26, a Belgian trailerable cruiser-racer, employs a fractional Bermuda rig that supports its use in club-level handicap events, emphasizing stability and speed in varied conditions.^[60] At the elite level, the America's Cup has embraced advanced iterations, as seen in the 2021 AC75 class and the 2024 event, where foiling monohulls utilize a soft-wing Bermuda mainsail design that rotates to optimize aerodynamics, enabling groundbreaking speeds exceeding 50 knots while adhering to strict class rules.^[61] Fractional rigs, a common variant of the Bermuda configuration, provide critical bend control in high winds, allowing racers to depower the mainsail by inducing mast bend through backstay tension, which flattens the sail and reduces heeling without sacrificing overall drive. This feature is particularly valuable in gusty conditions, facilitating sustained boat speeds exceeding 40 knots in foiling classes like the AC75, where precise mast flexibility prevents overpowering during maneuvers.^[62] Innovations in Bermuda rig design further enhance racing performance, including bendy masts constructed from carbon composites that allow controlled deflection to fine-tune sail shape dynamically.^[63] Racing rules under World Sailing (formerly ISAF) and the Offshore Racing Congress (ORC) incorporate handicaps that favor the Bermuda rig's versatility, enabling fair competition in mixed fleets by adjusting ratings based on sail area, rig efficiency, and performance predictions across wind angles. The ORC's Velocity Prediction Program (VPP) calculates time-on-distance scores sensitive to race conditions, rewarding the rig's balanced upwind and downwind capabilities in diverse offshore and inshore events.^[64]

In Recreational and Commercial Sailing

The Bermuda rig's prominence in recreational sailing stems from its simplicity and efficiency, making it ideal for cruising yachts designed for short-handed operation. In models like the Beneteau First series, the single-mast configuration with a large mainsail and overlapping headsail allows small crews or solo sailors to manage sails effectively from the cockpit, reducing the physical demands of handling multiple masts or complex rigging. This setup facilitates quick tacking and easy sail adjustments, enhancing accessibility for amateur sailors on extended coastal or bluewater voyages.^[65] In commercial applications, the Bermuda rig influences designs for sail training vessels and auxiliary-powered craft in coastal environments, where maneuverability and stability draw from historical Bermuda sloop traditions for durability in demanding conditions.^[66] Modern enhancements to the Bermuda rig further support its recreational and commercial viability through advanced materials that prioritize longevity and performance. Carbon fiber masts, increasingly standard on cruising yachts, reduce overall rig weight by approximately 50% compared to traditional aluminum, lowering heeling moments and improving speed while maintaining structural integrity under load.^[67] Similarly, Mylar-laminated sails, often with polyester backings, offer superior shape retention and resistance to UV degradation, making them suitable for prolonged exposure in trade wind regions where consistent durability is essential for safe passage.^[14] Safety is bolstered by features like roller furling headsails, which are integral to the standard sloop form of the Bermuda rig and allow rapid reefing from the cockpit during sudden storms. By wrapping the sail around the forestay, crews can reduce sail area in seconds without venturing forward, minimizing exposure to heavy weather and preventing overload that could lead to capsizing or structural failure. This system is particularly valued in both leisure cruising and commercial coastal work, where quick response to changing conditions ensures operational continuity.^[68]^[69]

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The Bermuda Fitted Dinghy - The Bermudian Magazine
May 22, 2025 · Bermuda fitted dinghies are linked to the island's sailing history, with a cedar hull, 3-4 inch keel, and a 5-6 man crew. They are used for ...Missing: shallow | Show results with:shallow
[30]
The history of the J class - Yachting World
May 12, 2005 · From 1929 to 1937, 20 J Class yachts were designed. Ten of these were built, and six raced in the America's Cup finals.Missing: 1914 wireless antennas
[31]
A pocket guide to the J Class yachts – the world's most elegant ...
Mar 19, 2017 · From 1929 to 1937, 20 J Class yachts were designed. Ten of these went on to be built, with six racing in the America's Cup finals. A modern ...
[32]
Fenwick Williams's 18' Catboat - Small Boats Magazine
While all of the Bermuda-rigged boats tacked for position, he simply waited there until the starting gun, when he hauled in the boom and started sailing. He ...
[33]
https://www.thebermudian.com/culture/the-bermuda-fitted-dinghy/
[34]
variations of the cat rig - Catboot Seezunge
Oct 23, 2016 · Classic catboat rig with high peaked gaff typical: the single mast well forward positioned in the bow of the boat. this is the typical rig for the classic ...Missing: adaptation | Show results with:adaptation
[35]
https://www.yachtingworld.com/j-class/a-pocket-guide-to-the-j-class-yachts-the-worlds-most-elegant-racing-fleet-105379
[36]
Laser 2 – CVRDA – Classic & Vintage Racing Dinghy Association
Laser 2. Length: 4.40m (14ft 5ins). Width: 1.42m (4ft 8ins). Weight: Country: United Kingdom. Keel Type: Rig Type: Bermuda Sloop Fractional (with jib). Crew: 2.
[37]
Laser 2 Rigging Guide - Sailing - Caution Water
May 2, 2010 · The Laser 2 is a two person dinghy, which comes in various different configurations, some with trapeze, some with spinnakers, some with both.Missing: fractional Bermuda
[38]
The Cruiser's Guide to Mainsail Control - Quantum Sails
Oct 23, 2023 · The cruising sailor can make use of the traveler, the mainsheet, the boom vang, backstay tension, outhaul or the cunningham to manipulate sail shape.Missing: Bermuda | Show results with:Bermuda
[39]
What are Sail Controls? - Offshore Sailing School
Dec 4, 2024 · Sail controls are adjustments sailors make to change the shape of the sail, which allow for better control of the wind to steer the boat with precision.
[40]
Dynamics of Headsail Trim - Sailing World
Apr 19, 2022 · Jib Halyard Tension. Halyard tension primarily controls the draft position of your headsail. A tighter halyard pulls the draft forward, while a ...
[41]
[PDF] HEADSAIL TRIM GUIDE - Quantum Sails
HALYARD (LUFF) TENSION. Tension along the luff of the sail is a function of apparent wind velocity. In more wind more tension is needed—and vice versa. When ...Missing: Bermuda | Show results with:Bermuda
[42]
Aspect Ratio - UK Sailmakers
Specifically, it's calculated by dividing the height (or length) of the foil by its width. A high aspect ratio means the sail or foil is tall and narrow, while ...Missing: geometry | Show results with:geometry
[43]
https://www.offshoresailing.com/a-guide-to-understanding-sail-control-basics/
[44]
Understand your boat and her statistics - Yachting Monthly
Apr 28, 2015 · A SA/D ratio above 20 is getting into the lively performance category. I was once on a custom-built racing boat with a SA/D ratio of 40. She was ...
[45]
Understanding the Numbers - boats.com
Aug 25, 2000 · The sail area to displacement ratio generally works out to be between 14 and 30, with the highest numbers being the fastest boats in lighter ...
[46]
The definitive guide to sailing yacht rigging - BOAT International
Oct 29, 2021 · The Bermudan rig is the all-rounder, able to perform well at all angles of sail. It is efficient upwind, while downwind the sail area can be significantly ...Missing: center | Show results with:center
[47]
lugsails vs. bermudan rig - The WoodenBoat Forum
Feb 23, 2007 · There are definite difficulties with the Bermuda rigged sloop - like enormous rig tension, high heeling forces, etc. Phil Bolger often, and ...
[48]
[PDF] MAINSAIL TRIM GUIDE - Quantum Sails
Trim just enough to stop luffing. ... How far the mainsheet can be trimmed to help the boat sail upwind effectively is a function of wind velocity and boat speed.
[49]
UPWIND SAIL POWER - North Sails
The first source of power is angle of attack. At zero angle of attack, the sail is luffing. Trim in to increase angle of attack and thus, to increase power.
[50]
Gaff rig: past, present and future - OGA
A gaff rig has a yard swung to one side, with the sail supported by the gaff. It was simple, robust, and cost-effective, and can perform well on modern hulls.
[51]
What's the Ideal Sailing Rig...? - Kasten Marine Design
Aspect Ratio is defined as the height of the sail squared, divided by the area of the sail. A perfectly square sail would have an A/R of 1. A 450 sq. ft.Missing: geometry | Show results with:geometry
[52]
[PDF] Design of a Trailer Capable, Open Ocean Sailing Yacht
However, the bermuda rig's higher aspect ratio necessitates a taller mast for the same sail area. ... basic laminate layup over a low density closed cell foam ...
[53]
Rigging - a Cruising Guide on the World Cruising and Sailing Wiki
May 14, 2016 · Standing rigging is cordage which is fixed in position. Standing rigging is almost always in tension between a mast and the deck or hull.Missing: key | Show results with:key
[54]
The 10-Step Guide to Windsurfing - Cal Sailing Club
The "personal sailing craft" that we have today incorporates all of their design breakthroughs: freely articulated mast, wishbone rig, centerboard, and skeg.
[55]
Bermudan rig vs Junk rig: which is best? - Practical Boat Owner
Nov 25, 2014 · Sailing the two boats revealed an enormous difference in feel. With a Bermudan rig, the power reduces as the wind angle increases (until you ...
[56]
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[57]
[PDF] Sustainability takes a new tack - Meet AERA - Royal Huisman
Sep 18, 2025 · Sail is so efficient that to provide the same power, a traditional Bermudian rig would need to be taller and fly 60 to 80% more sail area.
[58]
J/24 Performance Sailboat - J Boats
People didn't think twice about sailing 170-mile overnight races in J/24s, figuring since they were already sleeping on the boat, they might as well sail, too.
[59]
https://jboats.com/j24-sailing-performance
[60]
The Sails of the America's Cup - Sailing World
Jan 8, 2021 · The core of the AC75′s sail plan is the rotating soft-wing sail, comprised of two sails—or “skins”—of a double-sided mainsail that must be ...
[61]
Rig tuning for safety and better performance - MySailing
The advantage of the fractional rig is that its mast – particularly the upper portion – is easily bent in the fore-and-aft direction by adjusting forestay and ...
[62]
DN Bendy mast - Boat Design Net
Oct 15, 2011 · The benefits of bendy rig are initially their ability to depower and have gust response which needs to be very fast as the boats arent very able to spill wind ...Fat head Bermuda Sail Design rules | Boat Design NetWhat is a Marconi Rig | Boat Design NetMore results from www.boatdesign.net
[63]
Scoring Options - ORC.org
From the very beginning (1978) the ORC handicap system calculated relative handicaps for a mixed fleet which were sensitive to race conditions. The Velocity ...Missing: Bermuda versatility
[64]
First - 40 Years Of Iconic Sailing Heritage - Beneteau
Easy to Handle ... They are reassuringly stable, even in a good breeze, and they are always safe and a pleasure to sail, no matter how big or small your crew is.First 36 · First 24 · First 44 · First 53Missing: Bermuda | Show results with:Bermuda
[65]
[PDF] Technical Paper No. 28 - the NOAA Institutional Repository
Bermuda sloops and dinghies and American Pilot Boats. Page 27. 23 centerboard schooner used to suppress the slave trade. UNION. Also covered are various.
[66]
Carbon Fiber Masts Are Standard | Tartan Yachts
Not only does a carbon fiber mast weigh around half the weight of a traditional aluminum mast, but the location of this weight savings has amplified impact.Missing: Bermuda | Show results with:Bermuda
[67]
The Case For Roller Furling Headsails on an Offshore Sailboat
Mar 23, 2012 · Good Roller Furling Sails. If you are going to roller furl and reef successfully, it is important that your sails are designed and built right.
[68]
Roller Furling and Reefing | BoatUS
With a furler, the genoa can be reefed or stowed from the safety of the cockpit without the physical effort of dragging sails onto the foredeck.1. Larger Boats With Smaller... · 3. Larger Genoas For Night... · 5. Flexibility