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Business informatics

Business informatics, also known as Wirtschaftsinformatik in German-speaking countries, is an interdisciplinary field that integrates , management, and to design, develop, and manage information systems supporting organizational processes, efficiency, and strategic . It focuses on creating socio-technical systems—comprising human activities and technological components—that align principles with business functions to solve complex organizational challenges. From an engineering perspective, business informatics applies structured methods from , , and to construct information and communication technologies () that enhance business operations, such as , , and . Core elements include (ERP) systems for transaction processing and resource management, (CRM) for operational support, and (BI) tools for analytical decision-making and forecasting. These systems centralize data to promote transparency, break down departmental silos, and enable collaboration across organizations, with widespread adoption evidenced by approximately 90% of companies using ERP solutions. The discipline also incorporates advanced integrations, such as geographic information systems (GIS) with and , to support and in sectors like . Business informatics programs, offered by both business schools and engineering institutions, equip professionals with skills in , , , and to address real-world business problems through technology.

Definition and Scope

Definition

Business informatics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates principles from , , and information systems to optimize organizational processes through the application of . This approach focuses on designing, implementing, and managing IT solutions that support business functions, drawing on systems-analytical methods to analyze information processes in socio-economic contexts. As defined in academic frameworks, it emphasizes the engineering of information systems tailored to needs, distinguishing it as a bridge between technical and organizational . At its core, business informatics encompasses , which involves handling , data warehouses, and to ensure reliable flows within organizations. It also prioritizes the alignment of IT strategies with objectives, including IT and initiatives to drive . Additionally, serves as a foundational element, providing structured models for processes and to facilitate scalable and integrated systems. These components collectively enable professionals to develop solutions that enhance efficiency, decision-making, and adaptability in dynamic environments. Business informatics differs from pure , which concentrates on the technical foundations of information processing and without a specific business orientation. In contrast to , which focuses on non-technical aspects of management such as , , and , business informatics incorporates IT engineering and systems integration to directly influence operational outcomes. This unique positioning allows it to address the practical interplay between technology and requirements, fostering innovations like and systems.

Scope and Objectives

Business informatics encompasses a broad scope that ranges from strategic (IT) planning to the tactical implementation of systems such as () and tools, enabling organizations to align technological capabilities with needs. This field addresses the design, development, and management of information systems that support core functions, including and (), while ensuring scalability and adaptability in dynamic environments. For instance, systems integrate various processes into a unified platform, facilitating access across departments. The primary objectives of business informatics include enhancing through advanced IT-driven , which provide actionable insights from large datasets to inform strategic choices. It also aims to improve by automating processes and optimizing , reducing redundancies and costs in business operations. Additionally, it supports by enabling organizations to adopt emerging technologies like and , thereby fostering innovation and . These goals are pursued through structured management models that guide the effective deployment of solutions. At its core, business informatics is interdisciplinary, bridging , , and to deliver holistic business solutions that consider both technical feasibility and economic viability. This integration allows professionals to develop systems that not only meet technical standards but also align with managerial objectives and economic principles, such as cost-benefit analysis in IT investments. By combining these domains, the field promotes collaborative approaches where business stakeholders and IT experts work together to create value-driven outcomes.

Historical Development

Origins

Business informatics, known in German as Wirtschaftsinformatik, emerged in the late 1960s in Europe, particularly in Germany and German-speaking countries, as businesses increasingly adopted computers for operational efficiency during the post-war economic boom. This period saw the integration of informatics with business administration to address the growing need for automated data handling in industries such as banking, insurance, and manufacturing. The discipline arose from the practical demands of electronic data processing (elektronische Datenverarbeitung), which began gaining traction in the late 1950s and dominated early discussions on applying computing to business processes. Key influences included the development of management information systems (MIS) and early data processing techniques, which provided foundational concepts for using IT to support managerial decision-making. By 1968, MIS had become a prominent topic in German informatics literature, reflecting international trends toward systems that could generate reports and analyses from business data. Concurrently, operations research (Betriebswirtschaftliche Operations Research) played a significant role, with numerous publications on OR methods appearing between 1959 and 1970, influencing the quantitative modeling aspects of business informatics. Institutions like the Betriebswirtschaftliches Institut für Organisation und Automation (BIFOA), founded in 1963 at the by Erwin Grochla, exemplified this blend by focusing on and organizational optimization through computational methods. Academic formalization began with the establishment of dedicated chairs and research groups in the late . Mertens was appointed to the first business informatics chair in 1968 at the University of Linz (), later moving to the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg in 1970, where he advanced curriculum development. In , the University of Cologne created one of the earliest chairs in 1971 under Paul Schmitz, while the Technical University of Darmstadt initiated a business-oriented research group in 1971 under Hartmut Wedekind. The University of 's School of and , founded in 1967, incorporated business elements into its offerings by the early 1970s. These initiatives marked the shift from ad-hoc industry applications to structured academic study, laying the groundwork for interdisciplinary education combining , , and quantitative methods like .

Evolution and Milestones

The and marked a pivotal shift in business informatics, characterized by the widespread adoption of (ERP) systems and (OOP) paradigms within business environments. During the , manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) systems expanded to integrate financial, , and operational functions, laying the groundwork for holistic enterprise-wide solutions that addressed the limitations of siloed data processing in earlier mainframe-based approaches. By the , the term ERP was formalized, with client-server architectures enabling real-time data sharing across organizations, significantly improving efficiency in and for global businesses. Concurrently, OOP gained industrial traction starting in the late , evolving into a dominant methodology by the mid- through languages like C++ and Smalltalk, which facilitated modular for scalable business applications such as inventory and customer relationship systems. The 2000s brought further milestones, including the ascent of () tools, deeper integration, and the proliferation of industry standards like certifications. transitioned to its "2.0" era around 2005, emphasizing , data visualization, and collaborative platforms that empowered non-technical users to derive insights from enterprise data warehouses, thereby enhancing strategic in competitive markets. integration accelerated post-2000, with broadband proliferation and secure payment protocols enabling seamless incorporation of into core business frameworks, as seen in platforms like Amazon's early expansions that redefined . Additionally, 's certification programs, formalized in the mid-1990s and gaining prominence in the 2000s, established benchmarks for expertise in implementation, fostering standardized skills for professionals handling complex system deployments. From the 2010s onward, business informatics has increasingly incorporated analytics, (AI), and , driving transformative capabilities in data processing and . technologies, such as Hadoop and databases, emerged around 2010 to handle voluminous, unstructured business data, enabling predictive modeling for customer behavior and operational optimization. integration, particularly algorithms, advanced in the mid-2010s to automate informatics tasks like fraud detection and personalized marketing within ERP ecosystems. further revolutionized the field by offering scalable, on-demand infrastructure for informatics applications, reducing costs and enhancing accessibility for SMEs through platforms like AWS and . Complementing these advancements, global standardization efforts by organizations like the Association for Information Systems (AIS) have promoted unified curricula, ethical guidelines, and research frameworks to align business informatics practices across borders. In the 2020s, the field has seen accelerated adoption of generative for enhanced decision support and automation in business processes, alongside a growing emphasis on sustainable and ethical practices to address and environmental impacts in , as evidenced by integrations in and systems for , AI-driven as of 2025.

Core Concepts and Theories

Integration of Business and Informatics

Business informatics fundamentally merges the disciplines of business management and (IT) to create systems that support organizational goals. This integration occurs through structured mechanisms that align with business strategies, ensuring that technological capabilities directly contribute to operational efficiency and strategic objectives. Frameworks such as the provide a comprehensive classification scheme for describing enterprise elements, facilitating the alignment of business and IT perspectives by organizing artifacts across multiple viewpoints, including planners, owners, and designers. Similarly, (TOGAF) offers a step-by-step for developing enterprise architectures, emphasizing the Architecture Development Method to iteratively align IT assets with business requirements, thereby enabling organizations to adapt to changing market demands. Central to this integration are key informatics components tailored to business contexts. Software engineering principles are applied to design scalable applications that automate business processes, such as systems that streamline operations. Database systems play a crucial role in managing structured business data, enabling real-time analytics for , while technologies ensure secure and efficient across distributed organizational units, supporting collaborative environments like cloud-based platforms for global teams. These components are deployed holistically to address socio-technical needs, combining technical rigor with to foster information systems that enhance value creation. The benefits of such include heightened organizational , where IT enables rapid response to shifts, and improved resource utilization, leading to measurable gains in productivity and . For instance, aligned systems can reduce operational costs by up to 20-30% through process optimization, as evidenced in implementations. However, challenges persist, including the risk of IT-business misalignment due to communication gaps between technical and managerial teams, which can result in failed projects or strategic disconnects. Overcoming these requires ongoing to balance with .

Key Models and Frameworks

Business informatics relies on several foundational models and frameworks to structure the of with processes, ensuring alignment between organizational goals and IT capabilities. These models provide structured approaches to , IT governance, and , enabling practitioners to design, manage, and evaluate information systems in a business context. The , developed by John Zachman, is a seminal for that organizes architectural artifacts using a 6x6 matrix. The rows represent six perspectives—planner, owner, designer, builder, subcontractor, and functioning enterprise—while the columns address six interrogatives: what (data), how (function), where (network), who (people), when (time), and why (motivation). This structure facilitates comprehensive documentation and analysis of complex enterprises without prescribing specific methods, emphasizing classification over implementation. Originally introduced in 1987, it has influenced numerous practices by promoting a holistic view of IT and business elements. COBIT, or Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology, is a comprehensive framework for IT governance and management, originally released by in 1996 and evolved through versions up to COBIT 2019. It defines governance and management objectives across five domains—evaluate, direct, and monitor (); align, plan, and organize (APO); build, acquire, and implement (BAI); deliver, service, and support (DSS); and monitor, evaluate, and assess (MEA)—to ensure IT delivers value while optimizing resources and managing risks. COBIT emphasizes process maturity models and enablers like principles, policies, and frameworks to align IT with business requirements, making it a cornerstone for and audit in business informatics. The , adapted for IT contexts as the IT Balanced Scorecard, extends the original strategic performance management tool to measure and align IT contributions with business objectives. Introduced by Robert Kaplan and David Norton in 1992, the core framework uses four perspectives—financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth—to translate strategy into actionable metrics; in IT adaptations, these are tailored to include corporate contribution (e.g., IT value delivery), client orientation (e.g., service quality), operations management (e.g., process efficiency), and future orientation (e.g., innovation capabilities). Pioneered by Wim Van Grembergen in 2000, this IT-specific version supports governance by cascading scorecards from executive to operational levels, enabling quantitative tracking of IT-business alignment through key performance indicators like system uptime and ROI on IT investments.

Education and Curriculum

Degree Programs and Institutions

Business informatics degree programs are offered at bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels, typically under names such as Business Informatics, Wirtschaftsinformatik, or Information Systems Management, preparing students for roles at the intersection of technology and business. In , the provides a prominent Bachelor's program in Business Informatics (B.Sc.), which integrates foundational knowledge in , , and over six semesters. The university also offers a Master's program in Business Informatics (M.Sc.), spanning four semesters with approximately 120 ECTS credits and taught in English, emphasizing advanced topics in information systems and . For doctoral studies, the School of Business Informatics and Mathematics at supports individual pursuits, focusing on independent research in areas like information systems and . In , the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU Wien) features a Bachelor's program in and Social Sciences with a major in Information Systems (Wirtschaftsinformatik), combining IT skills with to address practical demands in . The institution's Master's program in Information Systems (M.Sc.) builds on this foundation, providing specialized training in IT management, e-business, and research methodologies over four semesters. Internationally, in the United States offers an undergraduate Information Systems (B.S.) program through a joint effort between the Heinz College and Dietrich College, blending , business management, and social sciences. Its Master's in Information Systems Management (MISM) is a 16-month STEM-designated program that develops technical and leadership skills for transforming business processes via . The university further provides a Ph.D. in Information Systems and Management, training scholars in innovative research across disciplinary boundaries. Globally, European programs like Wirtschaftsinformatik in and emphasize interdisciplinary integration of and business processes, often with a strong theoretical and technical focus, whereas U.S. programs such as Management Information Systems (MIS) prioritize practical applications of IT in organizational contexts, as seen in rankings of top institutions.

Typical Curriculum Components

Typical curricula in business informatics degree programs, typically at the bachelor's level spanning six semesters or four years, integrate foundational knowledge in , , and their intersection to prepare students for roles bridging organizational needs and technical solutions. These programs emphasize a balanced structure, often allocating roughly equal credits to and components, with additional interdisciplinary elements to foster practical application. For instance, programs at institutions like and Modul University Vienna structure coursework around core business principles, technical skills, and to address real-world informatics challenges in business contexts. Core subjects form the backbone of business informatics education, focusing on how information systems support business operations. Business process modeling teaches students to analyze, design, and optimize workflows using tools like BPMN (), enabling the representation of organizational processes for efficiency improvements. Database design covers principles, normalization techniques, and entity-relationship modeling to ensure and accessibility in business environments. IT project management introduces methodologies such as Agile and for planning, executing, and controlling technology implementations within budget and timeline constraints. The economics of information systems explores the cost-benefit analysis of IT investments, including (ROI) calculations and the strategic value of data as a business asset. These subjects are standard in programs like those at TH Wildau, where they form a significant part of the foundational coursework. Technical components build proficiency in tools and technologies essential for developing and managing business information systems. Programming courses, often using languages like for object-oriented development and SQL for query optimization, enable students to create custom applications and manipulate effectively. Data analytics modules cover techniques such as statistical analysis, , and tools like Tableau, preparing learners to derive insights from business datasets for decision-making. Cybersecurity for business addresses risk assessment, encryption protocols, and compliance with standards like GDPR, focusing on protecting organizational from threats while aligning with business continuity goals. These elements are prominently featured in curricula at Modul University Vienna, including database management, algorithms, web programming, and , typically comprising 30-40% of the program. Soft skills integration ensures graduates can apply technical knowledge ethically and strategically in team settings. in IT examines moral implications of data privacy, , and digital responsibility, often through case studies on issues like fairness in business applications. courses link IT strategies to overall business goals, covering topics like and through information systems. Interdisciplinary projects, such as capstone simulations or group developments of systems, promote collaboration across business and technical domains, culminating in practical outcomes like implementations. Programs at and TH Wildau incorporate these through dedicated modules on IT , policy, intercultural management, and team projects, allocating 10-20% of credits to such .

Professional Applications

Business Process Management

Business process management (BPM) in business informatics focuses on the systematic application of informatics principles to design, execute, monitor, and optimize business processes, enabling organizations to achieve greater efficiency and adaptability. By integrating data-driven and technologies, BPM transforms traditional workflows into dynamic, measurable systems that align with strategic objectives. This approach leverages informatics tools to model processes graphically, automate their execution, and continuously improve performance based on insights. The lifecycle forms the foundational framework in business informatics, encompassing iterative phases of modeling, execution, monitoring, and optimization. Modeling involves creating visual representations of processes using standardized notations such as (BPMN), which provides a graphical syntax for specifying processes in a way that is understandable to both technical and non-technical stakeholders. BPMN supports various process types, including private executable processes for internal automation and public processes for inter-organizational interactions, facilitating the transition from design to implementation. Execution occurs through workflow engines that interpret BPMN models to automate process flows, handling tasks like sequential activities, parallel gateways, and event-driven triggers to ensure reliable across systems. Monitoring tracks process performance using key performance indicators (KPIs) derived from event logs, while optimization applies analytical techniques to identify bottlenecks and refine models, often iterating back to the modeling phase for continuous improvement. Key tools and technologies in BPM within business informatics include process mining software, such as , which analyzes event data to discover actual process variants and conformance against intended models. Celonis's Process Repository bridges traditional modeling with process mining by allowing the upload and versioning of BPMN 2.0 files, enabling direct linkage to analytics tools for variant exploration and compliance checks, thus supporting a unified view of as-is and to-be processes. Integration with (RPA) further enhances BPM by automating rule-based, repetitive tasks within workflows; for instance, the RPABPM methodology combines RPA bots with BPM systems through non-invasive adapters, achieving high automation efficiency (up to 99.85%) while reducing energy consumption in long-term processes like . This synergy allows BPM platforms to orchestrate RPA alongside human activities, optimizing end-to-end execution without disrupting legacy systems. Recent trends as of 2025 include the integration of (AI) and hyperautomation in BPM, enabling , intelligent , and end-to-end process orchestration to further enhance efficiency and adaptability. In manufacturing firms, BPM has been applied to streamline processes, such as procurement and , by modeling collaborative workflows that enhance information sharing and joint planning. For example, case studies of Thai electronics and automotive manufacturers demonstrate how BPM practices, including ERP integration and continuous improvement techniques like , reduced lead times and improved collaboration with suppliers, leading to more responsive supply chains. These applications highlight BPM's role in addressing variability in environments, where process optimization can yield significant gains in .

Information Systems in Organizations

Information systems (IS) in organizations, shaped by business informatics principles, serve as the backbone for integrating , processes, and to enhance and strategic alignment. These systems are designed to support various organizational levels, from routine transactions to high-level executive oversight, ensuring that informatics tools align with business objectives such as and . In business informatics, IS are not merely technological implementations but interdisciplinary constructs that bridge IT capabilities with organizational needs, facilitating information flow and adaptability in dynamic markets. Key types of IS include transaction processing systems (), decision support systems (DSS), and executive information systems (EIS). TPS operate at the operational level, automating high-volume, routine transactions such as order processing and to ensure accuracy and efficiency in daily business activities. DSS, targeted at , provide analytical tools like and simulations to aid semi-structured decision-making, such as forecasting demand or , by integrating internal and external data sources. EIS cater to top executives, offering aggregated, graphical dashboards of key performance indicators (KPIs) for strategic oversight, enabling quick insights into organizational performance without delving into operational details. Implementation strategies for IS in organizations often emphasize enterprise-wide systems to achieve holistic , with (CRM) and (SCM) as prominent examples. CRM systems centralize customer data to streamline interactions, sales, and service, while SCM optimizes procurement, logistics, and supplier coordination across the . These implementations typically involve phased approaches, including , customization, and testing, to minimize disruptions. A critical focus is (ROI) analysis, which evaluates costs against benefits like improved and ; for instance, studies show that effective CRM and SCM deployments can yield ROI through reduced operational costs and enhanced rates. Recent advancements as of 2025 incorporate AI into DSS and EIS for enhanced predictive capabilities and automated insights, complementing traditional IS functionalities. Despite their benefits, IS implementations face significant challenges, including data silos, scalability issues, and compliance requirements. Data silos arise when disparate systems prevent unified data access, leading to inconsistencies and hindered analytics across departments. Scalability challenges emerge as organizations grow, requiring IS to handle increased data volumes and user loads without performance degradation, often necessitating cloud-based architectures for flexibility. Compliance with regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) adds complexity, mandating secure data handling, consent management, and audit trails to avoid penalties, particularly in integrated systems processing personal information.

Career Opportunities

Common Job Roles

Business informatics professionals typically occupy roles that integrate with business processes to enhance organizational efficiency and decision-making. Common positions include business analysts, IT consultants, and systems architects, each contributing uniquely to the alignment of IT solutions with strategic business objectives. Business analysts serve as intermediaries between IT departments and business units, focusing on eliciting and documenting requirements to ensure technology supports operational needs. Their primary responsibilities encompass gathering stakeholder requirements, analyzing business processes for optimization, implementing system enhancements, and evaluating performance metrics to measure outcomes against goals. In sectors such as , where they model systems; healthcare, for data improvements; and , to streamline , business analysts drive informatics-driven transformations. IT consultants provide expert guidance on strategies, assessing current s and recommending tailored IT architectures to address challenges. Key duties involve requirements gathering through client consultations, overseeing system implementations, and conducting performance evaluations to refine strategies post-deployment. These professionals are particularly vital in for and detection tools, healthcare for integrations, and for platform optimizations, where informatics underpins competitive operations. Systems architects design scalable enterprise IT infrastructures, ensuring alignment with business informatics principles to support long-term growth. They handle responsibilities such as gathering technical requirements, architecting and implementing integrated systems, and evaluating system performance for reliability and efficiency. In finance, they develop secure transaction networks; in healthcare, robust data interoperability frameworks; and in retail, agile supply chain systems, leveraging informatics to propel sector-specific innovations. Success in these roles often requires a blend of technical and analytical skills, as detailed in related competencies.

Required Skills and Competencies

Professionals in business informatics require a blend of technical skills to bridge and organizational needs. Proficiency in (ERP) software enables the integration and automation of core business processes like , , and , facilitating real-time data flow across departments. skills are crucial for designing and optimizing database structures that support decision-making, involving techniques like entity-relationship modeling to ensure and in business applications. Familiarity with processes supports iterative development of information systems, allowing teams to adapt quickly to changing business requirements. As of 2025, additional technical competencies include proficiency in and for and in business processes, cloud computing platforms such as AWS or for scalable , and cybersecurity principles to protect systems against evolving threats. Business competencies form the foundation for applying to strategic objectives. Understanding involves knowledge of principles, budgeting, and financial reporting to evaluate the return on for IT initiatives. Proficiency in requires grasping consumer behavior and tools to leverage data-driven campaigns. Insight into supply chain dynamics encompasses management and optimization models to enhance using tools for tracking and . Soft skills are vital for effective collaboration and implementation in business informatics roles. Strong communication abilities aid in management by translating complex technical concepts into actionable business insights for non-expert audiences. Problem-solving skills enable the identification and resolution of interdisciplinary challenges, such as aligning IT solutions with business goals under . ensures responsible handling of data privacy and IT governance, adhering to standards that prevent misuse of information systems in business contexts.

Publications and Research

Major Journals

Business informatics, as an interdisciplinary field bridging information technology and business management, has several prominent academic journals that serve as primary outlets for research. Among these, Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE), formerly known as Wirtschaftsinformatik, stands out for its focus on the design, implementation, and evaluation of information systems within organizational contexts, particularly emphasizing techno-economic aspects and drawing from German-speaking research traditions while achieving broad international readership. Published by Springer, BISE maintains a high scholarly impact, with a 2024 Journal Impact Factor of 10.4 and a 5-year Impact Factor of 10.8, ranking it among the top journals in information systems. The Information Systems Journal (ISJ), published by Wiley, provides a global platform for rigorous empirical and theoretical studies on information systems, covering topics from system development to socio-technical impacts on organizations. It emphasizes interdisciplinary approaches that integrate business and technological perspectives, with a 2024 Impact Factor of 6.3, reflecting its influence in advancing IS scholarship. Another key publication is the Journal of Information Systems (EJIS), issued by , which offers a distinctive European lens on information systems theory, practice, and , including strategic IT alignment and organizational . EJIS has demonstrated strong academic reach, achieving a 2024 Journal of 8.6 and a 5-year of 10.7. Recent publication trends in these journals highlight a growing emphasis on digital innovation and applications in , such as AI-driven process optimization and ecosystems, underscoring the field's evolution toward addressing contemporary technological disruptions.

Influential Works and Trends

One seminal contribution to business informatics is the Wirtschaftsinformatik by Lutz J. Heinrich, Heinzl, and Friedrich Roithmayr (3rd edition, 2009), which establishes foundational reference models for integrating information systems with business processes, emphasizing structured approaches to enterprise modeling and system design. This work has influenced and practical applications by providing a systematic for analyzing economic and technical requirements in organizational contexts. Recent trends in business informatics highlight the integration of technology in supply chains, with post-2020 studies demonstrating its role in enhancing and reducing through immutable ledgers. For instance, research shows enables real-time tracking of goods, improving efficiency in global logistics in simulated scenarios. Sustainable IT has emerged as a critical direction, focusing on reducing the environmental footprint of data centers and software operations, with literature reviews identifying energy-efficient as key to aligning IT with goals. Machine learning applications in business analytics represent another prominent trend, enabling predictive modeling for and customer behavior analysis, as evidenced by studies showing improved accuracy in processes over traditional methods. Post-pandemic underscores resilience, where strategies incorporate adaptive cloud infrastructures to maintain operations during disruptions, with empirical analyses revealing a 25% increase in recovery speed for resilient systems. As of 2025, emerging trends include the application of generative for automated design and quantum-resistant in secure data systems. Ongoing research gaps in business informatics include the need for robust frameworks addressing ethical deployment, particularly in mitigating and ensuring accountability in automated business decisions, as highlighted in bibliometric analyses of ethics literature. Similarly, global data privacy challenges persist, with studies pointing to inconsistencies in cross-border regulations like GDPR and CCPA, calling for informatics models that integrate privacy-by-design to bridge enforcement gaps in international data flows.

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