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Chen Chien-jen

Chen Chien-jen (born 6 June 1951) is a Taiwanese epidemiologist, , and who served as the 14th of the of from 2016 to 2020 and as from January 2023 to May 2024. Trained at and , Chen specialized in the molecular epidemiology of chronic diseases linked to arsenic exposure and oncogenic viruses, earning recognition as a distinguished professor and academician at for his contributions to research. Prior to high-level politics, he held ministerial positions including during the 2003 outbreak, where he implemented measures that contained the epidemic, and Minister of the National Science Council, advancing . As head of the Central Epidemic Command Center during the , Chen oversaw Taiwan's stringent border controls, , and protocols, resulting in one of the world's lowest death rates despite proximity to , though these approaches drew domestic criticism for economic disruptions and constraints.

Early Life and Education

Childhood and Family Background

Chen Chien-jen was born on June 6, 1951, in Cishan Township, , , now part of City's Cishan District. He grew up as one of eight children in a family engaged in local public service and business in rural southern . His father, Chen Hsin-an, held the position of from 1954 to 1957, while his mother, Chen Wei Lien-chih, operated a daycare center, supermarket, and theater, reflecting the family's involvement in community management and commerce. Raised in a rural environment amid agricultural surroundings and traditional Taiwanese values, Chen experienced an upbringing that emphasized equal treatment and support for all siblings, fostering resilience and a focus on over strict academic rankings. His parents instilled principles of openness and care, with his mother's gentle demeanor promoting attentiveness to others and his father's approach encouraging perseverance without undue pressure on performance. From a young age, Chen developed an interest in through everyday activities in the countryside, such as accompanying his older brothers to catch and create specimens, further nurtured by his father's hobby of cultivating butterfly orchids. This early exposure to the natural world in Cishan's rural setting, combined with familial encouragement of curiosity, laid the groundwork for his later pursuits, amid the prevalent community challenges of post-war like limited access to modern healthcare in southern regions.

Academic Training

Chen Chien-jen earned a degree in from the Department of Zoology, College of Science, at in 1973. He subsequently obtained a Master of degree from in 1977. In 1982, Chen received a degree in from , with his training encompassing alongside epidemiological methodologies. This advanced study abroad laid the groundwork for his expertise in applying genetic principles to challenges, though specific dissertation details remain outside the scope of his formal qualifications.

Scientific and Academic Career

Research in Epidemiology and Genetics

Chen Chien-jen's epidemiological research in the and centered on (HBV) transmission dynamics and genetic risk factors for chronic liver diseases in Taiwan's population, leveraging community-based cohort studies to map prevalence and progression. His early work established HBV as a primary driver of (HCC), quantifying familial clustering and environmental cofactors like and in disease through prospective surveys involving thousands of participants. In , Chen investigated host genetic susceptibility to HBV persistence and oncogenic outcomes, identifying polymorphisms associated with elevated HCC risk among carriers via analyses of Taiwanese cohorts. His studies on genotypes and population-level seroprevalence provided empirical data on mother-to-child rates exceeding 90% in endemic areas without , informing models of vertical reduced by screening and prophylaxis. Key publications from this period, such as those deriving biological gradients of serum HBV DNA levels predictive of and HCC incidence, demonstrated dose-dependent risks—e.g., ratios increasing exponentially above 10^4 copies/mL—through long-term follow-up of over 3,500 HBsAg-positive individuals in the REVEAL-HBV study initiated in the . These findings highlighted genetic-ethnic variations in HBV outcomes, with Taiwan's high-prevalence groups showing 100-fold HCC elevation compared to non-endemic populations. Collaborative genomic mapping efforts at further elucidated HBV integration patterns and somatic mutations in HCC, linking to chromosomal instability via sequencing of tumor tissues from endemic cohorts, yielding evidence that antiviral suppression could avert 70-80% of progression events in genetically susceptible subgroups.

Roles at Academia Sinica and Universities

Chen Chien-jen joined 's Institute of Biomedical Sciences as an associate by 1989, following his doctoral studies abroad. He later held a jointly appointed position while maintaining his university affiliation, advancing to Distinguished at the Research Center from 2006 to 2015. In 2011, he was appointed Vice President of , serving until 2015, during which he advocated for the creation of the Fund to support institutional initiatives. At (NTU), Chen began as in the Graduate of from 1983 to 1986, then advanced to full Professor in and from 1986 onward. He served as of the Graduate of from 1993 to 1994 and founding of the Graduate of from 1994 to 1997, contributing to the establishment of specialized training programs in epidemiological methods. From 1999 to 2002, he was Dean of NTU's College of , overseeing its development into a key center for education and research in ; concurrently, he held the National Chair Professorship from the Ministry of Education between 1997 and 2002.

Public Health and Administrative Roles

Minister of Health (2003–2005)

Chen Chien-jen was appointed Minister of the Department of Health on May 18, 2003, under Premier Yu Shyi-kun in the administration, following the resignation of Twu Shiing-jer amid public criticism of inadequate supervision during the early stages of the outbreak. At the time of his appointment, had already reported over 100 probable cases, with the epidemic escalating due to hospital transmissions and limited initial containment. Chen, drawing on his epidemiological expertise, immediately assumed leadership of a cabinet-level task force to coordinate national response efforts. As , directed aggressive containment strategies for the 2003 SARS outbreak, including enhanced , of over 150,000 potentially exposed individuals, of patients in designated facilities, and of affected wards and buildings. He introduced mandatory fever screening for travelers, temperature checks at airports and ports, and centralized reporting systems to track cases, which helped stem community spread after the outbreak peaked in May. These measures contributed to declaring the contained by July 5, 2003, with a total of 346 probable cases and 84 deaths, most fatalities occurring before or shortly after his tenure began. Post-containment, oversaw amendments to the Communicable Disease Control Act to strengthen legal frameworks for future outbreaks and restructured operations for improved surveillance and rapid response capabilities. Beyond , Chen's tenure emphasized bolstering infectious disease and vaccination infrastructure, building on existing programs like immunization drives informed by his prior research, though specific incidence reductions during 2003–2005 were not uniquely attributed to new initiatives under his direct implementation. He advocated for international cooperation in disease monitoring, including standardized mechanisms with the and other nations, despite Taiwan's exclusion from the , which limited access to global data. While praised for effective crisis coordination between central and local governments, some observers noted ongoing bureaucratic challenges in that delayed full implementation of enhancements. In recognition of his leadership, Chen received the First Rank Health Medal from the Department of Health and the First Rank Achievement Medal from the in 2005.

Contributions to Disease Control

Chen Chien-jen's epidemiological research on significantly informed Taiwan's strategies, particularly the nationwide program launched in July 1984 as the world's first universal infant immunization initiative. His studies on transmission and risk contributed to evidence-based advocacy for mass vaccination, achieving coverage rates over 99% among newborns by the early 1990s. This effort reduced the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B surface antigen () carriers from 15-20% in pre-vaccination cohorts to 0.6-0.94% in vaccinated children born after 1984. Longitudinal data demonstrated a 75% decline in incidence among children aged 6-14 years between 1981-1990 and 1990-2000, attributing the reduction to vaccination-induced immunity. Beyond direct administration, Chen's academic work on oncogenic viruses and liver diseases supported ongoing and catch-up campaigns extending into adulthood, preventing an estimated thousands of acute and cases annually. These programs exemplified causal interventions targeting high-endemicity settings, with peer-reviewed analyses confirming sustained up to 30 years post- without routine boosters for most recipients. Taiwan's control thus served as a model for global elimination efforts, prioritizing empirical tracking of seroprevalence and cancer registries over unsubstantiated assumptions about thresholds. As from 2016 to 2020, Chen leveraged his expertise during the outbreak by endorsing early border closures, including restrictions on travelers from implemented on January 23, 2020, alongside expanded testing and protocols. Taiwan's central epidemic command center, informed by such measures, limited confirmed cases to 440 and deaths to 6 by May 2020, yielding a under 2% and one of the lowest infection rates worldwide at that stage. He publicly cautioned against over-reliance on data from international bodies like the WHO, advocating scrutiny of origins and dynamics based on Taiwan's independent , which emphasized local genomic sequencing and efficacy. These strategies correlated with empirical outcomes, including over 1.2 million tests conducted by mid-2020 with minimal community spread, contrasting sharply with higher-burden regions. Critics, including some domestic legislators, have questioned aspects of integrated policies under Chen's influence, such as potential underemphasis on controls in earlier outbreaks or selective of global epidemiological models without fuller local validation. However, verifiable metrics from Taiwan's low mortality—cumulatively around 0.02% of population by late 2020—underscore the pragmatic of border-centric and testing-driven approaches over less restrictive alternatives. His insistence on data-driven , including toward opaque foreign reporting, aligned with causal factors like geographic and rapid response infrastructure rather than ideological conformity to .

Political Career

Vice Presidency (2016–2020)

Chen Chien-jen was elected vice president alongside in the held on January 16, receiving 6,894,744 votes, or 56.12% of the total, defeating the ticket. He was sworn in on May 20, 2016, as the 14th vice president of the Republic of China (). In this role, primarily ceremonial and advisory, Chen supported the president in state functions, international representation, and policy consultations, particularly leveraging his epidemiological expertise for health-related matters, though lacking direct executive authority over government agencies. Throughout his term, Chen advised on strategies, drawing from his prior experience in disease control, contributing to preparations for potential outbreaks amid ongoing cross-strait tensions. His influence helped foster public confidence in preventive measures, aligning with the Democratic Progressive Party's emphasis on evidence-based governance. As the COVID-19 pandemic emerged in late 2019, Chen played a prominent role in public communications, highlighting Taiwan's early border screenings, quarantine protocols, and contact tracing, which resulted in 440 confirmed cases and six deaths by the end of his term on May 20, 2020. He publicly criticized China's lack of transparency in sharing outbreak data and the World Health Organization's handling, while not ruling out a laboratory origin in Wuhan, positions that underscored Taiwan's independent health surveillance amid exclusion from WHO. These efforts, informed by his scientific background, bolstered domestic trust in the administration's response, though his limited formal powers constrained direct implementation. Critics noted the vice presidency's inherent constraints, with some questioning the depth of his political experience beyond advisory input.

Premiership (2023–2024)

Chen Chien-jen was sworn in as of on January 31, 2023, succeeding after announced the on January 25, 2023. His appointment aimed to leverage his expertise amid ongoing domestic and cross-strait challenges, though opposition parties voiced concerns over his limited prior administrative experience in executive roles. During his tenure, Chen's administration prioritized fiscal stability and defense enhancements, announcing a 7.7% increase in the 2024 defense to NT$440.6 billion (approximately US$13.8 billion) in September 2023. The government faced significant legislative resistance, particularly from (KMT) lawmakers who proposed freezing portions of defense spending, prompting Chen to urge rationality in budget deliberations to avoid undermining . In his September 26, 2023, policy report to the , Chen outlined priorities in , social welfare, and , emphasizing balanced growth despite inter-party . Chen's brief premiership drew criticism for perceived administrative inefficiencies, attributed by some analysts to his background primarily in and vice-presidential duties rather than cabinet-level . Following the Democratic Progressive Party's victory on January 13, 2024, Chen announced the cabinet's resignation on January 16, 2024, adhering to constitutional tradition ahead of the May inauguration. He formally delivered the resignation address on January 18, 2024, after which President assumed acting premier duties before appointing Cho Jung-tai as the interim successor on January 31, 2024. The tenure, spanning roughly one year, was evaluated as steady but constrained by legislative opposition and transitional politics.

Policies and Public Positions

Stance on Social Issues

Chen Chien-jen expressed support for rights during his 2016 vice presidential campaign, including endorsement of as a means to advance societal in Taiwan's diverse context. As vice president under the (DPP) administration, he participated in facilitating dialogues between same-sex marriage proponents and opponents, contributing to the legislative process that culminated in Taiwan's legalization of on May 17, 2019, the first in . In subsequent remarks, Chen highlighted the policy as emblematic of Taiwan's commitment to and democratic values, aligning with the government's broader emphasis on . Chen has advocated for progressive health and gender policies, including amendments to laws addressing and abuse, which he linked to enhancing victim support and preventive education during his premiership in . These efforts reflect his epidemiological background, prioritizing evidence-based measures for social well-being, such as improved counseling and legal protections under frameworks effective from March 2024. Despite his devout Catholic faith, which traditionally emphasizes as between a man and a woman, Chen's alignment with these progressive positions has elicited criticism from traditionalist perspectives for allegedly prioritizing political agendas over religious doctrine and eroding conventional family structures central to Taiwanese society. Conservative Catholic commentators have questioned his ethical consistency, arguing that such stances contribute to moral decay and social fragmentation by diverging from time-honored values of familial stability and procreation.

Views on Cross-Strait Relations and Foreign Policy

Chen Chien-jen has articulated a stance on cross-strait relations that prioritizes Taiwan's de facto sovereignty and democratic autonomy while rejecting unification under the People's Republic of China (PRC), consistent with Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) principles. He has criticized PRC actions as aggressive, including military incursions and information operations, which he described as "cognitive warfare" aimed at undermining Taiwan's stability during the 2024 presidential election period. As premier in February 2024, he urged rationality in managing tensions over Kinmen County's security, emphasizing peaceful resolution without compromising Taiwan's position amid heightened PRC incursions. In June 2023, responding to opposition calls to revive the stalled Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement, Chen advocated de-risking from economic over-reliance on China by diversifying trade partners rather than deepening integration, stating Taiwan should avoid "putting all of its eggs in one basket." On the PRC's response, Chen, leveraging his background, publicly faulted Beijing's opacity and delayed action in late , asserting in 2020 that prompt intervention in and fuller cooperation with international bodies like the could have contained the outbreak globally. This critique extended to broader PRC governance failures, positioning Taiwan's successful pandemic management—achieving zero community transmission for extended periods—as a model of contrasting with mainland suppression of early warnings. In foreign policy, Chen has championed deepened U.S.-Taiwan ties as a bulwark against PRC coercion, including economic and security dimensions. As premier, he hosted delegations from the U.S.-Taiwan Business Council in 2023 and 2024, pushing for a bilateral trade agreement to resolve issues and foster comprehensive partnerships in semiconductors, supply chains, and investment. He supported trilateral Taiwan-U.S.- security dialogues, attending the 2017 iteration as to coordinate on threats. During his premiership, his administration backed defense budget increases and asymmetric capabilities like missile production to counter PRC military pressure, though specific statements from Chen focused on resilience over confrontation. Critics from opposition parties and pro-unification voices have faulted Chen's approach for potentially escalating tensions through perceived provocative framing of PRC activities, arguing it hinders pragmatic dialogue on economic pacts. Others contend that de-risking rhetoric under his tenure has not sufficiently reduced Taiwan's export dependence on China, which stood at around 40% in , leaving vulnerabilities to . These views reflect broader debates on balancing deterrence with stability, where Chen's positions align with DPP realism but draw fire for prioritizing alliances over accommodation.

Controversies and Criticisms

Plagiarism Allegations

In January 2007, while serving as chair of Taiwan's National Science Council, Chen Chien-jen was implicated in plagiarism allegations concerning a co-authored paper submitted to the journal Cancer. The paper, involving Chen as a listed author alongside Yang Pan-chyr and another researcher, contained unattributed sections in its English abstract and discussion that mirrored prior publications without proper citation, prompting the journal's editors to flag the issue before full publication. Yang, the lead author, publicly apologized, accepted responsibility for the oversight, and resigned from his position at National Taiwan University Hospital. Chen responded by attributing the problem to "improper sentence construction in English" rather than intentional plagiarism, claiming he had not closely reviewed the manuscript and that the overlaps stemmed from summarizing referenced sources without adequate rephrasing. An internal review by National Taiwan University Hospital's Academic Ethics Committee on December 14, 2007, concluded that plagiarism had occurred in the English portions, though the scope was limited and did not extend to the full text. Despite offering his resignation to Premier Su Tseng-chang, Chen was retained, with the administration citing trust in his overall academic record and viewing the incident as a citation lapse rather than systemic misconduct. No formal retraction of the paper occurred, and Chen continued in public roles without disciplinary action from academic bodies. The allegations resurfaced in November 2015 when Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) lawmakers criticized Chen's selection as presidential candidate Tsai Ing-wen's running mate, arguing it reflected poorly on his suitability for high office given the unresolved 2007 findings. Tsai's campaign dismissed the revival as partisan mudslinging, noting prior internal vetting had deemed the matter a minor error corrected pre-publication. Similar claims circulated again in 2022–2023 during local elections and Chen's appointment as premier, with KMT figures like Wang Hung-wei highlighting the episode to question DPP standards on academic ethics amid parallel scandals involving other party affiliates. These episodes prompted scrutiny of Chen's scholarly contributions, particularly in where data summaries from prior studies can exhibit textual similarities if not rigorously paraphrased—a practice more common in 1990s–2000s biomedical writing before stricter software detection. However, the Cancer journal's intervention and committee confirmation of unattributed copying undermined claims of mere stylistic overlap, raising doubts about oversight in collaborative authorship where senior figures like Chen may bear implicit responsibility. No independent empirical audits beyond the initial have substantiated broader patterns in his PhD thesis or other works, and the lack of career repercussions suggests institutional for isolated lapses in an era with evolving plagiarism norms.

Handling of Public Incidents and Policy Critiques

In March 2024, during a session, Chien-jen encountered a demonstration of -generated videos orchestrated by Ko Ju-chun, who presented two fabricated clips impersonating Chen and challenged him to identify the authentic one; both proved fake, highlighting vulnerabilities in distinguishing . reacted by accusing Ko of entrapment and , stating, "Is that supposed to be amusing? It's really hard to accept," while Ko emphasized the stunt's intent to draw attention to surging -enabled scams, with reported cases rising 54% from 24,000 in 2021 to 38,000 in 2023. In response, detailed a multifaceted government approach to combat —encompassing detection, blocking, prevention, and prosecution—amid calls for legislative action on generative misuse, such as a proposed bill to address deception submitted shortly thereafter. Detractors, including opposition figures, contended that the episode revealed deficiencies in executive preparedness and policy foresight on rapid technological advancements, potentially eroding public confidence in governance amid escalating digital threats. Chen's premiership drew policy critiques from opposition parties, particularly regarding perceived inadequate engagement with legislative opposition on special budgets, where leader accused the administration of opaque handling and insufficient scrutiny, prompting Chen to counter that such allocations already undergo rigorous legislative review. This tension reflected broader following the Democratic Progressive Party's loss of legislative in 2024, with critics arguing Chen's responses failed to bridge divides or expedite consensus on fiscal priorities like enhancements. Upon his 2023 as , detractors further highlighted his epidemiological and academic background as contributing to a perceived and shortfall in practical administrative acumen, questioning his suitability for navigating fiscal battles despite his technical expertise. Conversely, Chen's prior roles demonstrated strengths in through , as evidenced by his contributions to Taiwan's response during his vice presidency (2016–2020), where his emphasis on data-driven communication and border controls helped maintain low infection rates—fewer than 500 cases by mid-—bolstering in institutional handling of emergencies. This approach, rooted in lessons from his earlier tenure as during the 2003 SARS outbreak, involved proactive WHO critiques and domestic coordination, which observers credited with mitigating panic and enabling effective containment without stringent lockdowns. Such precedents underscored a record of evidence-based in high-stakes incidents, contrasting with administrative critiques leveled during his premiership.

Post-Premiership Activities

International Engagements (2024–2025)

Following his resignation as Premier on May 20, 2024, Chen Chien-jen undertook several diplomatic roles on behalf of Taiwan, focusing on religious and multilateral forums to advance informal alliances amid geopolitical tensions with China. In June 2024, Chen announced plans to travel to New York for the UN Go! event, aiming to highlight Taiwan's international contributions and raise awareness of its exclusion from United Nations participation. These activities built on his prior experience as Vice President, emphasizing soft power through personal networks and Taiwan's democratic values. Chen's most prominent engagements occurred in 2025 with the , one of Taiwan's 12 remaining diplomatic allies. On April 23, 2025, President appointed Chen, a devout Catholic who had met six times, as special envoy to represent at Pope Francis's funeral on April 25 in , . During the visit, Chen paid respects to the pontiff and sought opportunities to engage leaders from Taiwan-friendly nations, underscoring the island's commitment to religious liberty and global moral leadership despite Beijing's diplomatic isolation efforts. Chen reprised this role on May 14, 2025, when Lai again named him special envoy for Pope Leo XIV's inaugural mass in , held shortly after the new pontiff's election. The appointments highlighted Taiwan's strategic use of Catholic ties for visibility in , countering China's influence over Vatican relations—evident in the 2018 Sino-Vatican bishop agreement—while fostering potential bridges to like-minded states. However, observers noted that these missions prioritized symbolic presence over breakthroughs in formal recognition, given the Holy See's balanced approach to and .

Personal Life

Family and Religious Beliefs

Chen Chien-jen is married to Lo Fong-ping, whose family hails from ; the couple has two daughters and has maintained a low public profile regarding their family life. This privacy stands in contrast to Chen's extensive public career in and governance, with no reported family scandals or legal entanglements involving his immediate relatives. Chen converted to Catholicism before his marriage, becoming a devout practitioner who integrates the faith's principles of humble and neighborly into his personal conduct. He has visited the multiple times, receiving audiences with Popes John II and Benedict XVI, and continues to engage actively with Catholic institutions, such as attending papal inaugurations and expressing public support for the Church's global leadership. This faith has reportedly bolstered his resilience amid personal and professional challenges, providing a foundation for ethical decision-making rooted in Christian doctrine rather than secular norms.

Honors, Awards, and Legacy

Notable Recognitions

Chen Chien-jen was elected as a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2017 for his epidemiological research on long-term health risks from environmental exposures, including and oncogenic viruses such as those linked to and cancers. He became an academician of , Taiwan's premier research institution, in 1998, based on peer-evaluated contributions to molecular of diseases. In 2021, appointed him to the , honoring his expertise in , , and . For his work on prevention and control, Chen received the Knowledge for the World Award from in 2012, acknowledging advancements in strategies against infectious diseases. In 2025, he was selected for the Baruch S. Blumberg Prize from the Hepatitis B Foundation, recognizing decades of research establishing molecular biomarkers for virus-related risks and informing vaccination policies that reduced incidence in . Taiwanese government honors include the Presidential Science Prize in 2005 for epidemiological innovations in disease etiology, the Executive Yuan First Merit Medal in 2005, and the Outstanding Achievement Award in and Technology in 2013, tied to his in national health research programs. Earlier recognitions encompass the National Science Council Outstanding Award (multiple grants from 1986 to 1996), the Fogarty International Research Fellowship from the U.S. in 1989 for studies, and fellowship in the American College of Epidemiology in 1989, elevated to full membership in 1993. These awards, primarily from scientific academies and institutions, reflect empirical validation of his data-driven findings rather than partisan affiliations, though domestic medals coincided with his roles in administrations.

Assessment of Impact

Chen Chien-jen's tenure as and Welfare (2003–2005) and (2016–2020) contributed causally to 's robust infrastructure, informed by his epidemiological expertise from prior response efforts, which emphasized early , border screening, and stockpiling of medical resources. This preparation enabled Taiwan to maintain one of the world's lowest death rates through 2023, with cumulative deaths reaching approximately 17,000 by mid-2023 for a of 23.5 million—equating to roughly 72 per 100,000, compared to averages exceeding 200 per 100,000 in many democracies—due to stringent protocols and that curbed exponential spread. Empirical metrics, such as Taiwan's near-zero community transmission in 2020–2021, underscore how his advocacy for data-driven, centralized coordination mitigated pandemic impacts, preserving economic continuity with GDP contraction limited to 3.4% in 2020 versus steeper declines elsewhere. However, Chen's alignment with the Democratic Progressive Party's progressive agenda, including support for social welfare expansions and mandates during his premiership (January 2023–May 2024), drew criticism from conservative factions for prioritizing expert-led interventions over broader societal consensus, exacerbating partisan divides in a increasingly skeptical of overreach. His abbreviated term as , spanning only 16 months and ending amid legislative following the DPP's loss of a parliamentary majority in January 2024 elections, constrained implementation of deeper structural reforms in areas like and , as initial initiatives focused on short-term economic stabilization rather than transformative changes. This brevity limited causal impact on long-standing issues such as wage stagnation and housing affordability, where policy outputs remained incremental despite vows to enhance societal resilience. In the longer term, Chen exemplified the integration of scientific acumen into governance, fostering a model where bridged and policy execution, as seen in Taiwan's adaptive strategies that balanced efficacy with minimal social disruption. Yet this approach also illuminated risks inherent to , including potential sidelining of pluralistic inputs in favor of utilitarian priorities, which strained protections for vulnerable groups during heightened restrictions and fueled debates over democratic in expert-driven systems. Overall, while advancing health sector resilience through verifiable outcomes, Chen's record highlights trade-offs in political cohesion and reform depth under constrained tenures.

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