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Coiling

Coiling is the process of winding a flexible material, such as wire, rope, clay, or fiber, into a series of concentric loops, spirals, or helices to create a compact, organized structure for storage, construction, or functional purposes.^[1] This technique dates back to ancient practices and remains fundamental across diverse fields, enabling efficient handling and application of materials.^[2] In electrical engineering, coiling—often termed coil winding—involves wrapping insulated wire around a core or bobbin to form electromagnetic components like inductors, transformers, and motor windings, which generate or respond to magnetic fields essential for powering modern electronics and machinery.^[3] These coils are critical in devices ranging from household appliances to electric vehicles, with winding patterns influencing performance factors such as inductance and efficiency.^[4] In ceramics and crafts, coiling serves as a primary handbuilding method where clay is rolled into long, sausage-like strands and stacked spirally to construct vessels and sculptures, allowing artisans to create large, intricate forms without a wheel.^[5] This technique, valued for its meditative quality and visible structural honesty, has been used for functional pottery worldwide and can incorporate colored clays or hybrid elements like wheel-thrown bases for added complexity.^[5] For practical storage and deployment, coiling ropes and cables prevents tangling and ensures quick access, particularly in climbing, sailing, and rescue operations, where specialized methods maintain rope integrity and ease of uncoiling and carrying.^[6]

Fundamentals of Coiling

Definition and Purpose

Coiling refers to the process of winding flexible linear materials, such as ropes, cables, hoses, wire, clay strands, or similar elongated items, into a compact helical or spiral configuration to facilitate storage, transportation, or controlled deployment.^[7]^[8] This method organizes the material by forming successive loops, typically around a central axis or the user's arm, resulting in a neat bundle that occupies minimal space compared to its extended form.^[9] The primary purposes of coiling are to prevent tangles and knots that could impede usability, reduce friction-induced wear on the material during handling or storage, enable rapid and snag-free uncoiling for immediate use, and conserve space in confined settings like backpacks, toolboxes, or ship decks.^[10]^[9] By alternating the direction of loops in techniques such as the over-under method, coiling also counters the natural memory or twist in materials like cables and hoses, ensuring they deploy straight without kinking.^[10] These benefits are particularly valuable in practical applications involving natural or synthetic ropes for climbing and maritime use, electrical cables and extension cords for wiring tasks, and garden hoses for irrigation.^[10]^[9] Coiling has roots as an ancient practice, with evidence of rope use appearing in early human societies, including among the ancient Egyptians who employed plant-fiber ropes for sailing and construction.^[11] It became indispensable in maritime history for securing and stowing cordage on ships, where efficient coiling ensured safety, navigation, and operational efficiency during voyages.^[12]

Basic Principles

Effective coiling requires maintaining consistent tension throughout the process to prevent slack that can lead to kinks and uneven stress on the material.^[6] Alternating the direction of coils, such as in the over-under method adapted for cables, helps neutralize inherent twists and ensures smooth deployment.^[13] Starting from the working end facilitates easier uncoiling and use, as the rope or line can pay out sequentially without tangling.^[14] Materials like ropes and cables exhibit memory from prior coiling, retaining twists that can cause them to curl or kink when extended unless counteracted by uncoiling in the opposite direction to achieve a straight lay.^[15] This memory effect arises from the repeated imposition of rotational stress, emphasizing the need for deliberate coiling practices to minimize long-term deformation.^[16] The general steps for hand-coiling involve first securing one end in the non-dominant hand to anchor the starting point, then forming successive loops of uniform size—typically 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 m) in diameter—to promote even distribution and storage efficiency.^[17] Once the full length is coiled, bind it securely using spare sections of the material, ties, or wraps around the bundle to prevent unraveling during transport.^[17] Common pitfalls include over-tightening the coils, which can induce creases or stress the core and sheath, potentially leading to premature wear.^[16] Inconsistent loop sizes result in uneven storage, making the coil bulky and prone to internal tangles upon uncoiling.^[6]

Physics of Coiling

Torsion and Twist

Torsion refers to the twisting deformation that occurs when a force causes rotation about the longitudinal axis of a material, such as a rope or cable, resulting in internal shear stresses that can lead to accumulated twist along its length.^[18] This twist manifests as rotational displacement between adjacent cross-sections, potentially causing supercoiling—where excess rotations induce higher-order helical structures—or difficulties in unwinding, as the material resists returning to a straight configuration due to stored torsional energy.^[19] In practical terms, torsion under load can cause the rope's core and sheath to twist against each other, embedding persistent twists that complicate handling and reduce usability.^[20] During coiling, twist is introduced incrementally as each loop winds the material into a helical path, adding torque that accumulates if not counterbalanced, which can lead to hockling—a kinking where the yarns spread and form knots due to torsional instability.^[21] In laid fiber ropes, for instance, the construction involves sequential twisting of filaments into yarns and then strands, often alternating directions to stabilize the overall structure, but coiling in the same direction as the natural lay exacerbates torque buildup.^[18] If unbalanced, this added torque creates stress concentrations, potentially weakening the material; studies show a 4-7% drop in breaking strength per turn per meter in high-modulus polyethylene ropes under torsion.^[18] Mathematically, the twist number, denoted as \tau or Tw, quantifies this effect as the total number of rotational turns (or turns per unit length) along the material's axis, distinct from writhe (Wr), which describes geometric coiling of the axis itself.^[18] The linking number Lk, a topological invariant, relates these via \mathrm{Lk} = \mathrm{Tw} + \mathrm{Wr}, illustrating how coiling contributes to Tw while writhe accounts for the looped shape; uncoiling thus requires reversing Tw to zero for the material to lay flat without residual rotation.^[18] In rope mechanics, \tau often appears in torsion moment equations, such as M = G J \tau \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial s}, where G is the shear modulus, J the polar moment of inertia, and \mathbf{r}(s) the position along arc length s, highlighting how twist density influences overall deformation.^[19] Ropes exhibit natural lay, typically right-hand (Z-twist, clockwise progression of strands) or left-hand (S-twist, counterclockwise), which dictates the inherent torsional bias; improper coiling against this lay amplifies stress points by inducing counter-twists that promote uneven loading and potential failure under tension.^[22] For example, right-hand lay ropes, more common for their stability in winding, experience heightened torsional shear if coiled left-handed, concentrating strains at strand interfaces.^[23] Techniques like the butterfly coil briefly reference this by alternating coil directions to minimize net twist accumulation and aid in kink prevention.^[20]

Prevention of Kinks and Tangles

Kinks in coiled ropes, cables, and similar materials primarily arise from uneven twist accumulation, which induces localized buckling when the structure is subjected to tension or mishandled during uncoiling. This phenomenon is exacerbated in random coiling scenarios, where agitation leads to knot formation with a probability approaching 50% for strings longer than approximately 46 cm, as demonstrated in experimental studies using confined tumbling.^[24] Such buckling occurs because torsional stresses cause sections of the material to deform beyond their elastic limit, creating permanent distortions that weaken the overall integrity. To prevent kinks, coiling methods must balance twist distribution and minimize compressive forces that trigger buckling. Alternating over-under loops during coiling counteracts cumulative torsion by reversing the direction of each successive turn, ensuring the material uncoils straight without inherent twists; this technique is particularly effective for cables, where it preserves signal integrity and flexibility.^[25] For stiffer materials like wire ropes, employing larger coil diameters reduces the likelihood of buckling by increasing the effective radius of curvature, thereby distributing stresses more evenly across the cross-section. Storing coils in figure-8 patterns further minimizes torque buildup, as the alternating loop directions neutralize rotational forces that would otherwise propagate during handling.^[26] A quantitative approach to selecting an appropriate coil radius involves the Euler buckling criterion for slender structures, which predicts the critical compressive load P_{cr} at which buckling initiates:

P_{cr} = \frac{\pi^2 E I}{L^2}

Here, E represents the modulus of elasticity, I the second moment of area (moment of inertia), and L the unsupported length of the material segment. By designing the coil such that the radius exceeds the buckling threshold—typically ensuring L corresponds to the loop span—this formula guides prevention of instability in elastic ropes under self-weight or external loads.^[19] Practical tools enhance these strategies by facilitating controlled uncoiling. Coil hangers and specialized racks suspend the coil vertically, allowing payout from the center without introducing rotational torque, which avoids twisting and subsequent kinking; revolving stands can be used for heavier reels to maintain smooth, twist-free deployment.^[27]

Coiling Techniques for Ropes

Mountaineer's Coil

The mountaineer's coil is a traditional method for storing and transporting climbing ropes, creating a compact, round bundle that can be carried hands-free over the shoulder or strapped to a backpack, forming a harness-like loop around the chest and shoulders. This technique is particularly suited for long ropes, typically 30 to 70 meters in length, making it ideal for mountaineering scenarios where climbers need to hike extended approaches while keeping the rope accessible and protected.^[28] To tie the mountaineer's coil, first flake the rope out straight on the ground and fold it into even doubles to minimize twists, starting from one end until the midpoint is reached. With the doubled rope in hand, pass it over the head and coil it repeatedly around the shoulders and chest in large loops, maintaining consistent direction to build an even stack. Once the entire rope is coiled, secure the bundle by wrapping the two ends around the coils three or four times and tying them off with a series of half-hitches, ensuring the ends remain accessible for rapid uncoiling and deployment without tangling.^[28] This method offers several advantages, including hands-free carrying that allows climbers to use their hands for trekking poles or navigation, and it protects the rope from ground abrasion during transport. However, it is more time-consuming than alternatives, often requiring 5 to 10 minutes to coil a 60-meter rope, and demands greater skill to avoid introducing kinks.^[29] The mountaineer's coil originated in early 20th-century Alpine climbing practices and was standardized by mountain guides for glacier travel, where the ability to carry and quickly deploy full-length ropes was critical for safety on ice.^[30] Unlike the faster butterfly coil, which prioritizes quick uncoiling for belaying, the mountaineer's coil emphasizes portability for prolonged hiking with gear.^[28]

Butterfly Coil

The butterfly coil is a tangle-free method for coiling doubled ropes, commonly used in climbing to facilitate quick deployment with minimal twists. The technique creates a central stack of coils while the arms are extended outward like butterfly wings, enabling the rope to be flaked out directly from the coil without prior untangling.^[6]^[31] To perform the butterfly coil, begin by doubling the rope to form a center bight and hold it in one hand. With arms extended, create doubled bights alternately to the left and right sides, stacking the coils evenly in the center until approximately two arm lengths of rope remain. Remove the stacked coils from the arms, then secure the ends by wrapping them around the coil at least three times and passing the bight through the top loop to lock it in place. For uncoiling, simply pull on the center bight to allow the rope to pay out smoothly from the stack.^[32]^[6] This method offers advantages such as rapid execution and reduced risk of twists, making it particularly suitable for rappel setups where immediate, kink-free payout is critical. However, it produces a bulkier coil that requires careful uncoiling to avoid snags, especially with doubled ropes.^[6]^[31] Unlike the mountaineer's coil, which suits longer carries, the butterfly coil prioritizes fast setup for active use.

Alpine Coil

The alpine coil is a rope management technique used by climbers to carry a full-length rope while keeping it attached to the harness, allowing for organized storage and quick access during transport or transitions in alpine environments. Also known as the mountaineer's coil in some contexts, it creates loose loops around the torso or harness to maintain rope integrity without detachment.^[33] To perform the alpine coil, start approximately one meter from the harness tie-in point and form uniform loops of the rope, draping them evenly over the shoulders or around the waist until the entire length is coiled. Secure the coils by passing a bight of one end through the harness loops and clipping with a carabiner, or by wrapping the working end around the coil and tucking it through the bight to tighten. This setup can be adjusted or released quickly as needed.^[33]^[34] The primary advantages of the alpine coil include keeping the rope readily deployable without full uncoiling, minimizing tangles during movement, and facilitating efficient carrying in rugged terrain. However, it requires practice to prevent loops from snagging on gear or rocks, which could cause delays or hazards, and is best suited for scenarios where the rope remains connected rather than fully stowed.^[33] Variations of the alpine coil, such as tied-off chest coils, have been taught by British and Austrian mountain guides since at least the mid-20th century, evolving from traditional European alpine practices to become a standard skill in modern guided courses.^[34] It differs from the butterfly coil, which is primarily used for complete rope storage at the end of a climb.^[33]

Coiling Techniques for Cables and Hoses

Over-Under Method

The over-under method is a standard coiling technique for flexible cables, such as audio XLR cables, power cords, and extension leads, designed to alternate loop directions and thereby counteract the inherent twists introduced during cable manufacturing and handling. This alternation—typically starting with an "over" loop followed by an "under" loop—ensures that each successive coil opposes the twist of the previous one, preventing cumulative rotation along the cable's length. By maintaining the cable's neutral lay, the method minimizes stress on internal conductors and shielding, preserving signal integrity in applications like professional audio and video production.^[35]^[36] To execute the over-under method, begin by securing one end of the cable (often the female connector) in the non-dominant hand, with the dominant hand feeding the cable. Form the first loop "over" by wrapping the cable clockwise around the hand or elbow, creating a figure-eight pattern relative to the previous loop. For the second loop, flip the wrist to wrap "under" counterclockwise, then repeat the alternation—over, under, over, under—until the cable is fully coiled into even loops of consistent size. Secure the finished coil by binding it with a Velcro strap or cable tie attached to the male end, avoiding tension on connectors. This process is ambidextrous and can be performed clockwise or counterclockwise based on preference.^[37]^[36] The primary advantages of the over-under method include reliable tangle-free uncoiling, even after extended storage, which saves time during setup and reduces the risk of knots forming when throwing or slinging the cable. It also extends cable lifespan by avoiding kinks and memory twists that can degrade performance over time, making it a staple in professional AV environments where equipment reliability is critical. However, the technique requires initial practice to master the wrist flips and alternation, and it can be more time-intensive than simpler methods for very long cables. Unlike straight coiling (over-over), which ignores twist balance and often leads to persistent corkscrewing and tangles upon deployment, the over-under approach actively neutralizes rotation for smoother handling.^[35]^[37]^[38]

Straight Coiling

Straight coiling is a basic technique for storing cables, particularly extension cords, in which all loops are wound in a single direction, typically clockwise. This unidirectional winding creates a compact bundle suitable for quick storage without requiring specialized tools or motions. The method gained popularity for its simplicity in handling everyday electrical cables.^[39] The tying process begins by pinching the cable's end between the fingers to anchor it, then forming uniform loops by consistently passing the cable "over" the hand or arm in the same orientation, stacking the loops evenly before securing the bundle with a tie, strap, or twist. While straightforward and requiring minimal skill, this approach imparts cumulative twist to the internal wires with each loop, as the cable's natural lay is repeatedly forced in one rotational direction.^[40] Straight coiling carries significant disadvantages, including a high propensity for tangles and kinks when uncoiling, as the accumulated twist causes the cable to resist straightening and bind upon itself. This twist also promotes cable memory—where the cord retains a coiled shape—and accelerates fatigue in the insulation and conductors over repeated uses, potentially shortening the cable's lifespan. In practical audio and electrical applications, straight-coiled cables frequently result in deployment issues, unlike balanced methods such as over-under coiling, which alternate directions to neutralize twist. Despite these risks, the technique's primary advantage is its speed, making it ideal for hasty storage in non-critical scenarios.^[41]^[39]^[40]

Methods for Hoses

Methods for coiling hoses adapt techniques to the semi-rigid nature of materials like rubber or PVC, emphasizing larger loops to prevent kinks in applications such as gardening and plumbing. Unlike more flexible cables, hoses require loops with diameters of 24 to 30 inches to accommodate their stiffness and minimize stress on the material.^[42] This approach often incorporates an over-under alternation similar to cable coiling, with additional support from the coiler's elbow or arm to maintain even tension during the process.^[42] The standard procedure begins with the hose attached to the spigot end on the ground, ensuring water is drained beforehand to avoid pressure buildup. Loops are formed loosely by alternating directions—passing the hose over for one loop and under for the next—to counteract natural twisting that could lead to tangles upon uncoiling. Once complete, the coil is secured by tying a length of twine or strap end-to-end, then stored flat on the ground or hung to prevent crushing under weight.^[42] Proper coiling extends hose lifespan by reducing creases and folds that cause cracks or leaks over time.^[43] However, the resulting coils are bulkier than those for flexible items, often necessitating dedicated reels for lengths like 50 meters to manage storage space efficiently.^[44] These practices originated in 19th-century agriculture with the adoption of rubber hoses for irrigation, evolving to require gentler handling for plastic variants introduced in the 1950s, which are more susceptible to kinking if tightly folded.^[45]^[46]

Applications in Various Fields

Mountaineering and Climbing

In mountaineering and climbing, proper coiling of ropes is essential for ensuring smooth deployment without hitches or tangles during critical maneuvers such as belays and rappels, where the rope must pay out freely to manage the climber's weight and momentum.^[47] This practice is particularly vital in scenarios involving dynamic loads, as climbing ropes are designed to absorb impact forces up to 12 kN in the first fall according to UIAA standards, preventing catastrophic failure if the rope binds or knots unexpectedly.^[48] The mountaineer's coil, a foundational technique, facilitates quick uncoiling at belay stations while minimizing twists that could compromise rope integrity.^[6] Specific coiling methods are tailored to environmental demands in rugged terrains. The butterfly coil is commonly employed at crag sites for its versatility and ease of carry, allowing climbers to stack the rope neatly over the shoulders or into a pack for rapid flaking at the base of routes.^[49] In contrast, the alpine coil (or chest coil variation) is preferred for glacier travel, where excess rope is taken in around the torso to shorten the effective length while maintaining accessibility for crevasse rescue, ensuring the team remains connected without slack that could lead to separation.^[50] For storage during multi-pitch approaches, coiled ropes are placed in packs or rope bags to shield them from abrasion against sharp rocks or ice, preserving sheath integrity and extending usability in abrasive environments.^[51] Improper coiling poses significant safety risks, as tangles can hinder rope management during falls, potentially causing uncontrolled swings, upside-down orientations, or failure to arrest a slip, which have contributed to injuries and fatalities in climbing accidents.^[52] ^[53] These hazards underscore the importance of standardized practices, with the Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) establishing rope safety norms since its initial testing protocols in the 1960s.^[54] In big-wall climbing, such as Yosemite's iconic routes like The Nose on El Capitan, coiled ropes play a key role in enabling multi-day hauls by allowing climbers to manage trailing taglines and haul bags efficiently, flaking coils at ledges to avoid drag and facilitate gear transport over vertical expanses exceeding 3,000 feet.^[55] This organized coiling supports sustained operations, where improper management could strand supplies or exacerbate fatigue on exposed walls.^[56]

Electrical and Audio Engineering

In electrical and audio engineering, proper coiling techniques are essential for maintaining signal integrity and cable longevity in professional environments such as live events and recording setups. The over-under method serves as the primary coiling approach for audio cables, alternating the direction of each loop to counteract natural twists in the cable's construction.^[39] This prevents cumulative torsion that could otherwise stress internal conductors, reducing the risk of microphonics—unwanted noise generated by cable movement rubbing against insulation or shielding during handling.^[57] In live audio applications, such as concerts and broadcasts, this technique is particularly vital for microphone cables, where microphonics can introduce audible artifacts like crackles or hums when performers or technicians manipulate lines on stage.^[25] For electrical applications in stage lighting and power distribution, coiling extension cords requires careful attention to avoid heat buildup, which occurs when tight twists or dense loops impede airflow and concentrate thermal energy from current flow.^[58] Professionals uncoil cords fully before use or employ loose, figure-eight patterns during storage to dissipate heat effectively, preventing insulation degradation or fire hazards in high-load scenarios like theater rigs or concert venues.^[59] This practice ensures safe operation of power cables rated for heavy-duty use, such as SOOW types common in event production.^[58] Professional standards emphasize protective storage to safeguard cable insulation from mechanical and environmental damage. The National Electrical Code (NEC) Article 300.4 mandates protection against physical damage for conductors and cables, which extends to storage practices that avoid sharp bends or compression to prevent cracking or abrasion of insulation.^[60] Industry guidelines from manufacturers like Southwire recommend storing cables in cool, dry conditions with end caps to block moisture and contaminants, further minimizing degradation.^[61] Tools such as cable drums are widely adopted in these fields; robust models with friction brakes and large diameters facilitate tangle-free winding and unwinding, supporting efficient deployment in audio-visual productions and electrical installations.^[62]

Gardening and Plumbing

In gardening, proper coiling of hoses is essential to prevent kinks that can block water flow, particularly for longer irrigation hoses measuring 50 to 100 meters used in larger garden or agricultural setups.^[63]^[64] These kinks restrict water pressure and distribution, making efficient watering difficult and potentially damaging the hose over time. Gardeners often employ a loose over-under coiling method to minimize twists and ensure smooth deployment.^[42] In plumbing applications, coiling serves as a key storage method for pressure hoses used in repairs and maintenance tasks, where wall-mounted reels are commonly utilized to keep hoses elevated and away from ground contaminants like dirt, chemicals, or moisture that could compromise hygiene and functionality.^[65]^[66] This practice not only facilitates quick access during jobs but also protects the hoses from environmental hazards encountered on job sites. The durability benefits of proper coiling are significant, as it helps extend hose lifespan by shielding against UV degradation from prolonged sun exposure and physical crush damage from being left on the ground or under equipment.^[67]^[68]

History and Evolution

Early Coiling Practices

The origins of coiling practices trace back to prehistoric times, with evidence of early cordage production dating to approximately 28,000 years ago, as indicated by impressions of twisted plant fibers found in cave deposits in the Caucasus region.^[69] These rudimentary ropes, likely made from flax or similar natural materials, represent the foundational techniques for twisting and bundling fibers, which later evolved into coiling for storage and transport. By around 2000 BCE, ancient Egyptians were employing coiled ropes woven from papyrus for securing and operating boats on the Nile River, as evidenced by preserved coils discovered in Red Sea shipyards used for maritime expeditions.^[70]^[71] Early tools such as wooden belaying pins, similar to those excavated from later ancient wrecks like the Roman-era Grado ship (3rd century CE), allowed for uniform coils by providing fixed points to secure lines, ensuring ropes could be neatly arranged on deck.^[72] Natural fibers like hemp, prevalent in these periods, necessitated loose winding in coils to promote air circulation and prevent moisture retention, which could lead to rot and degradation.^[73] These pre-industrial techniques laid the groundwork for later adaptations in specialized fields like mountaineering.

Modern Developments

The 19th century marked a pivotal shift in coiling practices with the industrialization of hoses and wire ropes, where straight coiling emerged as a standard factory method to minimize kinks and structural damage during storage and deployment in mining and manufacturing.^[74] Wire ropes, first successfully produced in 1834 by Wilhelm Albert for mining hoists, were typically coiled onto drums in a straight, uniform manner to maintain tension and prevent twisting, replacing earlier hemp ropes that required more manual handling.^[75] Similarly, the invention of rubber-lined cotton hoses in 1821 for firefighting and industrial use.^[76] These techniques were refined post-1900 with advancements in vulcanization and steel wire production, enabling larger-scale industrial coiling that supported emerging sectors like cable cars and power transmission. In the 20th century, coiling innovations adapted traditional methods to new materials and fields, particularly in sports and engineering. The over-under coiling technique, used to reduce twists, was applied in audio-visual applications as touring sound and lighting setups proliferated, ensuring cables deployed without tangles in live performances.^[77] Concurrently, the introduction of synthetic nylon ropes in climbing during the 1950s revolutionized coiling by providing greater elasticity and reduced weight, facilitating the butterfly coil for secure, hands-free carrying on multi-pitch routes without inducing permanent twists.^[78] A key milestone came in 1965 when the Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) approved its international safety label for mountaineering ropes, standardizing coiling and handling protocols to enhance deployment safety and influencing global practices in the sport.^[79] Recent advances have integrated automation and scientific analysis to optimize coiling efficiency. Since the 1980s, microprocessor-controlled automated coiling machines have transformed cable production, precisely winding electrical and fiber-optic lines to reduce manual labor by up to 70% while minimizing defects in high-volume manufacturing.^[80] In 2014, researchers at MIT developed a predictive model for cable coiling dynamics, analyzing how initial deployment conditions lead to specific tangle patterns, which informs tangle-resistant designs for robotics and telecommunications.^[81] More recently, as of 2023, AI integration in coiling systems has enabled real-time predictive maintenance and optimized winding patterns for sustainable materials.^[82] These developments, building on maritime traditions of efficient rope management, continue to drive safer and more scalable coiling solutions across industries.

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Jul 5, 2023 · In this video we take a look at nearly every system that is accepted to use to shorten the rope for alpine climbing or mountaineering.Missing: mountaineer's steps
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Alpine Coil - Rope Knots - NetKnots
The Alpine Coil is a method used by climbers for carrying a rope, such that the rope remains attached to harnesses and ready for use. It is also known as a ...Missing: advantages disadvantages history origin
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The Kiwi coil – shorten the rope on varied terrain - Alpinesavvy
Nov 26, 2024 · The Kiwi coil shortens rope by taking in coils, then tying off the rope, moving closer to your partner. It's done by taking coils around your ...
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An Over/Under Proposition: The “Magic” Of Proper Cable Wraps
Wrapping in this manner (and this goes for AC extension cords, too) forces the entire length of the cable to twist in one direction perpendicular to its length.
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Over and Under: How Pros Wrap Cables, Cords, and Rope
perfect for both right-handed or left-handed crew members ...
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Wrap Cables Correctly: The Equipment Management Pro-Tip
Sep 7, 2021 · The over-under technique is more advanced. More challenging to learn, but with the added benefit that it's the best method to keep kinks out of ...Missing: advantages | Show results with:advantages
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The Best and Worst Ways to Store Extension Cords | Wirecutter
Aug 9, 2018 · The over-under coil. Pros: Won't damage the cord, leaves it ready to use next time. Cons: The method doesn't come naturally, so ...
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How to Properly Coil Microphone Cables - Point Source Audio
Jan 25, 2018 · When you wind a cable in the same direction coil after coil (known as straight coiling), you're actually causing the cable to twist with every ...
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Proper coiling for cables - Broadway Educators
Apr 7, 2019 · Over/Under Coiling. The proper way to wind any of these is to alternate the direction of the loop with each coil. Professional stage technicians ...
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That's Not How You Use That: Coiling a Cable - WIRED
Aug 10, 2013 · Try to fight that coil and bad things happen: the cable eventually twists on the inside, and when you needed it the most, the cable will fail.
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How to Properly Coil and Store an Extension Cord
### Straight Coiling Method for Extension Cords
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How To Properly Coil a Garden Hose
### Detailed Steps for Coiling a Garden Hose to Prevent Kinks
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Tips for Proper Hose Storage and Handling to Ensure Longevity
Dec 15, 2023 · Coiling and Uncoiling This helps prevent damage to the hose and maintains its flexibility. Use large loops when storing to minimize stress on ...
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When Was The Garden Hose Invented: A Deep Dive Into Its History
Aug 28, 2023 · The 19th century brought about a significant leap in garden hose technology with the discovery and utilization of rubber. This era marked a ...
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Rappelling Is Dangerous. Here's How To Make It Safer.
Jun 3, 2022 · If your rope lacks a middle mark, thread one end, marry it to the other, and then pull the rope through, coiling as you go, putting the midpoint ...
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What is the impact force of a rope? - Petzl USA
The single rope on a single strand must withstand 5 successive falls. The impact force in the first fall cannot exceed 12 kN.
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Rock Climbing Basics: The Butterfly Coil
Oct 5, 2012 · How to do the butterfly coil with a climbing rope and then carry it backpack-style. This is the quickest and most versatile way to coil a ...
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Roping up for Glacier Travel - American Alpine Institute
The excess coils can then be tied off with a mountaineers coil that are independent of your waist tie-in knot. The other slight disadvantage of the kiwi coil is ...
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How to protect the rope? - Petzl USA
The rope bag keeps the rope off the ground. A rope bag also removes the need for coiling: it is stored stacked, which helps reduce twists. Using a rope bag.Alternate Usage Between The... · Avoid Rubbing Against Edges... · Rope-On-Rope Or...<|separator|>
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Rope Tangling Injuries—How Should a Climber Fall? - Sage Journals
Jun 1, 2008 · Rope tangling injuries are an established pathology in climbing accidents. Traumatic finger avulsion amputations (Figure 1) were first reported ...
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Ever Flipped Upside-Down While Falling? Here's How to Avoid That
Oct 22, 2024 · Upside-down whippers falls are both very dangerous and almost always avoidable. Here's how to keep your climbing falls safe.
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Safety Standards - UIAA
The UIAA began creating safety standards in 1960 with the testing of ropes. It has since developed standards for over 25 types of safety equipment.
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Learn This: Build an Organized Big Wall Anchor
Jan 18, 2019 · Flake both ropes separately and neatly into long, 30-foot coils and clip them off to the side with a shoulder-length sling. · Haul the haulbag as ...Missing: coiling | Show results with:coiling
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Dealing with CABLE MICROPHONICS - PedalSnake Blog
Aug 31, 2016 · When microphonic cables occur, it can be triboelectric, or it can be due to the condenser mic effect. The Condenser Mic Effect. condenser-mic ...
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Managing Power Cables for Live Events (SOOW, Stage Lighting)
Sep 9, 2024 · Avoid Coiling Too Tightly: Overly tight coils can damage the internal structure of the cables. Use a loose coil method (such as the “over-under” ...
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How To Coil an Extension Cord - This Old House
Sep 24, 2024 · This method helps prevent tangles and allows the cord to lie flat when it's in use. Here's how to do it: Hold the cord in your non-dominant hand ...Missing: stage buildup
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General Requirements for Wiring Methods in the NEC - NFPA
Feb 3, 2025 · Article 300 contains lots of information that applies to underground installations, protection of conductors, and so much more.
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Audio/Video - Schill.de
Our cable drums for the audio and video branch sets the benchmark when it comes to safety and comfort. For use in- or outdoors.
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[PDF] Why consider drip irrigation (2)
If you just pull one end out of the coil without unrolling it you create kinks in the tubing that are hard to get rid of! Kinks in the tubing block or slow the ...
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50 to 100 Meters CS Soaker Hose Premium
Lengths of 50 to 100 meters for optimal irrigation of large areas; Premium quality for particularly durable and resilient irrigation solutions ...
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Choosing the Best Retractable Hose Reel: Wall-Mounted vs. Ground ...
Jun 30, 2024 · Wall-mounted hose reels are perfect for those looking to save space. By mounting the reel on a wall, you keep the hose off the ground ...
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What to use to keep hoses off the production floor? - IFSQN
Oct 4, 2016 · Wall mounted self returning reels. Hoses are also washed off and sanitised each day - if only to minimise contamination on hand contact with ...
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How to protect a PVC garden hose from sun damage? - Blog
Sep 5, 2025 · 1. Store the Hose Properly · 2. Use Hose Covers · 3. Apply UV - Protectant Sprays · 4. Create Shade · 5. Choose High - Quality Hoses · 6. Inspect the ...
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Rolling Out the Green Carpet - Smithsonian Libraries
In the boom years after World War II, American suburbs swelled. A growing ... Hose reels, nozzles, and sprinklers are widely available in the United States.
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The history of rope making - Rope Source
Jun 24, 2022 · Rope making dates back 28,000 years, first using plant fibers. Egyptians created tools, and rope was made in ropewalks. The industrial ...
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4,000-year-old shipyard unearthed in Egypt - NBC News
Mar 6, 2006 · The 4,000-year-old timbers were found alongside equally ancient cargo boxes, anchors, coils of rope and other naval materials just as old, at ...Missing: coiling BCE
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The Ancient Egyptians Were Seafaring - Just Genesis
Oct 22, 2011 · 4000 year Egyptian rope coils. The rope is woven from papyrus, a clue ... The Egyptian ships were also unique in that they were held ...
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Phoenicians: Masters of the Sea - OER Project
By 1200 BCE, they were the dominant maritime power, and they continued to dominate until around 800 BCE. They built commercial colonies in Rhodes, Cyprus ...Missing: clockwise belaying pins
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[PDF] Maritime Technological Change in the Ancient Mediterranean
Bitts and belaying pins have been excavated from the Grado (S020) (Beltrame & Gaddi 2005: 81-93) and Laurons 2 (S026) (Ximenes & Moerman 1990: 11-12) ...
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[PDF] Marlinespike Seamanship NATURAL & SYNTHETIC FIBER ROPE
When natural fiber rope gets wet, the line shrinks in length. Keep fiber ropes dry and in a well ventilated space to prevent the rope from rotting. MANILA is a ...Missing: winding | Show results with:winding
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The longship in the medieval saga texts - Vikingeskibsmuseet
The figure suggests that the great longships at the end of the twelfth century had become much broader and hence heavier than those of the Viking Age. This ...
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[PDF] A Short History of Wire Rope - Roland Verreet
At the beginning of the 19th century hemp ropes and iron chains were used as means of hoisting in the mining industry. Hemp ropes were expensive to import and ...
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The rich history of steel wire ropes | Mennens Belgium
In 1834, Albert manufactured the first successful steel wire rope. He used the weaving technique that was also used to make rope.Missing: coiling | Show results with:coiling
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The History of Hoose, Hoase, Hause, or Hose?
In 1821, James Boyd patented his invention for rubber-lined, cotton-webbed fire hose. Charles Goodyear discovered the vulcanization process for rubber in 1839.
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Cables... How do you coil them? - Vibration Analysis & Machinery ...
Dec 16, 2018 · I think the over-under method was adapted from Sailor's rope, since it allows the coiled rope to be deployed quickly without knotting. I ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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How Climbing Gear Has Evolved Over the Past 50 Years
Sep 9, 2022 · Pitons were invented in Europe more than one hundred years ago, and were used almost exclusively for climbing protection and anchoring all over ...Missing: mountaineer's | Show results with:mountaineer's
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History - UIAA
The UIAA Bulletin was created in 1957 and the development of safety standards and the testing of ropes started in 1960. The first rope testing machine was ...Missing: coiling | Show results with:coiling
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The Evolution of Coil Winding Machines: What's New in 2025?
May 24, 2025 · Microprocessors enhanced precision in the 1980s and 1990s, giving rise to CNC-based machines that allowed programmable control of multiple ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Untangling how cables coil | Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Oct 3, 2014 · A method that predicts the pattern of coils and tangles that a cable may form when deployed onto a rigid surface.