Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Computer case

A computer case, also known as a chassis or tower, is the enclosure that houses and protects the internal hardware components of a desktop personal computer, such as the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), power supply, storage drives, and expansion cards.^[1]^[2] It serves as the structural frame that organizes these components in a compact manner, shielding them from physical damage, dust, electromagnetic interference (EMI), and radio frequency interference (RFI).^[1]^[3] The primary purposes of a computer case include providing mechanical support to prevent component movement during operation, enabling efficient cooling through built-in fans and ventilation paths to dissipate heat generated by the hardware, and offering accessibility for maintenance or upgrades via removable panels and bays for drives and adapters.^[2]^[1] Additionally, it helps reduce operational noise by containing fan sounds and contributes to the overall aesthetics of the system, with modern designs often incorporating customizable lighting, transparent side panels, or compact forms for space-constrained environments.^[4]^[1] Cases are typically constructed from durable materials like steel, aluminum, or plastic to balance weight, strength, and cost, with grounding features to protect against static electricity buildup.^[2]^[3] Computer cases are categorized by form factors that determine their size and compatibility with motherboard standards, such as ATX (12 x 9.6 inches for mid-to-full towers), Micro-ATX (up to 9.6 x 9.6 inches for compact builds), and Mini-ITX (6.7 x 6.7 inches for small form factor systems).^[4]^[2] Common types include full towers for high-end gaming or workstation setups with extensive expansion options (at least 18 inches tall and supporting multiple drive bays), mid-towers for general-purpose use, and smaller desktop or all-in-one cases that integrate displays for limited-space applications like home theater PCs (HTPCs).^[4]^[2] Specialized variants, such as ruggedized chassis, are engineered for harsh conditions in industrial or military settings, meeting standards like MIL-STD-810 for resistance to shock, vibration, dust, and extreme temperatures while optimizing size, weight, power, and cooling (SWaP-C).^[3]

Overview and history

Definition and purpose

A computer case, also known as a chassis or enclosure, serves as the protective housing for the core hardware components of a desktop, tower, or server computer system, including the motherboard, power supply unit, storage drives, and expansion cards. This structure provides a secure framework that mounts and aligns these internals, ensuring operational stability in various computing environments.^[5]^[1]^[3] The primary functions of a computer case encompass physical safeguarding against environmental hazards such as dust accumulation, mechanical impacts, and electromagnetic interference (EMI), while also offering structural support to prevent component shifting during use or transport. By incorporating dust filters and sealed panels, cases minimize particulate ingress that could impair hardware longevity; metal constructions further act as Faraday cages to attenuate EMI, complying with regulatory standards like FCC emissions limits. Additionally, cases promote efficient thermal regulation through intentional airflow pathways, including intake and exhaust vents that direct cool air toward heat-generating elements like the CPU and GPU, thereby preventing overheating and maintaining performance thresholds. Organized cable routing within the case reduces clutter, enhances airflow unobstruction, and simplifies maintenance, contributing to overall system reliability.^[3]^[6]^[7]^[8] Cases vary in size to balance capacity and practicality: full-tower models accommodate extensive expansions like multiple graphics cards and large radiators for high-performance builds, whereas mid-tower and compact variants emphasize reduced footprint for space-constrained setups, trading some expandability for portability without sacrificing core protection. Over time, designs have progressed from basic enclosed metal boxes, which prioritized containment, to contemporary ventilated architectures that integrate mesh panels and modular fan mounts for superior heat dissipation. Cases adhere to standardized form factors like ATX to ensure compatibility with motherboard dimensions and mounting points.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Historical development

The earliest computer cases emerged in the 1940s and 1950s as robust metal enclosures designed primarily for protecting bulky vacuum-tube-based mainframes from environmental hazards and electromagnetic interference, with aesthetics taking a backseat to functionality and durability. A seminal example is the ENIAC, unveiled in 1946, which utilized 40 nine-foot-high metal cabinets to house 18,000 vacuum tubes, 10,000 capacitors, and other components, enabling its role in wartime ballistic calculations and later scientific simulations.^[12] These enclosures reflected the era's focus on industrial-scale reliability, often featuring rack-mounted panels for easy access to wiring and switches in large computing installations. The 1970s marked a pivotal shift toward personal computing, where cases transitioned from institutional mainframe designs to more accessible, compact metal boxes suitable for hobbyists. The Altair 8800, introduced in 1975 by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems, exemplified this with its simple sheet-metal enclosure painted in a distinctive blue, incorporating a front panel of switches and LEDs while accommodating an S-100 bus for expansion cards, sparking the microcomputer revolution and inspiring companies like Microsoft.^[13] By the 1980s, standardization advanced with the IBM PC 5150, launched in 1981, which adopted a beige metal chassis that became the de facto template for compatible systems, emphasizing expandability through slots and bays while maintaining a professional, utilitarian appearance that facilitated mass-market adoption.^[14] In the 1990s, the introduction of the ATX form factor by Intel in July 1995 revolutionized case design by promoting modularity and better airflow, with motherboards measuring 12 by 9.6 inches and integrated I/O panels that simplified assembly and upgrades compared to the prior Baby-AT standard.^[15] This enabled cases to support enhanced ventilation and easier component access, laying the groundwork for diverse tower configurations. From the 2000s onward, cases increasingly incorporated plastic and acrylic elements for cost-effective aesthetics and visibility, such as side windows allowing users to view internals, evolving alongside component miniaturization that reduced overall sizes from full towers to small form factor (SFF) builds like the Shuttle XPC series in the early 2000s and Falcon Northwest's FragBox in 2003, driven by shrinking processors and GPUs.^[16] Post-2010, RGB lighting integration became prominent, starting with LED fans and strips for customizable effects that transformed cases into visual showpieces, as seen in designs from Cooler Master and Corsair.^[17] By the 2020s, sustainability trends emerged, with cases using recycled aluminum, steel, and plastics alongside biodegradable accents like bamboo, prioritizing recyclability and energy-efficient cooling to align with environmental concerns.^[18]

Form factors and standards

Common form factors

The ATX form factor, introduced by Intel in 1995, remains the most prevalent standard for desktop computer cases, particularly in mid-tower configurations that support motherboards measuring 12 by 9.6 inches (305 by 244 mm).^[19] These cases typically range from 16 to 20 inches (41 to 51 cm) in height, providing ample space for standard components like graphics cards, cooling systems, and storage drives while ensuring compatibility with ATX power supplies and expansion slots.^[20]^[21] For more compact builds, Micro-ATX and Mini-ITX form factors offer reduced footprints while maintaining compatibility with many ATX components. Micro-ATX motherboards measure up to 9.6 by 9.6 inches (244 by 244 mm), fitting into smaller cases suitable for home theater PCs (HTPCs) or space-constrained setups.^[22] Mini-ITX, developed by VIA Technologies in 2001, is even smaller at 6.7 by 6.7 inches (170 by 170 mm), enabling small form factor (SFF) cases with volumes under 10 liters, such as those used in media centers or portable gaming rigs.^[23] High-end workstations often require larger Extended-ATX (E-ATX) or XL-ATX variants, which extend the ATX dimensions to footprints up to 12 by 13 inches (305 by 330 mm) to accommodate additional PCIe slots and multi-GPU configurations.^[24] These are typically housed in full-tower cases that prioritize expandability for professional applications like video editing or 3D rendering. Server environments utilize specialized rackmount form factors, such as 1U and 2U chassis, standardized to a 19-inch width to fit EIA-310 racks, with each rack unit (U) measuring 1.75 inches (44.45 mm) in height.^[25] A 1U case thus stands about 1.75 inches tall, while a 2U doubles that to 3.5 inches, allowing dense deployment of multiple servers in data centers with optimized airflow and cabling. Beyond these standards, non-standard cases include all-in-one enclosures that integrate displays and components into a single slim unit for minimalist desktops, as well as custom water-cooling chassis designed for bespoke liquid cooling loops in enthusiast builds. Tower orientations, where cases stand vertically, are common across these form factors to maximize desk space.

Terminology and measurements

In computer case terminology, the chassis refers to the primary structural frame that provides support and protection for internal components, often made from metal sheets or panels to maintain rigidity.^[20] The bezel denotes the removable front panel of the case, which typically houses input/output ports, drive access points, and aesthetic elements while concealing internal wiring.^[20] Expansion slots are the rear cutouts or brackets aligned with the motherboard's PCIe and other connector positions, allowing installation of add-in cards such as graphics or network adapters.^[20] Key measurements for computer cases include overall volume, expressed in liters, which categorizes designs by capacity; for instance, small form factor (SFF) cases generally measure under 20 liters to prioritize compactness, while full-tower cases exceed 50 liters to accommodate extensive components.^[26] Drive bays are standardized compartments sized for storage devices, with 3.5-inch bays designed for traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) that require more physical space for platters, and 2.5-inch bays suited for solid-state drives (SSDs) or laptop-style HDDs due to their slimmer profile.^[27] Fan mounting points follow industry norms, primarily supporting 120 mm or 140 mm diameter fans, where the former has mounting holes spaced 105 mm apart and the latter 125 mm apart, enabling efficient airflow configuration.^[28] Orientation terms describe case positioning: tower cases are oriented vertically to maximize vertical space utilization in desktop environments, desktop cases lie horizontally for low-profile setups, and rackmount cases are horizontal to fit standardized 19-inch server racks, often measured in rack units (U).^[29] Compatibility metrics emphasize standoff hole patterns, which are pre-drilled in the case tray to match motherboard form factors such as ATX, ensuring secure mounting without electrical shorts; ATX, for example, uses a specific nine-hole pattern spaced according to Intel's specifications.^[30]

Design and layout

Internal component placement

The internal layout of a computer case is designed to accommodate major hardware components in positions that facilitate compatibility, stability, and efficient operation, primarily guided by standards like the ATX form factor. The motherboard is typically mounted in a central or slightly offset position within the case chassis, secured using brass standoffs screwed into pre-drilled holes on the case's motherboard tray to prevent short circuits and ensure proper alignment. These standoffs correspond to the ATX specification's nine mounting holes spaced at specific intervals—such as 6.25 inches (159 mm) between key points—on a board measuring 12 inches by 9.6 inches (305 mm by 244 mm), allowing the motherboard to sit parallel to the case's side panel. At the rear, the I/O shield aligns with a dedicated cutout in the case, positioning ports like USB, audio, and video outputs for external access while maintaining structural integrity.^[19] The power supply unit (PSU) is positioned to minimize cable length and optimize weight distribution, with modern ATX-compatible cases favoring bottom-mounted or top-mounted configurations depending on the chassis design. In the original ATX specification, the PSU is recommended near the processor for cooling efficiency, often at the top rear of the case, measuring approximately 150 mm by 86 mm by 140 mm and secured via four screw holes. Contemporary cases frequently relocate the PSU to the bottom to draw cooler ambient air and reduce heat rise toward upper components, incorporating modular cabling options where detachable cables route through dedicated channels to connect to the motherboard's 24-pin ATX connector and peripheral power needs. This placement supports PSUs up to 1000 watts or more, with exhaust directed away from the main cavity.^[19] 3.5-inch or 2.5-inch bays for solid-state drives (SSDs) are positioned lower or internally behind the front panel, secured with tool-less trays or screws. These bays, standardized since the ATX era, support up to eight or more drives in full-tower configurations, with shock-mounting to reduce vibration.^[31] Cooling components are strategically placed to promote directed airflow through the case. Intake fans, usually 120 mm or 140 mm in size, are mounted at the front and bottom panels to pull in cool external air toward the GPU and storage areas, while exhaust fans occupy the rear panel (one standard 120 mm) and top panel (up to three) to expel heated air, aligning with natural convection principles. Support for liquid cooling radiators, such as 240 mm or 360 mm units, is commonly provided at the front or top, with mounting brackets accommodating AIO (all-in-one) coolers directly onto these fan positions. This arrangement, common in mid-tower ATX cases, ensures balanced positive pressure to minimize dust accumulation.^[32]^[33] Cable management features are integrated into the case structure to organize wiring and enhance airflow by reducing obstructions. Rubber grommets line cutouts in the motherboard tray, protecting cables from sharp edges as they pass from the main compartment to the rear management area, where channels, clips, and Velcro straps guide bundles along the PSU shroud or side walls. These elements, prevalent in cases adhering to ATX standards, allow for tidy routing of SATA, power, and fan cables, often providing 20-30 mm of space behind the tray for concealment.^[34]

Access and modularity

Access to the interior of a computer case primarily involves removing side panels, which are secured using thumbscrews that can be loosened by hand without tools.^[35] These thumbscrews allow quick detachment of the panels to expose the motherboard and other components.^[36] In some designs, latches or pegs provide an alternative tool-free release mechanism for the side panels.^[37] Top and front panels are often clipped or latched to facilitate access to drive bays for installation or replacement of storage devices.^[38] Tool-less designs, featuring push-pin mechanisms for mounting fans and drives, became prevalent in the mid-2000s to simplify assembly and maintenance.^[39] These mechanisms use plastic clips or rails that snap into place, eliminating the need for screws in many mounting points.^[35] Modular features enhance upgradability in certain cases, such as removable motherboard trays that slide out entirely for easier component swaps. Examples include the Cooler Master Stacker and Lian Li PC-V series cases.^[40] Swing-out drive cages allow drives to pivot outward for straightforward installation without obstructing other areas. PCIe riser cables support vertical GPU mounting by extending the graphics card slot away from the motherboard, often integrated into compatible cases.^[41] For upgrades, cases are typically engineered with ample clearance around the motherboard, enabling access to additional RAM slots or expansion cards via side panel removal alone, without requiring complete disassembly.^[35] This design consideration also applies to power supply unit locations, which are positioned to avoid blocking routine modifications.^[35]

Materials and construction

Common materials

Steel remains the predominant material in computer cases, prized for its structural rigidity and resistance to dents, particularly in budget-oriented tower designs where sheets of 0.5-1 mm thickness provide a cost-effective balance of durability and weight.^[42]^[43] This material's strength helps maintain the case's form under the weight of internal components, though its higher density makes it heavier than alternatives, potentially complicating portability.^[44] Aluminum offers a lightweight alternative favored in premium cases, with its excellent thermal conductivity aiding heat dissipation and anodized finishes enhancing corrosion resistance; typical thicknesses range from 1-2 mm to ensure sufficient strength without excessive bulk.^[44]^[43] While more expensive to produce than steel, aluminum's reduced weight improves ease of handling, but it is more susceptible to dents and scratches, trading some robustness for elegance and efficiency.^[44]^[45] Tempered glass and acrylic have gained prominence for side panels since the 2010s, allowing clear visibility of internal hardware while offering scratch resistance and heat tolerance; tempered glass, in particular, shatters into small, less hazardous pieces upon impact.^[10]^[43] However, these materials compromise on durability, as they are prone to cracking or breaking if mishandled, unlike the more resilient metals used in the main structure.^[46] Plastic, especially ABS, is commonly applied to bezels and handles for its low cost and moldability, providing lightweight components with decent impact resistance, though it lacks the longevity of metallic options under repeated stress.^[47]^[48] Many contemporary gaming cases employ hybrid constructions, integrating steel or aluminum frames with tempered glass panels to combine structural integrity with visual appeal, optimizing both protection and showcase potential.^[49]^[43] This approach mitigates the fragility of glass by limiting it to non-load-bearing areas, while leveraging metals for core support.^[45] As of 2025, sustainability has become a growing consideration in PC case materials, with manufacturers increasingly incorporating eco-friendly options such as recyclable plastics, bamboo or wood composites, and low-carbon aluminum to reduce environmental impact and appeal to environmentally conscious consumers.^[10]^[50]

Manufacturing techniques

Computer cases are primarily manufactured using sheet metal fabrication techniques to form the chassis from materials like steel or aluminum. This process begins with cutting flat sheets using methods such as laser cutting for precise shapes and ventilation patterns, or CNC turret punch presses for punching holes and creating tabs for assembly.^[51]^[52] Stamping and bending follow to shape panels into structural components, often employing press brakes to achieve sharp folds without cracking the metal. Welding, typically MIG or TIG, joins seams and reinforcements, ensuring structural integrity while minimizing heat distortion.^[53]^[54] Plastic components, such as fan ducts and drive bays, are produced via injection molding, where molten polymer is injected into custom molds to create complex geometries unattainable with metal fabrication. This technique allows for high-volume production of lightweight, intricate parts that direct airflow or house peripherals, with cycle times often under 120 seconds per part.^[55] Surface finishes are applied post-fabrication to protect against corrosion and enhance aesthetics. Powder coating involves electrostatically applying dry powder to the chassis, followed by curing in ovens at temperatures progressing from 75°C to 200°C over approximately 40 minutes, forming a durable, uniform layer.^[54] Painting, used for vibrant colors, occurs in controlled booths with automated sprayers and water-based reclamation systems to capture overspray, ensuring environmental compliance.^[54] Assembly occurs on automated lines, often using overhead conveyor systems to transport chassis through stations where pre-drilled holes, rubber grommets for cable management, and threaded inserts for mounting drives and fans are integrated. Manual interventions ensure precise alignment of panels and accessories.^[54]^[56] Quality control encompasses EMI shielding, applied via conductive coatings on internal surfaces or gaskets at seams to mitigate electromagnetic interference, and vibration testing to verify durability under operational stresses, adhering to standards like IEC 60068-2-6 for sinusoidal vibration.^[57]^[58] Final inspections include drop tests and functional checks before packaging.^[59]

Aesthetics and features

Visual design and customization

The visual design of computer cases has evolved significantly, balancing aesthetics with functional considerations such as airflow and noise reduction. Front bezel designs often feature mesh panels to enhance ventilation, allowing greater air intake for cooling high-performance components, while solid panels prioritize silence by dampening sound from internal fans. Color schemes predominantly favor black for its sleek, professional appearance, with RGB lighting accents becoming widespread since around 2015 to add customizable vibrancy and highlight internal builds.^[60] Customization options enable users to personalize cases beyond stock configurations, particularly through windowed side panels made of tempered glass or acrylic, which provide visibility into LED-illuminated interiors and support RGB effects for dynamic lighting displays.^[61] Paintable surfaces and vinyl wraps offer further modification potential, allowing enthusiasts to apply custom finishes, patterns, or colors without permanent alterations to the case structure.^[62] Aesthetic trends reflect broader shifts in consumer preferences, contrasting the utilitarian beige boxes of the 1990s—designed for office compatibility and minimal visual impact—with the minimalist industrial looks of the 2020s, characterized by clean lines, matte finishes, and exposed metal elements for a modern, understated appeal.^[63] Themed cases, such as those with sci-fi motifs inspired by futuristic or extraterrestrial designs, have also gained niche popularity among modders, incorporating angular shapes and metallic accents to evoke cinematic visions.^[64] Ergonomic aspects contribute to user-friendly integration into workspaces, with handle placements on top or side panels facilitating portability for compact cases, while optimized footprints—often under 20 liters for small form factor models—ensure compatibility with desk setups and reduce spatial demands. Cable port layouts on the front bezel, typically including multiple USB ports and audio jacks, are positioned for easy access, enhancing convenience without compromising the overall design coherence.^[65]

Case manufacturers

Corsair, founded in 1994 and headquartered in Milpitas, California, has established itself as a prominent producer of high-end gaming PC cases, emphasizing features like RGB lighting integration and support for liquid cooling systems.^[66] The company's Obsidian and iCUE series, introduced in the late 2000s, cater to enthusiasts seeking premium aesthetics and thermal performance in mid-tower and full-tower formats.^[67] NZXT, established in 2004 in California, specializes in sleek, cable-managed designs that appeal to esports and content creation communities, with its H-series launching in the 2010s to prioritize modularity and tempered glass panels for modern builds.^[68] These cases, such as the H7 Flow, focus on airflow optimization and minimalist aesthetics, reflecting the brand's evolution from early models like the Guardian to user-friendly enclosures for high-performance hardware.^[49] Fractal Design, a Swedish company founded in 2007 and based in Gothenburg, is renowned for its emphasis on silent operation and Scandinavian-inspired minimalism, particularly through the Define series which balances noise reduction with efficient cooling via sound-dampening materials.^[69] The brand's cases, including the North and Meshify lines, target users valuing understated elegance and build quality in compact to full-size form factors.^[70] Cooler Master, originating in Taiwan in 1992, offers a broad spectrum from budget-friendly to premium PC cases, with specialties in high-airflow designs like the HAF series that support extensive cooling configurations for gaming and professional workstations. Known for innovative features such as modular layouts and RGB compatibility, the company produces mid-tower and test bench-style enclosures suitable for diverse hardware setups.^[71] Lian Li, a Taiwanese manufacturer established in 1983, excels in premium aluminum-constructed cases that highlight durability and elegance, often featuring anodized finishes and modular components for high-end custom builds.^[72] The brand's O11 and Lancool series emphasize spacious interiors for water cooling and vertical GPU mounting, positioning it as a leader in luxury chassis for enthusiasts.^[73] The PC case market has seen a pronounced shift toward OEM production in Asia, particularly Taiwan and China, where major brands like Cooler Master and Lian Li maintain manufacturing hubs to leverage cost efficiencies and supply chain proximity.^[74] This trend supports annual product releases aligned with hardware cycles from CPU and GPU vendors, enabling rapid adaptation to new form factors and cooling demands, with Asia-Pacific holding dominant market share projected at a 7.1% CAGR through 2033.^[75]

Specialized aspects

Cooling and airflow

Computer cases incorporate specific design elements to facilitate effective heat dissipation, ensuring optimal temperatures for internal components during operation. Airflow principles in these cases typically emphasize a directed path for air movement, where cool air enters through intake vents and warmer air exits via exhaust vents, preventing heat buildup. Positive pressure configurations, achieved by installing more intake fans than exhaust fans, promote efficient cooling by forcing fresh air into the case and expelling hot air along with any airborne particles through unfiltered gaps.^[32] This setup contrasts with negative pressure, where excess exhaust can draw in dust, but positive pressure is favored for its balance of thermal performance and cleanliness. Vent placements commonly feature front and bottom panels for intake to capture ambient cool air, while rear and top panels serve as exhaust to leverage natural convection, rising hot air toward the roof.^[76] Fan and radiator compatibility varies by case form factor, with mid-tower and full-tower models supporting multiple standard sizes to accommodate diverse cooling needs. Most cases allow for up to eight 120mm or four 140mm fans, enabling users to scale airflow based on component heat output.^[77] Full-tower cases, such as the Corsair 9000D, can mount radiators up to 480mm in length on front and top panels, or 360mm on the side panel, facilitating liquid cooling loops for high-performance CPUs and GPUs without compromising space.^[78] These dimensions ensure compatibility with common aftermarket coolers, where 120mm fans suit compact setups and 140mm options provide higher airflow at lower noise levels. To maintain long-term cooling efficiency, many cases integrate dust filtration systems on intake vents, preventing particulate accumulation that could obstruct airflow and raise temperatures. Mesh or magnetic filters, often removable for cleaning, cover front and bottom intakes, capturing fine dust while allowing sufficient air passage; for instance, mesh filters, such as the FineMesh V2 in models like the Cooler Master HAF 700 Evo, balance filtration with minimal airflow restriction.^[79] Positive pressure enhances this by minimizing dust ingress through secondary gaps, reducing the need for frequent maintenance and preserving component longevity.^[32] Thermal considerations in case design are particularly pronounced with size variations, as smaller form factor (SFF) cases face inherent challenges in heat dissipation due to limited internal volume and fewer mounting points. In SFF builds, restricted space often necessitates high-RPM fans—typically exceeding 2000 RPM—to achieve adequate airflow, though this increases noise; increasing fan speeds in SFF builds can significantly reduce CPU temperatures under load.^[80] Larger cases, conversely, permit lower-RPM operation for quieter performance while maintaining similar cooling efficacy through greater air circulation paths. Premium modern cases increasingly integrate advanced features like PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) fan hubs and built-in temperature sensors to enable dynamic thermal management. PWM hubs, as found in NZXT's Noctis series, allow precise speed control for up to eight fans via motherboard headers or dedicated controllers, adjusting RPM based on real-time load to optimize noise and cooling.^[81] Some high-end models, such as certain EVGA chassis, incorporate onboard temperature sensors that monitor internal air or component hotspots, feeding data to fan curves for automated adjustments and preventing thermal throttling.^[82] These integrations streamline setup and enhance efficiency in demanding applications like gaming or content creation.

Security features

Computer cases incorporate various security features to protect against unauthorized access and tampering, particularly in enterprise and server environments where sensitive data and hardware are at risk. These mechanisms range from physical locks to electronic detection systems, designed to deter theft of components like RAM or hard drives and to alert administrators of potential breaches. Intrusion detection systems, such as tamper-evident switches or sensors, have been integrated into computer cases since the early 2000s to monitor for unauthorized openings. These typically consist of a microswitch mounted on the side panel or chassis that activates when the panel is removed, sending a signal via a dedicated cable to the motherboard's chassis intrusion header.^[83] In server applications, like Dell PowerEdge systems, the switch logs intrusions in system event records for later review.^[84] Similarly, Supermicro motherboards support this via a JL1 header, enabling detection even when the system is powered off, as the circuit draws from the CMOS battery.^[85] Locking mechanisms provide physical barriers to access, including Kensington security slots, padlock loops, and keyed front doors. Kensington slots, standardized small metal-reinforced holes, are commonly located on the rear panel of desktop cases, allowing a cable lock to anchor the entire unit to a fixed object.^[86] Padlock loops on the chassis rear, as seen in Dell OptiPlex models, secure side panels against removal by threading a padlock through the ring.^[87] Keyed locks on front doors or panels, often found in workstation cases, require a physical key to open bays or the main enclosure, adding a layer of controlled access. Physical barriers enhance durability against forced entry, with server cases employing reinforced steel constructions to resist prying or drilling. For instance, high-security server cabinets like the Gunnebo Secure-IT Level 3 use 4 mm thick steel plating to withstand tampering attempts, far exceeding standard consumer case gauges of 0.8-1.2 mm.^[88] These designs prioritize anti-pry reinforcements around panels and doors to protect internal components in data center environments. BIOS-level integration ties these detections to system firmware, where a case-open signal can trigger immediate shutdown, require a password at boot, or log events for auditing. Motherboard BIOS settings, such as those on ASUS or Intel platforms, allow configuration of intrusion responses, including fatal errors that halt operation until cleared.^[83] This integration ensures proactive security without relying solely on physical locks. As threats evolve, modern portable and rugged computer cases address environmental risks like dust ingress and vibration alongside tampering. These cases often feature IP65-rated seals to prevent dust entry, combined with shock-absorbing mounts to mitigate vibration damage during transport, as in Winmate's industrial handheld enclosures.^[89] Such protections are critical for mobile deployments, countering both physical access attempts and operational hazards.

References

[1]
What Is a Chassis? - Computer Hope
Nov 18, 2022 · The chassis is the housing that helps protect and organize all the components that make up a desktop computer.Why do we need a computer... · Components found inside a...
[2]
PC Components (1.2) > Introduction to Personal Computer Hardware
Dec 24, 2023 · Computer cases are the enclosures that house the internal computer components. They come in different sizes, also known as form factors. The ...
[3]
What is a Chassis? - Trenton Systems
Jun 2, 2022 · The exterior case of a computer is formally known as a chassis, guarding the interior of a computer from damage.
[4]
What Is a PC Chassis? A Basic Definition | Tom's Hardware
Dec 20, 2018 · A chassis (pronounced CHasē) is another word for a computer case, aka tower. The chassis holds most of a PC's components.
[5]
https://www.lenovo.com/us/en/glossary/chassis/
[6]
Metal Computer Case: Shielding from Electromagnetic Interference
May 8, 2024 · Here, we explore how metal cases help reduce EMI and enhance the reliability of computer hosts. Metal Computer Case – EMI Shielding Properties.
[7]
PC Cooling: The Importance of Keeping Your PC Cool - Intel
Airflow diagram. A good PC case should account for airflow, either by optimizing fan placement, or by providing airflow options to the builder. Many cases ...
[8]
https://www.crucial.com/articles/pc-builders/cable-management-tips-for-pc-builders
[9]
How to Build a Gaming PC - Intel
Cases typically come in three sizes: Full-tower, mid-tower, and mini-tower. These are very general categories (case sizes are not standardized among ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[10]
The Evolution of PC Cases
### Summary of PC Case Evolution (2000s-2020s)
[11]
Computer Form Factors Explained: Types, Sizes & Buying Guide 2024
Apr 14, 2025 · A computer form factor defines the specifications of major components like the motherboard, power supply, and case.
[12]
ENIAC - Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
Unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering in 1946, the ENIAC consisted of 40 nine-foot-high cabinets containing 18, ...
[13]
MITS Altair 8800 computer
May 7, 2016 · The Altair 8800, was first featured in the January and February 1975 editions of Popular Electronics magazine, although this early design bore ...
[14]
The IBM PC
The original IBM 5150 PC with two floppy drives and a monochrome cathode-ray tube. Overview; Inspiration; Design & sales; Market reaction; The legacy.
[15]
What Is ATX (Advanced Technology EXtended)? - Computer Hope
Jun 7, 2020 · First released in July 1995 by Intel, ATX has since had many revisions. ... The image below is an example of the ATX form factor. ATX computer ...
[16]
Steve Jobs, Shuttles, And FragBoxes: A Brief History Of Small Form ...
Apr 6, 2013 · I believe the FragBox 2 was the first non-proprietary SFF case, as I designed it from our own need that such a small form-factor chassis for ...
[17]
How the PC case evolved into a fashionable furniture piece
Nov 18, 2024 · There are some unique designs and form factors, but the PC case of today is largely the same. It's either steel or aluminum with some plastic ...
[18]
Green PC Case: A Comprehensive Guide to Eco-Friendly Computing
### Eco-Friendly Trends in PC Cases in the 2020s
[19]
[PDF] ATX Specification - Bitsavers.org
A smaller ATX form-factor, Mini-ATX, may be implemented. The Mini-ATX board measures 11.2” x 8.2” (284mm x 208mm). This size allows a manufacturers to cut four ...
[20]
PC Cases 101: Sizes and Layouts
### Summary of PC Cases 101: Sizes and Layouts
[21]
Motherboard form factor guide - Tech Talk∣SilverStone
Standard ATX specifies length to be 12 inches with width varying from 6.7 to 9.6 inches. Maximum number of expansion slots is seven (7)
[22]
Form Factors - A Motherboard & PC Case Size Guide - Stone Refurb
It was introduced by Intel in 1995, and although the technology on the board has evolved almost beyond recognition, the shape itself hasn't changed.
[23]
Rack Size Explained: 1U, 2U, 3U and 4U - C&T Solution Inc.
Nov 13, 2024 · A rack unit (U) measures the height of rack-mounted equipment, with 1U equal to 1.75 inches (44.45 mm). For example, 2U is 3.5 inches (88.9 ...
[24]
PC Case Sizes Explained: A Quick Guide - Voltcave
Mar 20, 2023 · SFF cases usually have a volume of fewer than 20 liters, with the ... Full-tower cases are the largest mainstream PC case size available.Missing: measurements | Show results with:measurements
[25]
What are the differences between 2.5" and 3.5" hard disks?
May 10, 2011 · 2.5" drives have lower capacity, lower cache and lower angular velocity compared to 3.5" drives of similar price.
[26]
https://voltcave.com/pc-case-sizes/
[27]
Rackmount versus Tower - Which should I choose? Blog
Apr 25, 2016 · Rackmount cases are for existing cabinets or more hard drives, while tower cases are for smaller spaces. Rackmounts can be noisier, but 4U can ...
[28]
[PDF] How to Design Custom Enclosures for Motherboard-Based Systems
Specific dimensions such as mounting hole patterns and I/O connector block locations are standardized on all ATX, Micro-ATX and mini-ITX motherboards. • ...
[29]
Computer Cases: ATX, E-ATX, ITX, mATX – NeweggBusiness
4.5 600 · 3–5 day deliveryThere are three types of drive bays, 5.25 inch external bays, 3.5 inch external bays, and 3.5 inch internal bays. External bays are ...
[30]
PC Airflow Guide: How to Set Up and Position Your Fans
Sep 29, 2022 · Aim for airflow from the front/right to the upper left/rear, with front fans drawing air towards the GPU/CPU. A front, rear, and bottom ...
[31]
Best PC fan setup: How to optimize your case for cooling - PC World
Jul 20, 2022 · A solid fan configuration would include intake fans on the bottom, and exhaust fans on top, as shown in the image above. Fresh air will enter ...
[32]
https://www.tomshardware.com/how-to/set-up-pc-case-fans-for-airflow-and-performance
[33]
How to build a PC in 2025 | Tom's Hardware
May 6, 2025 · Most cases have thumb screws ... Clean cable routing is somewhat less important if you don't have a case with a glass side panel or window.
[34]
Aerocool Mechatron Review - A Closer Look - Inside | TechPowerUp
Rating 4.0 · Review by Darksaber (TPU)Oct 25, 2013 · To gain access to the interior, simply remove the thumbscrews holding each side panel in place. Two things of note are the bumps in the ...
[35]
Hands-on with InWin's F5 PC Case: Back-connector motherboard ...
Feb 23, 2024 · Both side panels and the four modular front panels of the InWin F5 are tool-free and fairly easy to pop off via pegs. The front panel comes in ...Missing: access | Show results with:access
[36]
Can't remove front panel... - Tom's Hardware Forum
Jul 22, 2016 · Just Grabe it from underneath and give it a decent pull forward. Just keep some pressure towards the tophone where the optical drive is. It also ...[SOLVED] - Front Panel removal on Thermaltake V200 RGB Case?How to remove case front panel (raidmax vortex v5)More results from forums.tomshardware.com
[37]
Building a $2000 1440p Gaming PC - Page 2 - Tom's Hardware
Mar 13, 2020 · When it comes to PC building, we always recommend you start with a case strip-down. Remove as many panels as you can and identify internal ...Missing: access | Show results with:access
[38]
A list of cases with removable motherboard trays? - AnandTech
Oct 6, 2007 · The original CM Stacker technically has a removable tray (and a 120mm slot in the back), although it's held in place by 10 or so screws and is ...
[39]
View 71 Tempered Glass ARGB Edition - Thermaltake
The View 71 has three 140mm ARGB fans, tempered glass panels, supports E-ATX, has modular drive trays, and swing-out side panels.
[40]
UNIVERSAL 4- SLOTS VERTICAL GPU KIT (WITH GEN 4 RISER)
Supports up to 4 slots GPU at vertical mounting position to show off in most of LIAN LI cases. Includes a PCIe 4.0 riser cable for seamless connectivity.
[41]
Computer Case Characteristics - iFixit
PC cases have traditionally been made of thin sheet steel panels, with a rigid steel chassis to prevent flexing. Steel is inexpensive, durable, and strong, but ...Missing: thickness 0.5-<|separator|>
[42]
The Complete Guide to PC Case Materials: Steel, Aluminum, and ...
Sep 19, 2025 · They are highly scratch-resistant, break into small pieces on impact, have clear aesthetics, and are heat-resistant. It is the most common ...
[43]
Aluminum vs Steel Computer Cases Which is Better - Velocity Micro
Feb 25, 2015 · Steel is far less likely to scratch and dent compared to aluminum. With its thickness and durability, it also keeps noise levels and rattling to ...
[44]
How to Choose PC Case Materials? Aluminum vs Tempered Glass ...
May 13, 2025 · Steel cases offer the best longevity for heavy use or frequent hardware swaps. Tempered glass is ideal for short-to-medium term builds where ...
[45]
A Guide to Understanding the Material Durability of a Gaming PC ...
Sep 11, 2025 · However, tempered glass is not as durable as steel or aluminum, and it is more prone to cracking or shattering if dropped or mishandled. If you ...
[46]
ABS Plastic: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications - Protolabs
Advantages of ABS. Impact resistance: ABS plastic is known for its excellent impact resistance, making it suitable for applications that require durability ...Missing: handles | Show results with:handles
[47]
Why PC Case Material Matters: Metal vs. Others
Summary · The choice of PC case material, between metal and plastic, has a big impact on durability, thermal management and protection of internal components.
[48]
https://pccase.co.uk/why-pc-case-material-matters-metal-vs-others/
[49]
Sheet Metal Fabrication is a Go-To Choice for Electronics - Protolabs
Jul 9, 2021 · Sheet metal fabrication is often used for prototyping and end-use metal parts. It is an inexpensive process using laser cutting, punch presses, and press ...
[50]
Lian Li Factory Tour: Only Ever Aluminium | bit-tech.net
### Summary of Manufacturing Techniques at Lian Li Factory
[51]
Sheet metal fabrication: the manufacturing & design guide (2021 ...
MIG welding and TIG welding are ideal when dealing with sheet metal, although other processes also work. Welding tends to warp and create heat zones that can be ...
[52]
HUGE Computer Server Factory | Watch How It's Made: Cases ...
Dec 26, 2023 · InWin's server factory includes assembly, testing, and high-power testing. The case factory involves painting and baking. Servers are assembled ...
[53]
Custom Plastic Injection Molding | Order Parts Online - Protolabs
Our plastic injection molding process produces custom prototypes and end-use production parts with lead times as fast as 1 day.
[54]
How PC cases are made: inside NZXT's factory | PC Gamer
Jul 7, 2016 · In the following gallery, I'll dive into how cases are built, how surprisingly manual the assembly line process still is, painting, quality control, assembly, ...
[55]
Cutting Through the Confusion: EMI Shielding Manufacturing Methods
Mar 22, 2023 · This blog post will compare the sheet metal fabrication processes for producing various EMI shielding components, including the best methods for different ...
[56]
Vibration Testing Standards for Electronics Manufacturers
Vibration Testing Requirements: This standard includes sinusoidal, random, and shock vibration tests. The frequency range typically extends from 5 Hz to 2,000 ...
[57]
Lian Li Factory Tour: Only Ever Aluminium | bit-tech.net
Aug 24, 2010 · Before we even got a chance to take photos of the production process, we were whisked into the the small QC lab within the factory.
[58]
After 10 years, we're past peak RGB — but don't celebrate yet ...
Jun 18, 2025 · So, RGB lighting quickly replaced the typically red or white backlights on new mechanical gaming keyboards, and RGB replaced the single-color ...
[59]
A beginner's guide to RGB lighting your PC - PC Gamer
Feb 14, 2017 · Case · Case color: Theme your lights to match the exterior of the case. · Side panel Window: A full glass panel like the In-Win 805's is ideal.
[60]
How to customize your PC using vinyl - PCGamesN
Mar 4, 2024 · 1. Decide on wrap location · 2. Dismantle your case · 3. Make a mockup · 4. Transfer design to vinyl · 5. Cut vinyl · 6. Peel off backing · 7. Apply ...
[61]
A brief history of PC case design - PC Gamer
Jul 26, 2016 · Where there is ventilation and airflow, it is provided by 80mm fans and cutouts, which are minuscule by today's standards.Missing: metal | Show results with:metal
[62]
Building Project A.R.E.S: My Award-Winning Sci-Fi Case Mod
Mar 28, 2021 · Pro modder Explore Modding details how he made Project A.R.E.S., an award-winning PC case mod of the Cooler Master Cosmos C700M.
[63]
Computer Cases | PC Cases - Micro Center
Mini Tower Cases. Shop by Form Factor. Lian Li ATX Case. ATX Cases · Cooler Master microATX Case. microATX Cases · Cooler Master Mini-ITX Case. Mini-ITX Cases ...
[64]
https://www.tomshardware.com/features/building-project-ares-my-award-winning-sci-fi-case-mod
[65]
https://www.microcenter.com/site/products/computer-cases.aspx
[66]
https://www.corsair.com/us/en/s/about
[67]
Our story - Fractal Design
Fractal Design is a leading designer and manufacturer of premium PC hardware including cases, cooling, power supplies and accessories. Based in Gothenburg ...
[68]
Define PC Case Series - Fractal Design
The Define Series of cases focuses on delivering the perfect balance between silent operation and minimalist Scandinavian design.
[69]
Legacy Products - Case - Cooler Master
across cases, coolers, simulators, and peripherals.
[70]
About us - Lian Li
Lian Li Industrial Co., LTD, found in 1983, is the largest and most reputable family-owned and run designers and manufacturer of high-quality PC cases and ...
[71]
Cases - LIAN LI is a Leading Provider of PC Cases | Computer Cases
LIAN LI offers small, medium, and large cases, including models like O11 DYNAMIC MINI V2, Vector V100, and O11 DYNAMIC EVO XL.Cases · Medium Case · Small Case · Large Case
[72]
Comparing the Top 5 PC Case Suppliers of 2025 - ESGAMING
Oct 16, 2025 · Comparing the Top 5 PC Case Suppliers of 2025 · 1. Corsair · 2. ESGAMING · 3. Fractal Design · 4. NZXT · 5. Lian Li. Manufacturing: Taiwan and ...Missing: major | Show results with:major
[73]
PC Case Market Research Report 2033
Regional Outlook With a projected CAGR of 7.1% from 2025 to 2033, Asia Pacific is expected to maintain its dominance, driven by rising disposable incomes, ...
[74]
Vertical vs. Horizontal Case Cooling
**Summary of Case Cooling, Airflow, and Dust Filters:**
[75]
https://growthmarketreports.com/report/pc-case-market
[76]
https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/vertical-vs-horizontal-case-cooling-89/
[77]
https://www.corsair.com/us/en/p/null/cc-9011252-ww/3000d-tempered-glass-mid-tower-white-cc-9011252-ww
[78]
Noctua SFF Cooler Roundup: Testing Small Coolers Against Intel's ...
Sep 27, 2023 · We tested Noctua's compact SFF coolers with Intel's i9-13900K to find out their thermal dissipation limits.
[79]
https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/cooler-master-haf-700-evo-review-expensive-excellence
[80]
SOLVED - INTERNAL CASE TEMPS | Overclockers Forums
Aug 7, 2018 · I am now curious because this is the first case (EVGA DG-87) I have owned with a temp sensor built into the case. It is on the end of a tail ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[81]
How does a motherboard detect case open/chassis intrusion?
Nov 27, 2021 · Generally, there will be a microswitch on the case. When the case is opened, the switch is released. This switch is attached to the motherboard directly or by ...
[82]
https://www.overclockers.com/forums/threads/internal-case-temps.791494/
[83]
Chassis Intrusion - SuperServer SYS-122HA-TN-LCC - Supermicro
A Chassis Intrusion header is located at JL1 on the X14DBM-AP motherboard. Attach the appropriate cable from the chassis to inform you when the chassis is ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[84]
What is a Kensington Lock & Tips for Using it Effectively | Lenovo US
### Summary of Kensington Locks on Desktop Computers
[85]
How to Physically Secure Your Dell Computer or Monitor
Dell desktops are equipped with a padlock ring on the rear of the chassis to prevent unauthorized entry to the inside of the case. Newer Dell desktop computers ...
[86]
Secure-IT Level 3 server cabinet | Gunnebo Safe Storage
Secure-IT Level 3 is a range of server cabinets made of 4 mm thick steel that provides physical protection of IT servers against intrusion, tampering and wilful ...
[87]
https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000179489/how-to-physically-secure-your-dell-computer-or-monitor