Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Desktop computer

A desktop computer, also known as a (PC) in its stationary form, is a computing device designed to remain in a fixed location, typically on a desk or , and consists of separate components including a (CPU) housed in a case, a , , , and peripherals connected via cables or means. These systems are engineered for high performance and expandability, often outperforming portable alternatives in processing power and storage capacity due to their larger and ability to accommodate more robust hardware. The origins of desktop computers trace back to the early 1970s with the advent of personal computing, exemplified by the in 1971, which is recognized as the first despite lacking a microprocessor and using switch-based programming with 256 bytes of memory. The field evolved rapidly through the 1970s with hobbyist kits like the (1975), which popularized microprocessors and inspired the home computer revolution, leading to the landmark IBM Personal Computer (Model 5150) released in 1981. This IBM PC, powered by an microprocessor running , standardized the desktop form factor with its , , and compatibility with third-party software and peripherals, cementing desktops as essential tools for business, education, and home use. Key components of a modern desktop computer include the , which serves as the central circuit board connecting all hardware; the CPU, acting as the processor that executes instructions; for temporary data storage; persistent storage devices like hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs); a power supply unit to distribute electricity; and optional expansions such as graphics processing units (GPUs) for enhanced visuals. Peripherals like the for output, and for input, and network interfaces for connectivity complete the system, allowing desktops to handle demanding tasks in , , scientific simulations, and office productivity. Unlike laptops, desktops offer superior upgradability and cooling efficiency, making them ideal for long-term, stationary applications where portability is not required.

Overview

Definition and Characteristics

A desktop computer is a computing device designed for stationary use in a fixed , typically comprising a separate , , and a housed in a dedicated . Unlike portable devices, it is optimized for desk-based operation and relies on external power sources rather than batteries. This configuration allows for a robust setup tailored to prolonged, intensive tasks such as productivity work, , or . Key characteristics of desktop computers include their modularity, which enables users to assemble and customize hardware from various suppliers to suit specific needs, facilitating straightforward upgrades like replacing processors or adding memory without specialized tools. They offer superior performance potential compared to laptops due to enhanced cooling systems—often incorporating multiple fans and larger heatsinks—and more powerful power supply units that provide stable, high-wattage electricity to support demanding components without thermal throttling. Additionally, desktops depend on external peripherals, such as detachable keyboards, mice, and displays, which can be easily swapped or upgraded to improve ergonomics and functionality. Desktop computers represent the original form of personal computers, emerging in the 1970s as accessible machines for individual users before the advent of portable alternatives in the 1980s. Early models, such as the 1975 Altair 8800 and the 1977 Apple II, established the desktop paradigm of a stationary system with integrated processing and storage, paving the way for widespread personal computing. The basic architecture of a desktop computer centers on non-portable core elements, including the (CPU) for executing instructions, the as the central circuit board connecting all components, the power supply unit (PSU) for converting to DC for internal use, and storage drives such as hard disk drives or solid-state drives for . These elements form a fixed, interconnected that prioritizes reliability and expandability over mobility.

Evolution of Role in Computing

Desktop computers initially served as specialized tools for office productivity and hobbyist pursuits in the pre-internet era, empowering individuals to handle tasks like data entry, calculations, and custom programming independently of centralized mainframes. Machines such as the 1971 offered basic computing for enthusiasts at a cost of $750, featuring 256 bytes of memory for simple operations. By 1977, the , , and democratized access, with the enabling hobbyists to run educational software and small business applications, selling millions of units by 1993 and fostering personal productivity through expandable designs. In professional settings, these desktops supported routine office functions, including payroll processing and document creation, as seen with early models that appeared on desks for scheduling and correspondence. During the 1990s, desktop computers transitioned into central hubs for consumption and internet connectivity, integrating advanced graphics, audio, and networking features to support home-based digital entertainment and online exploration. The 1984 Apple Macintosh introduced a that facilitated intuitive interactions, paving the way for broader adoption in creative tasks. By the mid-1990s, enhancements like drives and sound cards transformed desktops into platforms for video playback and interactive content, while modems enabled dial-up access to the . The 1993 release of the browser on PCs marked a pivotal shift, allowing desktops to function as gateways for , , and early home networking among multiple users. The rise of in the 2000s prompted desktop computers to adapt as robust anchors in hybrid work environments, where they interface with remote resources to enable flexible productivity without full reliance on devices. Virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) emerged as a key enabler, consolidating desktop environments on cloud servers for access via local , supporting tasks like collaborative editing from various locations. Protocols for remote desktop access, such as those evaluated for cloud deployments, optimize for streaming virtual sessions, allowing desktops to serve as stable endpoints for in bandwidth-constrained scenarios. This adaptation positioned desktops as complementary to laptops and mobiles, providing the processing power needed for data-intensive remote applications while leveraging and computation. In the 2020s, desktop computers have solidified their role as high-performance foundations for , , and workloads, offering superior upgradability and raw power that outpace mobile-centric paradigms. High-end desktops with dedicated GPUs dominate PC , delivering immersive experiences through ray tracing and high-frame-rate rendering, as industry trends emphasize sustained demand for customizable rigs amid rising game complexity. For , these systems support professional-grade and , with multi-core processors accelerating rendering pipelines essential for production. In applications, desktops equipped with specialized facilitate local model and , enabling developers to prototype algorithms efficiently without constant cloud dependency, particularly for tasks involving large datasets.

History

Origins in the 1960s and 1970s

The origins of desktop computers trace back to the mid-, when s began to shrink the scale of computing from room-sized mainframes to more compact systems suitable for labs and small organizations. The PDP-8, introduced by (DEC) in 1965, exemplified this shift as the first commercially successful , priced at $18,000—about one-fifth the cost of contemporary mainframes—and featuring a 12-bit architecture with modular design that allowed for easier expansion and integration into specialized applications. Its widespread adoption, with over 50,000 units sold by the 1980s, demonstrated the viability of smaller, programmable machines and influenced subsequent developments in affordable, desk-bound computing by emphasizing reliability and user-modifiable hardware. A pivotal advancement came in 1971 with the , the world's first , which integrated the core functions of a (CPU) onto a single silicon chip containing 2,300 transistors. Developed initially for Busicom's calculator under the leadership of engineers Ted Hoff, , Stan Mazor, and , the 4-bit 4004 operated at 740 kHz and enabled the creation of compact, programmable logic systems that reduced costs and size dramatically compared to discrete transistor-based designs. This innovation laid the foundational technology for personal computing by allowing CPUs to be mass-produced and embedded in consumer devices, paving the way for the microprocessor-based systems that would define desktop computers. The , released in 1975 by (MITS), marked the first commercially successful kit and directly built on these foundations by incorporating the —an 8-bit evolution of the 4004 lineage. Featured on the cover of in January 1975, the Altair sold as a $397 assembly kit (or $495 assembled), featuring 256 bytes of RAM and a front-panel interface of switches and LEDs for input and output, which sparked the movement as hobbyists gathered to experiment and share modifications. The , introduced in 1977, further advanced accessibility with color graphics, built-in , and expandability via slots, selling over 5 million units and popularizing desktops for home and educational use. Key innovations during this period included the rapid development of add-on peripherals like keyboards and monitors for more intuitive interaction, as well as BASIC interpreters—such as the one created by and for the Altair—which allowed non-experts to write and run simple programs without , transforming these machines from technical curiosities into accessible tools. Despite these breakthroughs, early desktop systems faced significant challenges, including high costs relative to average incomes—the Altair's $397 price tag was substantial in 1975—and the need for technical expertise to assemble and program them, limiting accessibility to enthusiasts, researchers, and hobbyists rather than the general public. The Altair's lack of built-in , , or input devices meant users often relied on cumbersome paper tape or custom expansions, highlighting the nascent stage of user-friendly before broader commercialization.

Expansion in the 1980s and 1990s

The introduction of the Personal Computer (Model 5150) on August 12, 1981, marked a pivotal moment in desktop computing, establishing a standardized platform that propelled widespread adoption. Priced starting at $1,565 for a basic configuration with 16 KB and no disk drive, the PC utilized an microprocessor running at 4.77 MHz and Microsoft's operating system, which facilitated compatibility with a growing ecosystem of software. Its , relying on off-the-shelf components and publicly available technical specifications, encouraged third-party development of peripherals and applications, with over 750 software packages available within the first year. This design choice inadvertently enabled the rise of IBM-compatible clones, beginning with Compaq's Portable in 1983, which reverse-engineered the system to produce lower-cost alternatives and expanded market accessibility. In 1984, Apple responded with the Macintosh 128K, launched on January 24, which brought graphical user interfaces () and mouse-based interaction to the desktop masses for the first time in a commercially successful package. Priced at $2,495 and powered by a processor, the Macintosh featured an integrated all-in-one design with a 9-inch monochrome display, 128 KB , and built-in applications like for drawing and for word processing, emphasizing intuitive usability over command-line operations. The , inspired by earlier innovations but refined for affordability, allowed users to interact via icons, windows, and menus, significantly lowering the barrier to entry for non-technical users and influencing future designs across the industry. The and saw explosive market expansion for computers, with global annual unit sales growing from approximately 1 million in 1981 to over 130 million by 2000, fueled by innovations like Microsoft's released in May 1990. introduced a more stable and visually appealing on top of , supporting multitasking and better , which drove PC adoption by making complex tasks accessible and compatible with the dominant IBM-compatible architecture. In the U.S., annual growth rates averaged 95% in unit sales from 1975 to 1984. Advancements in storage peripherals further accelerated this expansion by enabling reliable essential for business and educational applications. The PC's optional 5.25-inch floppy drives, capable of storing up to 360 , became standard for loading software and transferring files, replacing earlier tape-based systems and supporting the proliferation of tools like spreadsheets. By the mid-, hard disk drives (HDDs) emerged as a key upgrade, with models like the Seagate ST-412 offering 10-20 capacities at prices dropping below $1,000, allowing businesses to store databases and documents locally rather than relying on cumbersome floppies. In education, these peripherals facilitated word processing and simple programming in classrooms, contributing to a surge in school computer labs by the late , where floppies enabled student projects and HDDs supported shared resources.

Peak Usage and Subsequent Decline in the 2000s

In the early , desktop computers reached their peak dominance in the personal computing market, comprising the majority of global PC shipments in 2000 as laptops accounted for a small fraction. This surge was driven by the widespread adoption of broadband , with over half of U.S. households gaining by 2000, enabling applications like digital music, video streaming, and home networking that favored the stationary power and storage of desktops. The release of Windows XP in further solidified desktops as the standard for home and office use, offering improved stability, support, and compatibility with affordable components, which reduced average desktop prices to around $800 by and boosted household penetration to over 60% in the U.S. However, desktop usage began declining mid-decade due to the rapid rise of laptops, whose prices fell 17% from to 2005—compared to just 4% for desktops—allowing notebooks to outsell desktops for the first time in 2005 and capture over 50% of the PC market by 2008. The introduction of the in 2007 accelerated this shift by popularizing smartphones as primary devices for tasks, contributing to the post-PC era where desktops lost ground in emerging markets and new households. The 2008 global recession exacerbated the decline, causing worldwide PC shipments to stagnate in 2009 at levels similar to 2007, with desktops particularly affected as consumers delayed upgrades and shifted toward versatile multi-device ecosystems including laptops and smartphones, leading to desktop market share dropping below 40% by .

Resurgence in the 2010s and Beyond

Following the decline in the , desktop computers experienced a resurgence in the , primarily through the rise of high-performance gaming PCs and the popularity of custom builds among enthusiasts. This revival was propelled by the increasing demand for powerful hardware to support demanding games and , with communities like PC building forums fostering innovation and accessibility in assembling personalized systems. A key driver was the advancement in graphics processing, exemplified by NVIDIA's launch of the RTX series in 2018, which introduced ray tracing and enhanced AI-accelerated features, significantly elevating desktop gaming performance and visual fidelity. The from 2020 to 2022 further accelerated this resurgence by amplifying the need for reliable home computing setups amid widespread and online education. Global PC shipments, including desktops, surged due to these demands, growing by 15% in 2021 to reach 348.8 million units according to data. Desktops, valued for their expandability and cost-effectiveness in professional environments, saw heightened adoption as users sought robust systems for video conferencing, , and virtual collaboration tools. Advancements in storage and processing further solidified desktops' role in specialized applications during this period. The widespread integration of solid-state drives (SSDs) for faster data access and multi-core CPUs from and enabled desktops to handle intensive computational workloads efficiently. This made them ideal for emerging and tasks, such as generating images with tools like , which benefit from high VRAM GPUs and on custom rigs. By 2025, desktops have carved out a niche in creative industries like graphic design, video editing, and 3D rendering, where their modular design supports high-end peripherals and upgrades. Global desktop shipments reached around 70 million units in 2024, with forecasts indicating similar levels for 2025.

Design and Components

Form Factors and Enclosures

Desktop computer form factors refer to the standardized physical layouts and enclosure designs that define the size, shape, and expandability of the system unit, enabling compatibility with motherboards, power supplies, and other components. These designs prioritize modularity for user upgrades, efficient cooling through airflow management, and ergonomic placement in various environments. The ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) specification, introduced by Intel in 1995, serves as the foundational standard for most consumer desktop enclosures, specifying a motherboard size of 12 by 9.6 inches to support up to seven expansion slots and integrated I/O ports for improved cable management. Tower cases represent the most prevalent for desktop computers, featuring a vertical orientation that accommodates motherboards and facilitates extensive internal expansion. Mid-tower cases, typically measuring 16 to 20 inches in height, offer a balance of compactness and capacity, supporting multiple drive bays, graphics cards up to 355 mm in length, and sufficient space for cooling fans or radiators up to 360 mm. Full-tower cases, larger at 22 to 27 inches tall, provide enhanced with additional bays and superior paths, ideal for high-performance builds requiring multiple GPUs or extensive . Both variants emphasize vertical stacking to minimize desk footprint while allowing easy access via side panels for maintenance. All-in-one (AIO) models integrate the system unit, monitor, and often speakers into a single enclosure, prioritizing space efficiency and aesthetic simplicity over traditional modularity. Apple's , debuting in 1998 with the model, exemplified this approach through its translucent plastic casing encasing a 15-inch display and PowerPC processor, which reduced clutter but limited upgradability, with accessible via a side access door and storage requiring enclosure disassembly. Modern AIO designs maintain this integrated philosophy, using slim profiles to embed components behind the screen while supporting limited internal access for essential upgrades like . Compact form factors, such as those based on the specification developed by in 2001, enable small-footprint enclosures measuring 170 mm square for motherboards, suitable for embedded systems or home theater setups. Cube layouts stack components in a box-like structure for balanced proportions and improved vertical airflow, while (slimline) designs adopt a low-profile, horizontal orientation akin to a shallow tray, optimizing for server racks or media centers with minimal height. These variants adhere to ATX-compatible mounting but constrain expansion to one PCIe slot and fewer drive bays, emphasizing portability without sacrificing core functionality. Enclosures for desktop computers commonly utilize for and cost-effectiveness or aluminum for lighter weight and superior thermal conductivity, both optimized for to dissipate heat from internal components. , often 0.8 mm thick, provide durability in mid- and full-tower designs, while aluminum facilitates in compact forms by conducting heat away from hotspots. optimization involves strategic placement of mesh panels and vents, adhering to guidelines for fan positioning to create directed intake-exhaust paths, reducing temperatures by up to 10-15°C in high-load scenarios. These materials and standards ensure enclosures balance protection, , and thermal performance across diverse usage scenarios.

Core Hardware Components

The motherboard functions as the central hub of a desktop computer, serving as the main board that interconnects and supports all core internal components, including the CPU, , storage, and expansion slots. It provides standardized sockets for processors, such as the interface used by 's 12th, 13th, and 14th generation desktop processors, enabling compatibility across these generations on Intel 600 and 700 series chipsets, and the interface for 's 200 series desktop processors on 800 series chipsets (as of 2025). Similarly, AMD's AM5 socket supports 7000, 8000, and 9000 series desktop processors, offering long-term upgrade paths without requiring a full platform change. Motherboards also include multiple slots for , typically supporting DDR4 or DDR5 modules in dual-channel configurations with maximum capacities reaching 128 , as seen in models like the PRIME B760M-A. Central processing units (CPUs) in desktops are socketed for easy and upgrades, a key advantage over soldered designs in laptops, allowing users to swap processors like 's series for improved performance in multitasking and content creation. Graphics processing units (GPUs) benefit from this modular approach as well, with desktops supporting discrete cards—such as RTX series or models—installed via PCIe slots, delivering significantly higher frame rates and ray-tracing capabilities compared to integrated graphics. This separation enables desktops to handle demanding workloads like gaming or video rendering far more effectively, often exceeding 100 in benchmarks with high-end configurations. Storage in desktop systems combines traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) for high-capacity bulk data with solid-state drives (SSDs) for faster access times, connected through interfaces for HDDs and SSDs or NVMe over PCIe for high-speed SSDs achieving read speeds up to 14,500 MB/s with PCIe 5.0 interfaces. Common configurations include a NVMe SSD paired with a larger HDD for cost-effective expansion, supporting arrays for redundancy or performance boosts. is supplied by a dedicated unit (PSU) rated typically between 500 W and 1000 W, ensuring stable voltage regulation and efficiency under load for systems with power-hungry GPUs, as recommended for mid-to-high-end gaming builds to prevent instability. Effective cooling is essential for maintaining component longevity and enabling , where desktops excel due to their spacious enclosures accommodating advanced solutions. Air cooling relies on fans and heatsinks to dissipate from the CPU and GPU, providing reliable management for stock operation with levels as low as 20 in premium models. Liquid cooling systems, using closed-loop all-in-one (AIO) radiators or custom loops, offer superior compared to under overclocked conditions—allowing sustained boosts in clock speeds without thermal throttling, a feasibility unique to non-portable desktop designs.

Peripherals and Connectivity

Desktop computers rely on a variety of standard peripherals to facilitate user interaction and output, with monitors serving as primary devices capable of resolutions up to (3840x2160) or 8K (7680x4320) for enhanced visual clarity in tasks like and . Keyboards and mice, essential for input, are available in wired variants using USB connections for reliable performance and wireless options employing or 2.4 GHz RF technology for greater mobility, allowing users to customize their setup based on preferences for or desk space. Connectivity in desktop systems is achieved through standardized ports that enable seamless integration of peripherals and networks, including USB 3.2 ports offering data transfer speeds of up to 10 Gbps (Gen 2) for connecting high-bandwidth devices like external drives. ports, supporting 40 Gbps bidirectional bandwidth, provide versatile high-speed data transfer and daisy-chaining for multiple peripherals, while Ethernet ports adhering to standards deliver stable wired networking up to 10 Gbps for low-latency . Video output is handled via HDMI 2.1, which supports 8K at 60 Hz with features like , and 1.4/2.0, enabling multi-stream transport for resolutions up to 8K at 60 Hz. Expansion options enhance desktop functionality through add-on cards and devices, such as dedicated sound cards like the , which install via PCIe slots to deliver with 120 dB for superior audio processing beyond integrated solutions. Video capture devices, exemplified by the Game Capture 4K Pro—a PCIe card—allow real-time streaming and recording at 60 Hz with support, ideal for content creators leveraging the desktop's processing power. Multi-monitor setups, supported by cards with multiple outputs, enable configurations of up to four displays for improved , taking advantage of the desktop's to maintain consistent cable routing and power delivery. Ergonomic considerations in desktop environments emphasize user comfort and organization, with adjustable monitor stands allowing height, tilt, and adjustments to align screens at , reducing neck strain during prolonged use. Effective solutions, such as under-desk trays and modular organizers, minimize clutter from multiple peripherals in fixed setups, promoting a safer and more efficient workspace by preventing tripping hazards and facilitating easier maintenance.

Types and Variants

Standard and Specialized Form Factors

Desktop computers are available in a variety of form factors, which refer to the physical layout and enclosure design of the system unit, influencing factors such as size, expandability, cooling efficiency, and intended use environment. Standard form factors prioritize with off-the-shelf components and user , while specialized ones cater to niche requirements like space constraints or industrial durability. These designs have evolved to balance performance needs with practical considerations, such as desk space or integration into larger systems. Full-size tower cases represent the most common and versatile standard for desktop computers, typically measuring around 40-50 in height and accommodating mid-tower or full-tower configurations that support extensive internal expansions. These enclosures are ideal for high-end builds, allowing installation of multiple storage drives, graphics processing units (GPUs), and cooling solutions, making them prevalent in gaming rigs and professional workstations where upgradability is essential. For instance, (Advanced Technology eXtended) motherboards, introduced by in 1995, are the de facto standard for full-size towers, providing ample space for 7-14 expansion slots and robust power supplies up to 1000W or more. Compact form factors, including all-in-one (AIO) designs and mini-PCs, emphasize space efficiency by integrating the system unit directly into a housing or reducing the to a small footprint, often under 2 liters in volume. AIO desktops, such as Apple's series first released in 1998, combine the CPU, GPU, and display into a single unit, minimizing cable clutter and desk occupancy while still delivering performance comparable to traditional towers for everyday computing tasks. Mini-PCs like the NUC () series, launched in 2010, further shrink the to about the size of a paperback book, supporting low-power processors and suitable for home theater PCs (HTPCs) that embed into entertainment centers for media playback without dominating living spaces. These designs often use motherboards, which limit expansion to one or two slots but excel in portability and energy efficiency. Specialized open-frame and rackmount form factors prioritize airflow, modularity, and scalability over enclosed protection, commonly deployed in industrial, , or environments. Open-frame designs expose internal components on a bare without side panels, enhancing natural cooling and ease of maintenance, as seen in custom builds for audio production studios where heat dissipation is critical for stable operation of high-power amplifiers. Rackmount desktops, standardized under the EIA-310 specification since the but adapted for in the , fit into 19-inch racks with heights measured in "U" units (e.g., 1U for ultra-compact 4.4 height), supporting hot-swappable components and redundant power for 24/7 reliability in enterprise settings. These form factors often incorporate reinforced mounting rails and vibration-dampening features to withstand operational stresses. Pizza box and cube form factors offer low-profile, horizontal or cubic enclosures tailored for embedding in constrained spaces, drawing their names from their flat, rectangular, or boxy shapes reminiscent of a pizza delivery box or Rubik's cube. The pizza box design, popularized in the 1990s for network appliances and early servers like Sun Microsystems' SPARCstations, features a shallow height of 4-10 cm to slide under monitors or into furniture, with horizontal motherboard orientation for optimal airflow in tight setups. Cube form factors, such as Apple's Power Mac G4 Cube released in 2000, stack components vertically in a 20-30 cm cubed chassis, providing a balance of compactness and access for upgrades, often used in data centers for dense computing clusters or in home offices for unobtrusive placement. Both prioritize passive cooling and minimal external ports to facilitate integration into larger systems.

Usage-Based Configurations

Desktop computers are configured with hardware tailored to specific user needs, optimizing performance, reliability, and features for tasks ranging from entertainment to professional computing. These configurations often build on standard form factors but incorporate specialized components to meet demanding requirements in , , , and networked services. Gaming desktops prioritize high-performance graphics and immersive aesthetics to support demanding video games and real-time rendering. They typically feature NVIDIA RTX 50-series GPUs, such as the RTX 5080 or 5090, which enable smooth gameplay at high refresh rates up to 240 Hz or more, along with support for ray tracing and DLSS for enhanced visuals. Liquid cooling systems, including all-in-one (AIO) radiators, are commonly integrated to manage thermal loads from overclocked CPUs and GPUs, maintaining low temperatures during extended sessions. RGB lighting on fans, chassis, and memory modules enhances visual appeal, often synchronized via software like Aura or iCUE for customizable effects in gaming setups. Workstations are designed for precision tasks in and , emphasizing stability and certified compatibility with professional software. They incorporate PRO-series GPUs, which are ISV-certified for applications like and , providing optimized drivers for accurate and simulation without artifacts. Error-correcting code () RAM, often up to 128 GB or more, is standard to detect and correct , ensuring reliability in critical workflows such as finite element analysis or CAD modeling. Multi-core Intel or AMD processors further support for complex computations in engineering environments. Home theater PCs (HTPCs) focus on silent operation and seamless media integration for living room entertainment systems. Configurations emphasize low-noise components, including quiet fans or fanless designs with heatsinks, to minimize audible disruption during playback. Infrared (IR) receivers enable control via universal remotes, such as those compatible with HDMI-CEC protocols, allowing users to navigate streaming services like Netflix without a keyboard. Modern HTPCs support 8K video decoding and output through GPUs like the NVIDIA RTX A2000, facilitating high-resolution streaming from platforms such as Disney+ or Plex servers. Servers and s in desktop form prioritize for always-on roles, such as file storage or remote access. Low-power configurations, often using N-series or ARM-based processors, consume under 15 watts idle, making them suitable for 24/7 operation in home or small office setups. Raspberry Pi-based appliances, like the Pi 5 with external drives, serve as compact devices via software such as , providing support and remote access over or NFS protocols. variants connect to central servers for infrastructure (VDI), leveraging low-latency protocols like RDP to offload processing while maintaining security through centralized management.

Comparisons and Applications

Versus Portable Devices

Desktop computers offer distinct advantages over portable devices like laptops and tablets, particularly in scenarios where high and customization are prioritized over mobility. While laptops and tablets provide the flexibility to work or consume media anywhere, desktops excel in delivering consistent power without the constraints of or compact form factors. This comparison highlights key trade-offs in , , upgradeability, and , making desktops ideal for stationary setups such as home offices or gaming rigs. One primary benefit of desktops is their superior thermal management, which allows for better resistance to thermal throttling compared to laptops. Desktops can sustain high workloads, such as video editing or 3D rendering, with 32-55% higher frame rates in gaming benchmarks due to larger cooling solutions and unrestricted airflow, enabling prolonged operation at peak speeds without significant performance drops. In contrast, laptops often throttle CPU and GPU speeds under sustained loads to prevent overheating within their confined chassis, leading to reduced efficiency during intensive tasks. Tablets, with even smaller components, are generally unsuitable for such demanding applications, prioritizing touch-based interfaces and lightweight browsing over raw processing power. Desktops also provide greater cost efficiency for equivalent specifications, as they avoid the engineering premiums associated with batteries, integrated displays, and portable designs in s. A desktop with comparable CPU, GPU, and configurations typically costs less than a , allowing users to allocate savings toward higher-end components like additional or better cards. For instance, building or purchasing a mid-range desktop for might run $800-1,200, while a with similar capabilities often exceeds $1,200 due to costs. Tablets, while cheaper upfront for basic use, cannot match desktop-level specs without entering hybrid territory, further underscoring desktops' value for performance-focused buyers. Upgradeability further sets desktops apart, enabling users to replace or enhance components like processors, graphics cards, and power supplies with relative ease, which extends the system's overall lifespan. This modularity can prolong usability by 3-5 years beyond that of laptops, where soldered parts limit modifications to often just RAM or storage, resulting in average lifespans of 3-5 years for laptops versus 3-8 years for desktops. Such flexibility reduces long-term ownership costs and adapts the machine to evolving needs, a feature less feasible in the compact, integrated designs of portable devices. However, desktops' stationary nature imposes notable drawbacks compared to portable alternatives. Lacking built-in batteries and screens, they require a fixed desk setup, restricting use to specific locations and hindering on-the-go productivity that laptops and tablets enable. Additionally, desktops consume significantly more power, typically 200-1,000 watts under load versus 50-100 watts for laptops, contributing to higher electricity bills and less suitability for energy-conscious or off-grid environments. Tablets draw even less power (often under 20 watts), amplifying the mobility edge of portables but at the expense of expandability and performance depth.

Role in Professional and Consumer Settings

Desktop computers play a pivotal role in professional environments where high computational power and expandability are essential. In software development, desktops are preferred for their superior processing capabilities, allowing developers to run resource-intensive integrated development environments (IDEs), compile large codebases, and utilize multiple monitors for efficient multitasking. In finance, multi-monitor setups on desktops facilitate real-time monitoring of market data, trading platforms, and analytical tools, enabling traders to manage complex portfolios without performance bottlenecks. For scientific applications, desktops often form the basis of data simulation clusters, providing scalable computing for tasks like molecular modeling and climate simulations through high-performance configurations that integrate with networked systems. In consumer settings, desktop computers serve as versatile hubs for everyday family activities. They support shared use for homework and , offering stable performance for multiple users accessing and tools simultaneously. For photo editing, desktops provide the graphical processing power needed to handle high-resolution images and professional software like , making them ideal for hobbyists and amateur creators. Additionally, desktops function effectively as media servers in smart homes, storing and streaming vast libraries of videos, music, and photos to connected devices via software like , enhancing home entertainment ecosystems. Educationally, desktop computers enable affordable and robust lab setups in schools, particularly for programs. They power programming exercises, virtual simulations, and collaborative projects in controlled environments, where their durability and upgradability support repeated use by students without frequent replacements. In these settings, desktops facilitate hands-on learning with tools for , , and , fostering skills essential for future careers. Desktops increasingly integrate into hybrid workflows as stationary "power bases" that complement mobile devices, handling demanding tasks while laptops or tablets manage on-the-go needs. Desktop computers remain common in a significant portion of U.S. households, underscoring their persistent role in multi-device ecosystems.

Modern Developments

Technological Advancements

Recent advancements in desktop computer hardware have focused on integrating dedicated neural processing units () into central processing units (CPUs) to enable efficient local acceleration, reducing reliance on cloud-based processing. Intel's Core Ultra 200S series processors, based on the Arrow Lake architecture and released in October 2024, introduced the first NPU-equipped CPUs for enthusiast desktop systems, delivering up to 36 of performance through combined CPU, GPU, and NPU contributions. AMD has also integrated NPUs in desktop processors, such as the 8000G series APUs released in January 2024, supporting on-device tasks like inference. This integration allows desktops to handle tasks such as image recognition and on-device, enhancing privacy and responsiveness for applications like and . Modular connectivity standards have evolved to support higher-speed peripherals and , with and PCIe 5.0 playing key roles since their widespread adoption around 2021. , standardized by the in 2019 with Version 2.0 enhancements in 2022, provides up to 40 Gbps bidirectional data transfer (and 80 Gbps in select configurations), enabling seamless integration of high-bandwidth devices like external GPUs and 8K displays in desktop setups. Complementing this, PCIe 5.0, finalized by in May 2019 and first implemented in desktop platforms like Intel's 12th-generation in 2021, doubles the bandwidth of PCIe 4.0 to 32 GT/s per lane, allowing x4 configurations to achieve approximately 16 GB/s effective throughput for NVMe SSDs and other expansions. These standards facilitate modular upgrades, such as hot-swappable arrays, without requiring full system overhauls. Sustainability-focused technologies in desktop components emphasize energy efficiency and material recyclability to minimize e-waste. units (PSUs) certified under the Titanium rating, introduced in 2007 and refined through ongoing updates, achieve up to 96% efficiency at 50% load for 230 VAC inputs, significantly reducing output and consumption compared to lower-rated units—potentially saving over 50% in wasted power for a 1000W supply. Manufacturers like have incorporated recycled plastics and aluminum into computer cases since 2015, with goals to use 50 million pounds of sustainable materials by 2020 and design for 100% recyclability, thereby diverting plastics from landfills and lowering the environmental impact of production. The software ecosystem for desktops has seen optimizations tailored to and multitasking workflows, particularly in , released in October 2021. Features like Snap Layouts allow users to hover over the maximize button to preview and arrange windows into predefined grids, optimizing screen real estate for productivity tasks such as document editing alongside video calls. These enhancements, combined with virtual desktops and improved customization, streamline workflows on high-resolution displays common in modern desktops, enabling efficient management of multiple applications without third-party tools.

Environmental and Market Considerations

Desktop computers exhibit a higher environmental during operation compared to laptops, with typical power consumption ranging from 100 to 300 watts under load, while laptops average 30 to 70 watts. power draw for desktops is around 30 to 60 watts, still exceeding that of laptops at 10 to 30 watts. However, desktops generally have a longer average lifespan of 5 to 7 years versus 3 to 5 years for laptops, which helps distribute production-related emissions—accounting for over 75% of a desktop's total of approximately 679 kg CO₂e (assuming a 3-year lifespan)—across more years of use, thereby reducing annual environmental impact. Recycling efforts for desktop components are supported by regulations like the 's Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive (2012/19/), originally enacted in and evaluated in 2025, which sets targets for collection, recovery, and recycling of IT equipment. The directive mandates that at least 85% of the weight of collected WEEE from large IT appliances, including desktops, must be recovered, with 80% prepared for reuse or recycled, promoting and reducing landfill waste. A 2023 update included Commission recommendations to boost return rates for used electronics, enhancing overall e-waste management. In the global market, desktop shipments contribute to the broader PC sector, forecasted by to total 273 million units in 2025, reflecting a 3.7% year-over-year increase driven by commercial demand and OS migrations (updated to 274 million units and 4.1% growth as of May 2025). anticipates overall PC growth of around 5% for the year as of October 2025, with desktops maintaining relevance through affordable custom builds (revised from earlier 2.4% forecast). Emerging markets in are experiencing stronger expansion, with Asia/Pacific PC shipments projected at 99.4 million units in 2025, up 4.1% year-over-year, fueled by economic recovery and accessible hardware configurations. Looking ahead, desktop computing is shifting toward ARM-based architectures, exemplified by adaptations of in models like the , which prioritize energy efficiency and performance for professional workflows. ABI Research projects ARM-based PCs, including desktops, to capture up to 13% market share by the end of 2025. Additionally, desktops are increasingly positioned as nodes in ecosystems, processing data locally to support applications amid the expansion of connected devices.

References

  1. [1]
    definition of desktop and mobile computing - 4989.1 - DGS.ca.gov
    Desktop Computers – Computing devices, generally designed to remain in a fixed location, that can connect by cable, telephone wire, wireless transmission, or ...
  2. [2]
    52.223-16 Acquisition of EPEAT®-Registered Personal Computer ...
    Desktop computer means a computer where the main unit is intended to be located in a permanent location, often on a desk or on the floor. Desktops are not ...
  3. [3]
    What Was The First PC? - Computer History Museum
    John Blankenbaker's Kenbak-1 as the first personal computer. Designed in 1971, before microprocessors were invented, the Kenbak-1 had 256 bytes of memory.
  4. [4]
    Timeline of Computer History
    The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating system. The IBM ...1937 · AI & Robotics (55) · Graphics & Games (48)
  5. [5]
    Basic Components of a Computer: How They Function for Users
    Apr 14, 2025 · The motherboard, central processing unit, graphics processing unit (GPU), and random access memory (RAM) are the main computer's hardware components.
  6. [6]
    Basic Parts of a Computer - GCFGlobal
    The basic parts of a desktop computer are the computer case, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and power cord. Each part plays an important role whenever you use a ...
  7. [7]
    Types of Computers - The University of New Mexico
    Aug 29, 2016 · Desktop computers are larger and not meant to be portable. They usually sit in one place on a desk or table and are plugged into a wall outlet ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
  8. [8]
    What is desktop computer? | Definition from TechTarget
    Nov 29, 2022 · A desktop computer is a personal computing device designed to fit on top of a typical office desk. It houses the physical hardware that makes a computer run.Missing: modularity | Show results with:modularity
  9. [9]
    Desktop Computer - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    The desktop PC is a modular system, allowing hardware to be assembled to meet individual requirements, with components sourced from different suppliers and ...
  10. [10]
    How to Choose: Gaming Laptop vs. Gaming Desktop - Intel
    Most desktop computers, on the other hand, are upgrade-friendly. Because of the modular layout, components can be replaced with relative ease, which allows you ...Missing: modularity | Show results with:modularity
  11. [11]
    Laptop vs. Desktop Performance Explained - Smart Click Computers
    Sep 14, 2025 · Desktops have a dedicated, robust power supply unit (PSU) that can deliver a consistent and ample amount of power to all components, even under ...
  12. [12]
    https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1971/
  13. [13]
    Personal Computer History: 1975-1984 - Low End Mac
    Apr 26, 2014 · The first personal computers, introduced in 1975, came as kits: The MITS Altair 8800, followed by the IMSAI 8080, an Altair clone.
  14. [14]
    Computer Basics: Inside a Computer - GCFGlobal
    Inside a computer · Motherboard · CPU/processor · RAM (random access memory) · Hard drive · Power supply unit.
  15. [15]
    https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1984/
  16. [16]
    https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10355145
  17. [17]
    Computer History and Development Chapter 1
    Now that the PC had been validated, it began appearing on desk-tops in large and small companies to produce work schedules and payrolls, write letters and memos ...
  18. [18]
    1984 | Timeline of Computer History
    ... computing found in a Macintosh. The Macintosh was the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphical user interface and was based on the Motorola ...Missing: GUI | Show results with:GUI
  19. [19]
    [PDF] Towards Enabling Residential Virtual-Desktop Computing
    Unlike most cloud computing, VDI is designed to perform com- putational tasks in the cloud and transport the resulting display and I/O updates over the network ...
  20. [20]
    Remote access protocols for Desktop-as-a-Service solutions
    Jan 4, 2019 · In this paper, we review the main offerings of remote desktop protocols for a cloud deployment. We evaluate the necessary network resources using a traffic ...
  21. [21]
    Trends in Gaming - Views of Industry Professionals and Game ...
    May 9, 2025 · This paper presents findings from a three-year survey study (2022 –2024) examining evolving trends in the game industry, drawing insights from professionals.
  22. [22]
    Insight into computer technology and artificial intelligence (AI) | epo ...
    In 2024, creators of game-changing AI breakthroughs received not just one but two Nobel Prizes. This included the first-ever Nobel Prize for work performed ...
  23. [23]
    1964 | Timeline of Computer History
    A later version of that machine became the PDP-8, the first commercially successful minicomputer. The PDP-8 sold for $18,000, one-fifth the price of a small ...
  24. [24]
    DEC's Blockbuster: The PDP-8 - CHM Revolution
    The PDP-8 was a small, general-purpose computer developed by DEC, used in many applications, and became a successful minicomputer. Over 10,000 were sold.
  25. [25]
    Announcing a New Era of Integrated Electronics - Intel
    Intel's 4004 microprocessor began as a contract project for Japanese calculator company Busicom. Intel repurchased the rights to the 4004 from Busicom.
  26. [26]
    Chip Hall of Fame: Intel 4004 Microprocessor - IEEE Spectrum
    Mar 15, 2024 · The Intel 4004 was the world's first microprocessor—a complete general-purpose CPU on a single chip. Released in March 1971, and using cutting- ...
  27. [27]
    Altair 8800 - CHM Revolution - Computer History Museum
    Popular Electronics featured the MITS Altair 8800 microcomputer kit in January 1975. Under $500, Altair became the leading "homebrew" computer, inspiring Bill ...
  28. [28]
    The Homebrew Computer Club - CHM Revolution
    Popular Electronics featured the MITS Altair 8800 microcomputer kit in January 1975. Under $500, Altair became the leading "homebrew" computer, inspiring Bill ...
  29. [29]
    Altair 8800 Microcomputer | National Museum of American History
    It was the first microcomputer to sell in large numbers. In January 1975, a photograph of the Altair appeared on the cover of the magazine Popular Electronics.
  30. [30]
    The IBM PC
    The IBM Personal Computer on its introduction in 1981. Within a year of launch, more than 750 software packages were available for the IBM PC.
  31. [31]
    August 12: IBM Introduces Personal Computer | This Day in History
    Aug 12, 1981 · IBM introduces its Personal Computer (PC) also known as the IBM Model 5150, lending legitimacy to microprocessor-based computers.
  32. [32]
    [PDF] Computers for the Masses: The American Socio-Technological ...
    Jun 9, 2009 · 1980's, approximately 50,000 computer units were sold on an average weekly basis.120 With only twenty-five percent of the devices used in ...
  33. [33]
    [PDF] Global Competitiveness of the U.S. Computer Software and Service ...
    ... growth of selected U.S. industries, 1988-92. 1-2 ... sales and average unit selling price of PC software, 1990-94. 2-13.
  34. [34]
    The Making of Microsoft - CS Stanford
    It was the introduction of Microsoft Windows version 3.0 in 1990 that cemented Microsoft's position as a software monopoly. Soon after Windows 3.0 was ...Missing: impact | Show results with:impact
  35. [35]
    [PDF] Computer manufacturing enters a new era of growth
    Over the 1975-84 period, annual growth in unit sales of the personal computer averaged 95 percent. On a value basis, however, personal computers represent only ...
  36. [36]
    Floppy disk storage - IBM
    The first IBM PC, introduced in 1981, was available with two floppy drives. Users typically loaded an application in one drive and stored data on a diskette in ...Missing: 1980s | Show results with:1980s
  37. [37]
    Amazing Facts and Figures About the Evolution of Hard Disk Drives
    Jul 10, 2019 · IBM introduced the first hard disk drive to break the 1GB barrier in 1980. It was called the IBM 3380 and could store 2.52GB (“2.52 billion ...
  38. [38]
    [PDF] Technology Access and Instructional Use in Schools Today
    For exam- ple, at the beginning of the 1980s, floppy disks quickly replaced audiocassettes as input-output storage devices because they enabled users to ac ...
  39. [39]
    PC milestone--notebooks outsell desktops - CNET
    Jun 3, 2005 · In addition, notebook pricing has dropped considerably, almost 17 percent between May 2004 and May 2005 ($1,370 to $1,131), while desktop ( ...Missing: decline | Show results with:decline
  40. [40]
    2000 - Computer History
    May 6, 2024 · Complete computer history that happened in 2000 including the first time more than half of the households in America having Internet access.
  41. [41]
    Report Counts Computers In Majority of U.S. Homes
    Sep 7, 2001 · Census figures showed that 54 million households, or 51 percent, had one or more computers in 2000, up from 42 percent in 1998. It was the first ...Missing: desktops | Show results with:desktops
  42. [42]
    Ten years of Windows XP: how longevity became a curse
    Oct 25, 2011 · Computers got faster, rendering its hardware demands first ubiquitous, and then later in its life, almost laughable. Driver support grew, and ...
  43. [43]
    Windows XP to Take the PC to New Heights - Source
    Aug 24, 2001 · Windows XP, the new Windows with a new look, builds on the momentum of the Internet and digital media with improvements that increase productivity.
  44. [44]
    Laptops outselling desktops in the US - Ars Technica
    Jun 6, 2005 · Laptop prices have been falling faster than desktops, dropping 17 percent over the past year vs. 4 percent for desktops.Missing: decline | Show results with:decline
  45. [45]
    4 charts that explain the decline of the PC | World Economic Forum
    Apr 20, 2016 · “PCs are not being adopted in new households as they were in the past, especially in emerging markets. In these markets, smartphones are the ...
  46. [46]
    Worldwide PC sales set to slump to 2007 levels in biggest reverse ...
    Mar 3, 2009 · Netbook sales are expected to grow from 11.7m in 2008 to 21m in 2009, an 80% growth. But with the recession now taking grip worldwide and ...Missing: desktop | Show results with:desktop
  47. [47]
    How the World's First GPU Leveled Up Gaming and Ignited the AI Era
    it was introduced as the world's first GPU, setting the stage for future advancements in ...
  48. [48]
    https://www.pugetsystems.com/solutions/ai-and-hpc-workstations/machine-learning-ai/hardware-recommendations/
  49. [49]
    The PC market just had another big year thanks to pandemic demand
    Jan 13, 2022 · IDC puts the figure at 348.8 million, up nearly 15 percent. “2021 has truly been a return to form for the PC,” said Jitesh Ubrani, a research ...Missing: desktop | Show results with:desktop
  50. [50]
    Pandemic boom in PC sales is over - CNBC
    Apr 11, 2022 · Global PC shipments declined sharply in the first quarter of 2022, according to new industry estimates, suggesting that the pandemic boom in PC sales is over.
  51. [51]
    Stable Diffusion Requirements: CPU, GPU & More for Running
    Oct 13, 2025 · Graphics Card: Minimum 4GB VRAM; 6–12GB or more recommended. · Modern NVIDIA RTX GPUs offer the best performance. · Storage: At least 12GB free ( ...
  52. [52]
    https://gamemaxpc.com/pc-case-news/3736.html
  53. [53]
    Personal Computing Devices Market Insights - IDC
    Oct 9, 2025 · PC market grew by 7.3% year-over-year with shipments totaling 107.1 million units and tablet market grew by 13.1% with shipments totaling 38.3 ...Missing: COVID- 19 2020-2022 2021 15%
  54. [54]
    https://www.onlogic.com/blog/what-is-mini-itx-a-brief-breakdown-of-motherboard-sizes/
  55. [55]
    Everything You'll Ever Need to Know About ATX Motherboards
    Feb 17, 2023 · In 1995, Intel developed and released the ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) motherboard and power supply specification.
  56. [56]
    https://www.thetylergibson.com/airflow-guide-for-pc-enclosures/
  57. [57]
    Full Tower PC Case vs Mid Tower: Which One is Right for You?
    Sep 5, 2024 · Full tower cases are the largest type of PC case available. They typically stand around 22 to 27 inches tall and have a width of around 9 inches or more.
  58. [58]
    iMac at 25: a visual history of Apple's iconic all-in-one computer
    Aug 15, 2023 · Steve Jobs introduced the iMac onstage in 1998, and it changed the all-in-one computer market forever. This visual history details the iMac ...
  59. [59]
    What is a Mini-ITX motherboard? A Brief Breakdown of ... - OnLogic
    Apr 3, 2023 · The Mini-ITX standard was originally developed by VIA Technologies in 2001 to showcase chipsets and processors. The form factor was of ...
  60. [60]
    Complete Guide to Computer Enclosures: Types & Tips - E-Abel
    Sep 10, 2025 · Steel is strong but heavy, aluminum is light and good for heat, while plastic is cheap but less durable. Cooling Solutions. Good airflow is ...
  61. [61]
    Airflow guide for PC enclosures - Tyler Gibson
    Jan 4, 2007 · For good airflow, aim for a 2:1 exhaust to intake ratio, a single path of airflow, and a well-sealed case. More airflow isn't always better.
  62. [62]
    Compatibility of Intel® Core™ Desktop Processors (14th gen)
    Intel Core Desktop processors (14th gen) use the LGA1700 socket and require motherboards based on Intel 700 Series Desktop Chipsets and Intel 600 Series ...
  63. [63]
    AMD Socket AM5 Chipset
    All AMD Socket AM5 motherboards are compatible with all AMD Socket AM5 processors. That means you can choose any Socket AM5 board for AMD Ryzen 7000, 8000, and ...
  64. [64]
    PRIME B760M-A AX - Tech Specs｜Motherboards｜ASUS USA
    Intel® B760 (LGA 1700) mATX motherboard, PCIe 4.0, DDR5, two M.2 slots ... 128GB, DDR5 7200+(OC)/7000(OC)/6800(OC)/6600(OC)/6400(OC)/6200(OC)/6000(OC)/ ...
  65. [65]
    AMD Ryzen™ Processors for Desktops
    The ultimate processor for incredible gaming, pro-grade productivity & magical AI experiences. Performance so fast you can focus on what you care about.AMD Ryzen 5 7600X · AMD Ryzen 5 7600X3D · Ryzen 9 9950X3D · Ryzen 7 7700X
  66. [66]
    Explore the Different Types of SSDs: SATA, NVMe, M.2, U.2, and PCIe
    May 22, 2024 · Let's explore the different types of SSDs and the unique characteristics and benefits of each type—from the familiar SATA to the advanced NVMe ...
  67. [67]
    V-NAND PCIe® SSDs | Client PC Storage SSDs | Samsung Business
    Samsung's latest NVMe® SSDs feature NVMe® technology and PCIe®4.0, significantly outperforming our SATA SSDs with exceptionally fast sequential and random read/ ...<|separator|>
  68. [68]
    Liquid vs air cooling: Do you need an AIO cooler? - Tom's Hardware
    Oct 29, 2024 · While AIOs generally offer better cooling for overclocked systems or high-end CPUs, air coolers remain a more budget-friendly and simpler ...
  69. [69]
    https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/docs/io/thunderbolt/thunderbolt-4-technology-brief.html
  70. [70]
    USB 3.2 | USB-IF
    ### Summary of USB 3.2 Standards, Speeds, and Use in Desktop Computers for Peripherals
  71. [71]
    Logitech United States
    Discover the innovative world of Logitech United States and shop everything MX, Mechanical Keyboards, Wireless Mice, Webcams, Headsets, Software, and more.Mice · My Account · Keyboards · About Logitech - Our Story and...
  72. [72]
    https://www.pcmag.com/picks/the-best-windows-mini-pcs
  73. [73]
    Sound Blaster Audigy Fx V2 - Creative Labs
    In stock Free deliveryThe Sound Blaster Audigy Fx V2 offers 5.1 surround sound, 24-bit/192 kHz playback, SmartComms Kit, and high-quality audio with 120 dB SNR.
  74. [74]
    Game Capture 4K Pro | 4K PCIe Capture Card - Elgato
    In stock Rating 5.0 (21) 8K60 passthrough, 4K60 capture. VRR and true 10-bit HDR. 4K Pro turns your high-end PC or dual PC setup into the ultimate streaming machine.
  75. [75]
    https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/graphics-cards/50-series/
  76. [76]
    https://nzxt.com/pages/nzxt-nvidia-geforce-rtx-40-super-series-gpus
  77. [77]
    Cable Management For Standing Desk: 10 Easy Solutions
    Aug 24, 2025 · Bundle wires with sleeves or ties, keep them along desk legs, and leave slack for smooth height adjustments.
  78. [78]
    GeForce RTX 40 Series Graphics Cards - NVIDIA
    Get smooth, tear-free gameplay at high refresh rates, plus HDR and more. This is the ultimate gaming display and the go-to equipment for enthusiast gamers.
  79. [79]
    https://www.hp.com/us-en/workstations/desktop-workstation-pc.html
  80. [80]
    RTX PRO in Desktops | Built For Professionals - NVIDIA
    Designed to accelerate professional workflows, RTX PRO Desktop GPUs combine massive memory, cutting-edge AI, and neural rendering to tackle demanding projects.RTX PRO 6000 Blackwell · RTX PRO 4000 Blackwell · RTX PRO 5000 Blackwell
  81. [81]
    CAD Workstations - Computers for Engineers & Architects | Dell USA
    The best computer for CAD work will be a workstation with a very fast CPU that supports ECC memory, a large amount of RAM, the latest GPU technology, and one or ...
  82. [82]
    HP Z Desktop Workstations, Rack Mounts and AI Stations
    The Most Affordable HP Z Desktop Workstation. Recommended for CAD design/BIM, visualization, 3D design and modeling, real-time rendering, simulation, and game ...
  83. [83]
    https://www.raspberrypi.com/for-industry/thin-clients/
  84. [84]
    https://coopboardgames.com/statistics/gaming-laptop-vs-desktop-preferences/
  85. [85]
    How to build a Raspberry Pi NAS
    A Raspberry Pi NAS (network-attached storage) lets you save files from all your devices to external hard drives via your wireless network.
  86. [86]
    Thin clients – Raspberry Pi
    Low power draw; Low cost; Long life cycle; Centralised security. Discover your perfect setup. Offering specialist device management, enterprise-class security ...
  87. [87]
    Gaming Laptop vs Desktop Preferences 2025 - Co-op Board Games
    Oct 8, 2025 · Desktop systems deliver 32-55% higher frame rates depending on resolution, with larger performance gaps at higher resolutions. Desktops maintain ...Faqs · Why Do 70% Of Esports... · What Are The Main Advantages...
  88. [88]
    What is a Laptop vs a Desktop PC? | Advantages of Using a Desktop PC? | Lenovo US
    **Summary of Cost Differences, Performance, Upgradeability, and Power Usage Between Laptops and Desktops:**
  89. [89]
    Average Computer Lifespan: How Long Do PCs Last? - HP
    Sep 24, 2024 · The average lifespan is 3-5 years for laptops and 3-8 years for desktops, though this can vary based on usage and maintenance.
  90. [90]
    Laptop vs Desktop: A showdown of Energy Consumption - Econnex
    Aug 4, 2024 · Laptops consume 80% less electricity than desktops, with 15-60 watts vs 60-250 watts. Laptops are more energy-efficient overall.
  91. [91]
    Use a developer desktop setup instead of a laptop - TheServerSide
    Apr 30, 2020 · A developer desktop setup can include multiple high-quality monitors, a mechanical keyboard, gaming mouse and a high-fidelity speaker system ...
  92. [92]
    Best Desktop Computers for Programming and Coding in 2025 - HP
    Apr 11, 2025 · Yes, desktop computers are excellent for mobile app development. They offer: More power for running emulators and simulators.
  93. [93]
    Trading Computers: Building the Best - Velocity Micro
    Jun 26, 2025 · Building the best trading computer starts with understanding what matters: fast CPUs, multi-monitor support, pro-grade GPUs, and rock-solid stability.
  94. [94]
    What Are the Best Computer Setups for Day Trading?
    In this guide, I'm breaking down the best computer setups for trading, from a basic beginner setup to a fully professional trading station.
  95. [95]
    HPC for the desktop - Scientific Computing World
    Desktops remain a popular way to access HPC resources. Reinders says: 'Desktop is often the desired front-end for the HPC clusters. Powerful desktops with multi ...
  96. [96]
    What Is High-Performance Computing (HPC)? - IBM
    HPC clusters provide the high-speed required to stream live events, render 3D graphics and special effects and reduce production time and costs.
  97. [97]
    Best Desktop Computer Buying Guide - Consumer Reports
    Aug 28, 2025 · It's the ideal hub for a wide range of users: from students tackling homework and online classes to families managing photos and finances to ...
  98. [98]
    Best Desktop Computer for Photo Editing - Finding the Universe
    A guide to choosing the best desktop computer for photo editing. Includes what to look for and suggestions at a range of price points.
  99. [99]
    Hate paying for Netflix? Here's how I bought and setup my own ...
    May 27, 2024 · Building a home media server is a complicated process but worth it to have your own personal Netflix.
  100. [100]
    https://miencompany.com/designing-computer-labs-for-stem/
  101. [101]
    School Computer Labs: 5 Reasons They Still Matter - ViewSonic
    Desktops handle these demands with ease, cutting down on lag, crashes, and classroom disruptions. Whether it's running simulations, compiling code, or building ...
  102. [102]
    STEM Labs Inspire Students, Power Innovation in K-12 Schools
    Apr 2, 2018 · First- to eighth-grade students use the lab's 19 Dell desktops not only for video production, but also for robotics and coding. “It makes it ...
  103. [103]
    Building Future-Ready Learning Spaces - MiEN Company
    Aug 3, 2025 · Design flexible, tech-integrated computer labs for STEM that support collaboration, innovation, and career readiness in learning spaces.
  104. [104]
    https://www.usb.org/usb4
  105. [105]
    The Future of Desktop Computers in a Mobile World - RHKSTORE
    Jun 23, 2025 · This piece will explore ways to strike a balance between conventional desktop computing and the convenience offered by mobile tech, all while ...
  106. [106]
    https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/business/windows-11-productivity-features
  107. [107]
    Press Kit: Intel Core Ultra Processors (Series 2) - Newsroom
    Sep 3, 2024 · Intel Core Ultra 200S series processors usher in the first enthusiast desktop AI PCs and deliver great gaming performance and industry-leading compute.
  108. [108]
    USB4® | USB-IF
    ### USB4 Specifications Summary
  109. [109]
    Support snap layouts for desktop apps on Windows 11
    Aug 21, 2024 · Snap layouts are a new Windows 11 feature to help introduce users to the power of window snapping. Snap layouts are easily accessible by hovering the mouse ...
  110. [110]
    Windows 11 Productivity Features and Tools - Microsoft
    Optimize your workspace with Snap layouts. Easily make the most of available desktop space with snap layouts. Open apps with preconfigured layouts that ...Stay In The Flow Anywhere · Elevate Every Workstyle · Breakthrough Productivity
  111. [111]
    Computer Power Consumption: What You Need to Know - EcoFlow
    A typical laptop consumes between 30 and 70 watts, while desktop PCs average from 100 watts to 300 watts. High-performance gaming PCs or workstations can exceed ...<|separator|>
  112. [112]
    How much power does an idle PC use?
    Nov 3, 2016 · There's no single 'average' idle PC power use; it varies greatly. Best case is around 10W, but realistic is more like 20W.
  113. [113]
    Information Technology Factsheet | Center for Sustainable Systems
    A desktop system has a carbon footprint of 679 kg CO₂e while a laptop's is 286 kg CO₂e, with over 75% from production. End-of-life disposal contributes less ...
  114. [114]
    Sources of Variation in Life Cycle Assessments of Desktop Computers
    Aug 9, 2025 · We selected a 5-year period for our analysis because a formal study has estimated an average lifetime for computers between 3 and 8 years ( ...
  115. [115]
    Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) - Environment
    Read about EU policy and law on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE or e-waste), such as computers and smartphones.Missing: desktop | Show results with:desktop
  116. [116]
    TOP 20 PERSONAL COMPUTER MARKETING STATISTICS 2025
    Sep 20, 2025 · In Q1 2025, global PC shipments rose by 4.9% year-over-year. That means around 63.2 million units were shipped worldwide in just one quarter.Missing: niche 50-60<|control11|><|separator|>
  117. [117]
    Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Increased 4.4% in Second ...
    Jul 14, 2025 · Worldwide PC shipments totaled more than 63 million units in the second quarter of 2025, a 4.4% increase from the second quarter of 2024.
  118. [118]
    Asia/Pacific* PC Market Declined 1.9% in 2024, Hardware Refresh ...
    Mar 17, 2025 · In 2025, traditional PC shipments in Asia/Pacific are projected to record a 4.1% growth to 99.4 million units, driven by the commercial segment ...
  119. [119]
    Arm is the future of desktop computing, and the writing is on the wall ...
    Sep 23, 2025 · Apple's monumental shift to Arm with its M-series of Apple Silicon SoCs certainly kickstarted a trend, and Microsoft's renewed push for Windows ...
  120. [120]
    Arm PC market share won't rise above 13% in 2025 says ABI ...
    Jan 5, 2025 · Arm-based PCs won't enjoy a lot of momentum in 2025, according to a recently published report by ABI Research.
  121. [121]
    What's Next For Edge Computing?
    Oct 21, 2025 · In 2025, edge computing will take another leap forward by combining the automation of Infrastructure as Code (IaC), the scalability of container ...