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Cotoneaster

Cotoneaster is a genus of 50 to 500 species of flowering shrubs and small trees in the rose family, Rosaceae, native to Eurasia with the highest diversity concentrated in the mountains of China and the Himalayas.^[1] These plants exhibit diverse growth forms, ranging from prostrate groundcovers to erect trees up to 15 meters tall, and feature simple, alternate, entire leaves that are typically dark green and glossy, though some species have grayish or woolly undersides.^[2]^[3] In spring and summer, they produce clusters of small, epigynous flowers, 4–15 mm in diameter, with white to pink petals and often pinkish anthers, followed by persistent, colorful pomes—pome fruits that are orange, red, or black and measure 4–14 mm, containing 1–5 seeds—which serve as a vital food source for birds.^[2]^[1] The genus is divided into two main subgenera: Cotoneaster, characterized by erect petals often tinted pink or red and white anthers, and Chaenopetalum, with spreading petals and white flowers.^[1] Many species are apomictic (reproducing asexually via seeds) and polyploid, particularly tetraploid, contributing to the taxonomic complexity and high species count, with estimates varying from 50 to 500 depending on whether microspecies are recognized.^[2] Native to temperate Eurasia and North Africa, Cotoneaster species have been widely introduced worldwide for ornamental purposes, hedging, and groundcover, though some have become invasive in regions like North America and New Zealand due to bird-dispersed seeds.^[2]^[4] Beyond horticulture, Cotoneaster holds ethnobotanical significance, with leaves and fruits used in traditional Asian medicine to treat conditions such as diabetes, hemorrhoids, and cardiovascular issues, owing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties from compounds like flavonoids and phytoalexins.^[1] The flowers support pollinators like bees, which collect nectar for honey production,^[5] while the durable wood has been utilized for tools and implements in native regions.^[6]

Taxonomy

Etymology and History

The genus name Cotoneaster derives from the Latin cotoneum, a term for quince (Cydonia oblonga), combined with the suffix -aster, denoting resemblance or similarity, in reference to the likeness of its small pomes or leaves to those of the quince.^[2]^[7] This nomenclature highlights the botanical affinity within the pome-fruit group, though the exact feature emphasized—whether fruits, leaves, or overall habit—varies slightly in historical accounts.^[8] The first scientific recognition of a cotoneaster species came from Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 Species Plantarum, where he described Mespilus cotoneaster (now Cotoneaster integerrimus), placing it among pome-bearing plants under the informal grouping later termed Pomaceae.^[8] The genus Cotoneaster itself was formally established by Friedrich Kasimir Medikus in 1789, initially within the broader Rosaceae family, reflecting its close relation to other pomaceous shrubs like hawthorns and serviceberries.^[2] By the 19th century, as systematic botany advanced, the genus was more precisely situated in Rosaceae subfamily Amygdaloideae, tribe Maleae, based on floral and fruit characteristics shared with genera such as Malus and Pyrus.^[9] Significant advancements in understanding Cotoneaster taxonomy occurred through the work of 19th- and early 20th-century botanists, including Joseph Decaisne, who described species like C. horizontalis in 1872 from Himalayan collections, and Adrien Franchet, who contributed extensively to the documentation of Chinese taxa, naming several such as C. moupinensis in 1886.^[10] These efforts revealed the genus's vast diversity, primarily in temperate Asia, but also highlighted challenges from apomixis and interspecific hybridization, which produced numerous microspecies and confounded early classifications.^[8] Asian Cotoneaster species were introduced to Europe in the early 19th century as ornamental plants valued for their attractive foliage, flowers, and persistent fruits, with records indicating entries into British cultivation as early as 1824.^[11] These introductions, often from China and the Himalayas, initially led to taxonomic ambiguities, as hybrids between native European species and exotic ones proliferated in gardens, complicating species delineation and contributing to ongoing nomenclatural debates.^[8]

Classification and Species Diversity

Cotoneaster is classified within the family Rosaceae, subfamily Amygdaloideae, tribe Maleae, subtribe Malinae (formerly subtribe Pyrinae or subfamily Maloideae). This placement reflects its close phylogenetic relationships with other genera in the Malinae subtribe, such as Sorbus and Crataegus, based on shared morphological and molecular characteristics including pome fruits and similar floral structures.^[12] The genus encompasses approximately 250–300 taxa, including species, subspecies, and numerous microspecies, though estimates vary widely from 50 to over 400 depending on species delimitation criteria. As of 2025, Plants of the World Online recognizes 269 accepted species.^[13] This diversity arises largely from prevalent apomixis (asexual seed production), which generates agamospecies—clonally reproducing lineages treated as distinct taxa—and extensive hybridization events. Recent molecular studies, including a 2023 analysis, highlight the role of these reproductive mechanisms in rapid speciation.^[14] Taxonomic challenges are compounded by high levels of polyploidy, with many taxa exhibiting triploid, tetraploid, or higher ploidy levels that obscure boundaries and contribute to morphological variability.^[1]^[15]^[16] Ongoing research addresses these complexities through phylogenomic approaches, revealing intricate evolutionary histories marked by reticulate evolution. For instance, a 2025 study reported Cotoneaster bullatus as a newly naturalized non-native species in the Balkan Peninsula, expanding its European range beyond previous records and underscoring the genus's invasive potential in novel habitats.^[17]^[18] Infrageneric divisions traditionally recognize sections such as Cotoneaster (with closed petals), Chaenopetalum (open-campanulate corolla), and Microphyllus (small-leaved species), primarily delineated by leaf size, indumentum, and fruit traits, though molecular data suggest these groupings require revision to account for hybridization.^[15]

Description

Growth Habit and Morphology

Cotoneaster species exhibit a diverse range of growth habits, primarily as deciduous or evergreen shrubs, with some forming small trees up to 15 m tall, though most species are shrubs between 0.5 and 5 m in height, with a few reaching 10-15 m.^[2] Displaying forms from erect and rounded to spreading, arching, or prostrate, they adapt to various environmental conditions. For instance, C. horizontalis features a distinctive herringbone branching pattern with horizontally spreading, densely branched stems, creating a low, mat-like structure typically reaching 0.5–1 m tall, while C. frigidus develops as a larger, rounded shrub or small tree to 10 m.^[19] These variations in habit are influenced by native climate adaptations, with prostrate forms often suited to ground cover roles.^[8]^[1]^[20] The leaves of Cotoneaster are simple and alternate, typically elliptic to ovate in shape, measuring 0.5–10 cm in length, with entire margins and a leathery texture in evergreen species. They are often glossy dark green above and paler or pubescent beneath, arranged in two ranks along the stems for an efficient photosynthetic display. In deciduous species, leaves undergo seasonal color changes, turning vibrant reds, oranges, or purples in autumn before abscission, enhancing ornamental value. Evergreen types retain foliage year-round in milder climates but may drop leaves under stress or cold exposure.^[8]^[21]^[1] Stems are woody and unarmed in most species, lacking thorns except in rare cases like certain Asian endemics, with branchlets often initially pubescent and becoming glabrous over time. Bark is smooth and grayish on young stems, developing a fissured or scaly texture with age, frequently marked by prominent lenticels for gas exchange. These structural features contribute to the genus's resilience in temperate and montane habitats.^[8]^[20]

Flowers, Fruits, and Reproduction

Cotoneaster species produce small flowers, 4–15 mm in diameter, featuring five petals that are white to pink and often tinged with red.^[22] These hermaphroditic blooms consist of numerous stamens surrounding a central style and are arranged in dense cymes or umbels of 2–6 flowers, sometimes solitary in certain sections of the genus. Pollination is primarily achieved by insects, including bees, flies, and midges, attracted by nectar rather than pollen.^[8]^[23]^[24] The fruits of Cotoneaster are pomes, measuring 4–14 mm in diameter, with globose to oval shapes and colors ranging from brilliant red and orange to black or yellowish. These pomes, which contain 1–5 seeds per fruit, often persist on the plant into winter, providing extended visual interest. They harbor cyanogenic glycosides such as prunasin and amygdalin, which contribute to mild toxicity.^[22]^[8]^[1]^[25] Reproduction in Cotoneaster involves both sexual and asexual modes, with cross-pollination facilitating genetic diversity, though apomixis—producing seeds without fertilization—is prevalent in many polyploid species, leading to clonal populations and the formation of microspecies. Seeds are primarily dispersed by birds, which carry the pomes away from the parent plant. In temperate zones, flowering generally occurs from May to July, followed by fruit development and ripening from August to October.^[8]^[26]^[25]^[1]

Distribution and Ecology

Native Range and Habitats

Cotoneaster species are primarily native to the Palaearctic realm, encompassing a broad distribution from Europe (including the Caucasus region) through temperate areas of Asia (such as the Himalayas, China, and Siberia), extending to North Africa. While native species are few in Europe, the genus exhibits its highest species diversity in southwestern China and the adjacent Himalayan mountains, where over 100 species occur, representing a significant portion of the estimated 70 to 500 species worldwide depending on taxonomic interpretations and whether apomictic microspecies are recognized.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[1] In their native habitats, Cotoneaster plants thrive in diverse environments ranging from rocky slopes and scrublands to forest edges and cliff sides, often at elevations between 0 and 4,000 meters. They prefer well-drained soils with neutral to alkaline pH, including calcareous types, and can tolerate dry conditions in arid regions; light exposure varies from full sun to partial shade in open-mixed forests or mountainous terrains. These adaptations enable the genus to occupy varied ecological niches across its range.^[30]^[29]^[27] Many Cotoneaster species demonstrate notable resilience, with arid-native forms exhibiting drought tolerance and most being cold-hardy down to USDA zones 4 through 8. Recent ecological surveys have highlighted endemic species in specific regions, such as the Qinling Mountains of central China, where taxa like Cotoneaster multiflorus are adapted to local cold, drought, and barren conditions.^[30]^[31]^[32]

Interactions with Wildlife and Ecosystems

Cotoneaster species play a significant role in supporting pollinators within their native Palaearctic ecosystems, where their small, white to pink flowers provide nectar and pollen resources primarily during spring and early summer. These flowers attract a variety of insects, including bees, butterflies, and flies, with nectar serving as the primary attractant rather than pollen. For instance, honeybees are particularly drawn to the nectar, which can yield approximately 11 grams of sugar per square meter, offering a vital early-season food source in temperate regions.^[5] The berries of Cotoneaster contribute to food webs by serving as a food source for frugivorous birds, which in turn facilitate seed dispersal across native habitats. Across their native ranges, species such as thrushes and waxwings consume the small, typically red pomes, often swallowing them whole and excreting viable seeds far from the parent plant, enhancing the plant's distribution in scrub and woodland edges. This interaction is enabled by the berries' bright color and fleshy texture, which remain on the plant through winter, providing sustained nutrition during periods of scarcity.^[33]^[34] Cotoneaster also interacts with herbivores, acting as a host plant for certain insect larvae and occasional browse for larger mammals. It serves as a larval food source for moths, including the grey dagger (Acronicta psi) and mottled umber (Erannis defoliaria), whose caterpillars feed on the leaves in native scrub habitats. Additionally, deer occasionally browse the foliage and twigs, particularly in disturbed areas where other forage is limited, though this is not a primary food preference.^[35]^[36] In native ecosystems, Cotoneaster provides key services such as soil stabilization and erosion control on slopes, thanks to its dense root systems and sprawling growth habit. Species like Cotoneaster dammeri exhibit root tensile strengths that contribute to slope stability, reducing soil loss in rocky or hilly terrains common to their Asian habitats. These shrubs also enhance biodiversity in scrub communities by forming understory layers that support diverse insect and bird populations, though they rarely dominate intact ecosystems.^[37]^[38] While generally integrated into native dynamics, Cotoneaster can exhibit rare over-dominance in disturbed sites due to its frequent apomictic reproduction, which produces genetically uniform clonal seeds without fertilization. This trait, prevalent in polyploid species across the genus, allows rapid colonization of gaps in Asian scrub and forest edges, potentially reducing understory diversity in heavily altered habitats.^[39]

Cultivation

Propagation and Care

Cotoneaster species can be propagated through several methods, with vegetative techniques preferred for maintaining desirable traits in clones. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken in summer provide high success rates, typically rooted in a well-drained medium under mist with bottom heat around 21°C (70°F); success often exceeds 80% when treated with rooting hormones like indole-3-butyric acid. Layering, particularly simple or tip layering in spring or summer, is effective for ground-covering types such as C. dammeri, where branches root readily in contact with soil. Seed propagation is viable but slower; many species exhibit apomixis, producing genetically identical offspring, though non-apomictic types require cold stratification at 5°C (41°F) for 2-3 months to break dormancy, followed by sowing in a moist, sandy medium at 15-20°C (59-68°F) for germination.^[40]^[41]^[25]^[42]^[43] For optimal growth, Cotoneaster thrives in well-drained loamy soils with a pH range of 6.0-8.0, tolerating slightly acidic to mildly alkaline conditions and adapting to poor, rocky, or sandy soils with minimal fertility. Site selection should prioritize full sun to partial shade, with spacing of 1-3 meters (3-10 feet) for hedges to allow air circulation and development of dense structure. Once established, plants exhibit moderate drought tolerance, requiring supplemental watering only during prolonged dry spells in the first 1-2 years; overwatering should be avoided to prevent root rot.^[30]^[44]^[45]^[46] Maintenance involves light pruning immediately after flowering to shape the plant and remove dead wood, enhancing vigor and fruit production; severe pruning is tolerated but best done in late winter for deciduous types to avoid disease entry. Pests such as aphids (including woolly apple aphid) and scale insects can be managed through horticultural oils or insecticidal soaps applied in early infestation stages, while monitoring for fire blight—prune affected branches 30-40 cm (12-16 inches) below visible symptoms during dry weather. Fertilization is minimal, with a balanced slow-release formula applied in spring sufficient for most sites.^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50] Most Cotoneaster species are hardy in USDA zones 4-8, with deciduous forms more cold-tolerant down to zone 4 (-34°C/-29°F) and evergreens like C. lacteus benefiting from winter mulch or wind protection in zone 5 or colder to prevent desiccation. Heat tolerance extends to zone 8, though excessive humidity may increase disease susceptibility.^[30]^[51]^[21]

Popular Cultivars and Varieties

Cotoneaster horizontalis 'Variegatus' is a widely cultivated deciduous groundcover selection valued for its distinctive variegated foliage, where small, oval leaves feature creamy white margins along green edges, creating a bright contrast in landscapes. This cultivar maintains the species' characteristic herringbone branching pattern, growing slowly to 2-3 feet tall and spreading 5-6 feet wide, with clusters of small white flowers in spring followed by persistent red berries in fall.^[52] Its compact form makes it suitable for edging, slopes, and containers, enhancing visual interest through year-round color variation.^[53] Another popular dwarf cultivar, Cotoneaster salicifolius 'Gnom', offers an evergreen mat-forming habit, reaching only about 1 foot tall while spreading up to 6 feet wide, with glossy, lance-shaped dark green leaves that provide dense coverage. It produces small white flowers in early summer, succeeded by orange-red berries that add seasonal appeal, and its prostrate growth excels in groundcover applications on banks or under taller plants.^[54] This selection is prized for its low maintenance and ability to suppress weeds in garden settings. For evergreen options, Cotoneaster lucidus selections like those bred for hedge use emphasize glossy dark green leaves and upright growth to 6-10 feet tall and wide, with pinkish-white flowers yielding black fruits, though specific disease-resistant forms have gained favor in recent cultivation.^[55] Cultivars such as C. salicifolius 'October Glory' and 'Willeki' are noted for their resistance to fire blight, featuring arching branches, lustrous foliage, and red berries, making them reliable for formal hedges or screens.^[56] Hybrids like Cotoneaster × suecicus, a cross between C. horizontalis and C. bullatus originating from 19th-century European breeding efforts for enhanced hardiness, produce low-mounding evergreen shrubs with small, glossy green leaves, white flowers, and coral-red berries.^[57] Notable selections include 'Coral Beauty', which grows 1-2 feet tall and spreads 6 feet, offering dense coverage and improved vigor in cooler climates.^[58] Recent introductions include Shear Genius™ ('Monshgus'), an evergreen cultivar released in 2024, growing to 5 feet tall and 2-3 feet wide with a narrow, upright habit ideal for shearing into formal shapes, hardy in USDA zones 7-9.^[59] Selection of Cotoneaster cultivars typically prioritizes traits such as plant size for specific landscape roles, foliage color for aesthetic variety, and fruit display for wildlife attraction and winter interest, with over 50 named forms available globally to suit diverse garden needs.^[23] Post-2000 introductions have focused on fire blight resistance, including 'Emerald Beauty' (Cotoneaster × suecicus 'OSUCOT2') from Oregon State University, released around 2019, which features deep green foliage, orange berries, and superior tolerance to the disease while maintaining a 2-3 foot height and 4-6 foot spread.^[60] Similarly, 'Emerald Sprite' provides a compact mounding habit under 2 feet tall, with dense emerald foliage and proven resistance in field trials.^[61] These varieties address vulnerabilities in older selections, promoting sustainable cultivation.^[62]

Uses and Impacts

Ornamental and Landscaping Applications

Cotoneaster species are valued in landscaping for their adaptable growth habits, making them suitable for various roles such as hedges, privacy screens, and groundcovers. Upright varieties like Cotoneaster lucidus form dense hedges or screens that provide year-round structure, while prostrate types such as Cotoneaster horizontalis excel as groundcovers on slopes and banks, effectively controlling erosion through their mat-forming roots and branching patterns.^[63]^[64]^[65] Mass plantings of these shrubs offer striking winter interest, as their persistent red or black berries cling to bare branches, adding color and texture to dormant landscapes.^[30]^[1] The aesthetic appeal of Cotoneaster contributes to its popularity in garden design, delivering multi-season interest through delicate spring flowers, lush summer foliage, fiery autumn leaf colors, and vibrant berries that endure into winter. Small, clustered white to pinkish blooms attract early pollinators, while semi-evergreen or deciduous leaves—often glossy green turning shades of red or purple—provide textural contrast; the fruits, resembling tiny apples, enhance fall displays.^[1]^[64]^[30] These qualities make Cotoneaster ideal for rock gardens, borders, and foundation plantings, where their compact forms soften architectural lines without overwhelming smaller spaces.^[65]^[64] In urban environments, Cotoneaster's resilience to pollution, drought, and poor soils positions it as a low-maintenance choice for parks, roadsides, and street plantings. Its tolerance of salt spray and compacted urban conditions supports use along highways and in coastal areas, reducing upkeep needs in high-traffic settings.^[66]^[1] Historically, Cotoneaster has featured in European formal gardens since the 19th century, valued for its ornamental fruits and tidy habit in structured landscapes.^[1] Additionally, in garden settings, the flowers draw bees and butterflies, while berries provide food for birds, enhancing biodiversity in contained plantings without posing escape risks.^[41]^[67]^[68]

Invasiveness and Environmental Concerns

Numerous Cotoneaster taxa have become invasive outside their native ranges. In Central Europe, about 20 species have escaped from cultivation, with around 10 becoming naturalized.^[69] A global review identifies approximately 10 Cotoneaster species as invasive alien shrubs.^[70] Notable examples include C. franchetii and C. pannosus, which are invasive in parts of North America, such as California and Hawaii, where they form dense thickets in coastal areas and woodlands.^[71]^[72] In Europe, C. horizontalis, C. integrifolius, C. bullatus, C. simonsii, and C. microphyllus were added to Schedule 9 of the UK's Wildlife and Countryside Act in 2010, prohibiting their planting or allowing them to spread in the wild.^[73] A 2025 study reported C. bullatus as a new non-native species in the Balkan Peninsula, specifically Serbia, with potential to become invasive.^[74] The spread of invasive Cotoneaster is facilitated by bird-dispersed seeds from their attractive red berries, which are consumed and excreted far from parent plants, enabling rapid colonization of grasslands, woodlands, and disturbed sites.^[75] Additionally, many species propagate vegetatively through root sprouting and layering of low-lying branches, allowing them to regenerate even after partial removal and displace native vegetation. This dual reproductive strategy contributes to their aggressive establishment, often forming monocultures that outcompete local flora in non-native habitats. Invasive Cotoneaster reduces biodiversity by dominating understories and preventing native plant regeneration, leading to altered ecosystem structures in invaded areas.^[71] While direct evidence of allelopathy is limited, their dense growth and resource competition exacerbate habitat degradation, potentially influencing soil chemistry through increased litter accumulation and shading effects.^[76] In regions like the UK and California, these invasions threaten woodland and coastal ecosystems, diminishing habitat suitability for native wildlife. Management of invasive Cotoneaster typically involves mechanical removal, such as cutting and digging out roots to prevent resprouting, though this is labor-intensive for large infestations. Herbicides like glyphosate are commonly applied to stumps or foliage for effective control, with follow-up monitoring essential due to seed banks.^[77] Prevention strategies include promoting sterile or low-fertility cultivars in landscaping to minimize seed production, alongside regulations restricting sales in certain regions, including some EU member states and US states like California, where high-risk species are on noxious weed lists.^[78]^[72]

Human Interactions

Edibility and Toxicity

The fruits of Cotoneaster species are mildly astringent and possess low nutritional value, making them unsuitable for regular human consumption.^[1] Cotoneaster plants contain cyanogenic glycosides, such as prunasin and amygdalin, in their leaves, fruits, and seeds, which can release hydrogen cyanide (HCN) upon ingestion and hydrolysis.^[1] Symptoms of poisoning in humans typically include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, with the overall toxicity considered minor according to the University of California, as the LD50 is relatively high but poses risks especially to children and pets.^[79] In a study on rats using fruits of C. divaricatus, doses of 0.5 g/kg body weight were safe, while 1 g/kg induced initial symptoms of cyanide toxicity.^[1] Cotoneaster is poisonous to livestock such as sheep and goats, as well as to dogs and cats, primarily due to the cyanogenic glycosides affecting ruminants and causing gastrointestinal upset or more severe respiratory distress in cases of significant ingestion.^[80] For instance, a documented case involved a llama exhibiting dyspnea, cyanotic congested mucous membranes, salivation, recumbency, tremors, and hypothermia after consuming Cotoneaster, and the animal died despite supportive treatment with sodium nitrite and thiosulfate antidotes.^[81] Birds often consume the berries without apparent harm, as they serve as a food source for wildlife.^[82] Toxicity levels vary among species; for example, prunasin concentrations in leaves range from 0.5% to 5.0%, with the highest recorded in C. congesta, while fruits of C. horizontalis show lower amygdalin content (≤0.1%).^[1] No human fatalities from Cotoneaster ingestion have been recorded, though animal fatalities, such as in the llama case, underscore risks in sensitive species or large exposures.^[83]

Ethnobotany and Pharmacological Properties

Cotoneaster species have been utilized in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine for treating various ailments, including diarrhea, inflammation, hemorrhoids, and diabetes. For instance, the roots and bark of Cotoneaster integerrimus are employed as astringents to alleviate diarrhea and fever, while C. melanocarpus is used to control nasal hemorrhage, and C. tricolor addresses jaundice in neonatal cases.^[1] These ethnobotanical applications highlight the genus's role in Asian herbal practices, where plant parts like leaves, fruits, and stems are prepared as decoctions or infusions for their purported therapeutic effects.^[1] Phytochemically, Cotoneaster species are rich in bioactive compounds, including flavonoids such as quercetin (ranging from 2.6 to 13.2 mg/g dry weight), isoquercitrin, and hyperoside; triterpenoids like ursolic acid in C. serotina and C. pannosa; and phenolic acids such as chlorogenic and ferulic acids. Fruits and leaves exhibit notable antioxidant capacity, with total phenolic content reaching up to 154.3 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram in C. bullatus leaves and quercetin glycosides like rutin and hyperoside contributing to this activity in C. zabelii.^[1]^[84] Pharmacological studies have validated several traditional uses, demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects in C. zabelii leaf extracts (IC₅₀ values of 185.8–217.8 µg/mL) and antimicrobial activity in C. integerrimus fruits (minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.195–6.25 mg/mL against various pathogens). In vitro research indicates moderate anticancer potential through cytotoxicity assays, while a 2020 review emphasized hypoglycemic effects, such as reduced blood glucose in animal models treated with C. horizontalis mucilage at 250 mg/kg. More recent investigations, including a 2024 study on C. zabelii, confirm antihyperglycemic activity (IC₅₀ of 32.62–36.39 µg/mL for α-glucosidase inhibition) correlated with proanthocyanidin levels. Recent 2025 studies explore green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from C. horizontalis for enhanced antibacterial properties.^[1]^[84]^[85] Toxicologically, Cotoneaster contains cyanogenic glycosides like prunasin (0.5–5.0% in some species), offering low-dose benefits through bioactive compounds but posing risks of cyanide release at higher intakes, with toxicity observed at 1 g/kg in animal studies compared to safety at 0.5 g/kg. No pharmaceutical drugs derived from Cotoneaster have been approved as of 2025, though research into its pharmacological potential continues, focusing on antioxidant and antidiabetic applications.^[1]

References

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[30]
Frugivorous birds facilitate the spread but not the germination rate of ...
Birds swallow fruits whole and excrete viable seeds. Pulp removal enhances germination rate regardless of whether this is mechanical or through bird ingestion.
[31]
Birds and Berries - Golden Gate Bird Alliance
Dec 23, 2019 · Many of our local birds do rely on berries. For some, like Cedar Waxwings, berries form the basis of much of their diet year-round, supplemented with insects.
[32]
Grey Dagger - Butterfly Conservation
The bright red and yellow larvae have a tall black hump on the back, close to the head and can be seen between July and October or November. They overwinter as ...
[33]
Minimizing browsing damage by deer
Mar 12, 2019 · Ornamental plants highly preferred by mule deer ; Japanese quince · Bearberry cotoneaster · Euonymus ; Chaenameles japonica · Cotoneaster dammeri.Missing: herbivores | Show results with:herbivores
[34]
Root tensile strength of three shrub species: Rosa canina ...
Aug 6, 2025 · The presence of vegetation increases soil burden stability along slopes and therefore reduces soil erosion. The contribution of the ...
[35]
Winter Berries All Around | Under the Solano Sun
Jan 31, 2022 · The Toyon grows in coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and mixed oak woodland habitats and can grow in a variety of soils, including clay and sand.
[36]
RAPD analysis of interspecific relationships in presumably apomictic ...
Aug 5, 2025 · The occurrence of apomixis inpolyploid Cotoneaster species has been reported but never proven with genetic markers. We have used 76 polymorphic ...
[37]
Cotoneaster apiculata | Plant Information Databases | UF/IFAS
Primary method of propagation: cutting. Alternate propagation method(s): seed. Propagation by Cuttings. Cutting type: stem tip. Time of year to take cuttings: ...
[38]
Cotoneaster dammeri
Its common name comes from the attraction as a food source the berries receive from bears. It grows from a central root system, with a trailing habit that will ...Missing: etymology like
[39]
Cotoneaster horizontalis | Plant Information Databases | UF/IFAS
Propagation by Seed Comment: Optimum 55 degrees F for 15 hours, and 77 degrees F for 9 hours per day. Seeds can be planted in Fall.
[40]
Cotoneaster horizontalis (wall-spray) | CABI Compendium
In Japan, Australia, New Zealand, most of Europe, the USA and Canada, C. horizontalis has been introduced as an ornamental garden shrub and is now naturalized ...
[41]
Cotoneaster horizontalis | Landscape Plants | Oregon State University
Sun to part shade. Prefers well-drained, loose, fertile soil with adequate moisture, but tolerates dry, poor soils, and wind, pH adaptable.
[42]
Plant pH Preferences | Soil Nutrient Analysis Laboratory
Cotoneaster, 6.0-8.0, Laurel, 5.0, Sweet William, 6.0-7.5. Crab Apple, 6.0-7.5, Lavender, 6.5-7.5, Trillium, 5.0-6.5. Crocus, 6.0-7.5, Liatrus, 5.5-7.5, Tulip ...
[43]
[PDF] Spacing Landscape Plants
18-24” apart; (tall) such as privet or hemlock: 26-48” apart. Ground cover shrubs such as blue rug. Ground covers such as juniper or cotoneaster: 24-36” apart.
[44]
https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/cotoneaster-horizontalis
[45]
Plants to prune in March | UMN Extension
Mar 23, 2023 · Prune apples, flowering crabapple, mountain ash, hawthorn, serviceberry, and cotoneaster in late winter (February through April) to reduce the spread of fire ...
[46]
Managing Pests in Gardens: Trees and Shrubs: Cotoneaster—UC IPM
Diseases · Armillaria root rot · Bacterial blight · Dematophora root rot · Entomosporium leaf spot · Fire blight · Powdery mildew · Scab ...
[47]
Aphids, Scales and Mites on Home Garden and Landscape Plants
Jun 1, 2008 · Some landscaped trees and shrubs that are often attacked are arborvitae, azalea, cotoneaster, crabapple, linden, mountain ash, rose, spruce and ...
[48]
Cotoneaster lacteus | Landscape Plants | Oregon State University
Evergreen shrub, 6-12 ft (1.8-3.7 m), spreading, dense, arching, reddish stems. · Sun to part shade, adaptable to heat, wind, smog, salt air, dryness, and poor ...Missing: Pomaceae Linnaeus
[49]
https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/GARDEN/PLANTS/cotoneaster.html
[50]
Cotoneaster horizontalis (Variegatus) - Zone 5 Plants - Forestfarm.com
A similar habit to the species (low-growing with stiff “herringbone” branching pattern and bright red berries), but with attractive green and white variegated ...
[51]
Cotoneaster salicifolius 'Gnom' - RHS
A prostrate, evergreen shrub about 30cm tall, forming a wide mat of glossy, lance-shaped, dark green leaves, with small white flowers in early summer followed ...
[52]
Cotoneaster lucidus | Landscape Plants | Oregon State University
Hedge Cotoneaster is a 6-10 ft shrub with shiny green leaves, black fruit, and is native to northern Asia. It tolerates sun to light shade and poor soil.Missing: 'Corsican' | Show results with:'Corsican'
[53]
Cotoneaster-Fire Blight
Plant cultivars with fire blight resistance including C. salicifolius 'October Glory' and 'Willeki', C. henryanus 'Corina', and C.<|separator|>
[54]
Cotoneaster × suecicus 'Coral Beauty' - RHS
Evergreen shrub about 1m tall, forming a dense mound of small, glossy, dark green leaves to 1cm long, and clusters of small white summer flowers.
[55]
Cotoneaster × suecicus 'Coral Beauty' | Landscape Plants
Broadleaf, evergreen ground cover or shrub, 1-2 ft tall (0.3-0.6 m) spreading to 6 ft (1.8 m). Leaves simple, alternate, glossy green.
[56]
'Emerald Beauty' and 'Emerald Sprite' Cotoneasters in
'Emerald Sprite' is a compact cultivar with a cushion-like, mounding habit, extremely dense foliage, and short internodes (Figs. 1, 3). The maximum height is ∼ ...
[57]
Emerald Sprite Cotoneaster - Technologies
Emerald Sprite (Cotoneaster x suecicus) is a new fire blight resistant cotoneaster cultivar with a highly compact, mounding habit, extremely dense foliage, and ...
[58]
Assessing fire blight resistance of new Cotoneaster ... - USDA ARS
Dec 1, 2020 · Unfortunately, cotoneasters are very susceptible to a bacterial disease called fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora. Fire blight can kill ...
[59]
[PDF] Shrub Selection for Utah Landscapes
Apr 1, 2010 · divaricatus. Spreading. Cotoneaster. 6 x 8. 4 to 7. No. Medium. This species can be used interchangeably with other hedge plants. However, it ...
[60]
Rockspray Cotoneaster Accents Walls, Covers Slopes
Rockspray cotoneaster, Cotoneaster horizontalis, is a lovely plant to consider when you are looking for a plant to cover a bank or drape over a wall.
[61]
Selecting Shrubs for the Landscape | Oklahoma State University
They can be used as hedge borders, focal points, along the foundation of a home to “tie” it to the ground by softening strong architectural lines, and to fill ...
[62]
[PDF] RIDOT SALT TOLERANT TREE AND SHRUB GUIDE
Aug 1, 2010 · The presence of roadside vegetation has many functions that serve highway users and the state. This study reviewed the literature available on ...
[63]
Cotoneaster microphyllus (Littleleaf Cotoneaster, Small-leaved ...
Mature shrubs will be 2-3 feet tall and 6-8 feet wide. They grow in any well-drained soil, even rocky ones, in full sun to part shade. Propagate by stem ...Missing: infrageneric sections Chaenepetalum
[64]
Peking Cotoneaster | USU
Peking Cotoneaster ; Fruit. Black colored persistent fruits that attract birds. ; Flower. White with tinges of pink, blooms May-June, attracts pollinators.
[65]
Species of Cotoneaster (Rosaceae, Maloideae) indigenous to ...
Jun 29, 2010 · Of an estimated total of only 50–70 Cotoneaster species worldwide, about 20, mainly Chinese species have been found escaping from cultivation in ...
[66]
Cotoneaster franchetii (Rosales: Rosaceae) - Invasive Plant Atlas
Cotoneaster franchetii Boiss. Flower(s); flowering stem. This map identifies those states that list this species on their invasive species list or law.
[67]
Cotoneaster pannosus Profile - California Invasive Plant Council
It was introduced from China as an ornamental plant, and has escaped cultivation. It is found in disturbed places, especially near residential sites, as well as ...
[68]
Part II Plants - Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
Changes to legislation: Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, Part II is up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 28 October 2025.
[69]
[PDF] Cotoneaster bullatus Bois. (Rosaceae), a new non-native species to ...
The species C. bullatus has been recorded as an introduced in various regions, although its exact distribution and taxonomy remain complex and unresolved ( ...<|separator|>
[70]
Cotoneaster Removal - PBA Solutions
Whilst many of the species spread rapidly, only five species are actually classified as 'invasive species'. It is not illegal to plant cotoneaster in your ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[71]
(PDF) Naturalization and Impact of a Horticultural Species ...
Aug 9, 2025 · Naturalization and Impact of a Horticultural Species, Cotoneaster ... effects arise through competition , allelopathy, alteration of ecosystem ...
[72]
[PDF] Controlling Cotoneaster - Non-native Species Secretariat
What is this document about? Advice for site managers on the various methods for controlling Cotoneaster sp. with a particular focus on protected sites.Missing: dominance apomixis<|control11|><|separator|>
[73]
[PDF] Celebrating Cotoneaster - Oregon State University
If the problems are drought, pollu- tion or a need for general robustness, a cotoneaster might be the right fit. ... evaluation of a large number of species.
[74]
https://www.reabic.net/journals/bir/2025/3/BIR_2025_Stankovic_etal.pdf
[75]
Cotoneasters Poisoning in Cattle - CowDVM
All parts of Cotoneaster spp can contain varying amounts of cyanogenic glycosides, which are toxic to ruminants if ingested.
[76]
Cotoneaster sp. Poisoning in a Llama (Lama Glama) - Sage Journals
The toxicity of cyanogenic glycosides depends on the quantity ingested, the rate of ingestion, and other factors, including ruminal pH. In llamas, the ...
[77]
Red berries at this time of year
Oct 29, 2020 · There is a potential for cyanogenic glycoside toxicity if a large quantity has been ingested, but severe Cotoneaster poisoning is rare and more ...
[78]
Variation in the Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant, Antihyperglycemic ...
Oct 8, 2024 · Leaves harvested in July and October contained the highest polyphenolic levels and demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in most tests.