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Covert hypnosis

Covert hypnosis, also known as conversational hypnosis, is a subtle form of hypnotic influence that communicates with a person's unconscious mind through indirect suggestions embedded in normal conversation, without the subject's awareness or a formal trance induction.^[1] This technique leverages language patterns, pacing, and leading to bypass conscious resistance and facilitate changes in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.^[1] The practice traces its roots primarily to the work of psychiatrist Milton H. Erickson in the mid-20th century, who pioneered indirect and utilization-based methods to engage the unconscious subtly, influencing modern approaches in hypnotherapy.^[2] Key techniques include building rapport through mirroring body language and tone, employing pattern interruption to shift focus, using verbal confusion to heighten suggestibility, and incorporating vague or metaphorical language to embed suggestions.^[1] Covert methods often involve anchoring—associating stimuli like touch, keywords, or gestures with desired responses—to trigger unconscious reactions post-session.^[2] Applications of covert hypnosis appear in therapeutic settings, such as pediatric dentistry to reduce anxiety and improve cooperation during procedures, as well as in psychotherapy for addressing habits like substance use through aversion or positive reinforcement.^[1]^[2] However, ethical concerns arise due to its potential for manipulation, emphasizing the need for client collaboration in suggestion formulation to prevent unintended effects and ensure informed consent.^[2]

Definition and Overview

Definition

Covert hypnosis, also referred to as conversational hypnosis or indirect hypnosis, is a subtle form of psychological influence aimed at communicating with and affecting an individual's unconscious mind without their explicit awareness or consent that hypnosis is occurring.^[3]^[1] This approach leverages everyday verbal and nonverbal interactions to embed suggestions that target subconscious processes, distinguishing it from more explicit hypnotic methods by its seamless integration into routine dialogue.^[2] The technique operates primarily through normal conversation, where the hypnotist uses indirect language patterns, metaphors, and storytelling to bypass the subject's conscious critical faculties and access deeper levels of suggestibility.^[1] By embedding hypnotic suggestions within seemingly innocuous exchanges, it seeks to evoke automatic responses or behavioral shifts without triggering resistance or detection.^[3] This process relies on the principle that the unconscious mind is more receptive to influence when conscious attention is diverted or aligned through rapport.^[2] At its core, covert hypnosis follows a basic sequence: first, establishing rapport to build trust and synchronization with the subject's experience; second, subtly inducing a trance-like state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility; and third, delivering targeted suggestions that align with the desired unconscious influence.^[1] This methodical progression ensures the interaction remains conversational and non-intrusive, facilitating subconscious uptake without formal induction rituals.^[3] It draws briefly from Ericksonian principles of permissive, indirect suggestion to achieve these effects. While rooted in Ericksonian hypnotherapy, the efficacy of covert hypnosis has limited empirical support in scientific literature.^[3]^[4]

Distinction from Overt Hypnosis

Overt hypnosis encompasses traditional, direct methods designed to induce a trance state through explicit techniques, with the subject's conscious awareness and participation. These approaches typically involve formal induction procedures, such as eye fixation on an object to narrow attention or progressive relaxation, where the hypnotist verbally guides the subject through sequential steps of physical and mental unwinding to achieve heightened suggestibility.^[4]^[5] Covert hypnosis, by contrast, eschews these overt rituals and subject notification, integrating hypnotic suggestions seamlessly into casual dialogue using indirect, permissive language patterns that bypass conscious resistance. Unlike overt methods, which rely on structured inductions to establish a recognized altered state, covert hypnosis operates without such labeling, drawing on everyday interactions to access unconscious processes subtly.^[6]^[7] This distinction enables covert hypnosis to offer advantages in subtlety, making it more versatile for non-clinical environments where formal sessions would be impractical, and allowing potential for deeper unconscious engagement by avoiding the resistance that explicit trance induction might provoke.^[8] However, these benefits come with limitations, as the absence of controlled structure can make outcomes less predictable and demands advanced practitioner skill in reading subtle cues and tailoring suggestions in real time.^[9]

Historical Development

Origins in Traditional Hypnosis

The roots of hypnosis, which later influenced covert approaches, can be traced to ancient civilizations where trance-like states were induced for healing purposes. In ancient Egypt, around 3000 BCE, priests utilized "temple sleep" rituals in sanctuaries dedicated to deities like Imhotep, guiding patients into deep relaxation through incantations and suggestions to promote recovery from ailments.^[10] Similar practices appeared in ancient Greece, where healers at the temples of Asclepius employed incubation techniques to evoke dream-like trances for therapeutic insight, and in India, where yogic meditation and mantra recitation induced altered states akin to suggestible relaxation as early as 1500 BCE.^[11]^[12] These methods relied on environmental cues and verbal guidance rather than direct commands, laying early groundwork for subtle induction techniques. In the 18th century, Franz Mesmer introduced "animal magnetism" in the 1770s, positing an invisible universal fluid that could be manipulated to restore bodily harmony, marking a pivotal shift toward formalized hypnotic practices in Europe.^[13] Mesmer and his followers employed indirect methods, such as subtle hand passes over the patient's body without physical contact and atmospheric suggestions via music or dim lighting, to evoke crises of convulsion or calm that purportedly redistributed the magnetic fluid.^[14] By the mid-19th century, Scottish surgeon James Braid advanced this evolution in 1843 by coining the term "hypnosis" from the Greek word hypnos (sleep), reframing the phenomenon as a neurological state induced by focused attention and verbal suggestion, divesting it of Mesmer's mystical elements.^[15] The late 19th century saw further refinement through studies on suggestibility, particularly in France during the 1880s. Neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière Hospital conducted experiments demonstrating hypnosis as an artificial extension of hysteria, inducible in susceptible individuals via visual fixation or verbal cues, though he emphasized its pathological nature.^[16] In contrast, Hippolyte Bernheim, a physician in Nancy, argued through clinical trials that hypnosis was fundamentally a state of heightened suggestibility achievable through verbal means alone, without physical manipulation, influencing a broader understanding of indirect suggestion's power.^[16] These developments highlighted the efficacy of non-coercive, conversational inductions, paving the way for 20th-century therapeutic innovations.

Ericksonian Influence and Modern Evolution

Milton H. Erickson (1901–1980), an American psychiatrist and psychotherapist, played a pivotal role in developing indirect hypnosis during the mid-20th century, emphasizing subtle techniques such as storytelling, metaphors, and the utilization of a patient's resistance to facilitate therapeutic change without overt trance induction.^[17] Erickson's approach bypassed conscious defenses by embedding suggestions within narratives and everyday conversation, allowing the unconscious mind to process them more receptively.^[17] His methods were informed by his personal experiences with polio, which heightened his sensitivity to nonverbal cues and indirect communication.^[17] Erickson's influence is evident in his extensive publications, including over 90 articles and two books by 1960, many featuring detailed case studies from the 1940s and 1960s that demonstrated the efficacy of his indirect techniques in treating conditions like pain management and phobias.^[17] These works, often published in journals such as the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, showcased practical applications through real-world examples, establishing a foundation for modern covert approaches.^[17] In the 1970s, Erickson's patterns were popularized through neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) by Richard Bandler and John Grinder, who reverse-engineered his hypnotic language in their 1975 book Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson, M.D., introducing the "Milton Model" as a framework for conversational influence and persuasion.^[18] This model codified Erickson's use of vague, artfully ambiguous phrasing to guide listeners toward desired outcomes, extending his ideas beyond clinical settings into broader communication strategies.^[18] Following Erickson's era, covert hypnosis evolved through NLP's integration into 1980s self-help literature and sales training, as seen in Tony Robbins' 1986 book Unlimited Power, which adapted Milton Model techniques for personal achievement and persuasive selling to enhance rapport and decision-making.^[19] In therapeutic contexts, Erickson's principles influenced solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), a model developed in the 1980s that prioritizes future-oriented solutions over problem analysis, incorporating indirect suggestions and metaphors to empower clients rapidly.^[20] This evolution marked a shift toward accessible, non-authoritarian applications of covert methods in both professional and everyday influence.^[20]

Techniques and Methods

Core Principles

Covert hypnosis operates through unconscious communication, which targets the subconscious mind to influence beliefs, emotions, or behaviors without the subject's conscious awareness or detection.^[21] This approach leverages subtle linguistic and nonverbal cues to bypass critical conscious processing, allowing suggestions to take effect at an implicit level.^[22] Drawing from Erickson's indirect style, it emphasizes permissive and metaphorical language to facilitate this subconscious engagement without overt induction.^[23] A foundational element is rapport building, which establishes subconscious trust and alignment by mirroring the subject's body language, vocal tone, and behavioral pacing.^[24] This synchronization creates a sense of familiarity and safety, reducing resistance and enhancing receptivity to influence through nonconscious mimicry and empathetic attunement.^[25] Trance induction in covert hypnosis often occurs via overload techniques that employ ambiguity, rhythmic patterns, or sensory distractions to overwhelm conscious attention and detach it from analytical thinking.^[26] Ambiguous phrasing, for instance, creates cognitive dissonance that prompts the mind to disengage critical faculties, fostering a receptive altered state.^[27] Similarly, confusional techniques can induce dissociation, allowing subconscious processing to dominate.^[28] Suggestion embedding relies on principles such as presupposition, which assumes the acceptance of an idea within a statement, and nominalizations, vague nouns that invite the listener to project personal meanings.^[29] Presuppositions subtly imply outcomes as inevitable, embedding directives without direct command, while nominalizations like "change" or "understanding" evoke individualized interpretations that align with the desired influence.^[30] These elements ensure suggestions integrate seamlessly into the subconscious narrative.^[31] Neurologically, covert hypnosis exploits individual suggestibility by modulating brain networks, particularly reducing activity in the default mode network (DMN), which is linked to self-referential thinking and mind-wandering.^[32] This alteration promotes heightened absorption and responsiveness, as evidenced by decreased DMN connectivity during hypnotic states, enabling suggestions to reshape perceptions and behaviors more effectively.^[33] Empirical reviews indicate mixed support for the efficacy of these Ericksonian techniques, with recent meta-analyses (as of 2024) showing benefits for hypnosis in general but limited specific evidence for covert applications.^[34]^[35]

Specific Strategies and Examples

One key strategy in covert hypnosis is pacing and leading, where the hypnotist first matches the subject's current sensory experience or emotional state (pacing) to establish rapport, then gradually guides them toward a desired suggestion (leading). This technique leverages the subject's unconscious agreement with accurate descriptions of their reality to facilitate subtle shifts. For instance, a practitioner might say, "You're sitting here, feeling the support of the chair beneath you, noticing your breath slowing naturally, and now you can allow yourself to relax even deeper."^[36] Embedded commands involve concealing direct suggestions within casual conversation, often emphasized through subtle pauses, tone changes, or gestures to target the subconscious while the conscious mind remains engaged with the surface narrative. These commands bypass overt resistance by appearing as ordinary phrases. An example is, "You might not notice how you can feel more relaxed right now as we continue talking." This method draws from Ericksonian indirect suggestion patterns, where the embedded directive implies acceptance without explicit instruction.^[37] Metaphors and stories serve as indirect vehicles for suggestion, presenting narratives that parallel the subject's issue to allow unconscious processing and resolution without direct confrontation. By embedding therapeutic ideas within relatable tales, the hypnotist evokes analogous experiences that the subconscious can apply to the real situation. For example, a story about a seed growing through obstacles might subtly encourage resilience in someone facing anxiety, fostering change through symbolic identification rather than explicit advice.^[34] In a practical scenario, a therapist might employ these strategies during an initial casual conversation with a patient experiencing anxiety, unaware that hypnosis is occurring. Starting with pacing by acknowledging the patient's observable tension—"I see you're fidgeting a bit, perhaps feeling that knot in your stomach"—the therapist transitions to leading with embedded commands in a metaphor: "It's like a tight sail on a boat beginning to loosen as the wind calms and carries you forward more smoothly." This builds on the core rapport principle to reduce anxiety covertly through conversational flow.^[30] Advanced tactics include double binds, which present the subject with two or more choices that both advance the desired outcome, creating an illusion of freedom while limiting resistance. For instance, "Would you prefer to relax your shoulders first or let the relaxation spread from your feet upward?"—either option promotes deeper trance. This permissive structure enhances compliance in covert settings.^[34] Sleight of mouth patterns, derived from neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), involve verbal reframing techniques to shift limiting beliefs through nuanced linguistic challenges, often integrated into covert hypnosis for persuasive influence. These 14 patterns, such as redefining intent or consequence, subtly alter perceptions by questioning assumptions in conversation, e.g., responding to "I can't relax" with "What stops you from discovering how relaxation feels even better than tension?" Developed by Robert Dilts based on Ericksonian models, they facilitate belief change without overt confrontation.^[38]

Applications

Therapeutic Contexts

In therapeutic contexts, covert hypnosis, often aligned with Ericksonian approaches, employs subtle suggestions to facilitate analgesia in medical settings, particularly for chronic pain management. Milton Erickson utilized indirect hypnotic techniques, including storytelling and embedded commands, to alleviate pain in patients without inducing a formal trance. These methods have informed modern clinical applications, where covert suggestions integrated into conversation help patients achieve pain relief by altering pain perception pathways.^[39] Covert hypnosis also supports anxiety and phobia treatment by employing indirect reframing techniques to build emotional resilience, bypassing overt trance induction to make interventions feel more natural and less intimidating. In clinical sessions, therapists use conversational metaphors and pacing to subtly shift anxious thought patterns, fostering a sense of control over phobic responses.^[40] A meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials demonstrated that hypnosis, including indirect variants, significantly reduces anxiety symptoms with a moderate to large effect size of 0.79 at the end of treatment compared to controls, outperforming standalone use when combined with cognitive-behavioral elements.^[41] For phobias, such as dental anxiety, evidence indicates that hypnotic interventions inhibit fear responses in the brain's amygdala, leading to sustained symptom reduction.^[42] In smoking cessation and habit change, covert hypnosis leverages conversational embedding to reinforce intrinsic motivation during therapy sessions, embedding positive suggestions within everyday dialogue to disrupt habitual cues. Therapists might pace the client's current smoking rationale before leading toward aversion-free imagery, promoting subconscious shifts toward abstinence.^[43] A 2019 Cochrane review of 14 trials found insufficient evidence that hypnotherapy, including Ericksonian-style methods, is more effective than other behavioral supports or no intervention for long-term smoking abstinence, with a risk ratio of 1.08 (95% CI 0.74-1.59) for sustained quit rates at 6 months, though comparable to other behavioral therapies.^[44] The evidence base for covert hypnosis in brief therapy models underscores its efficacy, particularly in Ericksonian frameworks, where short sessions yield measurable improvements in anxiety and habit-related outcomes without requiring deep trance states.^[40] Practitioners must undergo rigorous training through ethical certification bodies, such as the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis (ASCH), which requires a master's or doctoral degree in a health care field, professional licensure, completion of approved workshops (typically 20-100 hours), and supervised practice to ensure consensual, evidence-informed application.^[45]

Non-Therapeutic and Persuasive Uses

Covert hypnosis techniques, often integrated with neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), find application in sales and marketing to subtly influence decision-making and build rapport during interactions. Sales professionals leverage presuppositions and embedded commands to steer negotiations, for instance, by framing statements that assume agreement, such as "When you choose this option, you'll experience immediate benefits," thereby increasing the likelihood of closing deals without direct pressure.^[46] These methods enhance communication by aligning language with customers' sensory preferences, like emphasizing visual cues for those who process information primarily through sight, leading to higher engagement and conversion rates in commercial settings.^[47] In advertising, Ericksonian hypnosis principles are embedded in slogans and texts to target the unconscious mind, using techniques such as generalizations ("everyone deserves luxury") and causal linking ("Indulge today and transform tomorrow") to foster emotional responses and memorability.^[48] For example, campaigns may employ truisms like "All successful people prioritize quality" to create subconscious alignment with the brand, subtly driving consumer preferences and purchases. A structured suggestion algorithm in ads often follows stages of affiliation (building trust via rhythmic language), fixation (deepening attention with ambiguity), and conducting (implanting directives through indirect commands), as seen in promotions like "Discover the taste that exceeds expectations," which embeds persuasive cues without explicit calls to action.^[49] Beyond commerce, covert hypnosis supports interpersonal influence in leadership and conflict resolution by fostering subtle motivation and understanding in team environments. Leaders apply mirroring—subtly matching a colleague's body language and tone—to establish rapport, followed by pacing and leading to guide discussions toward consensus, such as acknowledging current frustrations before suggesting collaborative solutions.^[47] This approach enhances team dynamics and resolves disputes by reframing perspectives, promoting buy-in without overt authority.^[46] In self-help and coaching, NLP-based programs from the 2000s popularized covert methods for personal development, with seminars teaching participants to use hypnotic language patterns for self-motivation and influence in daily interactions. Influential works like those by NLP pioneers emphasized practical exercises in conversational hypnosis to build confidence and negotiation skills, often delivered through workshops that focused on embedded commands for habit change.^[50] Real-world examples extend to political rhetoric, where subtle pacing and presuppositions sway audiences, as in speeches assuming shared values to lead toward policy support, and everyday persuasion like motivational talks that employ indirect suggestions to inspire action.^[51] Despite these applications, the reliability of covert hypnosis in non-therapeutic contexts is generally lower than in controlled therapeutic environments, as uncontrolled variables like distractions or individual resistance can diminish the subtlety and impact of persuasive techniques.^[52]

Ethical and Legal Considerations

Ethical Concerns

One of the primary ethical breaches in covert hypnosis is the violation of informed consent, as individuals cannot provide voluntary agreement to the process without being aware of its occurrence. Professional ethical codes emphasize that hypnosis must be conducted with full disclosure to ensure autonomy and prevent deception. For instance, the National Guild of Hypnotists requires members to provide clients with a Bill of Rights that includes the right to refuse services and demands truthful disclosure of the hypnotic process before any session begins. Similarly, the Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis mandates informed consent for any extension of hypnotic techniques, underscoring that non-disclosed applications undermine client welfare and professional integrity. Covert hypnosis poses significant manipulation risks, particularly for vulnerable populations such as those in coercive relationships or cult environments, where subtle influence can exacerbate undue control and dependency. In destructive cults, unethical hypnotic techniques have been employed to manipulate spiritual experiences and foster obedience, heightening suggestibility and isolating individuals from external support. This can lead to profound psychological dependency, as repeated subtle inductions may erode critical thinking and promote over-reliance on the influencer. Such practices exploit inherent power imbalances, amplifying harm in groups already susceptible to isolation and emotional coercion. The potential for psychological harm from covert hypnosis includes the induction of false memories and heightened dependency, as seen in the 1990s recovered memory controversies where hypnotic suggestion contributed to confabulated recollections of trauma. During this period, courts recognized that hypnosis often contaminates memory through suggestion, leading to unreliable testimonies and family disruptions, with experts concluding that repressed memories recovered via hypnosis were frequently false rather than authentic. Subtle applications can also foster long-term dependency by increasing suggestibility without resolution, potentially resulting in distorted self-perception or emotional instability. Ethical debates surrounding covert hypnosis center on the practitioner's intent, distinguishing benevolent applications—such as therapeutic surprise elements in Ericksonian approaches aimed at positive change—with malevolent uses intended for control. While some argue that covert methods can ethically facilitate healing when aligned with client benefit and eventual awareness, others contend that any non-disclosed influence inherently risks abuse, regardless of intent, due to the potential for unintended escalation. Professional guidelines prioritize avoiding harm, recommending overt methods to maintain transparency and accountability.

Legal Implications and Regulations

Covert hypnosis raises significant legal concerns regarding consent, as non-disclosed hypnotic influence can implicate assault or battery statutes in various U.S. jurisdictions. In therapeutic settings, informed consent doctrines require practitioners to fully disclose methods and risks before engaging in any hypnotic techniques, with failure to obtain explicit agreement potentially constituting battery, particularly if the subject experiences harm. For instance, some states, such as Connecticut, have enacted specific legislation addressing sexual assault facilitated by hypnotists, criminalizing non-consensual hypnosis that leads to exploitation. Similarly, in cases involving minors or vulnerable individuals, parental or guardian consent is mandatory prior to any hypnotic procedure.^[53]^[54]^[55] Fraud and coercion claims arise when covert hypnotic techniques are employed in deceptive sales or persuasive contexts, subjecting practitioners to prosecution under consumer protection laws. In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) enforces against misleading claims in self-improvement programs. Coercive uses, like undue suggestion in financial transactions, may also trigger civil fraud suits or criminal charges for extortion if hypnosis induces actions against the subject's will. International variations in regulations reflect differing approaches to consumer protection and professional oversight, with the European Union imposing stricter frameworks compared to the more permissive U.S. standards. Under EU consumer protection directives, such as the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, hypnotic techniques in sales or therapy must not mislead or exploit vulnerabilities, with penalties for non-compliance including fines and contract invalidation. In Germany, hypnotherapy is restricted to licensed medical doctors, psychologists, or psychotherapists; in France, while medical applications are limited to professionals, non-therapeutic uses by lay practitioners are permitted under less stringent oversight. By contrast, the U.S. lacks federal regulation of hypnosis, relying on state-level guidelines that generally permit practice without licensure for non-medical applications, though this leniency has led to calls for uniform consent and disclosure rules.^[56]^[57] Professional licensing requirements emphasize disclosure and scope limitations to prevent unlicensed practice, with violations carrying civil and criminal penalties. In California, for example, hypnotherapists are exempt from licensing if services focus on self-improvement rather than diagnosing or treating medical conditions, but they must provide signed disclosures stating they are not licensed by the state and cannot practice psychology. Failure to disclose can result in disciplinary actions, fines, or injunctions under the Business and Professions Code, particularly if covert techniques cross into psychotherapy. Other states, like Washington and Connecticut, mandate registration for hypnotists, requiring proof of training and adherence to ethical standards to ensure methods are not concealed from clients.^[58]^[59]^[60] Landmark cases illustrate the application of undue influence doctrines to hypnotic suggestion, particularly in contexts like estate planning or contracts. In Rock v. Arkansas (1987), the U.S. Supreme Court addressed hypnosis's reliability but affirmed defendants' rights to use it for memory refreshment, indirectly highlighting risks of undue influence in non-consensual scenarios by noting potential suggestibility. More directly, undue influence claims in wills influenced by covert suggestion have succeeded in probate courts, such as under California's Probate Code, where hypnotic manipulation voids bequests if proven to override free will, as in elder abuse litigation involving suggestive therapies. These precedents underscore liabilities for practitioners, often resulting in testamentary invalidation or damages awards.^[61]^[62]

Representations in Culture

In Media

Media portrayals of covert hypnosis have often highlighted its controversial applications in sales training, where techniques are promoted as tools for persuasion but criticized for ethical lapses. In the early 2000s and beyond, news outlets covered seminars and programs teaching "hypnotic selling" methods, such as embedded commands and pacing language, as ways to influence buyers subconsciously without their awareness.^[63] For instance, a 2010 article in Selling Power magazine detailed how sales professionals used self-hypnosis and suggestive language to boost performance, sparking debates on manipulation in commercial contexts.^[63] Documentaries have explored the roots of covert hypnosis through Ericksonian methods, emphasizing indirect suggestion in everyday interactions. The 2011 film Wizard of the Desert, produced by the Milton H. Erickson Foundation, chronicles the life and work of psychiatrist Milton H. Erickson, whose permissive, story-based hypnosis techniques laid the groundwork for modern covert approaches used in therapy and beyond.^[64] This documentary illustrates how Erickson's subtle inductions, avoiding overt trance states, influenced contemporary media discussions on hypnosis as a tool for behavioral change without formal consent.^[64] Interviews with experts like Kevin Hogan have brought ethical conversational hypnosis to mainstream podcasts and television, positioning it as a positive force in influence and communication. Hogan, a prominent author on persuasion, appeared on the Salesman Podcast, explaining how to build rapport ethically in business settings.^[65] Sensationalism in media has amplified fears of covert hypnosis as "mind control" in politics and advertising, particularly through 2020s articles on social media's persuasive power. A 2024 e-flux journal piece linked historical CIA hypnosis experiments to modern AI-driven psyops, warning of subliminal influences in political campaigns that echo covert hypnotic patterns.^[66] Similarly, coverage in The Consilience Project described social media algorithms as enabling "mass hypnosis" via repetitive suggestions, heightening public anxiety over advertising tactics that subtly shape consumer and voter behavior.^[67] These portrayals have significantly shaped public perception, often exaggerating the dangers of covert hypnosis while downplaying its controlled applications. A 2024 analysis in Joymind noted how media depictions sensationalize hypnosis as a mysterious force for control, leading to widespread misconceptions about its risks despite evidence of its safety in professional settings.^[68] A 2017 study published in the Contemporary Hypnosis & Integrative Therapy journal surveyed public views, finding that most associate hypnosis with altered perception and suggestibility, influenced by dramatic media narratives that overlook collaborative and beneficial aspects.^[69] Such exaggeration fosters distrust, portraying covert techniques as inherently predatory rather than context-dependent tools.^[70] In 2025, podcasts such as those from HypnoThoughts Live continued to discuss conversational hypnosis, highlighting its applications in communication while addressing ethical considerations.^[71]

In Fiction

Covert hypnosis has been a staple in literary fiction since the late 19th century, often depicted as a tool for insidious manipulation. In Richard Condon's 1959 novel The Manchurian Candidate, communist agents use brainwashing techniques during the Korean War to covertly program an American soldier, Raymond Shaw, as an unwitting assassin triggered by subtle cues, reflecting Cold War anxieties about psychological control.^[72] Earlier works like George du Maurier's Trilby (1894) portray hypnosis through the character Svengali, who exerts covert influence over a young singer via intense gaze and suggestion, blending artistic seduction with coercive control.^[73] In film and television, covert hypnosis frequently appears in heist and crime narratives, where characters employ conversational tricks for deception. The 2013 film Now You See Me features mentalist Merritt McKinney, played by Woody Harrelson, who uses subtle hypnotic inductions and embedded commands during interrogations to extract secrets or compel actions, such as hypnotizing a woman to reveal personal details in a theatrical demonstration.^[74]^[75] Similarly, the television series The Mentalist (2008–2015) showcases protagonist Patrick Jane employing covert suggestion and rapid hypnotic techniques to manipulate suspects, often through casual conversation and observational cues to elicit confessions or hidden information.^[76]^[77] Common tropes in fictional depictions exaggerate covert hypnosis for dramatic effect, portraying it as an irresistible force in espionage, seduction, or misguided therapy. In espionage scenarios, it manifests as programmed obedience, as seen in brainwashing plots where agents implant post-hypnotic triggers for betrayal or violence, amplifying real suggestive techniques into total mind control.^[73] Seduction tropes involve hypnotic gazes or patterned language to ensnare victims romantically, echoing early films like Svengali (1931) where subtle influence overrides free will.^[73] Therapy-gone-wrong narratives depict covert methods backfiring into unintended compulsions, such as forced regressions leading to chaos, heightening tension through ethical overreach.^[73] Influential non-fiction works blending real techniques with narrative have shaped modern fictional portrayals. Neil Strauss's 2005 book The Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pickup Artists details hypnotic language patterns from neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), used by pickup artists like Ross Jeffries for covert seduction through embedded suggestions and rapport-building, influencing later thrillers that incorporate similar conversational hypnosis.^[78]^[79] The representation of covert hypnosis in fiction has evolved from mid-20th-century science fiction rooted in overt brainwashing fears to contemporary thrillers emphasizing subtle, NLP-inspired persuasion. Early depictions in works like The Manchurian Candidate focused on authoritarian control amid geopolitical tensions, while modern examples in films and series reflect the 1970s rise of NLP, portraying hypnosis as everyday conversational influence in personal or criminal contexts.^[73] This shift mirrors growing cultural interest in psychological subtleties over fantastical domination.^[73]

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Ericksonian Hypnosis - Gotham Psychotherapy
Overloading conscious attention – By distracting the conscious mind with vagueness and ambiguity, one is able to open the unconscious to change. See also, the ...
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Ericksonian Hypnosis: Induce Trances with Flexibility & Metaphors
Apr 11, 2024 · Unlike the more direct approaches, Ericksonian hypnosis often employs indirect suggestions. These are subtle hints or implications embedded ...Missing: style | Show results with:style
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The Hypnotic Art of Confusion - Uncommon Knowledge
Aug 15, 2019 · Confusional language in hypnosis ties up the conscious mind, opening the mind for learning and communication with the unconscious, while the ...<|separator|>
[29]
Presupposition, Implicature, and Hypnotic Ambiguity in Indonesian ...
Findings indicate that presupposition emerged as the most dominant strategy (28.5%), followed by implicature (23.8%) and semantic ambiguity (15.7%).
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NLP Training - The Milton Model - Language for change
Dec 6, 2018 · Embedded Suggestions. are suggestions or directives buried within a larger sentence. They allow the speaker to ask more subtly and in a way ...<|separator|>
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Milton Model techniques Hypnosis Suggestions
Nominalizations, treating a verb as a noun. Non Sequitur, linking something true to an outcome that does not logically follow. Presupposition, assume something ...
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Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated with Hypnosis
Jul 27, 2016 · Previous research suggests that hypnosis is associated with decreased default mode network (DMN) activity and that high hypnotizability is associated with ...
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Modulating the default mode network using hypnosis - PubMed
Debate regarding the neural basis of the hypnotic state continues, but a recent hypothesis suggests that it may produce alterations in the default mode network ...Missing: suggestibility scholarly
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Structural and Functional Cerebral Correlates of Hypnotic ...
Little is known about the neural bases of hypnotic suggestibility, a cognitive trait referring to the tendency to respond to hypnotic suggestions.Missing: scholarly | Show results with:scholarly
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[PDF] Ericksonian Hypnosis: A Review Of the Empirical Data
Erickson's ideas about psychotherapy (of which his use of hypnosis was a significant part) have contributed to the development of a number of different ...
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How Milton H. Erickson Revolutionized Hypnotherapy
Aug 1, 2023 · Modern hypnotherapy techniques that are based on the groundbreaking work of the psychiatrist Milton H. Erickson involve inventing a new induction method for ...How Milton H. Erickson... · Erickson's Methods Focus On... · Key PointsMissing: 1950s | Show results with:1950s
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Neurophysiology of pain and hypnosis for chronic pain - PMC
This paper reviews a selection of published studies from these areas of research, focusing on recent findings that have the most potential to inform both ...
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https://www.sleightofmouth.org/
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THE EFFICACY OF HYPNOSIS AS A TREATMENT FOR ANXIETY
This meta-analysis quantifies the effectiveness of hypnosis in treating anxiety. Included studies were required to utilize a between-subjects or mixed-model ...
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Efficacy of Hypnosis on Dental Anxiety and Phobia - NIH
Apr 20, 2022 · This study provides scientific evidence that hypnosis is an effective and successful method to inhibit the fear reaction in the brain.
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Nothing is retrieved...<|separator|>
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Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation - PMC - PubMed Central - NIH
Search methods. For this update we searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register, and trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO ...
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ASCH Certification Program - American Society of Clinical Hypnosis
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[PDF] Can Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) Be Used As ... - ijmae
As a result, it is important to incorporate NLP techniques in sales and negotiation skills as it can help a manager to increase the chances of success in the ...
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[PDF] Transforming Business Through Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP)
... NLP techniques have far-reaching implications across key business functions such as sales, marketing, collaboration, negotiation, and time management. Core ...
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[PDF] Architectonics of advertising text with the use of Ericksonian hypnosis
Ericksonian hypnosis uses speech patterns to influence consumer behavior, using indirect methods, conscious silence, and ambiguous speech to access the ...
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[PDF] Suggestion algorithm in advertisement megadiscourse: Hypnotic ...
Mar 13, 2021 · The study identifies a three-stage algorithm (affiliation, fixation, conducting) and hypnotic inducers in advertising, using the Milton model ...
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23 Essential Books on Neuro Linguistic Programming For 2025
This NLP books list contains our 22 favorites, and we recommend them to anyone taking one of our courses. Read our reviews and start learning today!
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(PDF) Word magic and the rhetoric of common sense: Erickson's ...
Feb 6, 2016 · A great many of Erickson's cases did not involve hypnosis in any conventional sense of the term. He used a wide range of persuasive rhetorical ...
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Unwanted effects of hypnosis: A review of the evidence and its ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Growing evidence of unwanted consequences of hypnosis in experimental, clinical and entertainment settings is reviewed. Adverse effects are common.
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AN ACT CONCERNING SEXUAL ASSAULT BY HYPNOTISTS.
Mar 20, 2006 · Anonymous victim of abuse by a hypnotherapist - She was sexually, mentally and emotionally assaulted by her hypnotherapist. She believes adding ...
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Justice Manual | 293. Factors to Consider Prior to the Use of Hypnosis
The fact that the person to be hypnotized has consented to undergo hypnosis, and - if the person is a minor - the fact that the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Is it legal to hypnotize someone without consent? - Follow Our Courts
Jan 4, 2024 · Some states have laws that make it illegal to engage in hypnotherapy without obtaining prior written authorization from an individual.
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Marketers of One-on-One 'Brain Training' Programs Settle FTC ...
May 18, 2016 · The proposed order settling the FTC's charges prohibits the defendants from claiming that their programs improve performance at work or in ...
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FTC Sends More Than $2.4 Million to Consumers Harmed by ...
Jun 6, 2024 · The Federal Trade Commission is sending more than $2.4 million in refunds to consumers who paid for Lurn's business consulting programs and were deceived.
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Understanding Hypnosis Regulations Around the World
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Hypnosis Requirements by State
The grounds for complaint shall include physical or sexual abuse, misappropriation of property, and fraud or deceit in obtaining or attempting to obtain ...
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Law for California Hypnotherapists - Hypnotherapy Training Institute
California hypnotherapists must disclose they are not licensed, require a signed disclosure form, and must disclose in advertising that they are not licensed. ...
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Hypnosis Regulations
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Hypnosis Requirements California State
In general, hypnotists are exempt from professional licensing in the state of California, so long as the provided services fall under self improvement.
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290. Hypnosis of a Defendant | United States Department of Justice
Hypnosis of a Defendant. In Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44 (1987), the U.S. Supreme Court found unconstitutional as violative of the Fifth, Sixth, and ...
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Undue Influence and the Law - California Elder Justice Coalition
Jan 3, 2022 · The legal theory of undue influence is more widely accepted and has been recognized in law for hundreds of years.
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Hypnotic Selling Techniques - Selling Power
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NLP in Sales: Effective Cold Calling or Unethical Hypnotism?
Apr 9, 2024 · NLP in sales uses phrases and behaviors to subtly shape how prospects feel, tapping into the subconscious to get them to book a meeting or ...
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Wizard of the Desert - The Milton H. Erickson Foundation
The Story behind the Wizard. This documentary explores the personal life and incredible career work of Milton H. Erickson, M.D., founder of Modern Hypnotherapy.
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How To Influence Anybody (Anywhere) With Dr Kevin Hogan
Kevin Hogan joins me on the Salesman Podcast to teach us how to influence anybody. Can anyone become a powerful influencer? We start the show with Kevin ...Missing: TV | Show results with:TV
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Mindfluence Revolution Podcast EP 14: Interview With Kevin Hogan
Mindfluence Revolution Podcast EP 14: Interview With Kevin Hogan. Kevin Hogan is the author of 22 books. He is best known for his international best selling ...Missing: conversational hypnosis TV
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Society of the Psyop, Part 2: AI, Mind Control, and Magic - e-flux
The second part of Trevor Paglen's investigation of psyops, mind control, and AI ... The CIA had become fascinated by the possibilities of hypnosis, ESP, ...Missing: advertising | Show results with:advertising
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Social Media Enables Undue Influence - The Consilience Project
Social media enables undue influence. Some of our most popular technologies are becoming a means of mass coercion that open societies cannot survive.
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Hypnosis in the Media | From Sensationalism to Science - Joymind
Apr 4, 2024 · In the modern health space, hypnosis is often sensationalized—frequently portrayed in the media as a mysterious or even comical spectacle.
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What the public think about hypnosis and hypnotherapy - PubMed
Most people believe that: hypnosis is an altered state which requires collaboration to enter; once hypnotized perception changes; hypnotherapy is beneficial for ...
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The Portrayal of Hypnosis in the Media - The Hypnotechs Blog
May 14, 2023 · Unfortunately, much of entertainment media misrepresents hypnosis, leading to misconceptions about its effectiveness and safety.
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Charles Manson and the Enigma of Mind Control | Psychology Today
Apr 3, 2025 · The most famous presentation of this idea was a Richard Condon novel (and subsequent movie) titled "The Manchurian Candidate." Here, a ...
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(PDF) Hypnosis in Film and Television - ResearchGate
Aug 6, 2025 · This paper explores to role of hypnosis in more than 230 films in which it has been depicted and categorizes the--mostly negative--stereotypes about it.
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The Magic Tricks In Now You See Me Explained - Looper
Aug 18, 2021 · Let's take a closer look at 14 such magic tricks from "Now You See Me," pulling back the curtain on the secrets behind their execution.
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How Real Is the Magic in Now You See Me? Here's a Primer - WIRED
May 30, 2013 · To find out what was "real" magic in Now You See Me and what was just movie magic, Wired asked Kwong to explain a few of the film's best tricks.
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The secrets behind Patrick Jane techniques - HypnoSociety.com
Hypnosis; Conclusion. If you have ever watched 'The Mentalist,' then you probably know of Patrick Jane's impeccable skills as a mentalist. Basically, the show ...
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Does the TV series 'The Mentalist' have anything to say about ...
Sep 2, 2024 · Nonetheless, it does raise awareness of how powerful suggestion and hypnosis can be when used inappropriately. Conclusion: While “The Mentalist” ...
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3 Pickup Artist Techniques in The Game - Shortform Books
Aug 31, 2020 · In The Game, Neil Strauss outlines several pickup artist techniques. These pickup artist techniques are commonly used in the PUA community.
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The Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pickup Artists by Neil ...
Oct 7, 2005 · Preparing to write The Game, bestselling author Neil Strauss spent two years infiltrating an online community of alchemists that seek to unlock ...