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PMA

Procréation médicalement assistée (PMA), also termed assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP), comprises clinical and biological techniques aimed at enabling conception for individuals or couples confronting infertility, gamete deficiencies, or structural reproductive barriers, including insemination, in vitro fertilization, and embryo transfer.^[1]^[2] In France, PMA has evolved under successive bioethics laws since the 1994 framework, initially restricting access to heterosexual couples with diagnosed infertility and a stable union, while prohibiting gamete donation anonymity and surrogacy.^[3] The 2021 bioethics law (Loi n° 2021-1017 du 2 août 2021) marked a pivotal expansion, authorizing PMA for female couples and single women irrespective of medical criteria, with donor gamete origins accessible to offspring from 2025 onward to address filiation rights.^[4]^[5] This reform, implemented via decree in September 2021, integrates procedures like intrauterine insemination and IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection, often reimbursed by national health insurance for eligible cases up to age limits (e.g., 43 for women in IVF).^[6]^[7] PMA accounts for approximately 4% of French births annually, with success rates varying by technique—around 20-30% per IVF cycle for women under 35, declining with age—and carrying risks such as ovarian hyperstimulation or multiple pregnancies, though protocols mitigate these through embryo selection limits.^[8] Key advancements include preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, authorized under strict conditions, enhancing outcomes for hereditary risks.^[3] The extension of PMA has ignited ethical debates, centered on embryo status as potential human life, potential commodification via gamete markets, and child welfare implications in non-traditional family structures, with academic analyses highlighting persistent socioeconomic disparities in access despite universal intent and critiques of underlying gender dynamics in procedure burdens.^[9]^[10] France maintains prohibitions on post-mortem PMA and surrogacy, upheld by the Conseil d'État as compatible with European human rights standards, prioritizing living parental projects over posthumous claims.^[11]^[12] These restrictions underscore a regulatory balance favoring empirical reproductive medicine over expansive individualism, amid source-documented concerns in peer-reviewed ethics literature regarding long-term offspring psychological outcomes and donor anonymity's erosion.^[13]

Government and Regulatory Bodies

Premarket Approval

Premarket Approval (PMA) is the process by which the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts scientific and regulatory review to assess the safety and effectiveness of Class III medical devices before they may be marketed.^[14] Class III devices are classified as high-risk due to their potential to support or sustain human life, prevent significant health impairment, or pose substantial risks of illness or injury if they fail, including examples such as pacemakers, artificial heart valves, and certain diagnostic imaging systems. The process requires manufacturers to provide rigorous evidence, distinguishing it from less stringent pathways like 510(k) clearance for lower-risk devices.^[14] The PMA framework originated with the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which introduced device classification and premarket controls to address gaps in prior regulation.^[15] Devices commercially distributed before May 28, 1976—the effective date of the amendments—are termed preamendments devices and were initially exempt from immediate PMA unless reclassified; postamendments Class III devices generally require PMA unless they demonstrate substantial equivalence to a predicate device via 510(k).^[15] By 1986, the Safe Medical Devices Act expanded PMA applicability to certain preamendments devices not found substantially equivalent, mandating phased submissions with over 90 days allowed post-final rule promulgation for some.^[15] A PMA application must include comprehensive data on device design, manufacturing processes, preclinical testing (such as bench and animal studies), clinical trials demonstrating safety and effectiveness, proposed labeling, and quality system compliance under 21 CFR Part 820.^[14] Clinical data typically involves controlled studies with statistically significant results, often requiring investigational device exemptions (IDE) for human trials if the device poses significant risk. The FDA may request additional information during review, and modular submissions—pre-agreed outlines of phased data provision—are encouraged to streamline complex applications.^[16] The review process unfolds in stages: initial filing review within 45 days to determine acceptability (refusal to file occurs if substantive elements are missing, per 21 CFR 814.42); an interactive 180-day substantive review clock starting upon filing, involving FDA requests for supplemental data; optional advisory panel consultation for novel or controversial devices; and final action, which may approve, deem approvable (with conditions), declare not approvable, or deny.^[17] While the statutory timeline is 180 days, actual durations often exceed this due to data deficiencies or iterations, with sponsors advised to anticipate extended interactions.^[17] Post-approval, manufacturers face requirements for changes reporting (21 CFR 814.39), annual reports, and post-market surveillance to monitor long-term performance, with potential device recalls or withdrawals if new risks emerge.^[18] Approval rates for PMAs submitted to advisory panels averaged approximately 70% in the five years prior to 2014 procedural changes, which shifted to more targeted expert consultations and correlated with higher subsequent approvals, though comprehensive FDA-wide statistics vary by fiscal year and device type.^[19] Denials or non-approvables most commonly stem from insufficient clinical evidence of safety or effectiveness.^[20]

Palestine Monetary Authority

The Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA) is an independent public institution established by special decree No. 184 on December 1, 1994, functioning as the principal regulator of the banking sector in the Palestinian territories.^[21] Headquartered in Ramallah, its primary objective is to maintain the stability of the banking and monetary system while fostering economic growth, though it operates without full central bank powers such as currency issuance or independent monetary policy tools due to constraints imposed by the lack of Palestinian fiscal sovereignty and reliance on foreign currencies like the Israeli shekel and Jordanian dinar.^[22]^[23] The PMA emerged in the context of the Oslo Accords, specifically following the 1994 Gaza-Jericho Agreement, to oversee financial institutions amid the partial transfer of administrative control from Israeli authorities, which had previously prohibited Palestinian banking operations under military orders since 1967.^[24] Key responsibilities include licensing and supervising banks, exchange bureaus, and money transfer institutions; promoting financial stability through prudential regulations; and facilitating payment systems, albeit with limitations stemming from dependence on Israeli clearing mechanisms for transactions.^[25]^[26] The PMA enforces anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing measures, issuing guidelines for banks in 2017 to enhance compliance and risk assessment, and collaborates internationally, such as through membership in the Alliance for Financial Inclusion since 2010 with a focus on consumer protection.^[27]^[28] It also monitors economic indicators, including business cycles and inflation, to support policy formulation, though data collection is challenged by political fragmentation between the West Bank and Gaza.^[29] Leadership is headed by a governor appointed for a four-year term, with Yahya Shunnar serving as the current governor and board chairman since his swearing-in on January 4, 2025, succeeding Feras Milhem.^[30]^[31] The board of directors oversees strategic decisions, sharing regulatory duties with entities like the Palestine Capital Market Authority for securities supervision.^[26] In practice, the PMA's effectiveness is hampered by chronic shekel liquidity shortages, restrictions on capital flows, and geopolitical tensions, including Israeli controls over borders and banking access in Gaza, which necessitate ongoing efforts to diversify payment solutions and bolster resilience.^[32] The International Monetary Fund has noted the PMA's progress toward central bank-like functions, praising its supervisory framework as Palestine pursued statehood recognition around 2012, though full autonomy remains unrealized.^[25]

Military Academies

Pakistan Military Academy

The Pakistan Military Academy (PMA), located in Kakul near Abbottabad in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, serves as the primary training institution for commissioning officers in the Pakistan Army.^[33] Established in October 1947 shortly after Pakistan's independence, it was created to develop a national cadre of military leaders, replacing reliance on British and Indian training facilities amid the partition's disruptions.^[33] The academy's founding addressed the urgent need for indigenous officer training, with the first battalion formalized on January 25, 1948.^[34] PMA's core program, the PMA Long Course, spans two years divided into four six-month terms, transforming selected cadets—typically intermediate or graduate-level candidates aged 17 to 22—into second lieutenants upon graduation.^[35] The curriculum integrates academic instruction equivalent to a bachelor's degree, rigorous physical conditioning, and tactical military drills, emphasizing leadership, discipline, and combat readiness through field exercises, weapons handling, and strategic simulations.^[36] Shorter specialized courses, such as the six-month Lady Cadet Course introduced in 2006, commission female officers as captains in support roles.^[37] The academy has expanded since inception, adding battalions post-1965 Indo-Pakistani War to accommodate growing intake, now training over 2,000 cadets annually across multiple units.^[38] It also hosts joint training for cadets from the Pakistan Navy and Air Force, as well as international participants from allied nations, fostering interoperability and diplomatic ties.^[37] PMA graduates form the bulk of the Pakistan Army's officer corps, including successive Chiefs of Army Staff, underscoring its central role in national defense architecture.^[33]

Philippine Military Academy

The Philippine Military Academy serves as the premier institution for commissioning officers into the Armed Forces of the Philippines, delivering a rigorous four-year program that combines academic instruction, military training, and character development. Founded on October 25, 1898, as the Academia Militar in Malolos, Bulacan, through a decree by General Emilio Aguinaldo during the First Philippine Republic, it initially aimed to train military leaders amid the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule.^[39] The academy was relocated to Baguio City in 1908 under American administration and formally renamed the Philippine Military Academy on December 21, 1936, pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 1, which established it as a degree-granting institution.^[39] Operations were suspended during World War II, with the academy reopening on May 5, 1947, following disruptions from Japanese occupation and subsequent liberation.^[39] Situated at Fort Gregorio del Pilar on a 373-hectare campus in Baguio City, approximately 10 kilometers from the city center, the PMA transitioned to a tri-service model in 1993, preparing cadets for the Army, Navy, and [Air Force](/page/Air Force), and admitted its first female cadets that year in compliance with Republic Act 7192, which promotes women's integration into the military.^[39] The institution's mission emphasizes producing principled leaders capable of national defense, with training structured around the "Fourth Class System"—a hierarchical freshman-year regimen fostering discipline and resilience—and the Honor System, which mandates truthfulness and integrity, as codified in the academy's "Graybook" of traditions and regulations.^[39] Cadet enrollment is selective, with annual applications for the Philippine Military Academy Entrance Examination (PMAEE) targeting unmarried Filipino citizens aged 17 to 22, requiring passing scores in academics, physical fitness tests (including a 2-mile run, push-ups, and sit-ups), and medical evaluations.^[40] The curriculum awards a Bachelor of Science in Management with a major in Security Studies, balancing general education in the first two years—covering subjects like history, calculus, trigonometry, and languages—with advanced military science, leadership, and service-specific courses in later years.^[41]^[42] Military training progresses from basic skills in weaponry, navigation, and small-unit tactics to specialized modules on electronic, cyber, and space warfare, reflecting ongoing enhancements to address contemporary threats such as hybrid conflicts and information operations.^[42] In May 2024, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. directed a comprehensive review of the program to ensure cadets are equipped for modern defense roles, including territorial security and disaster response, while maintaining the academy's five core AFP functions: combat, security, development, humanitarian assistance, and civil-military operations.^[43] Physical conditioning is integral, with the first year imposing demanding regimens to build endurance, alongside socio-humanistic courses added since the 1960s to cultivate ethical decision-making.^[39] Graduates commission as second lieutenants or ensigns, with mandatory eight-year active-duty service.^[39] PMA alumni, known as "Long Gray Line" members, have led the AFP in critical roles, including multiple Chiefs of Staff and awardees of the Cavalier distinction for exceptional service in operations, coast guard, and special forces.^[44] The academy maintains traditions like the annual homecoming and honors system to sustain esprit de corps, producing officers who have contributed to national stability amid historical challenges such as insurgencies and territorial disputes.^[39]

Pakistan Marine Academy

The Pakistan Marine Academy (PMA) is a public seafarer training institution in Pakistan dedicated to pre-sea and post-sea professional education for merchant navy personnel.^[45] Originally established in 1962 at Juldia, Chittagong, in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) under the Colombo Plan to train merchant marine cadets, the academy was relocated to Karachi following the 1971 separation of East Pakistan, with operations resuming at New Haji Camp in November 1971. Administered as an autonomous department under the Federal Ministry of Maritime Affairs, PMA operates as the sole public-sector facility in Pakistan for producing qualified seafarers compliant with International Maritime Organization (IMO) standards.^[45] The academy is situated on Hawksbay Road in Mauripur, Karachi, providing residential training facilities including simulators, workshops, and maritime-specific infrastructure to support hands-on cadet development.^[46] PMA's core pre-sea programs include two-year associate degree courses in nautical science and marine engineering, culminating in certifications for deck and engine cadets, respectively, along with a five-month General Purpose (GP-III) rating training for entry-level crew roles.^[47] Post-sea offerings encompass specialized short courses such as tanker familiarization, basic and advanced engine plant simulator training, fire-fighting, and advanced safety management to meet ongoing professional requirements for serving seafarers.^[47] The academy's management system received ISO 9001:2015 certification following an audit by Bureau Veritas in December 2020, ensuring quality in maritime education and training delivery. PMA is also recognized by the World Maritime University in Malmö, Sweden, as a venue for conducting IMO-mandated specialized short courses and seminars.^[48] Admissions for cadet batches, such as the 64th intake, involve competitive entry tests, physical efficiency assessments, and interviews, with seats allocated across provinces including 133 for the 2026-27 batch.^[49]

Trade Associations

Pacific Maritime Association

The Pacific Maritime Association (PMA) is a non-profit multi-employer collective bargaining organization headquartered at 555 Market Street in San Francisco, California, representing approximately 72 shipping lines, cargo carriers, terminal operators, and stevedores operating across 29 ports in California, Oregon, and Washington.^[50]^[51] Formed in 1949 through the merger of the Waterfront Employers Association—which handled longshore labor—with the Pacific American Shipowners Association and other offshore employer groups, PMA was established to centralize negotiations and administration of maritime labor contracts on the U.S. West Coast.^[52]^[53] Its primary mandate involves negotiating coastwide labor agreements with the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU), which represents over 16,000 longshore workers, marine clerks, and foremen, while administering payroll, benefits, hiring halls, and dispute resolution to ensure operational efficiency in cargo handling.^[50] PMA's core function centers on labor relations, where it bargains collectively on behalf of employer members to establish uniform terms covering wages, working conditions, and technological implementation across the West Coast ports, a scope that has remained consistent since its inception to avoid fragmented local disputes.^[50] The most recent contract, ratified by ILWU members in 2023 following 13 months of negotiations, spans six years (retroactive to July 2022 and expiring in 2028), delivering a 32% compounded wage increase, with full-time registered workers averaging $243,000 in annual earnings by 2024, alongside employer-funded healthcare (no premiums), pensions rising to $113,000 annually for longest-tenured members by 2028, up to six weeks of paid vacation, and a $70 million one-time pandemic bonus.^[54] This agreement also preserves employer rights to automation technologies introduced progressively since 2002 (for general tech) and 2008 (for specific automation), balanced by workforce guarantees and enhanced benefits to mitigate job displacement impacts.^[54] Beyond negotiations, PMA manages day-to-day contract enforcement, including dispatch systems for casual and registered workers, benefits administration for health and pensions, and resolution of grievances to minimize port disruptions, which have historically arisen from strikes over automation and compensation demands.^[50] It operates training programs emphasizing safety and skills development at facilities in Los Angeles, Oakland, Tacoma, and Portland, including a new $16.4 million center at the Port of Los Angeles, whose inaugural class graduated in January 2025, aimed at improving worker competency in handling advanced equipment and reducing accident rates in high-volume cargo operations.^[50] These efforts support PMA's overarching goal of maintaining reliable supply chain performance, as evidenced by its role in averting broader economic fallout during protracted bargaining periods through structured concessions and federal mediation when necessary.^[54]

Produce Marketing Association

The Produce Marketing Association (PMA) was established on October 24, 1949, during the inaugural National Conference on Prepackaging in New York City, initially focusing on advancements in produce packaging techniques.^[55] Over the subsequent decades, it expanded to represent companies across the fresh produce supply chain, including growers, shippers, distributors, retailers, and floral industry participants, with a mission to connect members, provide information, and deliver solutions that enhance business prosperity and increase fresh produce consumption.^[56] By the early 21st century, PMA had grown to encompass nearly 3,000 member companies operating in the global produce and floral sectors.^[57] PMA's core activities included advocacy for industry standards, such as packaging sanitation programs initiated in 1954, and educational initiatives like the Center for Growing Talent, aimed at recruiting and developing younger professionals for produce industry roles.^[58] ^[59] It organized annual events, notably the Fresh Summit Convention & Expo, which by 2015 drew over 18,000 attendees and featured more than 1,000 exhibitors showcasing innovations in logistics, technology, and marketing.^[60] ^[61] These gatherings facilitated networking, seminars on supply chain efficiency, and business matchmaking to expand market opportunities.^[62] In November 2021, PMA announced a merger with United Fresh Produce Association to form the International Fresh Produce Association (IFPA), effective January 1, 2022, combining resources to strengthen global advocacy, research, and standards amid rising supply chain complexities.^[63] ^[64] The integration preserved PMA's foundational focus on produce marketing while broadening scope to include enhanced food safety protocols and international trade facilitation under the unified IFPA banner.^[65]

Science and Technology

Physical Medium Attachment

The Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) sublayer forms part of the physical layer (PHY) in the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard, serving as an interface between the Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) and the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer to enable transmission of encoded data over physical media.^[66] It operates by serializing parallel data from the PCS into high-speed serial bit streams for transmission and deserializing incoming serial data back to parallel form for the PCS, while incorporating clock generation, recovery, and synchronization mechanisms to maintain signal integrity.^[67] The PMA functions asynchronously across transmit and receive paths, often including failure detection and reset capabilities to ensure reliable operation in diverse Ethernet PHY implementations.^[68] In standards such as 1000BASE-X (Clause 36 of IEEE 802.3), the PMA serializes 5-bit code-groups from the PCS at 1.25 Gb/s, performs octet synchronization, and interfaces with optical or electrical PMDs without altering the data encoding, which is handled upstream by the PCS.^[67] For higher-speed variants like 10 Gigabit Ethernet (e.g., Clause 48 for 10GBASE-R), the PMA manages 64B/66B encoded blocks from the PCS, converting them to serial rates up to 10.3125 Gb/s, with integrated scramblers/descramblers in some configurations to reduce electromagnetic interference.^[69] Automotive and industrial Ethernet extensions, such as 1000BASE-T1 (Clause 97), adapt the PMA for single-pair twisted copper, emphasizing robust clock/data recovery over short-reach media with reduced pin counts.^[70] PMA implementations in hardware transceivers, such as those from Intel or AMD, treat it as the analog front-end component, directly coupling digital logic to physical signaling via PMDs for fiber, copper, or backplane media, with specifications ensuring interoperability across compliant devices.^[66]^[71] This sublayer's design prioritizes bit-level transmission efficiency and medium independence, allowing PHYs to support multiple data rates and interfaces without PCS modifications.^[72]

PMA Software Framework

The PMA Software Framework is a development environment supplied by Infineon Technologies for programming the PMA51xx and PMA71xx microcontroller series, part of the SmartLEWIS™ MCU family designed for sub-1 GHz wireless applications such as remote keyless entry and tire pressure monitoring systems.^[73] It provides modular C-based code examples and libraries built on the Keil µVision IDE and C51 compiler, enabling developers to handle low-level hardware interactions without starting from bare metal.^[74]^[75] Key components include initialization routines for peripherals like timers, ADCs, and RF transceivers, along with interrupt service routines that manage vectoring and prioritization across the 8051-compatible core's 32 interrupt sources.^[73] The framework integrates power management features, such as handling four primary wake-up sources: the watchdog timer, thermal shutdown interrupt, interval timer, and external pin events, to support low-power operation in battery-constrained devices.^[74] It also abstracts library functions for analog-to-digital conversion, with configurable 10-bit SAR ADC sampling rates up to 1 MSPS and multiplexing across up to 16 channels.^[76] Installation involves running the MSI package, which deploys project templates compatible with evaluation kits like the PMA Starter Kit, featuring on-chip debug support limited to two hardware breakpoints for step execution and halting.^[75] Documentation, including function library guides, emphasizes deterministic execution for real-time control tasks, with examples demonstrating ASK/FSK modulation and sensor interfacing.^[73] Released around 2009–2010, the framework targets embedded systems requiring integrated RF and sensing capabilities, though it predates modern toolchains and may require adaptation for contemporary development flows.^[77]

Medicine and Pharmacology

Progressive Muscular Atrophy

Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) is a rare, sporadic, adult-onset form of motor neuron disease characterized by progressive degeneration of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy without initial involvement of upper motor neurons.^[78] Unlike amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which features both upper and lower motor neuron signs such as spasticity and hyperreflexia alongside weakness, PMA presents predominantly with lower motor neuron deficits, including flaccid weakness, fasciculations, and muscle wasting, typically starting in the distal limbs.^[79] Approximately 5-10% of motor neuron disease cases are classified as PMA, with onset usually between ages 40 and 60, and a male predominance.^[80] Symptoms begin insidiously with asymmetric weakness in the hands or feet, progressing to involve proximal muscles and potentially respiratory or bulbar functions in advanced stages, though bulbar involvement is less common than in ALS.^[78] Electromyography (EMG) reveals widespread denervation and reinnervation patterns consistent with anterior horn cell loss, while nerve conduction studies show reduced compound muscle action potentials without conduction block.^[81] The absence of upper motor neuron signs distinguishes PMA clinically, though up to 20-30% of cases may develop such features over 5-10 years, potentially reclassifying them as ALS.^[81] The etiology of PMA remains idiopathic, involving selective vulnerability of lower motor neurons to mechanisms such as protein misfolding, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity, similar to ALS but without corticospinal tract degeneration.^[80] Genetic factors are rare, with most cases sporadic; no specific mutations predominate, unlike hereditary forms of spinal muscular atrophy.^[78] Pathological studies confirm loss of anterior horn cells with minimal upper motor neuron pathology.^[82] Diagnosis relies on clinical criteria, excluding mimics like multifocal motor neuropathy or inclusion body myositis through EMG, MRI to rule out structural lesions, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.^[78] Revised El Escorial criteria may classify pure PMA as "possible ALS" due to prognostic overlap, but dedicated studies affirm its distinct slower progression.^[80] No disease-modifying treatments exist specifically for PMA; management mirrors ALS with riluzole to modestly extend survival by 2-3 months via glutamate modulation, though evidence in pure LMN variants is limited.^[81] Supportive therapies include physical therapy to maintain function, noninvasive ventilation for respiratory decline, and nutritional support; edaravone and nusinersen are not indicated, as they target ALS-specific or genetic mechanisms.^[83] Prognosis is more favorable than classic ALS, with median survival exceeding 48 months from onset in large cohorts, compared to 36 months for ALS, attributed to spared upper motor neurons and slower respiratory involvement.^[80] However, 25-30% of PMA patients progress to ALS-like phenotypes, reducing survival differences; overall mortality stems from respiratory failure.^[84]

para-Methoxyamphetamine

para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA), also known as 4-methoxyamphetamine (4-MA), is a synthetic hallucinogen and stimulant belonging to the substituted amphetamine class.^[85] Its chemical formula is C₁₀H₁₅NO, featuring a methoxy group (-OCH₃) at the 4-position of the phenyl ring attached to the amphetamine backbone.^[85] PMA was first identified in the recreational drug market during the 1970s, with early reports of synthesis from precursors like anise oil-derived anisaldehyde, though clandestine production methods vary and are unregulated.^[86] It has periodically re-emerged, notably in the early 2000s as an adulterant in ecstasy tablets.^[87] Pharmacologically, PMA functions primarily as a potent and selective serotonin releasing agent, promoting the efflux of serotonin from presynaptic neurons into the synaptic cleft via interaction with the serotonin transporter (SERT), with weaker activity at dopamine and norepinephrine transporters.^[85] ^[88] This serotonergic mechanism underlies its entactogenic and hallucinogenic effects, though animal studies indicate it also elevates blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature more aggressively than related compounds like 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA).^[89] In rats, PMA reduces agonistic behaviors such as aggression but induces a mix of approach and avoidance responses at doses around 2 mg/kg.^[90] Human recreational doses typically range from 20-80 mg, producing effects that onset after 45-120 minutes and last 4-12 hours, characterized by stimulation, perceptual distortions, and euphoria, but lacking the pronounced empathy of MDMA.^[91] PMA's toxicity profile is severe, marked by delayed onset that encourages redosing and subsequent overdose, leading to hyperthermia, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and cardiovascular failure.^[92] ^[89] It exhibits greater neurotoxic potential than MDMA in comparative studies, with metabolites contributing to serotonin depletion and oxidative stress.^[93] Fatalities have been documented since the 1970s, including clusters in Canada and the US, often involving PMA sold as MDMA/ecstasy; for instance, postmortem analyses confirm PMA as the primary toxin in cases of multi-organ failure after ingestion of 100-200 mg.^[94] ^[92] Recent incidents, such as those in the early 2010s, highlight its persistence in party scenes, with PMMA (para-methoxymethamphetamine) frequently co-occurring and exacerbating risks.^[95] Under United States federal law, PMA is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance per 21 CFR 1308.11, indicating high abuse potential and no accepted medical use.^[96] It is similarly prohibited under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule I substance.^[97] Detection in forensic toxicology relies on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, as PMA and its metabolites like 4-hydroxyamphetamine can be distinguished from MDMA.^[98] Despite controls, illicit production persists due to accessible precursors, underscoring challenges in harm reduction for misrepresented designer drugs.^[86]

Psychology and Self-Improvement

Positive Mental Attitude

Positive Mental Attitude (PMA) denotes a deliberate mindset emphasizing optimism, self-efficacy, and resilience as drivers of success, positing that thoughts influence actions and outcomes through focused mental discipline. Coined and systematized by motivational authors Napoleon Hill and W. Clement Stone, PMA gained prominence via their collaborative book Success Through a Positive Mental Attitude, first published in 1960, which sold millions and outlined PMA as a foundational principle for converting ambition into achievement via principles like definiteness of purpose, autosuggestion, and organized planning.^[99]^[100] Stone, founder of Combined Insurance Company, applied PMA in business contexts, crediting it for his firm's growth from a small agency to a multinational by the 1950s, while Hill drew from earlier interviews with figures like Andrew Carnegie to frame PMA as an extension of his "law of success" philosophy.^[101] Proponents of PMA advocate practices such as daily affirmations, visualization of goals, and reframing setbacks as opportunities, asserting these foster persistence and opportunity recognition. In empirical terms, related constructs in positive psychology—such as frequent positive affect—correlate with superior performance across domains: a meta-analysis of longitudinal data links happiness to higher income, better marital stability, and enhanced work output, with effect sizes indicating bidirectional influences where positive states predict success more robustly than vice versa.^[102] Health studies further substantiate benefits; for example, individuals reporting higher positive emotions exhibited a 35% lower incidence of upper respiratory infections in controlled exposure trials, alongside reduced symptom severity, suggesting immune modulation via stress reduction.^[103] A randomized intervention in 2023 demonstrated that positive thinking training over eight weeks boosted resilience scores by 20% and life satisfaction by 15% in older adults, measured via validated scales like the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.^[104] Notwithstanding these associations, PMA's causal claims face scrutiny for conflating correlation with causation, as self-help formulations like Hill and Stone's rely on anecdotal evidence rather than controlled experimentation, potentially overlooking confounders like socioeconomic privilege.^[105] Critics highlight risks of "toxic positivity," where enforced optimism suppresses valid negative emotions, correlating with increased anxiety and avoidance behaviors; experimental data show that unrealistic positive fantasies predict lower goal attainment by inducing premature satisfaction and reduced effort.^[106]^[107] In clinical contexts, overreliance on PMA-like thinking can exacerbate conditions by discouraging problem-focused coping, as evidenced by studies where positivity mandates impaired preparation for threats and strained interpersonal dynamics.^[108] Thus, while PMA aligns with adaptive optimism's modest empirical gains—estimated at 10-20% variance in outcomes—it demands integration with realistic assessment to mitigate downsides like motivational inertia or emotional denial.^[109]

Other Uses

Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia

Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, commonly abbreviated as ΦΜΑ or Sinfonia, is the oldest and largest secret fraternal organization dedicated to music in the United States, founded on October 6, 1898, at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, by Ossian Everett Mills, the institution's bursar.^[110] ^[111] The fraternity's object, as stated in its constitution, emphasizes "the development of the best and truest fraternal spirit; the mutual welfare and brotherhood of musical students; the mutual advancement of music students; and a loyalty to the Alma Mater which will inspire higher ideals," fostering sociability, musicianship, and service among members without restricting participation to music majors.^[111] ^[112] The organization expanded nationally in 1900, with early chapters forming at institutions such as the American Institute of Applied Art in New York City (Gamma Chapter, November 26, 1900) and Ithaca Conservatory (Delta Chapter).^[110] By design, it operates as a social fraternity for men, requiring prospective members to be at least 18 years old, enrolled as students, faculty, or staff at the host institution, and to consistently identify as male in good faith, with a demonstrated interest in advancing music through performance, scholarship, or appreciation.^[113] ^[114] Membership is exclusive, prohibiting dual affiliation with other music Greek-letter groups such as Phi Beta, Mu Phi Epsilon, or Delta Omicron, and eligibility is assessed via chapter vote prior to probationary status.^[115] Chapters engage in musical performances, social events, and philanthropy, often sponsoring glee clubs, recitals, and concerts to promote fraternal bonds and artistic growth.^[110] Notable initiates include musicians such as Ben Folds (Beta Tau Chapter, 2015), Count Basie (Mu Nu Chapter, 1970), and Duke Ellington (Rho Epsilon Chapter, 1969); actors J.K. Simmons (Delta Theta Chapter, 1975) and Andy Griffith (Alpha Rho Chapter, 1945); and figures like Fred Rogers (Mr. Rogers).^[116] ^[117] The fraternity maintains national headquarters in Evansville, Indiana, and continues to charter new chapters while upholding its foundational commitment to music as a unifying force among brothers.^[111]

Pacific Missionary Aviation

Pacific Missionary Aviation (PMA) is an evangelical Christian nonprofit organization that operates aviation and maritime services to support missionary activities, medical evacuations, and humanitarian aid in remote Pacific islands. Incorporated in Guam on April 24, 1974, PMA was established by German-born pastor Edmund Kalau (1928–2014) and his wife Elizabeth to provide faster transportation for evangelism and relief efforts in Micronesia and the Philippines, where rugged terrain and isolated communities hindered access.^[118]^[119]^[120] The organization's stated mission is to glorify God by sharing the Gospel and addressing physical, spiritual, and emotional needs through practical aid.^[118] The Kalaus began their missionary work in January 1956 in Palau, relocating to Yap in Micronesia three years later amid challenges like limited infrastructure and civil unrest. By 1967, Edmund Kalau approached the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands government to initiate air services from Yap to outer islands, leading to the acquisition of PMA's first aircraft in July 1974. In 1982, the affiliated Flying Medical Samaritans (later PMA Philippines) was incorporated to expand operations into the Philippines, focusing on similar aviation-supported ministries. PMA has since developed additional programs, including a maritime and fisheries academy established in 1989 (transferred in 1998) and construction training initiatives handed over to local colleges.^[118]^[121]^[122] PMA's operations center on Guam, with flights serving Micronesia (including Yap, Pohnpei, Ulithi Atoll, Fais, and Palau) and the Philippines, utilizing small aircraft such as Cessna 206 models for charter, scenic, and medevac services. Activities encompass emergency rescues, disaster relief supply deliveries, church planting, orphanage management, youth centers, and media distribution of Christian materials in local languages. The organization also employs vessels for sea searches and aid in areas inaccessible by air, emphasizing self-sustaining community development alongside evangelism. PMA maintains accreditation from the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability, underscoring its focus on fiscal transparency in funding these efforts.^[118]^[123]^[124]

References

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Qu'est-ce que l'assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP) ? | ameli.fr
L'assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP) est l'ensemble des pratiques médicales cliniques et biologiques permettant la conception in vitro, la conservation ...
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Procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) - Définition
Elle s'entend des pratiques cliniques et biologiques permettant la "Fécondation in vitro (FIV)", le transfert d'embryons et l'insémination artificielle, ainsi ...
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La quatrième loi de bioéthique 2021 : un passage progressif du ...
La quatrième loi de bioéthique 2021 [1] élargit désormais l'assistance médicale à la procréation aux couples de femmes et aux femmes célibataires, autorise les ...Missing: histoire | Show results with:histoire
[4]
LOI n° 2021-1017 du 2 août 2021 relative à la bioéthique (1)
« Art. L. 1261-1.-Une personne majeure peut consentir à donner son corps après son décès à des fins d'enseignement médical et de recherche. Le consentement du ...Missing: histoire | Show results with:histoire
[5]
Loi 2 août 2021 bioéthique, PMA | vie-publique.fr
Aug 2, 2021 · La loi élargit l'accès à l'assistance médicale à la procréation dite procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) aux couples de femmes et aux femmes ...La procréation médicale... · La filiation des enfants nés par...Missing: histoire | Show results with:histoire
[6]
Prise en charge de l'assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP)
L'assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP), anciennement appelée procréation médicalement assistée (PMA), est destinée à répondre à un projet parental.
[7]
Fin des gamètes anonymes : les personnes nées par procréation ...
Apr 1, 2025 · La loi de bioéthique de 2021 prévoit la possibilité d'autoconserver ses gamètes sans condition médicale et sans condition de don d'une partie ...
[8]
Procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) : vers plus de justice ...
La PMA représente près de 4 % des naissances en France. Malgré la loi de 2021 qui élargit son accès, des inégalités persistent pour les femmes seules et les ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[9]
La PMA en France : une reproduction des inégalités de genre - Cairn
Nov 6, 2023 · La PMA permet également aux hommes de protéger leur image de virilité et de puissance sexuelle puisqu'elle permet de cacher l'infertilité ...
[10]
Enjeux éthiques autour de la médicalisation de la reproduction ...
L'existence d'une clause de conscience pour les médecins, les débats immémoriaux sur le statut de l'embryon humain et le commencement de la vie, les ...
[11]
PMA post-mortem : l'interdiction posée par la loi française n'est pas ...
Nov 28, 2024 · Depuis la loi de bioéthique de 2021, l'assistance médicale à la procréation est destinée à répondre à un « projet parental » qui, pour un couple ...
[12]
La procréation médicalement assistée post-mortem
Jan 23, 2025 · La France, en interdisant la PMA post-mortem, se positionne sur une ligne de crête éthique, entre respect des valeurs sociétales et protection ...
[13]
Réflexions autour de la révision de la loi bioéthique dans le ...
Dans une perspective internationale, notons que l'accès à la PMA des femmes seules n'est pas autorisé partout, mais une telle interdiction semble être rare : ...
[14]
Premarket Approval (PMA) - FDA
May 16, 2019 · Premarket approval (PMA) is the FDA process of scientific and regulatory review to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Class III medical devices.Overview · When A Pma Is Required · Data Requirements
[15]
PMA Historical Background - FDA
Nov 14, 2017 · A preamendments device is one that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, the date the Medical Device Amendments were signed into law.
[16]
[PDF] Premarket Approval - Regulatory Best Practices Guide
FDA collaborates with manufacturers to develop a customized PMA “shell” that outlines the plan for modular submissions, including suggesting timelines and.
[17]
PMA Review Process - FDA
May 27, 2025 · The review of a premarket approval application (PMA) is a four-step review process consisting of: Filing a PMA (21 CFR. 814.42)Overview · Filing A Pma (21 Cfr. 814... · Fda Action On A PmaMissing: history | Show results with:history
[18]
21 CFR Part 814 -- Premarket Approval of Medical Devices - eCFR
This section implements sections 515 and 515A of the act by providing procedures for the premarket approval of medical devices intended for human use.Postapproval Requirements · Subpart H · Title 21 · 814.9
[19]
PMA approval rate has jumped since FDA changed panel meetings
Jul 12, 2019 · In the five years preceding the changes, FDA approved 70% of PMAs that were sent for review by a panel of experts. After the changes, the ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[20]
FDA PMA Review Timeline & Decision Process Explained
Discover FDA's PMA review timeline—from filing in 45 days to the 180-day goal—and the possible outcomes: approval, approvable, not approvable, or denial.
[21]
DQAF View : West Bank and Gaza - Central bank survey - SDDS
The Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA) was established in 1994 by a special decree No184 of December 1, 1994, on Establishment of the PMA. All activities and ...
[22]
DQAF View : West Bank and Gaza - Depository corporations survey
The Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA) was established in 1994 by a special decree No184 of December 1, 1994, on Establishment of the PMA. All activities and ...
[23]
Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA) | Devex
The Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA) is an independent public institution responsible for the formulation and implementation of monetary and banking ...
[24]
Palestinian-Israeli Protocol on Economic Relations
Since 1967, Palestinians had been prohibited from establishing and operating any banking institutions under Israeli Military Order no. 7. Israeli policy was ...
[25]
Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA) news and analysis articles
Latest Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA) articles on Central Banks Policy, Regulation, Markets & Institutions.<|separator|>
[26]
[PDF] Palestine Monetary Authority: Striving for stable banks - ICMA
In Palestine, the responsibility for financial regulation and supervision is shared between the. Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA) and the Palestine Capital ...Missing: website | Show results with:website
[27]
The role of the Palestine monetary authority in combating money ...
Jun 7, 2021 · The PMA has issued guidelines for combating money laundering and terrorist financing for banks in 2017. To prevent any attempt of using the ...Missing: functions responsibilities
[28]
Palestine Monetary Authority - Alliance for Financial Inclusion
Palestine Monetary Authority joined AFI in July 2010 as a principal member. It is part of seven working groups and has a focus on consumer protection and ...
[29]
PMA > Home
This indicator aims at capturing the state and evolution of the Palestinian business environment, reflecting fluctuations in production and economic activity ...Contact UsCentral BankMonthly and Quarterly DataBoard of DirectorsVision and Mission
[30]
People: Palestine Monetary Authority appoints new governor
Jan 27, 2025 · Yahya Shunnar took over as governor of the Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA) on January 4, after his predecessor, Feras Milhem, completed his four-year term.
[31]
Yahya Al-Shunnar sworn in as Governor of the Palestine Monetary ...
Jan 4, 2025 · Yahya Al-Shunnar was sworn in today, Saturday, as the Governor of the Palestine Monetary Authority before President Mahmoud Abbas.Missing: current | Show results with:current
[32]
The Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA)
The PMA is the national monetary authority of Palestine, a financial regulator, and a pillar of resilience, not a traditional central bank.
[33]
At Pakistan Military Academy, cadets transform into officers with ...
Jun 19, 2023 · Established shortly after the country achieved independence from British rule in August 1947, the training facility was created to subject ...
[34]
Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) | Kakul, Pakistan
It was temporarily established in 1905 at Deolali and later shifted to Quetta in ... Army Burn Hall College. Established: 1943 Abbottabad. Army Burn Hall ...Missing: date | Show results with:date<|separator|>
[35]
Join Pak Army
Check Your Eligibility. Serve Your Way. · PMA LONG COURSE · TECHNICAL CADET COURSE · ICTO · LADY CADET COURSE · ARMY MEDICAL CADET · ARMY NURSING SERVICE · DIRECT ...PMA Long Course · Exam Slip and Feedback · Course Details · Lady Cadet Course
[36]
Military Training - Defence Export Promotion Organization
PAKISTAN MILITARY ACADEMY (PMA). The courses offered at PAKISTAN MILITARY ACADEMY (PMA) cover all aspects of human behaviour and are devised so as to ...
[37]
5-month military training of cadets commences at PMA Kakul
Dec 1, 2024 · A five-month joint military training of the cadets of the Army, Navy and Air Force commenced at the Pakistan Military Academy, Kakul today.
[38]
PAKISTAN MILITARY ACADEMY KAKUL
Oct 22, 2016 · The 1965 war led to expansion of the academy, and the second battalion of the academy was created in December 1965. This battalion consisted of ...
[39]
about us - Philippine Military Academy
The Philippine Military Academy began on October 25, 1898 with the establishment of the Academia Militar in Malolos, Bulacan by virtue of a decree issued by the ...
[40]
BE A PMA CADET | The Philippine Military Academy officially opens ...
Apr 8, 2025 · For updates, follow their official FB page, Philippine Military Academy "Face-Bok" and visit their website https: //www.pma.edu.ph. pma.edu.ph.
[41]
Academic Program - Philippine Military Academy
This program is tasked with the mission of implementing the academic portion of the Academy curriculum according to the standards prescirbed by the Academic ...
[42]
https://pia.gov.ph/news/pma-enhances-curriculum-for-modern-defense-challenges/
[43]
PBBM orders review of PMA curriculum to ensure cadets skilled to ...
May 18, 2024 · The current curriculum, on the other hand, is designed to enhance the cadets' competence in the performance of its five basic roles in the AFP ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[44]
Albayalde, Eleazar among PMA's Cavalier awardees
Feb 16, 2019 · Aside from Albayalde and Eleazar, nine other PMA alumni had received the Cavalier Award. They were Cavalier for Coast Guard Operations Ronnie ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[45]
Pakistan Marine Academy – Training Institute of Maritime Fields
Pakistan Marine Academy ; Nautical. CADETS TRAINING ; Marine Engineering. 2 YEARS CADET TRAINING ; General Purpose-III. 5 MONTHS CREW TRAINING ; Post Sea Courses.Programs & Courses · GP-III Training · Associate Degree Program · DownloadsMissing: accreditation | Show results with:accreditation
[46]
Pakistan Marine Academy Logo & Brand Assets (SVG, PNG and ...
Nestled in Karachi, Pakistan, the academy is conveniently located on Hawksbay Road in Maripur. ... Pakistan Marine Academy is a well-established and reputable ...
[47]
Programs & Courses - Pakistan Marine Academy
Tanker Familiarization Course · Engine Plant Simulator (Basic Course) · Engine Plant Simulator (Advance Course) · Basic Fire-Fighting Course · Adv. Fire-FightingMissing: accreditation | Show results with:accreditation
[48]
[PDF] The upgrade of MET for Pakistan Marine Academy
2.1 Background history. Pakistan came into being in 1947. During the ... The USMMA established in the year 1943, is located at King's Point in New York.
[49]
Downloads - Pakistan Marine Academy
Downloads · PMA 63rd Batch 2024 · Latest Updates & Downloads · PMA 64th Batch – CANDIDATES LIST OF PET & INTERVIEW CENTER · CANDIDATE LETTER FOR PET & INTERVIEW.
[50]
What We Do | PMA - Pacific Maritime Association
PMA negotiates the coastwise labor agreements with the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) on behalf of our member companies. One of the most ...
[51]
Pacific Maritime Association Information - RocketReach
Employees, 1,580 (713 on RocketReach) ; Founded, 1949 ; Address, 555 Market St, San Francisco, California 94105, US ; Phone, (415) 576-3200 ; Fax, (253) 272-2638.
[52]
[PDF] Wage Chronology: Pacific Longshore Industry, 1934-65 - FRASER
in 1949 this association joined with the Pacific American Shipowners Association, which bargained with offshore labor, to form the Pacific Maritime Association.
[53]
Conflict on the Waterfront - The Atlantic
The Waterfront Employers Association has now merged with employers of offshore labor to form the Pacific Maritime Association, and new men on the employer ...
[54]
Contract Highlights | PMA - Pacific Maritime Association
Longshore workers at the 29 West Coast ports work under a single labor contract, negotiated between PMA and the International Longshore and Warehouse Union ...Missing: negotiations | Show results with:negotiations
[55]
International Fresh Produce Association History - Zippia
1949 PMA is formed during the inaugural National Conference on Prepackaging on October 24 in New York. 1960. During the 1960's, the organization works for ...
[56]
Produce Marketing Association (PMA) | Newark, DE - Cause IQ
Num. employees. 0 ; City. Newark ; State. Delaware ; Year formed. 1949 ; Most recent tax filings. 2023-12-01.
[57]
Produce Marketing Association (PMA) - Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo
Founded in 1949, the Produce Marketing Association is the leading trade association representing nearly 3000 companies from every segment of the global ...
[58]
PMA Companies History: Founding, Timeline, and Milestones - Zippia
1949 PMA is formed during the inaugural National Conference on Prepackaging on October 24 in New York. 1954. 1954 The Packaging Plant Sanitation Program begins.
[59]
Produce Marketing Association, Fresh Summit- Center for Growing ...
“The purpose of the Center for Growing Talent by PMA is to ignite a passion for the produce industry in younger generations.Missing: mission activities
[60]
Record-breaking year for PMA's Fresh Summit - The Produce News
Oct 26, 2015 · In its 66th year, the event surpassed the previous East Coast attendance record of 18,284 set in 2010, when Fresh Summit was held in Orlando.
[61]
[PDF] PRODUCE MARKETING ASSOCIATION FRESH SUMMIT
The Produce Marketing Association is an organization that brings together members from all corners of the fresh produce and floral industries to do.Missing: mission activities
[62]
PMA Fresh Summit Sets Attendance Records - Supermarket News
The global fresh produce and floral industry gathered in record numbers at Produce Marketing Association's 67th annual (PMA) Fresh Summit Convention & Expo.
[63]
PMA and United Fresh Join to Form International Fresh Produce ...
Nov 3, 2021 · Launched in 1949 as the Produce Prepackaging Association, PMA changed its name to Product Marketing Association in 1970, and formed a Floral ...
[64]
PMA and United Fresh to Create New Global Trade Association
The two associations will continue to operate as independent organizations through 2021, with the new association to be launched January 1, 2022.Missing: mission activities
[65]
International Fresh Produce Association: IFPA
IFPA represents companies from every segment of the global fresh produce and floral supply chain. We advocate, connect and guide to enhance members' ...EventsPMA and United Fresh to ...Global Produce & Floral ShowWho We AreGlobal Produce and Floral Show
[66]
3.1. Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) Architecture - Intel
The PMA is the analog front end for transceivers, transmitting/receiving high-speed serial data, serializing parallel data and deserializing serial data.
[67]
Physical Medium Attachment - 16.2 English - PG047
The Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) for 1000BASE-X operation, defined in IEEE 802.3-2008 clause 36, performs the following: Serialization (and deserialization) ...
[68]
97.4 Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) sublayer
Jan 6, 2015 · 97.4.2 PMA functions. The PMA sublayer comprises one PMA Reset function and five simultaneous and asynchronous operating functions.
[69]
1000BASE-X Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) and ... - UNH-IOL
A brief tutorial describing the 1000BASE-X PCS and PMA sublayers that are defined in Clause 36 of the IEEE 802.3 Standard.
[70]
[PDF] 97. Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS), Physical Medium Attachment ...
97.1.2.2 Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) sublayer The 1000BASE-T1 PMA transmits/receives symbol streams to/from the PCS onto the single balanced twisted pair ...
[71]
Physical Sublayers PCS, PMA, and PMD - 9.0 English - PG051
The combination of the Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS), Physical Medium Attachment (PMA), and Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer constitute the physical ...
[72]
[PDF] PMD LAYER PMA LAYER PCS LAYER IEEE 802.3ba STANDARD
The Physical Medium Attachment sublayer or PMA allows the PCS to connect in a media-independent way with a range of physical media. It uses bit level ...<|separator|>
[73]
[PDF] IFX Software and Tools Support PMA71xx/PMA51xx
Nov 19, 2009 · The software framework includes common software tasks of the PMA e.g. interrupt and wake-up handling, the usage of library functions. A detailed ...
[74]
[PDF] Sense & Control Application Note PMA71xx/PMA51xx
Jun 23, 2010 · Infineon Technologies components may be used in life-support devices or systems only with the express written approval of Infineon Technologies, ...
[75]
[PDF] PMA Starter Kit - User's Guide - Infineon Technologies
Apr 20, 2010 · The on-chip debug handler on the PMA51xx/PMA71xx is based on two hardware breakpoints. As a consequence the debugger functions Run (F5), Step ...<|separator|>
[76]
[PDF] PMA71xx/PMA51xx ADC Examples - Infineon Technologies
Mar 3, 2010 · This document is a description of the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) software examples for applications on the PMA71xx/PMA51xx. The ...
[77]
[PDF] PMA Evaluation Kit PMA71xx/PMA51xx - Infineon Technologies
Dec 16, 2009 · You can work directly with the example projects (e.g. the PMA Software Framework) or you can setup your own software project for PMA71xx/PMA51xx ...
[78]
Differential motor neuron involvement in progressive muscular atrophy
May 14, 2014 · Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) is a clinical diagnosis characterised by progressive lower motor neuron (LMN) symptoms/signs with sporadic adult onset.
[79]
Motor Neuron Diseases | National Institute of Neurological Disorders ...
Mar 26, 2025 · Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) is an uncommon subtype of ALS marked by slow but progressive damage to the lower motor neurons. It affects ...
[80]
Study of 962 patients indicates progressive muscular atrophy is a ...
Nov 17, 2009 · Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) is clinically characterized by signs of lower motor neuron dysfunction and may evolve into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ...
[81]
Motor Neuron Disease - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Aug 7, 2023 · Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA): The upper motor neuron signs are known to develop in 20-30 percent of the cases, usually within 5 to 10 ...
[82]
Progressive Muscular Atrophy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
In contrast to ALS, patients with PMA only show weakness attributed to lower motor neuron dysfunction and on autopsy show the degeneration of lower motor ...
[83]
[PDF] Information sheet - 2D Progressive Muscular Atrophy
Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA). Information for people with or affected by progressive muscular atrophy. If you have been diagnosed with a type of motor ...
[84]
ALS vs Other Motor Neuron Diseases: What are the Differences?
Jan 4, 2022 · As with PLS, some diagnoses of PMA turn out to be ALS. Most patients with PMA have a disease course strikingly like that of patients with ALS.
[85]
(+-)-p-Methoxyamphetamine | C10H15NO | CID 31721 - PubChem
4-Methoxyamphetamine is a seratogenic drug of the amphetamine class. The drug acts as a potent and selective serotonin releasing agent. It binds to alpha ...
[86]
Anise oil as para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) precursor - PubMed
Para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), on the other hand, is regulated by law but its precursors are easily obtained since they are cheap and unwatched. This ...
[87]
[PDF] UNDERSTANDING CLANDESTINE SYNTHETIC DRUGS - Unodc
k) The most recent example in this context is the re-emergence of PMA (para-methoxyamphetamine) in 2000 as part of the 'ecstasy' market. PMA has been under.
[88]
methoxyamphetamine-induced 5-HT release - PubMed
Hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors block para- methoxyamphetamine-induced 5-HT release. Br J Pharmacol. 1979 Jun;66(2):185-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1979 ...
[89]
Comparison of cardiovascular, hyperthermic, and toxic effects of ...
Para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) both had potent stimulatory effects on mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in ...
[90]
Effects of para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) on agonistic ... - PubMed
Feb 14, 2018 · Para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) is a synthetic drug chemically similar to the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA or ...
[91]
PMA and PMMA - Alcohol and Drug Foundation
Jun 6, 2025 · Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) and paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) are empathogens with effects similar to MDMA also known as ecstasy.
[92]
Dancing with "death": p-methoxyamphetamine overdose ... - PubMed
Para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) is a substituted synthetic amphetamine used in the recreational drug scene. It is unusual because of the high incidence of ...
[93]
Evaluation of the neurotoxicity of N-methyl-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)
Sep 4, 1992 · Comparison of the neurotoxic potential of PMMA to that of para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and 3,4-methyl-enedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) showed ...
[94]
[PDF] Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA)
PMA was first encountered in the illegal drug market in the 1970s. Within a few years, PMA had been associated with several fatalities in Canada and.
[95]
Differential behavioural and neurochemical effects of para ...
This study was prompted by recent deaths that have occurred after recreational administration of the substituted amphetamine para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA).
[96]
Placement of para-Methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) in Schedule I
May 15, 2020 · ... (schedule II) and para -methoxyamphetamine (PMA), schedule I. PMMA ... DEA concludes that PMMA warrants control in schedule I of the CSA.
[97]
[PDF] para-Methoxymethylamphetamine (PMMA) - ECDD Repository
PMMA is also related to para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) which is a Schedule I substance under the 1971. United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances. F ...
[98]
Studies on Para-Methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) Metabolite ...
In HLMs, PMMA was metabolized mainly to 4-hydroxymethamphetamine (OH-MA), whereas low concentrations of para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), 4-hydroxyamphetamine ...
[99]
Success Through A Positive Mental Attitude: Hill, Napoleon, Stone, W.
The bestselling self-help classic that has helped millions—promoting positive mental attitude as a key to personal success. Your mind has a secret invisible ...
[100]
Success Through a Positive Mental Attitude by Napoleon Hill
Rating 4.3 (11,831) The bestselling self-help classic that has helped millions—promoting positive mental attitude as a key to personal success. Your mind has a secret invisible ...
[101]
Success Through A Positive Mental Attitude - Amazon.com
Success Through A Positive Mental Attitude [Hill, Napoleon, Stone, W. Clement] ... Napoleon Hill and W. Clement Stone's classic self-help book. See more.
[102]
[PDF] The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to ...
Numerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, friendship, income, work performance, ...
[103]
Positive Psychology and Physical Health: Research and Applications
The researchers found that higher positive emotional experiences were related to lower risk of developing a cold and fewer reports of symptoms, while negative ...
[104]
The effect of positive thinking on resilience and life satisfaction of ...
Mar 1, 2023 · The study's findings showed the effectiveness of the positive thinking training approach in improving resilience and life satisfaction in older adults.
[105]
Prioritizing Positivity: An Effective Approach to Pursuing Happiness?
A decade of research reveals the benefits of positive emotions for mental and physical health; however, recent empirical work suggests the explicit pursuit ...
[106]
The Good, Bad and not so Bad of Positive Thinking and Recovery
May 31, 2023 · Positive thinking can be toxic, with a desire to get it at any cost, or addictive, that a person misses it (withdrawal effect) and cannot live ...
[107]
The Downside of Positive Thinking - NYU
Jan 14, 2015 · Contrary to popular belief, positive thinking might actually hinder us by feigning goal attainment and creating a feeling of satisfaction that consequently ...
[108]
The downsides of positivity | BPS - British Psychological Society
Jan 9, 2017 · Positivity has clear downsides for preparation, prevention, relationships, and even mental health.
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Could Positive Thinking Do More Harm Than Good?
Oct 5, 2022 · Constant optimism and positive thinking could potentially harm us psychologically, since negative emotions can be just as important as ...
[110]
A Brief History of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia
On November 26, 1900, a group of twelve men at the American Institute of Applied Art in New York City became Gamma Chapter. Delta, at Ithaca Conservatory, ...
[111]
Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia – Brotherhood in Music
The Object of this Fraternity shall be for the development of the best and truest fraternal spirit; the mutual welfare and brotherhood of musical students.About ΦMAFamous SinfoniansA Brief History of ΦMANational HeadquartersMembership Interest Form
[112]
Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia
Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia is the world's oldest and largest fraternal society in music. Mission The object of this Fraternity shall be for the development of the ...
[113]
Join - Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia
To join Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, fill out the form. They seek men with character, regardless of study, and will send your info to the local chapter.
[114]
https://stuorg.iastate.edu/2226/information
[115]
[PDF] MEMBERSHIP EXCLUSIVITY - Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia
Phi Mu Alpha members cannot join other music fraternities, and those initiated into Phi Beta, Mu Phi Epsilon, or Delta Omicron are ineligible. Expulsion does ...
[116]
Famous Sinfonians - Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia
Ben Folds - Beta Tau - 2015 · J.K. Simmons - Delta Theta - 1975 · J. · Charles Johnson - Zeta Rho - 1953 · Thomas Dewey - Epsilon - 1920 · Arna Bontemps - Zeta Rho - ...
[117]
Phi Mu Alpha - Fraternity and Sorority Life - MTSU
Famous Sinfonians include actors Andy Griffith and Fred Rodgers, philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, and American Idol Ruben Studdard.Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[118]
Pacific Mission Aviation: Homepage
Pacific Mission Aviation (PMA) is an evangelical, multi-faceted mission organization serving in Guam, Micronesia and the Philippines. PMA was born out of love ...Palau Scenic FlightsBook a FlightStay ConnectedYap FlightsOur Missionaries
[119]
http://rfk2.edu.gu:8080/jspui/handle/20.500.11751/71
[120]
Schweiss Door Journeys 7445 Miles Across Land and Sea to ...
PMA was founded in 1974 by Pastor Edmund and Elizabeth Kalau, to provide free medivac flights for those living on the surrounding islands, using the old WWII ...
[121]
LETTER: Pacific Mission Aviation celebrates 50 years of service
Jun 22, 2025 · In January 1956, Rev. Edmund Kalau and his wife Elisabeth began their missionary work in Palau and three years later, moved to Yap, Micronesia.
[122]
Pacific Mission Aviation - MinistryWatch
Founder: Edmund Kalau. Ruling year: 2023. Tax ... PMA established Mission Stations in Yap and ... Pacific Missionary Aviation, Philippines, was incorporated in 1982 ...
[123]
Pacific Mission Aviation (2025) - All You Need to Know BEFORE ...
Pacific Mission Aviation offers trips to Peleliu and Angaur, scenic flights, and charter flights using two Cessna 206's.
[124]
Pacific Mission Aviation (Accredited Organization Profile) - ECFA.org
Pacific Mission Aviation aims to share the love of Jesus in Micronesia and the Philippines, using aircraft to provide access to food, medical care, and ...