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EMT

Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), also known as EMT-Basics, are healthcare professionals trained to provide immediate, out-of-hospital care to individuals experiencing medical emergencies or trauma, including patient assessment, basic life support interventions such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), airway management, and safe transportation to hospitals via ambulance.^[1]^[2] EMTs operate under strict protocols, focusing on stabilizing patients en route to definitive care while adhering to scopes of practice that exclude advanced procedures like intubation or medication administration, which are reserved for paramedics.^[1]^[3] Certification requires completion of an accredited program typically lasting 120 to 150 hours, encompassing classroom instruction, skills labs, and supervised clinical rotations, followed by passing a national cognitive exam and state-approved psychomotor assessments.^[4]^[3] Employed by ambulance services, fire departments, hospitals, and private entities, EMTs encounter diverse scenarios ranging from cardiac arrests and motor vehicle accidents to overdoses and natural disasters, often working irregular shifts amid high-stress environments that contribute to elevated rates of physical injury and psychological strain compared to many occupations.^[1]^[5] While EMTs form the backbone of pre-hospital emergency medical services systems worldwide, challenges including workforce shortages, variable compensation relative to risks, and limited career advancement without further paramedic training have prompted ongoing debates about professional sustainability and regulatory standardization.^[1]^[6]

Medicine and healthcare

Emergency medical technician

Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) are certified healthcare providers who deliver basic life support to patients in out-of-hospital emergencies, serving as the initial link between the scene of an incident and definitive medical care. Their scope of practice, as outlined in national models, includes patient assessment, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), control of hemorrhage, management of airway and breathing via basic adjuncts, and stabilization for transport to hospitals.^[7]^[4] EMTs operate under protocols that restrict them to non-invasive or minimally invasive interventions, distinguishing them from advanced providers like paramedics who perform procedures such as intravenous access or advanced airway management.^[7]^[8] The development of the EMT role in the United States stemmed from recognition of systemic deficiencies in pre-hospital care during the mid-20th century, when ambulances were often operated by funeral homes or untrained personnel using vehicles like hearses ill-equipped for medical stabilization. The National Highway Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, prompted by high traffic fatality rates, directed the Department of Transportation (DOT) to establish standards for emergency medical services (EMS), including training and equipment guidelines.^[9]^[10] This led to the DOT's 1972 publication of a standardized EMT curriculum, which formalized basic training and marked the shift toward professionalized EMS systems nationwide.^[10]^[11] Certification for EMTs requires completion of an approved training program, typically 120-150 hours for basic level, followed by passing cognitive and psychomotor exams administered by the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT).^[4] Levels include EMT-Basic (now simply EMT), focusing on foundational skills, and Advanced EMT (AEMT), which adds limited advanced interventions like certain medications; paramedics represent a higher tier not classified under EMT.^[12] Recertification occurs every two years via continuing education or re-examination, with state licensure ensuring compliance with local protocols.^[13] Post-1970s standardization via NREMT has facilitated interstate reciprocity, though variations persist in state scopes.^[11] In operations, EMTs respond via 911-dispatched ambulances, often integrated with fire departments or police for multi-agency scenes, prioritizing rapid assessment and interventions like automated external defibrillator (AED) application for shockable rhythms, which can double survival odds when used early.^[14] Empirical data from the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) indicate out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival to discharge hovers around 9-10%, with bystander or EMS AED use contributing to favorable neurological outcomes in about 80% of survivors, though rates vary by urban density and response time.^[15]^[16] Rural disparities exacerbate lower outcomes due to longer transport distances, while urban systems benefit from quicker integration but face volume overload.^[17] Systemic challenges include high burnout prevalence, affecting 19% of EMTs per national surveys, driven by job demands like irregular shifts and exposure to trauma, leading to turnover rates exceeding 25% annually in some agencies.^[18]^[19] Scope-of-practice restrictions limit EMTs to basic care, potentially delaying advanced treatments and prompting debates over expansion, though evidence gaps persist on broader interventions' efficacy without increased training risks.^[7]^[8] Legal frameworks offer Good Samaritan protections for off-duty actions but expose on-duty providers to liability suits, contributing to defensive practices and staffing shortages.^[20] Cost-effectiveness analyses highlight value in urban cardiac responses but question sustainability in low-volume rural areas amid rising operational expenses.^[21]

Biological sciences

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular reprogramming process in which adherent, polarized epithelial cells undergo biochemical changes to acquire a mesenchymal phenotype characterized by enhanced motility, invasiveness, and resistance to apoptosis.^[22] This involves loss of epithelial junctions and polarity markers, notably downregulation of E-cadherin (CDH1) via transcriptional repression, alongside upregulation of mesenchymal proteins such as vimentin (VIM), N-cadherin (CDH2), and fibronectin.^[23] Core transcription factors including SNAIL1/2, ZEB1/2, and TWIST1 drive these alterations by binding E-box motifs to suppress epithelial genes and activate pro-migratory programs, often in response to extracellular cues.^[23] The process manifests in partial or hybrid states rather than complete transdifferentiation, preserving some epithelial traits to enable adaptability.01025-6) Induction of EMT relies on interconnected signaling cascades, with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) serving as a primary trigger through canonical SMAD2/3-SMAD4 complexes that cooperate with EMT transcription factors to remodel the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix interactions.^[24] Wnt/β-catenin signaling stabilizes β-catenin for nuclear translocation, enhancing SNAIL and TWIST expression, while Notch pathway activation via ligand-receptor interactions promotes lateral signaling that sustains mesenchymal traits in neighboring cells.^[25]^[26] These pathways exhibit crosstalk, such as TGF-β amplifying Wnt responsiveness, and their dysregulation integrates environmental signals like hypoxia or stiffness into coordinated gene expression shifts observable in vitro via TGF-β treatment of epithelial cell lines, yielding spindle-like morphology within 48-72 hours.^[27] In embryogenesis, EMT drives critical morphogenetic events, including gastrulation where primitive streak epiblast cells delaminate to form mesoderm and endoderm layers, as documented in chick and mouse models since the 1960s.01025-6) Neural crest formation exemplifies EMT's role in generating migratory cells that populate peripheral tissues, with genetic ablation of Snai2 in mice causing craniofacial defects and impaired migration by embryonic day 9.5.^[28] Knockout studies of TGF-β receptors or β-catenin in mouse embryos confirm lethality from failed EMT, with mesoderm hypoplasia evident by E7.5-E8.5, establishing causality through direct perturbation rather than correlation.^[29] In adult physiology, transient EMT facilitates wound healing by enabling keratinocyte migration over provisional matrices, restoring barrier function via subsequent mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET).^[30] Pathologically, EMT contributes to fibrosis in organs like the kidney and lung, where injured tubular or alveolar epithelial cells partially transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts expressing α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), exacerbating extracellular matrix deposition.^[31] In unilateral ureteral obstruction models of renal fibrosis, TGF-β-induced EMT markers appear in 20-30% of tubular cells by day 7, correlating with collagen accumulation, though lineage tracing reveals only 10-15% of myofibroblasts derive from epithelia, indicating supplementary origins from resident fibroblasts.^[32] Similar dynamics occur in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, with EMT implicated in type II alveolar cell contributions, but debates arise from tracing studies questioning its dominance over proliferation of pre-existing mesenchymal cells.^[33] In cancer, particularly epithelial-derived carcinomas comprising over 90% of solid tumors, EMT enables invasion and metastasis by endowing cells with stem-like properties and anoikis resistance, as evidenced by EMT signatures in circulating tumor cells from breast and prostate cancers predicting relapse within 5 years.^[34] In vivo imaging and lineage tracing in mouse xenograft models demonstrate EMT activation preceding intravasation, with partial EMT states—retaining hybrid E-cadherin/keratin-14 expression—facilitating collective invasion over single-cell dissemination.^[35] However, controversies persist: while inducible EMT in orthotopic models boosts lung colonization by 10-50 fold, genetic fate mapping in PyMT breast cancer mice shows metastasis without full E-cadherin loss, suggesting collective migration or mutation-driven evasion suffices in some contexts.^[36]^[37] EMT's reversibility via MET, involving re-expression of epithelial programs, is empirically supported by metastatic niches reinstating E-cadherin in colonized sites, as seen in human colorectal liver metastases where 70% of cells revert post-extravasation.^[38] Single-cell RNA sequencing trajectories reveal oscillatory EMT-MET states, but therapeutic targeting—such as TGF-β inhibitors like galunisertib—has faltered in phase II trials (e.g., 2018 pancreatic cancer study showing no survival benefit) due to tumor heterogeneity, feedback reactivation, and underlying genetic drivers like KRAS mutations overriding plasticity.^[39]^[40] Causal analysis prioritizes somatic mutations as initiators of pathway dysregulation, with EMT representing an enabling downstream adaptation rather than a primary oncogenic force, as mutation-competent cells metastasize independently in some lineage-traced cohorts.^[41] This underscores challenges in isolating EMT for intervention without addressing mutational heterogeneity.

Transportation

East Midlands Trains

East Midlands Trains (EMT) operated intercity and regional rail services across central and eastern England as the holder of the East Midlands franchise from 11 November 2007 until 18 August 2019, under a direct award from the Department for Transport (DfT).^[42] The franchise was initially awarded to a consortium led by Stagecoach Group, focusing on the Midland Main Line connecting London St Pancras International to destinations including Leicester, Derby, Nottingham, and Sheffield, alongside regional routes such as Nottingham to Liverpool Lime Street via Manchester and Matlock to Derby. Operations emphasized diesel-powered services due to incomplete electrification of the Midland Main Line north of Bedford, with plans for full wiring to Sheffield repeatedly delayed beyond initial 2019 targets and further paused in subsequent years.^[43] The franchise faced extensions amid performance shortfalls, including a three-year direct award in 2017 to avoid rebidding, but was ultimately not renewed for Stagecoach due to failures in meeting premium payment commitments influenced by rising costs and infrastructure constraints.^[44] EMT's fleet comprised 27 Class 222 Meridian tilting diesel multiple units for high-speed intercity runs capable of 125 mph, supplemented by 25 Class 158 Express Sprinter units for regional services, alongside leased High Speed Trains (HSTs) and older Sprinter classes like 153 and 156 for shorter routes. Passenger volumes grew to approximately 18 million annually by 2018-2019, driven by economic links to Midlands manufacturing hubs, though overcrowding persisted from limited capacity upgrades.^[45] Performance metrics under EMT revealed chronic delays averaging 8-12% of trains arriving over 10 minutes late in peak years, per Office of Rail and Road (ORR) public performance measures, attributable largely to Network Rail-managed bottlenecks such as signaling failures and Thameslink Programme integrations rather than operator-specific failings. Empirical analyses indicate privatized franchises like EMT recovered 90-95% of costs from fares versus subsidies, outperforming fully state-run predecessors in punctuality gains post-2007 but lagging continental benchmarks due to vertical separation between track and train operations, which fostered blame-shifting over integrated efficiency.^[46] Critics highlighted underinvestment in rolling stock refurbishments until a £30 million program completed in 2011, exacerbating peak-hour crowding on Meridians, while economic connectivity supported regional GDP contributions estimated at £1-2 billion yearly through commuter and freight-adjacent links.^[47] The franchise's termination without direct renationalization—ceding to Abellio's East Midlands Railway—underscored DfT's preference for private bids despite recurring bailouts, with post-EMT data showing no marked improvement under new management amid persistent electrification stalls projected beyond 2025.^[48]

Other uses

Epic Meal Time

Epic Meal Time is a Canadian YouTube web series originating from Montreal, Quebec, launched on October 17, 2010, with its debut episode "Fast Food Pizza," which assembled a pizza using fast-food items like burgers and chicken nuggets, totaling approximately 5,200 calories. Created by Harley Morenstein, a former high school history teacher earning under $30,000 annually, along with collaborators including Sterling Toth and Alex Perrault, the series specialized in preparing and consuming absurdly large, meat-centric meals often exceeding 10,000 calories per serving, such as the 60,000-calorie concoctions featured in later videos. By 2025, the channel had amassed 6.7 million subscribers and produced 572 episodes, emphasizing low-budget production with rapid editing, profane humor, and recurring motifs like wrapping ingredients in bacon.^[49]^[50]^[51] The format revolved around "epic" excess, with creators sourcing cheap fast food and processed meats to build multi-layered dishes like pizza lasagnas or "slaughterhouses" piled with bacon, ribs, and cheeseburgers, often accompanied by catchphrases such as "Bacon everything" or improvised boasts like "Whatchu know about ricotta cheese and pulled pork? PROBABLY NOTHING!" Production maintained a DIY ethos, filming in makeshift kitchens with minimal equipment, while incorporating collaborations with musicians like Deadmau5 and sponsorships from brands including Hormel Black Label Bacon, which supplied 1,300 pounds for a year-long partnership. Over time, the series expanded beyond YouTube into merchandise like "Pizza in a Bag" snack products, TV appearances, and ad revenue streams, generating millions in income through video monetization, endorsements, and related ventures.^[52]^[53]^[54] Culturally, Epic Meal Time pioneered the extreme food parody genre on early YouTube, amassing hundreds of millions of views and influencing subsequent content creators with its unapologetic celebration of caloric overload, though it drew backlash for potentially normalizing gluttony without nutritional context or disclaimers in initial episodes. Critics, including food writers, condemned the content as spiraling enthusiasm for food into uncontrolled excess, aligning with broader concerns over its timing amid U.S. adult obesity prevalence reaching 40.3% by 2021–2023, driven by factors like chronic overconsumption exceeding metabolic demands and leading to insulin resistance and fat accumulation. Empirical data underscores the disconnect: single meals in the series routinely surpassed 20 times the average adult's daily energy needs of 2,000–2,500 calories, yet the humorous spectacle prioritized entertainment over depictions of post-consumption realities like gastrointestinal distress or long-term health risks from saturated fats and simple carbohydrates.^[55]^[56]^[57] Despite its viral peak, the series faced scrutiny for heavy reliance on animal products, amplifying bacon's prominence through industry-influenced trends like the National Pork Board's "Pork: The Other White Meat" campaigns, which indirectly shaped early 2010s meat excess narratives. Revenue models, including YouTube ads and product tie-ins, proved lucrative but highlighted tensions between commercial viability and public health advocacy, as the content's carnivorous focus clashed with rising plant-based movements without engaging their causal arguments for reduced inflammation or environmental sustainability. Ultimately, while Epic Meal Time's format delivered short-form shock value, its legacy reflects a cultural artifact of pre-algorithmic YouTube, where unfiltered caloric hedonism thrived amid stagnant obesity trends, prompting reflection on media's role in either satirizing or subtly endorsing dietary patterns uncorrelated with physiological optima.^[58]^[49]

European Masters in Translation

The European Masters in Translation (EMT) network, initiated by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Translation in 2009, serves as a quality label for master's-level university programs training professional translators.^[59] It addresses the surge in demand for translators following the EU's 2004 enlargement, which expanded official languages from 11 to over 20, straining institutional language services and prompting standardized training to sustain multilingual operations.^[60] The program fosters a consortium of institutions emphasizing specialized translation in domains like legal, medical, and technical texts, with a focus on equipping graduates for EU bodies and the broader market. Eligibility criteria mandate programs deliver 60 to 120 ECTS credits overall, with substantial specialization in translation practice, including at least two foreign languages and integration of tools such as computer-assisted translation (CAT) software, terminology databases, and ethical guidelines.^[61] Curricula prioritize hands-on skills, technological adaptation, and professional competences outlined in the EMT framework, aiming to bridge academic training with industry needs amid evolving digital workflows.^[62] Linked to Erasmus+ initiatives, the network supports cross-border exchanges and internships, particularly with EU institutions, to cultivate proficiency in policy-relevant translation.^[60] As of the 2019–2024 cycle, the EMT encompassed 81 programs from 23 countries, growing from 54 members in 2010 to promote consistent standards.^[63] Graduates often secure roles in the Directorate-General for Translation, with surveys indicating 67–80% employability in translation-related fields, though data varies by institution and lacks comprehensive tracking for non-EU language pairs.^[64] These outcomes reflect targeted preparation for EU demands, yet EU-funded sources may overstate universality due to institutional incentives. Critiques highlight bureaucratic accreditation cycles—renewed every five years—as resource-intensive for universities, potentially diverting focus from innovative pedagogy.^[65] The emphasis on EU-official language combinations overlooks market dominance of English, where empirical evidence shows reduced need for certain pairs, and funding reliance on supranational bodies risks entrenching dependency over self-sustaining national programs.^[66] Gaps in verifiable outcomes for emerging or non-official languages persist, questioning causal efficacy: while EMT bolsters multilingual bureaucracy essential to EU integration, it may inflate translation volumes and costs without proportional efficiency gains, as first-principles analysis favors streamlined communication in a global context.^[67] Academic and EU sources, often aligned with integrationist views, warrant scrutiny for underreporting such misalignments with private-sector realities.

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