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El-Obeid

El-Obeid (Arabic: الأبيض, Al-Ubayyid) is the capital city of North Kordofan State in central Sudan, situated approximately 588 kilometers southwest of Khartoum and functioning as a primary hub for agricultural trade and regional commerce.^[1] The city hosts Sudan's largest market for crops, drawing products from Kordofan and Darfur regions while serving as a key transit point for goods flowing between eastern and western Sudan, with historical roots in trans-Saharan trade involving commodities like gum arabic and ivory.^[2]^[3]^[4] Its defining historical event occurred during the Mahdist War, when Muhammad Ahmad's forces besieged and captured El-Obeid in January 1883 after months of resistance, followed by the annihilation of an 10,000-strong Egyptian-led army under William Hicks Pasha at the nearby Battle of Shaykan in November, marking a pivotal victory that propelled the Mahdist state across Sudan.^[5]^[6]^[7] In the context of Sudan's ongoing civil war between the Sudanese Armed Forces and Rapid Support Forces since 2023, El-Obeid remains a strategically vital SAF-held position, subjected to prolonged sieges, drone strikes, and ground offensives through 2025, while grappling with economic disruptions, food insecurity, and unemployment amid its continued role in supplying central markets.^[1]^[8]^[9]^[3]

History

Founding and early development (1821–1882)

El-Obeid was founded in 1821 as part of the Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan under Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt. On August 26, 1821, Egyptian forces commanded by Muhammad Bey Khusraw al-Daramali occupied the town, which served as the capital of Kordofan province and functioned as a key military garrison to secure Egyptian control over central Sudanese territories. The occupation included the enslavement of approximately 1,200 local inhabitants, with 800 captives transported to Cairo, reflecting the extractive motives of the campaign that prioritized slaves, ivory, and other resources for Egypt. Positioned strategically on trade routes linking Kordofan to Khartoum, El-Obeid emerged as an administrative and commercial hub during Turco-Egyptian rule, facilitating the movement of goods westward and northward.^[10] Egyptian authorities promoted agricultural exports, including early efforts in cotton cultivation, alongside established Sudanese commodities like gum arabic, which flowed through the town to Egyptian markets.^[10] Muhammad Bey Khusraw governed Kordofan from 1821 to 1823, establishing a provincial structure that integrated the outpost into the broader Egyptian administrative system.^[11] Early population expansion resulted from the settlement of Egyptian military personnel and administrators, supplemented by migrants from northern Sudanese riverain groups such as the Danaqla and Ja'aliyyin, who formed a core urban population alongside local Arab tribes.^[10] Basic fortifications were constructed to defend against raids by nomadic pastoralists in the surrounding scrublands, underscoring the town's role in pacifying and controlling mobile Arab groups like the Kababish who traversed Kordofan's arid plateaus.^[12] This military presence enabled sustained Egyptian dominance until growing local resentments over taxation and conscription foreshadowed later unrest.^[10]

Mahdist War and destruction (1882–1898)

In late 1882, Mahdist forces led by Muhammad Ahmad, who had proclaimed himself the Mahdi, advanced on El-Obeid, the administrative center of Kordofan province under Turco-Egyptian rule, initiating a siege that exploited widespread resentment against Egyptian corruption, heavy taxation, and conscription practices.^[13] The city's garrison of approximately 6,000 Egyptian troops, supplemented by local militias, repelled initial assaults but faced mounting pressure from an estimated 50,000-60,000 Mahdist fighters drawn from diverse Sudanese tribes unified by promises of religious redemption and jihad against foreign domination.^[14] ^[13] The siege culminated on 19 January 1883, when starvation forced the surrender of the defenders, allowing Mahdist forces to storm and sack the city; looters seized over £100,000 in goods and cash from officials and merchants, while much of the urban infrastructure—including administrative buildings and fortifications—was razed in the ensuing chaos, symbolizing the collapse of centralized Egyptian authority in western Sudan.^[13] ^[15] This destruction stemmed directly from the Mahdists' tactical emphasis on total victory and their ideological rejection of Egyptian secular governance, which had alienated local populations through decades of exploitative rule rather than any inherent military superiority alone.^[13] In response, the Egyptian government dispatched a relief and reconquest force of about 11,000 men under British officer William Hicks Pasha from Khartoum in September 1883, but on 5 November, en route to El-Obeid, the expedition was ambushed and annihilated at Shaykan (also known as the Battle of El Obeid), with roughly 10,000 troops killed and only 500 survivors escaping; Mahdist losses were minimal, around 500, underscoring the expedition's logistical failures and the fanatical cohesion of the Ansar warriors. ^[13] ^[16] This decisive engagement prevented any immediate counteroffensive, entrenching Mahdist control over El-Obeid as a regional hub for their theocratic state, sustained by enforced Islamic puritanism and tribal levies until Anglo-Egyptian forces retook Kordofan in late 1898 after the Mahdist defeat at Omdurman on 2 September.^[13] ^[16] The uprising's momentum, driven by messianic appeals that framed the conflict as divine struggle against "Turco-Egyptian infidelity," overcame the fragmented loyalties and poor discipline of Egyptian armies, enabling the Mahdists to govern amid internal purges and economic strain for over 15 years.^[13] ^[7]

Reconstruction and 20th-century development

Following the defeat of the Mahdist forces at the Battle of Omdurman in 1898, El-Obeid was reoccupied and re-established as the administrative capital of Kordofan Province under Anglo-Egyptian rule, restoring its role as a key provincial hub after years of destruction and abandonment.^[17] British authorities prioritized the revival of trade functions, leveraging the town's position on fertile plains to support local cultivation and commerce, including the extraction of gum arabic from Kordofan forests, which became a primary economic export.^[17] By the early 1900s, infrastructure improvements facilitated economic stabilization; a railway extension from Khartoum reached El-Obeid in 1911, connecting the town to northern markets and enabling efficient transport of agricultural produce such as peanuts and sorghum grown in the surrounding rain-fed areas.^[18] ^[19] This development positioned El-Obeid as an emerging agricultural processing and trade center, with markets handling goods from local farmers and nomadic groups in the province. The interwar decades brought population growth through influxes from rural Kordofan districts seeking administrative services and market opportunities, though this stability was intermittently disrupted by tribal skirmishes over resources and grazing lands, requiring occasional military interventions to maintain order.^[20] By the mid-20th century, these efforts had solidified El-Obeid's function as a regional nexus, with expanded trade networks supporting modest urban expansion amid ongoing pastoral-agricultural tensions.

Post-independence era and administrative role

Following Sudan's independence on January 1, 1956, El-Obeid continued to serve as a primary administrative hub within Kordofan Province, facilitating provincial governance and local administration under the newly sovereign national government.^[21] The city's role expanded modestly in the immediate post-independence decades, with incremental improvements in infrastructure such as roads and markets to support regional trade and oversight.^[22] From the 1960s to the 1980s, El-Obeid underwent notable urban expansion, driven by national economic policies that promoted mechanized farming in Kordofan, attracting rural migrants seeking opportunities in agriculture-related services and administration.^[22] Annual population growth reached approximately 4.1%, with roughly 40% attributable to net in-migration from rural areas—exacerbated by droughts in western Sudan during the 1970s and 1980s—and 60% from natural increase between 1960 and 1990.^[23] ^[24] This period saw the development of additional public services, including schools and health facilities, though growth strained resources due to reliance on centrally directed allocations from Khartoum, which prioritized national schemes over localized needs.^[25] In 1994, Sudan's shift to a federal system reorganized administrative divisions, establishing North Kordofan as a distinct state with El-Obeid designated as its capital, thereby concentrating state-level governance functions such as policy implementation and service coordination in the city.^[26] This reform aimed to decentralize authority but maintained significant oversight from the federal capital, resulting in persistent challenges from uneven resource distribution that hampered efficient regional administration.^[25] El-Obeid's administrative prominence thus solidified its position as the political and bureaucratic nucleus for North Kordofan's approximately 3.2 million residents by the early 21st century, though federal dependencies underscored limitations in autonomous development.^[26]

Geography

Location and physical features

El-Obeid is located in central Sudan, serving as the capital of North Kordofan State at geographic coordinates 13°11′N 30°13′E.^[27] ^[28] The city occupies a sandy, scrub-covered plateau rising to an elevation of approximately 570 meters (1,870 feet) above sea level.^[27] ^[29] The surrounding terrain consists of undulating plains characteristic of the broader Kordofan region, with semi-arid savanna vegetation dominated by acacia scrub and sandy soils. El-Obeid lies approximately 200 kilometers north of the Nuba Mountains, which mark the southern boundary of the state and contribute to variations in local topography and drainage patterns via seasonal wadis.^[28] The urban extent integrates administrative buildings, markets, and religious sites within this plateau setting, constrained by the prevalent sandy and low-relief landscape.^[27]

Climate and environmental conditions

El-Obeid experiences a hot desert climate classified as BWh under the Köppen system, characterized by extreme aridity and high temperatures year-round.^[30]^[31] Annual precipitation averages approximately 319 mm, with nearly all rainfall concentrated in the wet season from late May to mid-October, peaking between June and September; the remainder of the year receives negligible amounts, often zero from January to March.^[30]^[32] This erratic pattern contributes to frequent droughts, as evidenced by hydrological analyses of central Sudanese stations including El-Obeid, where prolonged dry spells exacerbate water deficits.^[33] Daily high temperatures routinely exceed 40°C during the summer months of April to June, with averages reaching 39.4°C in May, while nighttime lows rarely drop below 20°C.^[34] Winter conditions from December to February are milder, with daytime highs typically between 28°C and 30°C and cooler nights around 10–15°C, though the absence of frost underscores the region's persistent warmth.^[34] These thermal extremes, combined with low humidity outside the rainy season, drive high evapotranspiration rates, intensifying water scarcity and dependence on ephemeral wadis that flow only during precipitation events.^[32] Environmental degradation in the area is pronounced, with desertification accelerated by overgrazing and soil erosion in the semi-arid zone encompassing El-Obeid. Sudanese meteorological and environmental assessments link these processes to a feedback loop where degraded soils amplify drought impacts, reducing vegetative cover and productivity.^[35]^[36] Overgrazing by livestock, a common practice in North Kordofan, has contributed to land degradation rates that outpace natural recovery, as documented in national reports on arid zone vulnerabilities.^[37]^[38]

Demographics

Population trends

The population of El Obeid has expanded significantly since mid-20th century, rising from approximately 44,000 residents in 1950 to an estimated 560,000 in 2025, reflecting broader patterns of rural-to-urban migration in Sudan as individuals sought opportunities in the state capital of North Kordofan.^[39]^[40] Sudanese census data indicate intermediate growth milestones, including 90,073 inhabitants in 1983 and 229,425 in 2008, underscoring the city's role as an administrative and economic hub attracting settlers from surrounding agrarian areas amid national urbanization trends.^[41] This expansion has been punctuated by episodic disruptions from armed conflicts, which have tempered annual growth rates through forced displacements and insecurity; the ongoing civil war since April 2023, including the siege of El Obeid by Rapid Support Forces until its recapture by Sudanese Armed Forces in February 2025, displaced tens of thousands from the city and its environs, contributing to erratic demographic fluctuations.^[42]^[43] While the conflict has driven some influx of internally displaced persons—estimated at around 137,000 seeking refuge in El Obeid by mid-2025—it has overall hindered sustained urbanization by damaging infrastructure and exacerbating food and service shortages.^[44] Contributing to population pressures are persistently high fertility rates in North Kordofan, recorded at approximately 5 children per woman as of 2008, alongside a pronounced youth bulge where over 40% of Sudan's national population falls under age 15, per United Nations projections, which strains local resources like housing, water, and healthcare in El Obeid.^[45]^[46] These dynamics, rooted in limited access to family planning and cultural norms favoring large families, amplify the challenges of integrating migrants and sustaining growth amid recurrent instability.^[47]

Ethnic and religious composition

The ethnic composition of El-Obeid is dominated by Arab tribes, including the Baggara pastoralists, Dar Hamid, Kawahla, Hamar, Bedairiah, Joamaah, and Rekabeiah, who constitute the majority of the population alongside smaller indigenous Nuba groups native to the Kordofan region.^[48]^[2] These Arab communities primarily speak Sudanese Arabic dialects, reflecting broader linguistic patterns in North Kordofan where Arabic serves as the lingua franca amid tribal migrations and intermixing with local non-Arab elements such as the Abbala and Bara.^[49] Religiously, the population is overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim, comprising over 90% as aligned with national demographics where Islam predominates following historical conversions and Arab migrations into central Sudan.^[50] A small Christian minority, under 5%, persists in long-established communities, including Coptic Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, and Catholic adherents centered around institutions like the Diocese of El Obeid, which traces to 19th-century missionary activity amid the town's Egyptian founding.^[50]^[51] These groups maintain distinct practices but face marginalization in resource distribution, exacerbated by tribal affiliations influencing local governance and conflict dynamics.^[26]

Economy

Agriculture and trade

El-Obeid functions as a central node for agricultural production in North Kordofan, where rain-fed farming predominates, yielding staple cereals like sorghum and millet alongside cash crops such as sesame and groundnuts (peanuts).^[52]^[53] Pastoral livestock rearing, featuring camels, goats, and sheep, integrates with crop systems, contributing significantly to local livelihoods and national agricultural GDP in arid zones.^[54] In 2023, sorghum and millet harvests in North Kordofan suffered sharp declines due to insufficient cultivation amid conflict disruptions, exacerbating food supply strains.^[55] Trade in El-Obeid channels surplus sorghum from eastern Sudan to deficit markets in central and western regions, including Darfur, via local wholesale hubs that connect to Khartoum.^[53] The area supports sesame seed value chains oriented toward export, with initiatives enhancing quality for international markets from North Kordofan farms.^[56] Gum arabic collection and initial processing occur in the surrounding gum belt, positioning Sudan as the global leader in exports—third behind livestock and sesame in agricultural revenue—though North Kordofan's output faces wartime smuggling and supply chain interruptions.^[57]^[58] Persistent challenges include unequal access to mechanization, rendering smallholder farms vulnerable to climate variability in rain-dependent systems, while national instability fosters smuggling of livestock and gum arabic, distorting local markets and inflating prices through militia levies.^[59]^[60]^[55] Ongoing conflict since April 2023 has further hampered input supplies and trade routes, limiting mechanized operations and exposing producers to heightened risks from erratic rainfall and violence.^[61]^[62]

Industry and resources

The El-Obeid Refinery, situated north of the city in North Kordofan State, processes crude oil transported via the Greater Nile Oil Pipeline from upstream fields in western Sudan, yielding petroleum products for national distribution with a capacity of approximately 10,000 barrels per day.^[63] Operational since the early 2000s under state-linked management, the facility has faced persistent underinvestment, limiting expansions and efficiency despite its role in offsetting imports.^[64] Manufacturing in El-Obeid centers on rudimentary operations, including small-scale milling and packaging of gum arabic harvested from Acacia trees prevalent in the Kordofan region, where the city hosts a major trading hub for this export commodity. Such activities employ limited numbers relative to agricultural labor, with industrial output constrained by outdated equipment and inadequate infrastructure, reflecting Sudan's broader pattern of low manufacturing value-added as a share of GDP—under 10% nationally in recent assessments.^[65] Resource extraction remains nascent, with untapped deposits of minerals such as chromite and feldspar identified in North Kordofan through exploratory surveys, yet commercial development lags due to insufficient capital and technical capacity.^[66] Gum arabic processing holds further potential for value addition, given the region's output contributing nearly half of Sudan's total production, but processing facilities are rudimentary and export-oriented rather than industrialized.^[67] Overall, these sectors provide marginal employment, with industry absorbing fewer than 5% of workers in comparable Sudanese provinces per labor surveys, prioritizing extraction over fabrication.^[68]

Government and infrastructure

Administrative functions

El-Obeid functions as the administrative capital of North Kordofan State, one of Sudan's 18 federal states, housing the office of the state governor who oversees executive functions including coordination of local ministries for health, education, and agriculture.^[26] The city also seats the state legislative assembly, responsible for enacting local laws and budgets, as well as judicial bodies such as the state high court and lower tribunals that handle civil and criminal cases within the state's jurisdiction.^[69] Local security is managed through state-level police units stationed in El-Obeid, which maintain public order and enforce regulations, though ultimate command structures link to national authorities. The administration plays a role in revenue generation via the North Kordofan Revenue Collection and Development Authority, which assesses and collects taxes on local economic activities including trade, markets, and agricultural outputs, contributing to state funds estimated at a fraction of total needs due to limited tax bases and enforcement challenges.^[70] Development planning occurs at the state level, with El-Obeid-based officials formulating initiatives for infrastructure and services, such as rural water schemes, but these require central government approval for funding and implementation.^[71] Sudan's nominally federal structure centralizes fiscal authority in Khartoum, where subnational entities like North Kordofan receive the bulk of resources through transfers that often arrive irregularly, constraining autonomous action.^[69] This reliance fosters administrative bottlenecks, evident in delayed service delivery; for instance, state efforts to expand tax collection have yielded minimal increases—own-source revenues remain under 10% of expenditures in most states—exacerbated by weak capacity and central vetoes on local priorities, leading to uneven provision of essentials like sanitation and roads.^[72]^[73] Empirical data from fiscal reviews indicate that such central dominance results in planning cycles extending beyond two years for basic projects, as state proposals await national budgeting, prioritizing Khartoum's directives over peripheral needs.^[74]

Transportation and utilities

El-Obeid Airport (ICAO: HSOB), located near the city, facilitates domestic flights and humanitarian air operations, with infrastructure including a control tower constructed with United Nations assistance in the mid-2000s.^[75]^[76] The airport's runway supports fixed-wing aircraft, though operations have been disrupted by Sudan's ongoing civil war, including airspace closures and conflict-related risks that limit civilian access as of 2025.^[77] Rail connectivity links El-Obeid to Khartoum via the main Sudan Railways line, which extends southwest through Sennar and Kosti, with a branch continuing to Nyala in Darfur; this network, originally completed to El-Obeid by 1911 and Nyala by 1959, totals over 5,500 km nationwide but operates in poor condition due to chronic underinvestment, resulting in slow, unreliable service prone to breakdowns.^[78]^[79] Road infrastructure connects El-Obeid to Khartoum (approximately 500 km) and adjacent states like North Kordofan and Darfur, serving truck transport for goods; however, maintenance deficiencies and conflict damage have historically isolated the city, as seen during the 2023–2025 siege that severed key supply routes until military forces reopened access in February 2025.^[80]^[43] Electricity is provided through Sudan's national grid, but supply to El-Obeid remains intermittent, with frequent outages reported since 2023 due to overloads, fuel shortages, and war-related attacks on power infrastructure, often limiting service to a few hours daily.^[81]^[82] Water utilities depend on boreholes and piped systems drawing from local aquifers, yet shortages persist, forcing residents to truck in supplies from rural areas like Bara during disruptions from conflict or pump failures as of late 2023.^[26]^[82]

Society and culture

Religion

Islam predominates in El-Obeid, where the overwhelming majority of residents follow Sunni Islam, consistent with national estimates placing Muslims at approximately 91 percent of Sudan's population.^[83] The city's religious landscape includes prominent mosques such as the Great Mosque, a central architectural feature, and the Sheikh Ahmed Mosque, which accommodates segregated prayer spaces.^[84]^[85] Sufi orders maintain a historical foothold, exemplified by the early establishment of the Ismaili order, one of Sudan's oldest indigenous tariqas, alongside broader national influences from groups like the Qadiriyya and Khatmiyya.^[86]^[87] Salafist currents have gained traction amid Sudan's wider Islamist resurgence since the 1990s, promoting scripturalist interpretations that challenge Sufi practices, though specific concentrations in El-Obeid remain part of regional trends rather than dominant.^[88] El-Obeid's religious history is indelibly linked to the Mahdist movement, a militant 19th-century revival led by Muhammad Ahmad, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi in 1881. In November 1883, Mahdist forces decisively defeated an Egyptian expeditionary army under William Hicks at the Battle of Shaykan near El-Obeid, resulting in nearly total annihilation of the 10,000-strong invading force and propelling the Mahdists' conquest of Kordofan province.^[13] This heterodox insurgency, rooted in apocalyptic Sunni eschatology, rejected Ottoman-Egyptian rule as apostate and imposed a theocratic regime enforcing hudud punishments under a rigid Sharia framework, diverging from mainstream Hanafi jurisprudence through its emphasis on jihad and messianic authority rather than conventional reform.^[89] The legacy persists in local Islamist sensibilities, contributing to doctrinal militancy that prioritizes purification over ecumenical tolerance. A small Christian minority endures, primarily Catholic and Anglican communities tracing to 19th-century European missions, with El-Obeid serving as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of El-Obeid and an Anglican diocese.^[50] The Cathedral of Our Lady Queen of Africa stands as the diocesan hub, amid a pastoral area encompassing North Kordofan where Catholics number under 1 percent of roughly 14 million residents as of 2023.^[90]^[91] Interfaith dynamics, while occasionally marked by pragmatic coexistence—such as Christians sharing aid with Muslims during crises—are fundamentally strained by Sudan's Sharia-based legal system, which imposes apostasy penalties, restricts proselytism, and favors Islamic institutions, fostering an environment of subordination for non-Muslims.^[86]^[92]^[50]

Sports and recreation

Association football dominates sports in El-Obeid, reflecting its widespread popularity across Sudan. El Hilal SC El Obeid, established in 1932, competes in the Sudan Premier League and has participated in regional competitions such as the CAF Confederation Cup, where it advanced past opponents like Seychelles' St Michel FC in 2017.^[93] The club draws significant community support, with matches held at local venues including El-Obeid Stadium, fostering youth engagement through tribal and neighborhood teams in regional leagues.^[94] Traditional recreation includes activities tied to the region's pastoral heritage, such as camel husbandry and informal racing events influenced by Bedouin customs, though formalized races are more prominent in eastern Sudan like the Shendi festival. Limited infrastructure, including scarce modern facilities amid resource shortages, constrains organized sports, prioritizing community-level participation over professional development. Women's football has seen growth, with the second division league commencing in El-Obeid in December 2020 despite societal debates.^[95]

Education and notable institutions

Primary and secondary education in El-Obeid face significant challenges due to chronic underfunding, resulting in literacy rates below national averages and enrollment gaps, particularly in rural peripheries of the city. Gross enrollment in primary schools across Sudan hovered around 78% as of 2018, but net completion rates in rural areas like those surrounding El-Obeid drop to approximately 9% for primary and 6% for secondary education, exacerbated by inadequate infrastructure and teacher shortages that affect over 50% of entitled children nationwide.^[96]^[97] Gender disparities are pronounced, with girls' secondary enrollment lagging due to cultural barriers and limited rural access, contributing to a female youth literacy rate of about 73% compared to males at 73% in recent data, though rural-urban divides widen this gap further.^[98] The University of Kordofan, established in 1990 in El-Obeid, serves as the primary higher education institution, offering bachelor's and postgraduate degrees in fields such as agriculture, medicine, animal husbandry, crop production, and biochemistry through its faculties and research centers.^[99]^[100] It includes a dedicated Faculty of Agriculture focused on local crop adaptation and deanships for scientific research, though outputs remain limited by resource constraints amid Sudan's broader instability. Vocational training complements formal education via institutions like the Don Bosco Technical School, operational since the early 2000s, which provides three-year certified programs in trades including auto-mechanics, welding, masonry, plumbing, and general mechanics, having trained thousands of youth for local employment despite ongoing disruptions.^[101]^[102]

Role in conflicts

Historical military significance

El-Obeid emerged as a pivotal site in Sudanese military history during the Mahdist War, particularly through its role in the uprising against Egyptian rule. In January 1883, Mahdist forces under Muhammad Ahmad, the self-proclaimed Mahdi, captured the city—then the administrative capital of Kordofan province—after a brief siege, marking an early consolidation of rebel control over western Sudan.^[103] This prompted Egyptian authorities to dispatch a relief expedition led by British officer William Hicks Pasha, comprising approximately 11,000 troops, including Egyptian regulars, Bahraini artillery, and irregulars, to retake the province and suppress the revolt.^[104] The ensuing Battle of Shaykan (also known as the Battle of El Obeid), fought from November 3 to 5, 1883, in wooded terrain near the city, exemplified asymmetric warfare dynamics where Mahdist forces, numbering around 40,000 but armed primarily with spears and outdated rifles, leveraged religious mobilization for a decisive victory. Hicks' army, hampered by supply shortages, treacherous guides, and internal disorganization, was encircled and systematically overwhelmed by fanatical Mahdist charges that disregarded casualties, resulting in the near-total annihilation of the Egyptian force—fewer than 100 survivors escaped—with Hicks himself killed.^[104] ^[16] The triumph stemmed causally from the Mahdists' ideological cohesion, which sustained morale and tactical aggression against a demoralized, professionally trained opponent, accelerating the collapse of Egyptian authority in Sudan and enabling further Mahdist expansions.^[103] Following the Anglo-Egyptian reconquest after the Battle of Omdurman in September 1898, British-led forces reoccupied Kordofan in early 1899, establishing El-Obeid as a key garrison outpost under the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (1899–1956). The city hosted units of the Egyptian Army and later the Sudan Defence Force, tasked with pacifying residual Mahdist elements and securing provincial borders against tribal unrest.^[16] These garrisons maintained order through patrols and fortifications, reflecting El-Obeid's enduring operational role in colonial military logistics. Post-independence in 1956, the Sudanese Armed Forces continued stationing troops there, utilizing inherited infrastructure for regional defense until the late 20th century.^[105] El-Obeid's strategic military value derived from its central position in Kordofan, a vast province spanning central Sudan and serving as a natural crossroads for overland routes linking the Nile Valley to Darfur and the west. This geography facilitated control over trade corridors and agricultural heartlands, making the city essential for projecting power across interior Sudan and countering insurgencies in undergoverned terrains.^[103]

Involvement in the 2023–present Sudanese civil war

The Rapid Support Forces (RSF) initiated a siege of El-Obeid on April 15, 2023, coinciding with the outbreak of the broader Sudanese civil war, capturing the city's airport and surrounding positions while Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) units retained control of the urban core.^[43] RSF forces employed artillery shelling that struck civilian areas, resulting in documented deaths and injuries, including at least 13 civilians killed in a single barrage reported in early February 2025 prior to the city's recapture.^[106] Throughout the nearly two-year blockade, RSF tactics included restricting humanitarian access and supply routes, exacerbating famine risks and displacing tens of thousands from North Kordofan, with patterns of civilian targeting aligning with RSF's documented ethnic cleansing operations in adjacent regions like West Kordofan.^[107] ^[108] Human Rights Watch investigations have attributed widespread war crimes and crimes against humanity to RSF militias, including mass killings and deliberate civilian endangerment through indiscriminate bombardment in Kordofan, contrasting with SAF's primarily defensive posture in holding El-Obeid against encirclement.^[107] SAF counteroffensives intensified in late 2024, leveraging gains in central Sudan to probe RSF lines around the city. On February 24, 2025, SAF forces broke the siege, recapturing El-Obeid hours after RSF leaders signed a charter declaring ambitions for a breakaway administration, thereby restoring state control over this strategic rail hub linking to Khartoum.^[43] ^[109] ^[110] Post-recapture, SAF consolidated positions amid reports of retaliatory actions by both factions, though RSF remnants maintained pressure from western outskirts, contributing to semi-encirclement as of October 2025.^[111] The SAF framed the operation as restoring legitimate governance against RSF fragmentation efforts, while international observers noted mutual violations but highlighted RSF's disproportionate role in paramilitary excesses, including mutilations and executions documented across conflict zones.^[112] ^[113] El-Obeid's liberation facilitated SAF advances toward Darfur but left lingering humanitarian crises, with aid agencies reporting acute malnutrition tied to the prior blockade.^[114]^[115]

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A line was built from Khartoum southward to Sennar, the heart of the cotton-growing region of Al Jazirah. In 1911 a westward continuation reached El-Obeid ...Missing: peanuts sorghum
[19]
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/Agriculture-forestry-and-fishing
[20]
[PDF] colonial spectacle, native administration, and local government in ...
El Obeid was now the territory of the government, where horsemen were subjected to the authoritative gaze of officials. In 1923 at Soderi there were no ...<|separator|>
[21]
[PDF] SUDAN: FroM CoNFLICT To CoNFLICT
Not surprisingly, when Sudan became independent in 1956 and the barrier between the two areas was lifted, the South found itself in an extremely disadvantaged ...
[22]
None
### Summary of Information on El-Obeid (Al-Ubayyid) from the Document
[23]
[PDF] Sudan - World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
Old market towns such as Dongola, Berber, El-Obeid and El Fasher gained ... Substantial changes in the urban system took place during the Anglo-Egyptian.
[24]
Urban Development and Deforestation: Evidences from El -Obeid ...
60% of urban growth in 1960-1990 was from natural increase,. while 40% from in-migration from rural areas. Deforestation is categorized as ...
[25]
[PDF] City Limits: Urbanisation and Vulnerability in Sudan
May 21, 2025 · The strategy aims to make the countryside a more appealing place to live and work, thereby reducing the rate of rural-to-urban migration. There ...
[26]
[PDF] Sudan: North Kordofan pre-crisis and current situation - ACAPS
Oct 10, 2023 · In 1994, Sudan's transition from provincial administration to federal states established North Kordofan as a state. Jazeera 16/04/2023; The ...Missing: 1956 independence
[27]
Al-Ubayyiḍ | Ancient City, Oasis & Ruins - Britannica
Al-Ubayyiḍ, town, south-central Sudan. It lies on a sandy, scrub-covered plateau at an elevation of 1869 feet (570 metres). Founded by the Egyptians in 1821 ...
[28]
El Obeid, North Kordofan, Sudan - Mindat
Jugob Al Kharasana, Nuba Mountains, North Kordofan State, Sudan, 12° 35' 25" N, 30° 47' 39" E, 91.0km (56.6 miles), 136.5° (SE). Al Hagagia Au deposit, North ...Missing: plateau savanna
[29]
Population of El Obeid, Sudan
Dec 14, 2013 · El Obeid, Sudan is located at 13.18421 [latitude in decimal degrees], 30.21669 [longitude in decimal degrees] at an average elevation of 573 ...Missing: coordinates plateau savanna Nuba Mountains
[30]
El Obeid Climate & Temperature
➀ El Obeid at 574 m/ 1883 ft has a subtropical hot desert climate (BWh). ➁ Average temperature in El Obeid is 27.3°C/ 81.2°F✓ Rainfall 318.5mm/ 12.5in.Missing: data rainfall
[31]
Monthly climate in El Obeid, Sudan
Under the Köppen–Geiger climate classification El Obeid features a hot desert climate (BWh). Temperatures typically range between 22 °C (72 °F) and 32 °C (91 ° ...
[32]
Climate and Average Weather Year Round in El Obeid Sudan
The rainy period of the year lasts for 4.6 months, from May 26 to October 13, with a sliding 31-day rainfall of at least 0.5 inches. The month with the most ...Missing: Köppen classification
[33]
[PDF] Study-of-hydrology-and-drought-in-central-Sudan.pdf - ResearchGate
In this paper, three index meteorological stations, namely. Khartoum, Wad Medani and El Obeid, are chosen to study the hydrological aspects and the drought ...
[34]
Yearly & Monthly weather - El Obeid, Sudan
Rainfall in El Obeid is significantly sparse, reaching a zenith of 111mm (4.37") in August, but an aggregate of no rainfall is observed from January to March.Missing: annual | Show results with:annual
[35]
[PDF] NAP-Sudan-2016.pdf - UNFCCC
Sudan's major environmental problems are deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, and desertification. In arid zones, historic vulnerability to drought has ...
[36]
[PDF] Sudan - Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment
This is a post-conflict environmental assessment of Sudan by the United Nations Environment Programme, published in June 2007, with contributions from Sweden ...
[37]
Causes and Impacts of Land Degradation and Desertification
The desertification in the Sudan is the combination of both natural and human factors, which results in a decline of productivity or the degradation of natural ...
[38]
Ch21 - FAO Knowledge Repository
It has been proved that excessive rainfed cultivation is one of the major causes of desertification in the semi-arid zone. The reasons are varied and the ...<|separator|>
[39]
Al Ubayyid, Sudan Population (2025)
Al Ubayyid Urban Area Population Graph ; 1950, 44,000 ; 1951, 45,000 ; 1952, 47,000 ; 1953, 48,000.Missing: El Obeid
[40]
https://georank.org/population/sudan
[41]
Sudan: States, Major Cities, Towns & Agglomeration - City Population
Central Bureau of Statistics Sudan (web). Major Cities. Name, Adm. Population ... Al-Ubayyiḍ [El Obeid], الأبيض, SKF, 90,073, 137,582, 229,425, 345,126, 0. An ...<|separator|>
[42]
DTM Sudan - Situation Report (8) | Displacement Tracking Matrix
DTM Sudan estimates that, since 15 April 2023, approximately 1,670,991 individuals (334,517 households) have been displaced internally as a result of the ...
[43]
Sudan war: Army ends two-year siege of el-Obeid - BBC
Feb 24, 2025 · The Sudan army captures el-Obeid hours after rival RSF forces signed a charter for a breakaway government.
[44]
RSF attacks compound humanitarian crisis in Sudan's strategic city
Jul 29, 2025 · Any attack on el-Obeid would be catastrophic for the roughly 137,000 people seeking refuge in the city, a figure disclosed to Al Jazeera by ...
[45]
Reported Total Fertility TFR - Ranking - Open Data for Africa
Reported Total Fertility TFR (children per woman). 2008. Blue Nile, 6. South Kordofan, 5. North Kordofan, 5. El Gadarif · West Darfur · North Darfur · Sinnar.
[46]
World Population Dashboard -Sudan
The World Population Dashboard showcases global population data, including fertility rate, gender parity in school enrolment, information on sexual and ...Missing: Kordofan | Show results with:Kordofan
[47]
(PDF) Demographic Transition and Economic Implications in Sudan
Aug 7, 2025 · This paper revisits the debate on the possible impact of demographic transition on economic trend in Sudan and considers two alternative ...
[48]
[PDF] Assessment report for North Kordofan State
The region's capital town is El Obeid (Al-Ubayyid). This state of prosperity ended in 1821 when Mohamed Ali, Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt sent his son-in-law, ...
[49]
Habitat of Kordofan - SSLH Museum
They settled in this land and mixed with the native inhabitants of the Abbala, Bara, Nuba and other tribes. The city of El Obeid also witnessed another ...
[50]
2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sudan
Relatively small but long-established groups of Coptic Orthodox and Greek Orthodox Christians are in Khartoum, El Obeid in North Kordofan, River Nile State, ...
[51]
Diocese of El Obeid - Catholic-Hierarchy
Statistics. Year, Catholics, Total Population, Percent Catholic, Diocesan Priests, Religious Priests, Total Priests, Catholics Per Priest, Permanent ...Missing: demographics | Show results with:demographics
[52]
[PDF] Special report – 2023 FAO Crop and Food Supply Assessment ...
Mar 19, 2024 · In December 2023, prices of sorghum, compared to 12 months earlier, were about 85 and 100 percent higher in Omdurman. (Khartoum State) and in El ...Missing: peanuts | Show results with:peanuts
[53]
[PDF] SUDAN Staple Food Market Fundamentals - FEWS NET
El Obeid, in North Kordofan State, plays a central role in sorghum trade between the surplus and wholesale markets of eastern Sudan and deficit areas of central ...Missing: peanuts | Show results with:peanuts
[54]
[PDF] Pastoralist Livestock Production and Local Livelihoods in Sudan
Animal production in the predominantly pastoral arid and semi-arid regions represents the most important part of agricultural Gross. Domestic Product (GDP) in ...
[55]
RSF levies inflate crop prices in North Kordofan capital
Dec 5, 2023 · “Sorghum and millet production in North Kordofan was very poor this year as farmers were not able to cultivate the crops. The grains now ...
[56]
Upgrading the Sudanese sesame seed value chain | STDF
Focused on small-scale farmers from the states of North Kordofan and Al Qadarif, the project contributed to export diversification of the non-oil industry while ...Missing: gum arabic<|separator|>
[57]
[PDF] POLICY NOTE Export Marketing of Gum Arabic from Sudan
Sudan is the world's largest producer of gum arabic, which is one of the four important agricultural export commodities from Sudan, along with livestock, ...
[58]
How Livestock and Gum Arabic are Financing Sudan's War - ACCORD
Jul 1, 2025 · From livestock herded across frontlines to gum Arabic smuggled into multinational supply chains, the war is being financed not just by gold, oil and foreign ...Missing: sesame | Show results with:sesame
[59]
[PDF] Sudan's agricultural input supply in times of war - Clingendael Institute
Dec 3, 2024 · Despite these tremendous disruptions and difficulties, this research shows that Sudan's agricultural input supply continues to function, ...Missing: mechanization | Show results with:mechanization
[60]
[PDF] THE STATE OF SUDAN'S BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND ...
The report covers Sudan's biodiversity for food and agriculture, including crops, forests, livestock, fisheries, and species important to ecosystem function, ...Missing: connection | Show results with:connection
[61]
[PDF] Sudan's agricultural input supply in times of war - Clingendael Institute
Dec 3, 2024 · The main crops handled by these seed companies were sorghum, sesame, wheat and groundnuts. They all offered seeds alongside other inputs such as ...
[62]
Sudan's catastrophe: Farmers could offer quick postwar recovery, if ...
Aug 16, 2024 · The armed conflict has damaged infrastructure and disrupted agricultural services and industries. Production of major food security crops like ...
[63]
Sudan - International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Nov 7, 2019 · Refining and refined oil products ; Sudan · Port Sudan, 21.7, Not operating, Sudapet ; Sudan · El Obeid, 10, Operational, Sudapet.
[64]
[PDF] Sudan's Oil Sector During the 2023–24 War - Small Arms Survey
The Al-Jaili Refinery has the capacity to process. 100,000 barrels of crude oil per day. Sudan has a smaller refinery along the GNOP, the El Obeid Refinery.
[65]
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/Manufacturing
[66]
[PDF] The Mineral Industry of Sudan in 2019
Aug 21, 2023 · These companies were involved in exploration and production of mineral commodities that included bentonite, chromite, copper, feldspar, fluorite ...Missing: manufacturing | Show results with:manufacturing
[67]
Gum arabic from Africa's acacia trees in the Sahel is used in ...
Apr 29, 2024 · Gum arabic is a major agricultural product in Sudan after oily seeds. Nearly half of Sudan's production (49.3%) is from the Kordofan region. The ...Missing: minerals | Show results with:minerals
[68]
[PDF] Rapid assessment of the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 ...
The labour markets of these localities are characterized by their particularly high rate of informal employment. The COVID-19 pandemic hit the country at a ...
[69]
[PDF] Fiscal federalism in Sudan - International Growth Centre
Sudan, poor tax bases and weak tax administration and collection capacity of most subnational governments have meant they collect little in terms of own source.
[70]
North Kordofan State Revenue Collection and Development ...
May 30, 2024 · *(Revenue Development and Collection Authority, reality and future vision)*. Under this slogan, the agency's evaluation workshop took place, ...
[71]
[PDF] Sudan: North Kordofan Rural Development Project (NKRDP) - IFAD
The specific objectives were to: i) increase the capacity of village communities for planning, executing and managing development schemes through formal and on- ...Missing: collection | Show results with:collection
[72]
[PDF] THE EVERYDAY POLITICS OF SUDAN'S TAX SYSTEM - PeaceRep
Jan 11, 2023 · For instance, in North. Kordofan a sheikh described the impact of drought and famine on tax collection: 'I have known this [tax] system since ...
[73]
[PDF] Revenue mobilization at sub-national levels in Sudan
On this basis the study provides recommendations on how to improve sub-national revenue collection without jeopardizing economic activities and private sector ...
[74]
[PDF] Rebuilding the State and Fiscal Federalism in Sudan ERF
To meet their responsibilities, state governments could collect revenue from several sources. These include central government transfers administered through.
[75]
Assistance by the United Nations to the development of Sudanese ...
Jul 21, 2006 · Projects which were completed include upgrading the Rumbek airport, repairing the runway in Wau, constructing a tower in Wau and El Obeid for ...
[76]
2.2 Sudan Aviation | Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments
UNHAS in Sudan relies on a fleet of six aircrafts (2 contracted and 1 ad hoc fixed wing aircraft and 3 helicopters) based in Khartoum, El Obeid, El Fasher and ...
[77]
Sudan - Safe Airspace
Sudan's airspace is closed to all civilian flights due to ongoing conflict and risks from anti-aircraft weaponry, with a risk level of "Do Not Fly".Missing: El- Obeid<|separator|>
[78]
https://sudanrailways.gov.sd/History
[79]
Getting around - World Travel Guide
Sudan has an extensive rail network (5,500km/3,418 miles) but the service is in bad repair, extremely slow and uncomfortable. The only remaining service is the ...
[80]
3.2 Sudan Transporters | Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments
Transport companies and their trucks are registered in El Obeid, Khartoum, Port Sudan and Darfur. The availability of trucks and their actual location is also ...
[81]
Kordofan: Strikes and power cuts as water prices rise in Sudan
Aug 9, 2023 · People in El Obeid told Radio Dabanga that the power supply returned on Sunday afternoon and then went out again around midnight. They explained ...Missing: utilities | Show results with:utilities
[82]
Humanitarian woes escalate in North Kordofan capital
Jan 11, 2024 · This comes amidst the ongoing challenges of electricity and water shortages, which have now persisted for a week. A medical insider told Radio ...
[83]
2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sudan
The Pew Research Center estimates that 91 percent of the population is Muslim, 5.4 percent is Christian, 2.8 percent follow folk religions, and the remainder ...
[84]
El-Obeid Great Mosque Tickets [2025] - Promos, Prices, Reviews ...
Book El-Obeid Great Mosque tickets online with Trip.com. Check ticket prices, discover deals, read real visitor reviews, view updated opening hours, ...
[85]
Sheikh Ahmed Mosque - El Obeid, North Kurdufan, Sudan - Prayers ...
Sheikh Ahmed Mosque in El Obeid, North Kurdufan, is a Sunni mosque with a welcoming atmosphere for kids. The mosque offers separate prayer spaces for women ...
[86]
Religious Coexistence in El Obeid by Faiz Hassan - Andariya
Dec 16, 2020 · In El Obeid, there were Jews, Christians, and Muslims of various sects, and the oldest Sufi order established in Sudan – the Ismaili order ...
[87]
Sufism in Sudan - blnews
Jun 27, 2021 · There are about 40 Sufi orders in Sudan, the most famous of which are: Qadiriyah, Khatmiyya, Mahdist, Tijaniyah, and Sammaniyah.Missing: Obeid | Show results with:Obeid
[88]
Salafis in Sudan:Non-Interference or Confrontation
Jul 3, 2012 · The Salafi movement has grown in Sudan in recent years. Traditional Salafism had focused its activities on correcting the ways in which the Islamic faith was ...
[89]
Al-Mahdiyyah | Sudanese Islamic Revivalism Movement - Britannica
Al-Mahdiyyah, religious movement in the Sudan (1881–98), established by Muḥammad Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī with the aim to reform Islam.
[90]
Darfur: Vulnerability of the local Church in El Obeid growing amidst ...
Sep 11, 2025 · Church on the Frontline. Hostilities against minority groups in Sudan's Darfur and Kordofan states are ongoing and have been documented. The ...<|separator|>
[91]
Keeping Christ present in war-torn Sudan | ACN International
Jan 16, 2025 · Nonetheless, the Catholic Church operates six kindergartens, six primary schools and one secondary school in El-Obeid, and these are the only ...Missing: religion | Show results with:religion
[92]
Christians in El Obeid share survival rations with Muslims
Sep 11, 2025 · Christians in El Obeid share survival rations with Muslims. September 11, 2025. 539.
[93]
Total Caf Confederation Cup - Al Hilal El Obeid sneak past St Michel ...
Feb 20, 2017 · Sudanese club Al Hilal El Obeid sneaked past local side St Michel 1-0 at Stad Linite on Saturday afternoon to progress to the next round of the Total Caf ...<|separator|>
[94]
Things to do in North Kordofan - Trip.com
What to do · El-Obeid Great Mosque · Elobeid Stadium · STY Sheikh El-Borai · Shikan Museum · Cathedral of Our Lady Queen of Africa · Agathe Aventure · Stadium Kmacat.Missing: recreation | Show results with:recreation
[95]
Despite social debates, Sudanese Women Football continues ...
Dec 31, 2020 · The second league of Sudanese Women Football kicked off last Saturday in El Obeid, North Kordofan State despite facing a field of contention among Sudanese ...<|separator|>
[96]
Sudan Primary school enrollment - data, chart - The Global Economy
Sudan: Primary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children: The latest value from 2018 is 77.77 percent, an increase from 77.05 percent in 2017.Missing: El- Obeid
[97]
[PDF] Education in Sudan: Disparities in Enrollment, Attainment and Quality
Only 9% completed primary education, 6% completed secondary education, and a mere 1% completed higher education in rural areas. In comparison, urban areas had a ...Missing: Obeid | Show results with:Obeid
[98]
Sudan Secondary school enrollment - data, chart
Secondary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children ; Female literacy rate, ages 15-24, 73.49, 2018 ; Male literacy rate, ages 15-24, 72.51, 2018 ; Youth ...Missing: El- Obeid
[99]
University of Kordofan UOFKORD | 2025 Ranking and Review
Established in 1990, University of Kordofan is a non-profit public higher education institution located in the rural setting of the small city of El-Obeid.
[100]
University of Kordofan - RUFORUM
It was founded in 1990 and is recognized as one of the top universities in Sudan. It features several institutes, academic units and research centres, including ...Missing: degrees | Show results with:degrees
[101]
SUDAN: Don Bosco Technical School in El Obeid Has Trained ...
Mar 25, 2017 · Currently, the school has 220 students and issues recognized certificates in several three-year courses including general mechanics, auto- ...
[102]
El Obeid in the News – Don Bosco Sudan
The official beginning of the Technical courses started on the 5th of September 200 with 4 trades namely; auto-mechanic, welding, masonry and plumbing with 94 ...
[103]
The Hicks Expedition - War History
Dec 13, 2024 · Columns had been ambushed and wiped out, garrisons had been slaughtered. Then, in January 1883, Kordofan's capital, el-Obeid, had fallen. The ...
[104]
Mahdist Wars (a.k.a Soudan Campaign) - Heritage History
The British casualties amounted to 189 killed and wounded; the Mahdists lost about 2,000. This action is also known as the Battle of El Teb.
[105]
[PDF] The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1898-1934 - Library of Congress
The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1898-1934) saw the foundation of the Condominium, internal security issues, the Sudan and WWI, and the troubled period of 1919-1924.
[106]
https://sudantribune.com/article/296824/
[107]
The Sudan Conflict, 2 Years On | Human Rights Watch
Apr 14, 2025 · ... civilians have died. The Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and their allies have committed crimes against humanity and widespread war crimes ...Missing: deaths | Show results with:deaths
[108]
Sudan's RSF Kills 30 in West Kordofan Village, Says Monitor
Jul 26, 2025 · Human rights groups and United Nations officials have documented mass killings, ethnic cleansing and other atrocities, particularly in the ...
[109]
Sudan's army breaks RSF siege on strategic city of el-Obeid
Feb 24, 2025 · Fighting and exchanges of artillery fire are ongoing in the strategically important Sudanese city of el-Obeid, after Sudan's army broke an ...
[110]
Sudan's army breaks paramilitary siege of el-Obeid in latest advance
Feb 24, 2025 · Sudan's military says it has broken an almost two-year siege by the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) on the strategic city of el-Obeid.
[111]
Territorial control in Sudan – October 2025
Oct 12, 2025 · El Obeid itself remains semi-besieged. The RSF controls Jabra El Sheikh, which sits along the main highway linking Khartoum to North Kordofan.
[112]
Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civilians ...
Jun 17, 2025 · The war, which erupted in April 2023 between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), has killed tens of thousands ...
[113]
Sudan: Warring Parties Execute Detainees, Mutilate Bodies
Aug 29, 2024 · Serious violations of common article 3 are deemed war crimes for the purposes of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
[114]
Two years of war in Sudan: How the SAF is gaining the upper hand
Though the RSF still surrounds El Obeid from the west, the SAF partially lifted the siege on the city and connected it with the SAF-controlled southeastern ...
[115]
Control, choke points: The battle lines in southern Sudan - Al Jazeera
Oct 14, 2025 · The Sudanese army's gains may enable it to choke off the RSF's supply lines and eventually enter Darfur, analysts say.Missing: sports | Show results with:sports