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Ficus benjamina

Ficus benjamina, commonly known as the weeping fig or Benjamin fig, is a species of broadleaf evergreen tree in the mulberry family, Moraceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions from India and southern China through Malaysia to northern Australia and the [Solomon Islands](/page/Solomon Islands).^[1] It typically grows to 40-60 feet (12-18 meters) tall with a spread of 60-100 feet (18-30 meters), forming a dense, rounded canopy with gracefully drooping branches that give it its common name.^[1] The tree features alternate, simple leaves that are narrowly lanceolate to ovate, measuring 2-4 inches (5-10 cm) long, with a glossy dark green upper surface and paler underside.^[1] As a fast-growing species with fine texture, F. benjamina thrives in full sun to partial shade and is tolerant of a range of well-drained soils, including clay, sand, and loam, though it exhibits high drought tolerance once established.^[1] It produces small, inconspicuous flowers within syconia (fig-like structures) and round, fleshy fruits about 1/3 to 1/2 inch (8-12 mm) in diameter that ripen from green to yellow, orange, or dark red, potentially causing litter issues in cultivation.^[1] Hardy in USDA zones 10B-11, the tree is frost-sensitive and widely cultivated as an ornamental landscape plant in tropical climates, where it serves as a hedge, screen, or specimen tree, and as a popular indoor houseplant or bonsai in temperate regions due to its adaptability to containers. However, in some areas of South Florida, such as Palm Beach, its planting is restricted due to infestations of the rugose spiraling whitefly.^[2] Ecologically, it can develop aerial roots that may invade surrounding structures, and in some areas like south Florida, fertile fruits enable naturalization, while pests such as scales can affect it, though it shows resistance to certain insects like leaf thrips.^[1]

Taxonomy

Classification

Ficus benjamina is classified within the kingdom Plantae, phylum Tracheophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Rosales, family Moraceae, genus Ficus, subgenus Urostigma, and species F. benjamina. The classification of Ficus benjamina has evolved through historical taxonomic revisions focused on morphological traits, particularly the structure of syconia, which are the enclosed inflorescences characteristic of figs. Early classifications by 19th-century botanists, such as Miquel (1848–1867) and King (1887), recognized subgenus Urostigma for species exhibiting aerial roots and specific syconium features, with F. benjamina placed within it based on its pedunculate, ovoid syconia borne on short stalks. Later refinements by Corner (1952, 1960) and Berg (2003–2005) assigned it to section Conosycea of subgenus Urostigma, emphasizing traits like the smooth, glossy syconia and absence of basal bracts, distinguishing it from other sections like Urostigma s.s.^[3] Molecular phylogenetic studies using nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers have reinforced the placement of F. benjamina in subgenus Urostigma and section Conosycea, confirming the monophyly of the subgenus while revealing hybridization events across Ficus lineages. Within this section, F. benjamina forms a close clade with F. microcarpa, sharing recent common ancestry and close genetic relatedness supported by RAPD markers. In contrast, F. religiosa, placed in section Urostigma, represents a more distant relative within the same subgenus, with phylogenetic trees indicating section Conosycea as sister to sections like Malvanthera based on combined ITS and trnL-F sequence data.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Etymology and synonyms

The genus name Ficus derives from the Latin word for fig, originally referring to the edible common fig (Ficus carica).^[7] The specific epithet benjamina likely originates from an association with benzoin resin, a substance once thought to be produced by the tree or related species from the East, as noted in early botanical descriptions. Alternatively, it may represent a corruption of bengalensis, stemming from initial taxonomic confusion with Ficus benghalensis (the banyan fig), or derive from the Sanskrit or Indian vernacular term bani for banyan-like trees, though F. benjamina is not a true banyan.^[8] Several names have been synonymized with Ficus benjamina over time due to recognition of natural variation in traits like leaf glossiness and shape, rather than distinct species. Notable synonyms include Ficus nitida Thunb., which was separated based on shinier leaves but later merged as variations overlap within the species; Ficus comosa Roxb. (or F. benjamina var. comosa), distinguished by denser foliage but now treated as a cultivar or minor variant; and Ficus benjamina var. nuda (Miq.) M.F. Barrett, based on reduced pubescence but synonymized for lacking consistent differences.^[9]^[10] Common names for Ficus benjamina reflect its drooping branches and ornamental use, including weeping fig, Benjamin fig, and simply ficus tree in English.^[11]^[1] In Spanish-speaking regions, it is known as laurel de la India (Indian laurel) or matapalo (strangler fig), highlighting its growth habit.^[12]

Description

Physical characteristics

Ficus benjamina is an evergreen tree that typically reaches heights of 12 to 18 meters (40 to 60 feet) in its natural habitat, with a bole diameter of 30 to 60 centimeters. It develops a dense, wide-spreading crown supported by gracefully drooping branchlets, forming an umbrella-like canopy. The tree often begins life as a hemi-epiphyte, germinating in the canopy of host trees before sending down aerial roots to the ground.^[13]^[1] The leaves are alternate, glossy, and leathery, with a dark green upper surface and paler underside. They are elliptic to ovate in shape, measuring 4 to 11 centimeters long and 2 to 4 centimeters wide, and feature pointed tips often equipped with drip tips for shedding water in humid environments. Young twigs are slender and arching, while the stems contain milky sap characteristic of the Moraceae family.^[7]^[1] The root system includes extensive aerial roots that descend from branches, thicken upon reaching the soil, and can form prominent buttresses or additional trunks, contributing to the tree's stability and strangling habit on host trees. The bark is smooth to slightly fissured, pale brownish to grayish in color.^[13]^[1]^[11] Syconia, the fig fruits, are typically borne in pairs in the leaf axils, sessile or nearly so, and are nearly globose to pear-shaped, approximately 1 centimeter in diameter. They mature from green through yellow or orange stages to dark red, remaining small and fleshy but not particularly showy.^[1]^[14]

Reproduction

Ficus benjamina exhibits a specialized sexual reproduction system characteristic of the Ficus genus, relying on an obligate mutualism with fig wasps of the family Agaonidae for pollination. The specific pollinator is Eupristina koningsbergeri, a host-specific wasp that enters the syconium (the enclosed inflorescence structure resembling a fig) through a small ostiole during its receptive female phase. Female wasps, carrying pollen from previously visited syconia, pollinate the long-styled female flowers while ovipositing in short-styled gall flowers, where their larvae develop; this process ensures both seed production and wasp reproduction.^[15]^[16] Syconia develop singly or in pairs on short stalks along branches, initially appearing as small, green structures about 1 cm in diameter. In monoecious F. benjamina, each syconium contains both male and female flowers, with the female phase preceding the male phase in development; the receptive female stage lasts several days, followed by an interfloral phase where galls and seeds form, and culminating in the male phase when winged female wasps emerge after about 30 days from initial expansion to ripeness. Upon maturation, the syconium turns from green to reddish or yellowish, which are dispersed primarily by animals, or secondarily by gravity.^[17]^[16]^[18] Each mature syconium produces numerous tiny seeds, often numbering in the hundreds, which are viable and capable of germinating on the bark or branches of host trees, initiating growth as hemi-epiphytic seedlings that send down aerial roots to establish independent terrestrial plants. This strangler habit allows F. benjamina to colonize new sites without soil contact initially.^[16]^[19] In addition to sexual reproduction, F. benjamina can propagate asexually in natural settings through vegetative means, such as branch layering where low-lying branches root upon contact with soil, or via adventitious aerial roots that elongate and anchor to form new individuals. This vegetative spread contributes to its establishment in suitable habitats alongside seed dispersal.^[19]

Distribution and habitat

Native range

Ficus benjamina is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, extending eastward to northern Australia and the southwestern Pacific islands. Its primary distribution includes India, southern China, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and northern Australia, with occurrences on islands such as Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.^[9]^[20] Within its native range, F. benjamina inhabits wet tropical biomes, particularly lowland rainforests where it functions as an understory tree or emerges into the canopy. It thrives at elevations from sea level up to 1,550 meters, often in humid environments that support its growth as a hemi-epiphytic strangler fig.^[9]^[21] The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1767, based on Asian specimens, and belongs to the Ficus subsection Conosycea, which displays endemism patterns across tropical Asia and Oceania, with numerous species restricted to specific archipelagos or mainland regions.^[22]^[23]

Introduced ranges and invasiveness

Ficus benjamina has been widely introduced and planted as an ornamental tree in subtropical and tropical regions around the world, including Florida and Hawaii in the United States, the Mediterranean basin, parts of South America such as Cuba, and various areas in Africa.^[19] Its popularity stems from its dense, weeping canopy and adaptability to urban landscapes, leading to escapes from cultivation in suitable climates where it can naturalize.^[14] In many introduced areas, the species relies on human propagation rather than sexual reproduction due to the absence of its specific pollinator wasp, Eupristina koningsbergeri, limiting widespread establishment.^[14]^[24] Despite these constraints, F. benjamina exhibits invasive potential in select regions. It is recognized as invasive in Cuba, where it naturalizes and spreads into natural habitats, and in Western Australia, particularly invading limestone cliffs along the lower Swan River near Perth through seedling establishment and vegetative growth.^[19]^[14] In Florida, the species is listed on prohibited invasive plant lists in counties such as Lee and Key West due to its aggressive roots that compete with native vegetation, cause structural damage, and, combined with its dense canopy, displace understory plants via shading and resource competition.^[25]^[26]^[1] In Hawaii, while not yet naturalized, it poses a high invasion risk if the pollinator is introduced, as its small fruits facilitate rapid seed dispersal by birds, potentially allowing it to smother native trees like Metrosideros polymorpha through epiphytic strangling and canopy dominance.^[14]^[13] Management of F. benjamina focuses on prevention and early intervention to curb its spread. In Australia, biosecurity protocols target the exclusion of its pollinator wasp to avoid enabling sexual reproduction and invasion, with the species monitored in high-risk areas like Western Australia.^[14] Eradication efforts involve manual removal of seedlings, cutting of mature trees, and application of herbicides such as triclopyr for regrowth control, particularly in natural areas.^[14] The plant's global dispersal has been primarily driven by the international ornamental trade since the late 19th century, when it was first popularized in Europe and North America for indoor and landscape use.^[19]

Ecology

Pollination and seed dispersal

Ficus benjamina exhibits an obligate mutualism with the fig wasp Eupristina koningsbergeri for pollination, where the wasp serves as the sole pollinator and the fig provides a site for the wasp's reproduction.^[24] Female wasps, carrying pollen from their natal fig, enter the syconium (a specialized inflorescence resembling a fig) through a narrow ostiole, which is adapted to their body size.^[24] Inside, they actively pollinate the female flowers by depositing pollen and selectively lay eggs into some flowers, inducing galls that nourish the developing larvae.^[24] Wingless male wasps emerge first within the syconium, mate with the newly emerged females, and then chew an exit tunnel to allow the females to escape, thereby facilitating pollen transfer to another fig.^[24] This highly specific interaction ensures reproductive success for both species, with the fig's internal structure preventing self-pollination and promoting outcrossing.^[24] Seed dispersal in Ficus benjamina occurs primarily through endozoochory by frugivorous vertebrates that consume the ripe, nutrient-rich figs and excrete viable seeds.^[27] Birds such as pigeons (Columba spp.) and bulbuls (Pycnonotus spp.) are key dispersers, swallowing figs whole or partially and defecating seeds intact over distances that can extend several kilometers, particularly via the long-distance flights of pigeons.^[28]^[29] Mammals, including fruit bats (Pteropodidae), also contribute by ingesting figs and dispersing seeds through feces, often in nocturnal foraging patterns.^[27] In flood-prone riparian habitats, water serves as an additional dispersal agent, transporting seeds along waterways to new establishment sites.^[27] As a hemi-epiphyte, Ficus benjamina relies on these dispersal mechanisms to place seeds in the canopies of host trees, where germination occurs in accumulated organic matter or bark crevices.^[30] Seedlings initially grow epiphytically, sending down aerial roots to reach the soil, eventually establishing independent root systems and often enveloping the host.^[30] This strategy enhances colonization of diverse substrates while minimizing competition in the shaded understory.^[30]

Ecological interactions

_Ficus benjamina functions as a keystone species in tropical ecosystems, where its year-round production of figs provides a reliable food source that sustains diverse wildlife communities, including birds and fruit bats, thereby maintaining biodiversity during periods of fruit scarcity for other plant species.^[31] This role is particularly vital in forest understories and riparian zones, where the tree's persistent fruiting supports seed-dispersing animals and prevents trophic cascades.^[32] The tree supports a diverse array of arthropods in its native range, serving as a critical habitat and food resource for herbivores, pollinators, and predators within complex food webs. Specifically, F. benjamina hosts a variety of herbivorous insects, such as caterpillars of the moth Trilocha varians (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), which defoliate leaves, and is further integrated into multitrophic interactions with parasitoid wasps that target these herbivores and non-pollinating fig wasps.^[33]^[34] These interactions enhance ecosystem stability by regulating pest populations and promoting parasitoid diversity. In introduced regions, such as Florida, F. benjamina can disrupt local ecosystems by forming dense monocultures that outcompete native plants, particularly in urban landscapes and semi-natural habitats like coastal hammocks, thereby reducing overall biodiversity.^[2] For instance, the species is listed as potentially invasive in conservation areas such as Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park, where its proliferation as a non-native tree alters community structure and limits habitat availability for endemic flora and fauna.^[35]

Cultivation

Propagation methods

Ficus benjamina is commonly propagated vegetatively to maintain desirable traits, with stem cuttings and air layering being the primary methods employed by horticulturists. Stem cuttings are taken from semi-hardwood growth, typically 10-15 cm (4-6 inches) long, including at least two nodes; the lower leaves are removed, and the cut end is dipped in rooting hormone before inserting into a moist, well-draining potting medium such as perlite or sand.^[36] The cuttings are then placed under high humidity conditions, often covered with a clear plastic bag or in a propagation dome, in a warm (21-24°C), indirectly lit location to promote rooting, which usually occurs within 3-4 weeks. Using rooting hormones like indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) enhances success rates to 70-90% by stimulating adventitious root formation.^[37] Air layering is particularly effective for propagating larger specimens or branches, involving a notching or girdling cut around the stem to remove a ring of bark about 1-2 cm wide, followed by application of rooting hormone to the exposed cambium.^[36] Moist sphagnum moss is then packed around the wound, secured with plastic wrap or aluminum foil to retain moisture and darkness, encouraging root development while the branch remains attached to the parent plant for nourishment. Roots typically form in 4-8 weeks, after which the layered section is severed and potted; this method achieves high reliability, often over 80%, especially with hormone treatment.^[37] Tissue culture is also widely used commercially to produce large quantities of uniform plants. This method involves culturing explants on nutrient media with growth regulators to induce shoot and root formation, achieving high multiplication rates under sterile conditions.^[38] Seed propagation is less common due to the plant's reliance on specific fig wasps for pollination and viable seed production in its syconia, making commercial seeds rare and often requiring artificial scarification to break dormancy.^[30] Scarified seeds are sown in a sterile, moist medium under warm, humid conditions with indirect light. Germination typically occurs in 2-6 weeks, with rates varying from 50% to over 90% depending on seed freshness and treatment method.^[39]

Growing conditions

Ficus benjamina thrives in bright indirect light indoors, equivalent to 250 to 400 foot-candles (approximately 2,700 to 4,300 lux), though it can tolerate lower levels down to 40 foot-candles (about 430 lux) with reduced growth.^[40] Outdoors in tropical regions, it performs well in full sun to partial shade.^[41] The plant requires well-draining soil, such as a soil-based potting mix with loam or sand texture, to prevent root rot.^[41] Optimal soil pH is slightly acidic to neutral, ranging from 5.5 to 7.0.^[38] Watering should maintain evenly moist soil during active growth periods, allowing the top layer to dry slightly between applications, while avoiding waterlogged conditions; in winter, reduce frequency to let the soil dry more thoroughly.^[42] Relative humidity of 40% to 60% supports healthy foliage, though it can adapt to lower levels with occasional misting.^[43] Temperature preferences include daytime ranges of 24°C to 29°C (75°F to 85°F) and nighttime minima of 18°C to 21°C (65°F to 70°F), with overall tolerance from 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F).^[42] It is frost-sensitive and should not be exposed to temperatures below 10°C (50°F).^[41] Fertilization involves applying a balanced NPK formula at light rates every two to three months during the growing season (spring and summer), or after new shoot emergence, to avoid salt buildup.^[44] Withhold fertilizer in winter when growth slows.^[45] Pruning helps maintain shape and encourages bushiness; perform light trimming in late autumn or winter on established plants.^[41]

Cultivars and varieties

Several cultivars of Ficus benjamina have been developed for enhanced ornamental appeal, particularly through variations in leaf color, size, and growth form. These selections emphasize variegation and compact habits suitable for indoor cultivation or bonsai.^[42]^[41] The cultivar 'Variegata' features leaves with creamy white margins on a green background, creating a striking contrast. This variegation results in slower growth compared to the species and increased sensitivity to low light conditions, where leaves may revert to solid green.^[42] 'Starlight' is a heavily variegated form with leaves predominantly white and green in a mosaic pattern, contributing to its compact, bushy growth habit.^[41] The dwarf cultivar 'Too Little' grows to only 1-2 meters tall, with small, curly or recurved glossy leaves on slender branches, making it particularly suitable for bonsai training. Its miniature size and twiggy structure allow for detailed shaping in confined spaces.^[42] 'Golden King' displays yellow to cream variegation along the leaf margins, accentuating the glossy dark green center of its leathery leaves. This cultivar maintains a similar growth rate to the species but offers brighter foliage for decorative use.^[42]^[41]

Uses

Ornamental purposes

_Ficus benjamina was first introduced to Europe in the mid-18th century, with cultivation in England recorded by Philip Miller in 1757.^[19] It became particularly popular during the Victorian era as an exotic ornamental in greenhouses, prized for its elegant form amid the era's fascination with tropical plants.^[46] By the 20th century, its adaptability led to widespread use as a global houseplant, now commonly found in homes, offices, and public spaces worldwide for its lush, evergreen foliage.^[47] In landscaping, Ficus benjamina serves multiple ornamental roles due to its tolerance for pruning and versatile growth habits. It is frequently shaped into hedges or screens, providing dense, evergreen barriers in tropical and subtropical gardens.^[1] The species also excels in topiary forms, where its flexible branches can be sculpted into geometric or artistic designs, and it is a favored subject for bonsai cultivation, allowing miniaturization of its weeping canopy.^[48] In urban settings, particularly in the tropics, it features prominently in parks as stately, wide-spreading trees that offer shade and aesthetic appeal with their umbrella-like crowns. Indoors, large specimens are iconic in malls and atria, where they create dramatic focal points with their cascading branches.^[49] The aesthetic appeal of Ficus benjamina lies in its distinctive weeping form, characterized by gracefully drooping branches and glossy, elliptical leaves that create a soft, screening effect in both interior and exterior designs.^[50] This pendulous habit enhances its use as a natural divider or backdrop, adding movement and elegance to landscapes. Additionally, studies have highlighted its air-purifying potential, with NASA research demonstrating its ability to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde, benzene, and trichloroethylene from indoor air.^[51] Various cultivars, including variegated forms, further diversify its ornamental applications by introducing leaf color variations.^[1]

Other uses

In traditional Asian medicine, the latex of Ficus benjamina is applied topically by indigenous communities to treat skin disorders, including warts and inflammation, though scientific validation for these applications remains limited to ethnobotanical reports and preliminary in vitro studies.^[20] Overall, while these medicinal uses are documented in traditional practices, clinical evidence is scarce, and further pharmacological investigations are needed to confirm efficacy and safety. The wood of F. benjamina is lightweight and workable, finding limited local use in crafting small furniture items and utensils in regions where the tree grows abundantly, owing to its moderate durability and ease of carving. Culturally, F. benjamina holds symbolic importance in certain Pacific and Southeast Asian societies, where it is revered as a sacred tree representing prosperity, protection, and the interconnectedness of life; for instance, among the Batak people of Sumatra, it embodies the mythical world tree central to their cosmology. Beyond aesthetic appeal, the species is employed in bonsai training traditions, particularly in tropical contexts, fostering practices that emphasize philosophical principles of balance and resilience in East and Southeast Asian cultures.

Care and maintenance

Indoor care

Ficus benjamina thrives indoors when placed in a location with bright, indirect light, such as near an east- or north-facing window, or a south- or west-facing window filtered through sheer curtains to prevent leaf scorch.^[52]^[53] It tolerates some morning direct sun if ambient humidity is high, but prolonged exposure to intense afternoon rays can cause leaf burn.^[42] To promote even growth and prevent legginess on one side, rotate the plant every few weeks.^[54] Avoid positioning near drafts, air conditioning vents, or heating radiators, as fluctuations in temperature below 16°C (60°F) or sudden cold exposure can stress the plant.^[54]^[55] Watering should follow a schedule where the top 5 cm (2 inches) of soil is allowed to dry out between applications, typically every 7-14 days depending on environmental conditions, to mimic its tropical origins while preventing waterlogging.^[56]^[57] Thoroughly soak the soil until water drains from the pot's bottom, then discard any excess to avoid root rot, a common issue from overwatering in poorly draining pots.^[52] Reduce frequency in fall and winter when growth slows, checking soil moisture with a finger or moisture meter rather than adhering to a rigid calendar.^[58] Maintaining humidity levels of 40-60% is essential for healthy foliage, as dry indoor air—especially in homes or offices during heating seasons—can lead to shriveled or dropping leaves.^[59]^[56] Boost humidity by placing the pot on a tray of pebbles covered with water (ensuring the pot base doesn't sit in liquid), grouping with other plants, or misting leaves several times weekly with room-temperature water.^[55]^[60] A frequent challenge with indoor Ficus benjamina is leaf drop, often triggered by relocation stress, sudden environmental changes like moving to a dimmer spot, or inconsistent care, with recovery taking 4-6 weeks as the plant acclimates.^[61]^[62] To address this, stabilize conditions promptly and prune affected branches to encourage new growth. Repot every 2-3 years in spring using fresh, well-draining potting mix, selecting a container only slightly larger than the root ball to avoid excess moisture retention; gently trim circling roots by up to 20% during the process.^[53]^[58] This routine helps maintain vigor in typical home or office settings where the plant serves as a popular, low-maintenance ornamental.^[54]

Outdoor care

Ficus benjamina can be grown outdoors in USDA hardiness zones 10b to 11, where minimum temperatures are typically above 30°F (-1°C).^[1] In these warm, subtropical to tropical climates, select a site with well-draining soil enriched with organic matter to support root development and prevent waterlogging.^[63] Position the tree in partial to full sun, ideally receiving 4-6 hours of direct sunlight daily, while sheltering it from strong winds that can damage delicate branches and leaves.^[64] Applying a 2-3 inch layer of organic mulch around the base helps retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate temperature without piling it against the trunk to avoid rot.^[65] Pruning is essential for maintaining shape and encouraging dense growth in outdoor settings. Perform light annual pruning in late autumn or winter, after the main growth period, to remove dead or crossing branches and shape the canopy.^[41] Regularly remove suckers—vigorous shoots emerging from the base or roots—to direct energy toward the main trunk and prevent a multi-stemmed form.^[66] Use clean, sharp tools to make cuts just above a node, minimizing sap flow and disease risk. For optimal health, amend planting soil with compost or well-rotted manure to improve drainage and nutrient content, aiming for a slightly acidic to neutral pH of 6.0-7.0.^[64] Fertilize seasonally during the active growing period from spring to early autumn with a balanced, slow-release formula (e.g., 10-10-10 NPK) applied every 4-6 weeks to support vigorous growth without overstimulating roots.^[63] In marginal climates with occasional light frosts, provide winter protection by covering the tree with frost cloth or burlap during cold snaps to insulate against temperatures below 30°F (-1°C).^[67] For potted specimens or severe winters, bring the plant indoors to a bright, warm location until spring.^[68]

Pests and diseases

Ficus benjamina is susceptible to several insect pests, including scale insects and mealybugs, which can infest leaves, stems, and roots, leading to yellowing, distortion, and premature leaf drop.^[41]^[42] Scale insects, such as various armored and soft scales, attach themselves to the plant and feed on sap, often covered by a waxy coating that protects them from predators and treatments.^[69] Mealybugs appear as white, cottony masses and excrete honeydew, promoting sooty mold growth on foliage.^[70] Effective control for these pests includes applications of neem oil or insecticidal soap, which suffocate the insects upon direct contact; repeated treatments every 7-10 days may be necessary for heavy infestations.^[70]^[71] Among diseases, root rot caused by the oomycete Phytophthora spp. is a major threat, particularly in overwatered conditions where excess moisture leads to root decay, wilting, and foliage yellowing.^[72] This pathogen thrives in poorly drained soils, causing dark, mushy roots and potentially plant death if untreated.^[73] Anthracnose, caused by fungi such as Colletotrichum spp., manifests as necrotic leaf spots that start as small, greasy areas and expand into brown lesions with yellow halos under humid environments.^[69]^[72] Prevention of fungal diseases like anthracnose involves promoting good airflow around the plant to reduce humidity and leaf wetness, along with avoiding overhead watering.^[72] Integrated pest management for F. benjamina emphasizes cultural practices such as quarantining newly acquired plants for at least two weeks to inspect for and isolate any infestations before introducing them to existing collections.^[73] Biological controls, including the introduction of ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae), can help suppress populations of soft-bodied pests like mealybugs and scales by predation.^[74] Combining these with vigilant monitoring and targeted chemical applications minimizes reliance on broad-spectrum pesticides while maintaining plant health.^[75]

Potential hazards

Structural damage from roots

The roots of Ficus benjamina exhibit aggressive growth patterns, characterized by shallow, lateral spreading that can extend up to 100 meters from the trunk as they seek out water sources, often infiltrating cracks in pavements and underground utilities.^[76] This superficial root system, which is thick and highly tensile, enables the tree to exert significant pressure on surrounding surfaces, leading to structural disruptions in urban environments.^[77] In densely planted urban areas, these roots frequently uplift sidewalks, crack foundations, and invade sewer lines, causing costly repairs and infrastructure failures. For instance, in Florida cities such as Miami, where F. benjamina is commonly used in landscaping, root incursions have damaged drainage systems and paved surfaces, contributing to economic losses from maintenance and replacement.^[78]^[79] Preventive measures include planting F. benjamina at least 10 meters away from buildings, driveways, or utilities to accommodate root expansion, installing physical root barriers during planting to redirect growth, and proactively removing mature trees positioned too close to foundations where damage has already begun.^[80]^[81]

Allergic reactions

_Ficus benjamina produces a milky latex sap containing allergens that primarily cause allergic reactions through direct skin contact or inhalation of airborne particles, particularly during pruning or leaf disturbance. The sap can lead to allergic contact dermatitis or contact urticaria upon exposure, with allergens binding to dust particles on leaf surfaces and becoming airborne, potentially affecting the respiratory system.^[82]^[83] Common symptoms in sensitized individuals include skin rashes, itching, and hives from contact with the sap, as well as eye irritation such as conjunctivitis and eyelid edema. Respiratory effects may manifest as rhinitis, coughing, wheezing, or asthma exacerbation, especially from inhaled particles. These reactions are more pronounced in atopic individuals and those frequently handling the plant.^[84]^[85]^[82] Sensitization to F. benjamina allergens occurs in approximately 2.5-6% of atopic patients tested for indoor allergens, with higher rates among those exposed through houseplants or occupational handling, such as plant keepers. For instance, in a study of 347 patients with respiratory allergies, 6.3% showed positive skin prick tests to F. benjamina extracts, and 29% reported exposure to the plant or related species.^[86]^[85]^[87] To minimize risks, gloves should be worn during pruning or handling to avoid sap contact, and the plant is best avoided in homes with allergy-prone residents. Cross-reactivity exists with natural rubber latex from Hevea brasiliensis, as well as fig fruit (Ficus carica), increasing susceptibility in those with latex allergies; individuals allergic to rubber should exercise particular caution.^[82]^[88]^[85]

Environmental vulnerabilities

Ficus benjamina exhibits a shallow, wide-spreading root system that renders it particularly susceptible to toppling during high winds, as the roots fail to anchor the tree deeply into the soil.^[89] This structural weakness was evident in the damage inflicted by Hurricane Andrew in 1992, when strong winds uprooted numerous F. benjamina trees across southern Florida, including a prominent specimen outside a Plantation library that collapsed despite its size.^[90] Studies post-Andrew classified F. benjamina as having one of the lowest wind resistance ratings among tropical urban trees, with a survival rate of 70% in affected areas.^[91] Similar vulnerabilities were observed in more recent storms, such as Hurricane Irma in 2017, where F. benjamina trees comprised approximately 70% of emergency tree removal calls in some South Florida areas due to uprooting.^[92] Damage also occurred during Hurricane Ian in 2022, with many trees toppled in coastal regions.^[93] The species also displays sensitivity in its foliage to environmental stressors, with moderate tolerance to aerosol salt spray that limits its suitability for exposed coastal sites, where prolonged exposure can lead to leaf scorch and reduced vigor.^[1] High winds from storms often cause significant defoliation, as the dense canopy catches gusts, stripping leaves and weakening the tree further.^[48] Similarly, under drought conditions, F. benjamina may experience leaf drop as a stress response, though it generally exhibits moderate drought tolerance overall.^[94] Despite these vulnerabilities, F. benjamina demonstrates resilience by regrowing from the base or remaining trunk if the main stem survives storm damage, often sprouting new shoots within months.^[89] In urban settings, however, risks are amplified by poor soil quality, such as compaction or shallow profiles common in developed areas, which restrict root development and exacerbate instability during extreme weather.^[95]

References

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ENH410/ST251: Ficus benjamina: Weeping Fig - University of Florida
This is a huge tree growing to 60 feet tall and 60 to 100 feet wide. The dense, rounded canopy and gracefully drooping branches of weeping fig made it quite ...
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Genomic evidence of prevalent hybridization throughout the ... - Nature
Feb 2, 2021 · Further, none of the six currently recognized subgenera of Ficus (subgenera Urostigma, Pharmacosycea, Ficus, Sycidium, Synoecia, and Sycomorus) ...
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(PDF) Phylogenetic Diversity of Ficus Species Using HAT-RAPD ...
Aug 6, 2025 · microcarpa Hawai and F. benjamina showed the closest relationship with similarity index of 0.66. This result is in accordance with ...
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Phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology of Ficus section Malvanthera ...
The monoecious subgenus Urostigma, to which section Malvanthera belongs, is the largest with about 280 species worldwide, most of them displaying the ...
[6]
Ficus - FNA - Flora of North America
Nov 5, 2020 · Ficus is one of the largest genera of flowering plants. Members of the genus are usually treated as a separate tribe within Moraceae.
[7]
Ficus benjamina: Introduction - the figs of borneo
Oct 26, 2019 · Note the drooping or “weeping” branches. WARINGIN Ficus benjamina L. (1767) SECTION CONOSYCEA. [Weeping Fig] Etymology: Sanskrit: The scientific ...
[8]
Ficus benjamina L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science
Classification. Kingdom Plantae; Phylum Streptophyta; Class Equisetopsida; Subclass Magnoliidae; Order. Rosales. View Order Tree opens in a new tab. Family.
[9]
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852486-1
[10]
Ficus benjamina - Plant Finder - Missouri Botanical Garden
Ficus benjamina, commonly called weeping fig, is native from India to northern Australia. It is a broadleaf evergreen tree that grows to 50' tall.
[11]
[PDF] Ficus Plants for Hawai'i Landscapes - CTAHR
Ficus microcarpa (Chinese banyan, Fig. 2) has foliage similar to Ficus benjamina (weeping fig, Fig. 4), but Chinese banyan produces many more aerial roots.
[12]
Ficus benjamina - Useful Tropical Plants
### Physical Description of Ficus benjamina
[13]
[PDF] Ficus benjamina
Synonyms: Ficus nitida Thunb., Ficus waringiana auct. (Bailey and Bailey 1976, GRIN. 2002). Common names: Benjamin tree, Waringin, Weeping fig, Java fig, ...
[14]
Conserved community structure and simultaneous divergence ...
Apr 3, 2018 · Ficus benjamina is pollinated by Eupristina koningsbergeri, which, along with the externally ovipositing Walkerella spp. (Pteromalidae, ...
[15]
Ficus benjamina - Useful Tropical Plants
### Summary of Ficus benjamina Reproduction, Pollination, Seeds, and Vegetative Propagation
[16]
The phenology of Ficus benjamina and Ficus microcarpa in Singapore
... Ficus benjamina ... Ornamental Ficus microcarpa is a widely planted avenue fig tree that is invasive in countries where its pollinator (Eupristina verticillata) ...
[17]
Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) | CABI Compendium
History of Introduction and Spread. F. benjamina is native to the Asia-Oceania region but has been introduced around the world as a cultivated ornamental and ...
[18]
Chemical composition and Biological studies of Ficus benjamina
Feb 13, 2014 · The leaves, bark and fruits of F. benjamina contain various bioactive constituents like cinnamic acid, lactose, naringenin, quercetin, caffeic acid and ...
[19]
Ficus benjamina L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science
The native range of this species is Tropical & Subtropical Asia and N. Australia. It is a tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome.
[20]
Ficus benjamina | International Plant Names Index - IPNI
Ficus benjamina L. ; IPNI Life Sciences Identifier (LSID): urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852486-1 ; Publication: Mantissa Plantarum. Generum Editionis vi et Specierum ...
[21]
A New Classification of Ficus Subsection Urostigma (Moraceae ...
Ficus subsection Urostigma as currently circumscribed contains 27 species, distributed in Africa, Asia, Australia and the Pacific, and is of key importance ...
[22]
Invasive Exotic Plant Species List - Lee County Southwest Florida
picture of invasive exotic plant species. weeping fig, Ficus benjamina ...
[23]
Educational Resources | Key West, FL
... Invasive Plant List (Brazilian Pepper, Lead Tree, Seaside Mahoe, Ficus Benjamina) (b) Prohibited Acts. A tree shall be considered abused if a person takes ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[24]
Conserved community structure and simultaneous divergence ...
Apr 3, 2018 · Here, we focus on the wasp community of the tropical fig species, Ficus benjamina (Conosycea, Moraceae), which is widespread and common from ...
[25]
[PDF] Frugivory, seed dispersal and gene flow of riparian figs in western ...
Examples are provided by Ficus microcarpa and F. benjamina, which interact with at least 240 and 158 frugivore species respectively (CHAPTER 7). By.
[26]
Fig Ecology: Are pigeons seed dispersers or seed predators
Sep 29, 2018 · Ducula Imperial pigeons are very important seed dispersers. They swallow large figs whole and defecate the seeds thereby farming and enhancing ...
[27]
Estimated dispersal curves produced by Puff-throated Bulbul...
The median dispersal distance produced during the breeding season was 31 m (quartile range 16-49 m) and ranged from 0 to 454 m, while during the non-breeding ...
[28]
Limited directed seed dispersal in the canopy as one of the ...
Jun 13, 2019 · Thus, their seeds must be dispersed in the canopies of host trees and only arboreal and volant animals can be their potential seed dispersers.
[29]
Riparian Ficus Tree Communities: The Distribution and Abundance ...
Oct 13, 2014 · Fig trees are commonly found in moderate to moist areas near rivers or streams [63], [64] and riparian zones in northern Thailand were found to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[30]
Strangler fig–host tree associations: Insights into the ecology and ...
Sep 20, 2024 · Strangler figs typically germinate on host trees and send their aerial roots into the soil. Some strangler figs can eventually kill and displace ...
[31]
[PDF] Diversity and importance of the genus Ficus L. from an urban forest
environmentalists consider Ficus species as “keystone species,” which holds the different components of an ecosystem together8. Individual Ficus species ...
[32]
(PDF) EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF THE LEAF EATING ...
Oct 2, 2024 · A leaf eating caterpillar, Trilocha varians (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is a serious pest of Ficus spp. especially Ficus benjamina. This is a new ...Missing: herbivores | Show results with:herbivores
[33]
The impact of a gall midge on the reproductive success of Ficus ...
benjamina is one of twelve Ficus species belonging to Section Conosycea that grow naturally in the XTBG area. The undescribed gall midge associated with F ...
[34]
Overplanting of non-native Ficus led to problems in Palm Beach
Jan 14, 2023 · Ficus (Ficus benjamina) has been banned due to the whitefly infestation and landscapers are now recommending clusia as a replacement. This is ...Missing: list | Show results with:list
[35]
How to Propagate by Air Layering and Simple Layering
Air layering is a procedure used to induce roots to form on a plant stem while it is still attached to the parent plant.Missing: asexual | Show results with:asexual
[36]
[PDF] Rooting Performance in Ficus benjamina through Air Layering ...
The percentage of successful rooting (95%), root length (17.98 cm) and thickness (1.15 mm) was significantly higher when the plants were air-layered with.
[37]
Catalyzing Germination: Exploring Scarification and Hot Water ...
Aug 10, 2025 · In the present study, we consider the adaptive role of impermeable coats in the seeds of Ficus Benjamina L., Thespesia populnea L., Phyllanthus ...
[38]
Germinating ficus benjamina | UBC Botanical Garden Forums
Mar 13, 2006 · Also ficus benjamina seeds can be bought in ... Germination rate "Number of seeds that germinate is approximate 55% if sown within 45 days ...Missing: scarification | Show results with:scarification
[39]
Weeping Fig (Ficus) - Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service
This fig is native of southeastern Asia and the Malayan peninsula and is a member of the mulberry family. It is a 30- to 40-foot evergreen tree in its homeland, ...Missing: range | Show results with:range
[40]
Ficus benjamina - North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox
Phonetic Spelling: FY-kus ben-jah-MEE-nah; Description. The weeping fig is a member of the Moraceae (fig) family. A broadleaf evergreen, it is native to ...
[41]
Cultural Guidelines for Commercial Production of Interiorscape Ficus
Ficus should be grown in a shadehouse with a temperature of 70 to 95°F and a relative humidity of 60 to 100%. Either controlled-released or water-soluble ...
[42]
Weeping Ficus - HGIC@clemson.edu
Feb 15, 2016 · Night temperatures of 65 to 70 °F and day temperatures of 75 to 85 °F are ideal. During periods of active growth, keep the soil evenly moist.
[43]
Guide to Growing Houseplants
Avoid over-fertilizing houseplants, especially for plants growing under low-light intensity. Burned or dried leaf margins and wilted plants often are a sign of ...
[44]
Indoor Plants – Cleaning, Fertilizing, Containers & Light Requirements
Sep 21, 1999 · Fertilize at the recommended label rate every two or three months, or dilute the fertilizer to about one-tenth the recommended rate and use this ...<|separator|>
[45]
How do I care for a Ficus inside my home? - Cooperative Extension
Jan 4, 2022 · Weeping ficus grow best in bright indirect or curtain-filtered sunlight. They will handle some direct sun if the humidity is high.Missing: conditions society.
[46]
https://www.happyhouseplants.co.uk/blogs/houseplant-blog/ultimate-care-guide-for-the-weeping-fig-tree-or-ficus-benjamina
[47]
How the ficus became the 'It' plant of the gardening world (again)
Aug 15, 2019 · The Ficus benjamina, or weeping fig, has suddenly become ubiquitous in fashionable homes and offices around Los Angeles.
[48]
The Weeping Fig, Ficus benjamina- indoor and out - Dave's Garden
Jul 27, 2009 · As with most other Ficus species, Ficus benjamina has white, latex-like sap. ... Banyan. Old trees can become pretty large in a Mediterranean ...
[49]
In Danger of Extinction- The Office Building Ficus
Jan 10, 2019 · Those big trees, usually ficus, are disappearing from these commercial settings. Why? Many of these buildings are undergoing major renovations.<|separator|>
[50]
Ficus benjamina (Weeping Fig) - Gardenia.net
Ficus benjamina, commonly known as the Weeping Fig, is a popular houseplant known for its graceful, drooping branches and glossy green leaves.Missing: Ara Babilonia
[51]
[PDF] 19930073077.pdf - NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
In this study the leaves, roots, soil, and associated microorganisms of plants have been evaluated as a possible means of reducing indoor air pollutants.
[52]
[PDF] ficus benjamina - IJPSR (2009), Issue 1, Vol
Apr 25, 2022 · Ficus benjamina is used by distinct native population groups in many ways as its bark, leaves, roots, fruits, and stem shows various therapeutic ...
[53]
Therapeutic Potential of Ficus benjamina: Phytochemical ... - NIH
Some medicinal properties of F. benjamina have been reported, including anticancer [2], antioxidant [3], antiviral [1,4], and antimicrobial [3] effects; ...
[54]
Comparative Study on Plant Latex Particles and Latex Coagulation ...
Nov 19, 2014 · Similar latex particle sizes and shape were found in Ficus benjamina and Hevea brasiliensis. Hence, and due to other similarities, we ...<|separator|>
[55]
How to Grow and Care for Weeping Fig - The Spruce
Sep 26, 2025 · Weeping fig (Ficus benjamina's common name is known as the ficus tree) grows as a large broadleaf evergreen tree in tropical and subtropical ...Missing: Ara de Babilonia
[56]
https://fiddleleaffigplant.com/how-to-care-for-ficus-benjamina/
[57]
How to grow weeping fig (Ficus benjamina)
Feb 2, 2021 · They need bright but indirect light and a steady temperature of at least 16°C to thrive. Draughts, poor light levels, incorrect watering and ...Planting weeping fig · How to care for weeping fig · How to propagate weeping fig
[58]
A Guide to Ficus Benjamina Care - Plants For All Seasons
The Ficus Benjamina should be kept at an ideal temperature between 18 and 21 degrees celsius. They can survive slightly higher temperatures, but will decline ...
[59]
How to Care for Ficus Benjamina
As a tropical plant, your weeping fig prefers at least 40% humidity. If your fig's leaves look healthy, your tree might be just fine, but it's never a bad idea ...
[60]
https://www.plantvine.com/2021/01/13/ficus-benjamina-weeping-fig-care-guide/
[61]
Ficus benjamina care: watering, pruning & repotting weeping figs
Ficus benjamina needs a moderate amount of water, so only water your weeping fig once the soil feels quite dry.Ficus benjamina care: fertilising · Ficus benjamina care: pruning
[62]
How to Care for Ficus Benjamina (Weeping Fig) - Easyplant
Humidity levels should ideally be between 40% to 60%, reflecting its tropical origins. In drier climates or during winter months, a room humidifier can help ...
[63]
https://www.epicgardening.com/weeping-fig-tree-ficus-benjamina/
[64]
Don't Fear if the Leaves on your Ficus are Falling - OSU Extension
Nov 26, 2023 · ... falling leaves as this is just part of the moving process. It'll take the plants four to six weeks to reacclimate to the indoor atmosphere.<|separator|>
[65]
Why Is My Ficus Dropping Leaves? | Gardener's Path
Oct 4, 2023 · Most often, this is a sudden change in light exposure or temperature. Altered water levels, too much or too little food, diseases, or pests can ...
[66]
How to Plant, Grow, & Care for Weeping Fig Tree Ficus Benjamina
Jan 7, 2025 · To plant in the ground, choose a location with well-draining soil and partial to full sunlight, ensuring it is away from structures or ...Missing: shelter | Show results with:shelter
[67]
How to Plant and Grow Outdoor Weeping Fig Tree - Gardener's Path
Feb 12, 2022 · So far, this pest has primarily been seen in Florida, but it has also popped up in Texas, California, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii.
[68]
Growing And Caring For Weeping Figs Outdoors
Dec 20, 2022 · layer of mulch can help. Outdoor problems with weeping figs include freezing temperatures, severe drought, high winds, and insect pests, ...
[69]
How to Prune a Ficus Tree in 7 Easy Steps - Epic Gardening
Sep 25, 2023 · Step 1: Protect Area From Sap · Step 2: Clean Your Tools · Step 3: Remove Dead Branches · Step 4: Remove Disease Infested Tissues · Step 5: Fix ...Missing: suckers | Show results with:suckers
[70]
Weeping Fig Plant Care Guide - Healthy Houseplants
Weeping Figs can be grown outdoors in USDA hardiness zones 10-11. In cooler climates, they can be moved outdoors during warm months but must be brought inside ...
[71]
Ficus Diseases - Penn State Extension
Nov 21, 2023 · Avoid overhead watering. Apply a fungicide to protect plants. Bacterial Leaf Spot Ficus benjamina, Angular yellow spots are limited in size by ...Missing: society. | Show results with:society.
[72]
Insect Pests of Houseplants | Mississippi State University Extension ...
One species causes unsightly leaf galls on weeping fig, Ficus benjamina. Fortunately, this thrips does not infest many other plants. Some species feed on ...
[73]
Another Try: Ficus benjamina vs. Mealybugs! | HOrT COCO-UC ...
Mar 26, 2018 · We've tried insecticidal soap, neem oil, soapy water, and rubbing alcohol. ... The best way to control insects and related pests on houseplants ...
[74]
Ornamental Ficus Diseases: Identification and Control in ...
A strict sanitation program is the best method of disease management. Obtain clean, disease-free stock plants. During propagation and pruning, cutting utensils ...Crown Gall · Pseudomonas Leaf Spot · Rhizoctonia Root RotMissing: Australia | Show results with:Australia
[75]
[PDF] Control of Ornamental Diseases - VCE Publications - Virginia Tech
• Soil amendments: Adding compost or other organic matter to garden soil may increase populations of beneficial microbes in the soil. Some of these microbes ...
[76]
EENY324/IN599: Leaf-Gall Thrips of Ficus Gynaikothrips ficorum ...
Other potential biological controls include green lacewing larvae, bigeyed bugs, damsel bugs, ladybird beetles, parasitic wasps, predatory mites, and ...Missing: ladybugs | Show results with:ladybugs
[77]
Trees and Shrubs: Invertebrates: Ficus whitefly—UC IPM
Provide ficus with a good growing environment and appropriate cultural care to increase plants' tolerance of pest damage.
[78]
[PDF] Ficus benjamina L. in the cities: high number of individuals, severe ...
Jan 10, 2012 · Its roots are aggressive, su- perficial, thick, very strong, and grow up to a hundred meters long. (Toscan et al, 2010), which enables them to ...
[79]
(PDF) Ficus benjamina L. in the cities: high number of individuals ...
However, the roots of the F. benjamina have proven to be destructive of urban structures (foundations, streets, sidewalks and water systems, among others), ...
[80]
Ficus Popular for Privacy but Disliked for Their Invasive Growth
Jul 20, 2004 · Invasive ficus roots cause big problems for neighbor hood lawns and sprinkler lines in Florida ... Ficus benjamina or Ficus microcarpa.
[81]
Ficus benjamina - Weeping fig - Plant Directory - University of Florida
Species Overview. Native to: Asia. Weeping fig is a popular landscape and house plant that has been introduced globally as an ornamental and escaped ...Missing: range | Show results with:range
[82]
Ficus Tree Roots: Invasive Growth Pattern And Preventing Damage
Aug 4, 2023 · Ficus roots can infiltrate and block sewer lines and drainage systems, leading to expensive repairs. Similarly, they can cause cracks and ...Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
[83]
Ficus Trees in California: How to Control Their Invasive Roots
The Ficus tree's root system is very invasive. Merely planting this tree without any guidance can later lead to buckling pavement on driveways, streets, curbs, ...
[84]
Ficus benjamina and other green housemates - Medizinonline
The allergen is localized in the latex and is either released when leaves and branches are cut, or is probably delivered by excretion to the leaf surface, where ...
[85]
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria caused ...
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria caused by indoor plants in plant keepers. ... Keywords: case report, Ficus benjamina, gardener, ...
[86]
Allergy to Ficus benjamina - ResearchGate
Aug 5, 2025 · Their main symptoms where conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma, eyelid oedema or urticaria. Of these patients 11 had other atopic manifestations.
[87]
(PDF) Hipersensitivity to Ficus benjamina - ResearchGate
Results: Exposure to Ficus benjamina or to other Ficus species was found in 101 (29%) patients. Twenty- two (6,3%) patients were sensitized to Ficus benjamina ...
[88]
Sensitization to Ficus benjamina: relationship to natural rubber latex ...
Sensitization to Ficus benjamina: relationship to natural rubber latex allergy and identification of foods implicated in the Ficus-fruit syndrome · Abstract.
[89]
The Ficus-fruit-syndrome is a distinct entity not related to natural ...
Among 2662 patients reacting to any aeroallergen, 66 (2.5%) reacted to FB. Ten patients showed isolated sensitization. Only 10.6% of FB-positive subjects were ...
[90]
Cross-reactivity between Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) and natural ...
Cross-reactivity between Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) and natural rubber latex ... benjamina [Fb]), and natural rubber latex (NRL) was confirmed by RAST ...
[91]
FOR118/FR173: Wind and Trees: Lessons Learned from Hurricanes
Jul 28, 2021 · Since 1992, when Hurricane Andrew struck south Florida, researchers at UF/IFAS have been studying the impacts of hurricanes on the urban ...
[92]
FALLEN GIANT THE HUGE FICUS TREE OUTSIDE PLANTATION'S ...
Sep 27, 1992 · Ficus trees, which are native to India and Southeast Asia, have shallow roots that make them unsteady in storms, Siegel said. Before Siegel ...Missing: benjamina | Show results with:benjamina<|separator|>
[93]
Selecting Tropical and Subtropical Tree Species for Wind Resistance
Species with the poorest survival were African tuliptree (Spathodea campanulata) (66%) and weeping banyan (Ficus benjamina) (70%) (Francis 2000).
[94]
Phenotypic, Metabolic and Genetic Adaptations of the Ficus Species ...
Sep 1, 2024 · The Ficus genus, having radiated from the tropics and subtropics to the temperate zone worldwide, is the largest genus among woody plants, ...
[95]
[PDF] WIND AND TREES: LESSON LEARNED FROM HURRICANES
Old trees with decayed root systems, stem decay, or large dead branches are vulnerable to hurricanes. ... Damaged root systems make trees vulnerable in the wind.Missing: wide- | Show results with:wide-