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Shoot

Shoot is a term with multiple meanings. It may refer to:

Biology

Plant shoot

In botany, a shoot refers to the above-ground portion of a vascular plant, consisting primarily of stems, leaves, and buds, and originating from the shoot apical meristem during embryonic development.^[1]^[2] This structure develops from the apical cell in the embryo and contrasts with the root system, which grows below ground to anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals from the soil.^[1] The basic structure of a shoot includes nodes, which are points of attachment for leaves, branches, or flowers; internodes, the elongated segments between nodes that allow for stem growth; and buds, such as terminal buds at the shoot tip and axillary buds at nodes that can develop into lateral branches.^[2]^[1] Vascular tissues within the stem, including xylem and phloem, form patterns such as scattered bundles in monocots or a continuous cylinder in eudicots, facilitating transport.^[2] Shoot development occurs through primary growth, driven by the shoot apical meristem, which divides to produce new cells that elongate the stem and form leaf primordia in repeating units called phytomeres (a leaf, internode, and bud).^[2] In woody plants, secondary growth thickens the shoot via lateral meristems like the vascular cambium, producing wood and bark, whereas herbaceous shoots lack this thickening and remain soft and green.^[2]^[1] The primary functions of the shoot system include photosynthesis, performed mainly by leaves to convert sunlight into energy; structural support for leaves and reproductive organs provided by stems; and reproduction through flowers and fruits that enable pollination and seed dispersal.^[1]^[3] For instance, bamboo shoots exemplify rapid primary growth in herbaceous species, emerging quickly to support new foliage.^[2] The term "shoot" in this botanical context derives from Old English scēotan, meaning to dart forth or sprout rapidly, reflecting the dynamic growth of young plant branches.^[4]

Bamboo shoot

Bamboo shoots are the young, tender culms emerging from the rhizomes of bamboo plants in the Poaceae family, typically during spring.^[5] These shoots represent the initial growth phase of new culms, harvested before they harden and develop leaves.^[6] Among edible varieties, Phyllostachys edulis, known as moso bamboo, is one of the most widely cultivated for its large, succulent shoots.^[7] Other common species include those from the genera Phyllostachys and Bambusa, which vary in tenderness depending on the plant's age and species; younger shoots from certain Phyllostachys varieties are notably crisp and less fibrous.^[8] Tenderness decreases as shoots mature, with flavor profiles ranging from mild and sweet in select cultivars to more bitter in others.^[9] Cultivation of bamboo for shoots focuses on regions in Asia, where plants reach maturity in 3-5 years, allowing sustainable harvesting from established groves.^[10] In China, modern silvicultural practices involve selective harvesting to promote new growth, with shoots dug or cut at the base when they reach 20-50 cm in height during the spring season.^[11] Japanese methods similarly emphasize hand-digging with specialized tools like L-shaped hoes to extract shoots intact from the soil, often in mountainous bamboo forests to preserve the ecosystem.^[12] Culinary preparation of bamboo shoots requires boiling to eliminate bitterness caused by cyanogenic glycosides, natural compounds that can release hydrogen cyanide if uncooked.^[13] This process, typically involving simmering in water for 20-30 minutes followed by rinsing, renders the shoots safe and enhances their texture. Nutritionally, fresh bamboo shoots are low in calories at approximately 27 kcal per 100 g, while providing dietary fiber (2.2 g per 100 g), vitamins such as B6 and E, and minerals like potassium.^[14] Bamboo shoots hold significant cultural value as a staple in East Asian cuisine, featured in dishes like stir-fries, soups, and fermented preparations across China, Japan, and Korea.^[15] Festivals celebrate their harvest, such as Japan's Bamboo Shoot Festival in Tagami Town, highlighting local varieties through tastings and cultural events, and China's Wenshan Tea and Bamboo Shoots Folk Culture Festival, which combines ethnic performances with shoot-based feasts.^[16]^[17] In traditional Chinese herbalism, shoots are used for their anti-inflammatory properties, aiding in conditions like edema and respiratory issues by clearing heat and resolving phlegm.^[18]^[19]

Firearms and hunting

Shooting activity

Shooting is the act of propelling projectiles, such as bullets, arrows, or stones, from ranged weapons including firearms, bows, crossbows, or catapults, typically for purposes like hunting, defense, or recreation.^[20] This activity relies on mechanical or chemical energy to launch the projectile toward a target, distinguishing it from thrown or handheld weapons.^[21] The mechanics of shooting involve fundamental principles of ballistics, which describe the projectile's behavior during flight. Internal ballistics covers the processes within the weapon, where ignition of propellant—such as gunpowder in firearms—generates gas pressure to accelerate the projectile through the barrel, often with rifling to impart spin for stability.^[21] External ballistics governs the trajectory, or curved path, influenced by initial velocity (typically thousands of feet per second for bullets), gravity, air resistance, and environmental factors like wind.^[21] Recoil, the backward force on the shooter per Newton's third law, depends on the projectile's mass, velocity, and the weapon's weight, affecting accuracy and user control.^[21] Common types include target shooting for precision practice, combat shooting for tactical engagement, and recreational shooting for leisure, each adapting these principles to specific contexts.^[22] Historically, shooting evolved from ancient projectile propulsion methods, with archery emerging around 10,000 BCE in regions like Egypt and Nubia for hunting and warfare, where composite bows enabled effective ranged attacks.^[23] By 2800 BCE, Egyptians refined bows for military use, marking early organized shooting practices.^[24] The introduction of gunpowder in China around 850 CE revolutionized the field, leading to the first firearms—simple hand cannons—by the 13th century in Europe, which evolved into matchlock arquebuses by the early 15th century for more reliable ignition and accuracy.^[25] Post-15th century advancements, such as wheellock and flintlock mechanisms, widespread adoption during the Renaissance transformed shooting into a dominant military and civilian activity, supplanting bows by the 17th century due to superior range and firepower.^[23] Safety protocols are essential to mitigate risks in shooting, with the four primary rules of firearm safety providing a foundational framework: always keep the firearm pointed in a safe direction to prevent unintended impacts from ricochets or penetration; treat all guns as though they are loaded by verifying the chamber and magazine; keep the finger off the trigger until ready to shoot to avoid accidental discharge; and be sure of the target and what lies beyond it, as bullets can travel miles.^[26] These rules, developed by organizations like the National Shooting Sports Foundation, apply broadly to all projectile weapons and emphasize proactive awareness.^[26] Legal aspects of shooting vary significantly by country, balancing individual rights with public safety. In the United States, the Second Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, protects the right to keep and bear arms, interpreted by the Supreme Court in 2008 as an individual self-defense right, though subject to regulations like the 1968 Gun Control Act prohibiting sales to certain groups and requiring background checks.^[27] No federal training requirement exists, but states like California mandate safety courses for certain purchases; in contrast, countries like Canada require mandatory firearm safety training and licensing, while Japan imposes strict ownership limits with rigorous testing.^[27] These frameworks often include age restrictions, storage laws, and prohibitions on automatic weapons to regulate shooting activities.^[27]

Hunting shoot

A hunting shoot refers to a planned outing or event organized for the pursuit and shooting of wild animals, typically involving participants who use firearms to harvest game, often accompanied by dogs for flushing or retrieving and guides for navigation and safety.^[28] These expeditions emphasize structured experiences in natural habitats, distinguishing them from casual pursuits, and can range from small-scale local events to large-scale operations on private estates or public lands.^[29] Common types of hunting shoots include driven shoots, where beaters and dogs flush game birds toward stationary shooters positioned at designated stands or "pegs," creating opportunities for high-volume harvests in a controlled manner.^[30] In contrast, walked-up or rough shooting involves hunters moving through cover on foot, often in small groups with pointing dogs, to surprise and shoot game as it rises, offering a more solitary and skill-intensive approach.^[31] For practice and skill development, some shoots incorporate clay pigeon simulations, where participants shoot at clay targets launched to mimic the flight of live birds, honing marksmanship without involving actual game.^[32] Key techniques in hunting shoots revolve around stalking, where hunters quietly approach game after spotting it from afar using terrain for cover, or ambushing, which entails waiting in concealed positions along known animal trails or feeding areas for game to pass within range.^[33] Weapon selection depends on the target species: rifles, typically chambered in calibers suited for long-range precision, are preferred for big game like deer or antelope to ensure ethical kills, while shotguns loaded with birdshot are standard for upland birds such as pheasants, allowing for effective shots at flushing targets.^[34] Ethics and regulations form the foundation of responsible hunting shoots, with principles like fair chase—defined by the Boone and Crockett Club as the ethical, sportsmanlike, and lawful pursuit of free-ranging wild game—guiding participants to avoid unfair advantages such as baiting or motorized vehicles.^[35] Strict rules, including seasonal restrictions to protect breeding cycles, bag limits to prevent overharvest, and licensing requirements, are enforced by wildlife agencies to sustain populations; for instance, in the United States, these measures have supported conservation efforts by generating revenue from fees that funds habitat management.^[36] Globally, hunting shoots contribute to environmental stewardship, as permit revenues in places like Africa finance anti-poaching patrols and community development, promoting biodiversity by incentivizing the protection of large landscapes for trophy species.^[37] Historically, organized hunting shoots trace back to 19th-century Britain, where pheasant shooting evolved into formal driven events on estates in the mid-19th century, with birds reared and released for sport among the aristocracy, as documented in early accounts of game management practices.^[38] In modern contexts, sustainable trophy hunting shoots in Africa exemplify conservation integration, such as in Namibia and South Africa, where regulated hunts generate millions in revenue annually to support wildlife corridors and local economies, ensuring the long-term viability of species like elephants and lions without relying solely on ecotourism. However, trophy hunting remains highly controversial, with critics arguing it causes unnecessary animal suffering and that benefits may not always reach local communities or conservation efforts, as highlighted by the global outrage following the 2015 killing of Cecil the lion in Zimbabwe.^[37]^[39]^[40]

Photography and film

Photo shoot

A photo shoot is a planned and organized session in which a professional photographer captures still images of subjects, such as models, products, or scenes, typically for commercial, artistic, or promotional purposes.^[41]^[42] These sessions emphasize composition, lighting, and posing to produce high-quality photographs suitable for publication in magazines, advertisements, or portfolios. Pre-production forms the foundation of a successful photo shoot, involving detailed planning to ensure efficiency and creative alignment. This phase includes location scouting to identify suitable venues that match the vision, such as urban streets for dynamic shots or controlled studios for precision; developing a creative brief outlining concepts, mood boards, and shot lists; and securing contracts for locations, talent releases, and usage rights to protect all parties legally.^[43]^[44]^[45] Key roles collaborate closely: the photographer directs the visual capture using cameras and lights; models pose to convey the intended narrative or product appeal; stylists select and arrange wardrobe, props, and accessories to enhance the theme; and makeup artists apply cosmetics and hair styling to refine the subject's appearance.^[46]^[47]^[48] Photo shoots vary by purpose and style, with common types including fashion shoots that highlight clothing and trends in editorial formats, such as those featured in Vogue magazines; commercial shoots focused on products for catalogs or advertisements, emphasizing clear, marketable visuals; and portrait sessions for personal or professional documentation, capturing individuals in expressive poses.^[49]^[50]^[51] Fashion shoots often prioritize artistic storytelling and high-end aesthetics, while commercial ones stress functionality and broad appeal, and portraits build on interpersonal dynamics between photographer and subject.^[52] Essential equipment enables precise control over image quality during shoots. Cameras commonly used include digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) models for versatility and medium-format systems for superior resolution in professional settings.^[53] Lighting setups feature studio strobes for powerful, adjustable flashes that create dramatic effects; continuous LED lights for consistent illumination without heat buildup; and natural light sources like windows or diffusers for organic tones, often supplemented by reflectors.^[53] Backdrops, such as seamless paper rolls or fabric sheets mounted on stands, provide neutral or themed backgrounds to isolate subjects effectively.^[53] The practice of photo shoots rose prominently in the 20th century alongside the growth of fashion magazines, which shifted from illustrations to photographs to showcase styles more dynamically.^[54] In 1909, Condé Nast elevated Vogue as a premier platform, promoting photographic work that captured cultural shifts in women's roles; by 1911, Edward Steichen's images of designer Paul Poiret's dresses in Art et Décoration established fashion photography as a serious art form.^[54] The 1920s and 1930s saw surrealist influences from photographers like Man Ray in Vogue, while post-World War II innovations included Richard Avedon's 1940s-1960s contributions, such as his 1957 street shoot for Harper's Bazaar featuring models in motion, which revolutionized the genre by blending reportage with high fashion.^[54]^[55] In the 1960s, David Bailey's documentary-style images for British Vogue captured the Swinging London era with models like Twiggy; the 1970s featured Helmut Newton's provocative explorations of sexuality and power; the 1980s brought street fashion and naturalistic portraits in magazines like i-D; and the 1990s emphasized individuality through photographers like Corinne Day. These developments, driven by magazines like Harper's Bazaar and Vogue, transformed photo shoots into collaborative, narrative-driven events that mirrored societal evolution.^[54]^[56]

Filming a scene

Filming a scene refers to the process of capturing moving images of actors, actions, or environments using cameras to create footage for motion pictures, television, or advertisements, commonly termed "shooting a scene" in production terminology.^[57] This phase integrates creative direction with technical execution to translate a script's narrative into visual and auditory elements, distinguishing it from static image capture by emphasizing temporal flow and performance dynamics.^[58] The process begins in pre-production with storyboarding, where artists sketch sequential shots to visualize camera angles, framing, and transitions, serving as a blueprint for the director and cinematographer.^[58] On set, blocking positions actors and cameras to achieve the desired composition and movement, followed by multiple takes to refine performances and capture variations for editing flexibility.^[57] Key roles include the director, who oversees the artistic vision and guides actors; the cinematographer (or director of photography), who designs visual style, selects shots, and manages camera operations; and the gaffer, who leads lighting setup under the cinematographer's direction to ensure consistent illumination across takes.^[59]^[57] Equipment choices center on cameras, with traditional film stock using light-sensitive emulsion on plastic bases (e.g., 35mm gauge) for organic texture and grain, contrasting digital sensors that enable higher resolutions like 4K and immediate playback without chemical processing.^[60] Lenses are selected by focal length; wide-angle options (under 35mm) capture broad establishing shots to orient viewers spatially, while sound recording employs microphones synchronized with cameras to capture dialogue and ambient audio, often requiring separate booms for clarity.^[60]^[61] Techniques ensure narrative cohesion and visual impact, such as continuity editing, which matches action, direction, and timing across shots to create seamless flow (e.g., via match-on-action or eye-line matches).^[62] Lighting often employs a three-point setup: a key light for primary illumination, fill light to soften shadows, and back light for depth and separation from the background.^[63] Special effects contrast practical methods—like on-set prosthetics or miniatures for tangible realism—with CGI, which digitally composites elements in post-production for scalability in fantastical sequences.^[64] Historically, filming evolved from the silent era's hand-cranked 35mm cameras in 1910s Hollywood, relying on natural light and basic framing for expressive shots, to synchronized sound in the late 1920s and widescreen formats by the 1950s.^[61] The post-2000s digital transition enabled lightweight sensors, extended recording times, and precise color grading, reducing costs and enhancing flexibility. As of 2025, further innovations include virtual production using LED walls for immersive real-time backgrounds, AI tools for automated storyboarding and script analysis, and sustainable practices like reduced waste in set design, transforming on-set shooting efficiency and environmental impact.^[61]^[65] A seminal example is Alfred Hitchcock's 1948 film Rope, which simulated single-take scenes through ten-minute continuous shots joined by concealed cuts, innovating real-time tension in confined spaces.^[66]

Sports and games

Shooting sports

Shooting sports encompass competitive disciplines where athletes demonstrate proficiency in accuracy, precision, and speed using firearms or bows to hit designated targets. These events emphasize controlled environments, standardized equipment, and strict safety protocols, distinguishing them from recreational or practical applications of shooting skills. The International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) governs firearm-based competitions, while the World Archery Federation (WA) oversees archery events, both contributing to a global framework for elite-level contests.^[67]^[68] Key disciplines in firearm shooting include rifle events, such as the 10m air rifle (standing position) and 50m rifle three positions (prone, kneeling, and standing), where competitors fire at paper or electronic targets from fixed distances. Pistol disciplines feature the 10m air pistol and 25m rapid fire pistol, requiring shooters to aim at bullseye targets under time constraints. Shotgun events, like trap and skeet, involve moving clay targets launched from traps or stations, testing reaction and follow-through. In archery, the primary Olympic discipline is recurve target archery, shot at 70m distances on a 10-ring target; field archery, governed by WA, simulates varied terrain with targets at unknown distances up to 60m but is not part of the Olympics.^[69]^[70] International rules, primarily set by the ISSF for firearms and WA for archery, standardize equipment, ranges, and procedures to ensure fairness. Scoring relies on concentric rings on targets, with the innermost bullseye valued at 10 points per shot; electronic systems often provide real-time feedback, while traditional scoring uses manual verification. Time limits vary by event—for instance, the 50m rifle three positions allows 45 minutes per position for 40 shots, and skeet requires breaking 25 clays within 60 seconds per round. Violations, such as improper stance or equipment malfunctions, result in deductions or disqualifications, with protests permitted within 20 minutes of preliminary results. Safety mandates include eye and ear protection, controlled ammunition, and range officer oversight.^[71]^[72] Shooting sports have been a staple of the Olympic Games since their inception in 1896 in Athens, where 39 athletes from seven nations competed in five events, marking the debut of international standardization. The program evolved through the 20th century, with women's participation beginning in 1968, and full gender parity achieved by the 2016 Rio Games through the introduction of mixed-team events and the equalization of qualification shots (60 per gender). At the 2024 Paris Olympics, 205 athletes from 48 nations competed across 15 events, with China topping the medal table in shooting. Archery, reintroduced in 1972 after intermittent appearances since 1900, complements the program with its recurve-focused events. Notable athletes include American shooter Kim Rhode, who earned six Olympic medals across three shotgun disciplines from 1996 to 2016, becoming the first woman to medal in six consecutive Summer Games.^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76] Training in shooting sports integrates physical conditioning, technical drills, and psychological preparation to optimize performance under pressure. Mental focus techniques, such as visualization—where athletes mentally rehearse shots—and controlled breathing help maintain composure, reducing anxiety during finals. Equipment calibration is critical; for rifles and pistols, shooters zero sights at specific distances using laser bore sighters or test firing, ensuring alignment with ballistic trajectories, while archers tune bow limbs and arrow rests for consistent draw weight. Over 52 million Americans engaged annually in sport shooting as of 2024, reflecting broad accessibility through clubs and ranges.^[77]^[78]^[79]

Shoot 'em up games

Shoot 'em up games, often abbreviated as shmups, constitute a video game genre where players control a single character, vehicle, or craft that continuously shoots projectiles at waves of enemies across scrolling or fixed screens, emphasizing rapid reflexes, pattern recognition, and survival against overwhelming odds.^[80] The genre typically features themes of space combat, aerial dogfights, or futuristic battles, with gameplay revolving around dodging enemy fire while advancing through levels. Subtypes include fixed shooters, such as those with enemies descending in formation like in early arcade titles; vertical and horizontal scrolling shooters, where the playfield moves upward or sideways to reveal new areas; and bullet hell variants, characterized by dense, intricate patterns of projectiles that demand precise maneuvering through small safe gaps.^[81] The genre originated in the mid-1970s arcade era, with early examples like Gun Fight (1975) by Midway introducing multidirectional shooting mechanics in a Western duel format, though it predates the classic alien invasion trope.^[82] Its foundational breakthrough came with Space Invaders (1978) by Taito, a fixed shooter that popularized the format of defending against advancing alien rows, selling over 360,000 arcade cabinets and generating approximately $2.7 billion in revenue by 1982 (equivalent to $6.61 billion adjusted for inflation).^[83] The genre peaked during the 1980s and 1990s, evolving with titles like Galaga (1981) by Namco, which added formation dives and dual-ship mechanics, and R-Type (1987) by Irem, renowned for its strategic power-up system and memorable boss encounters.^[81] Horizontal scrollers like Defender (1980) by Williams expanded the format by introducing side-scrolling and rescue objectives, while bullet hell subgenre emerged with Batsugun (1993) by Toaplan, featuring chaotic bullet spreads.^[80] Core mechanics in shoot 'em ups center on power-ups that enhance weaponry, such as rapid-fire shots or homing missiles, collected during play to counter escalating enemy difficulty; boss fights that require learning attack patterns; and high-score systems that encourage replayability through scoring multipliers and extra lives.^[81] Controls are typically simple—using joysticks or d-pads for movement and buttons for shooting—but demand mastery to navigate tight collision boxes amid bullet barrages. Modern iterations, like the mobile title 1945 Air Force (2019) by OneSoft, adapt these elements for touchscreens, achieving over 1 million daily active users at its peak and ranking among top install volumes in Southeast Asia and Australia/New Zealand in 2020.^[84] Shoot 'em ups have exerted significant cultural influence on video game design, inspiring mechanics in broader action genres and cited by developers like Hideo Kojima and Shigeru Miyamoto as shaping their approaches to challenge and pacing.^[80] The genre's legacy includes the Galaxian franchise (encompassing Galaga), which has sold over 12 million units across re-releases, underscoring its commercial endurance. While not dominant in mainstream esports, dedicated communities host tournaments at events like MAGFest, preserving competitive play focused on high scores and survival clears.^[80]

Professional wrestling

Shoot match

In professional wrestling, a shoot match refers to a legitimate athletic contest in which wrestlers engage in genuine, unscripted combat without a predetermined outcome or choreography, sharply contrasting with the industry's standard scripted performances known as "works." The term "shoot" derives from early 20th-century carnival slang for "straight shooting," denoting honest, unaltered action in games of skill, which wrestling insiders adopted to describe any unplanned or authentic occurrence amid the scripted spectacle. These matches are exceptionally rare due to the controlled nature of the business, but when they occur, they expose the underlying athletic risks and personal tensions within the industry. Historically, shoot matches trace back to the mid-20th century, with one of the most prominent examples being the June 26, 1976, bout between heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali and Japanese professional wrestler Antonio Inoki at Nippon Budokan in Tokyo. Billed as "The War of the Worlds," the event was promoted as an inter-sport clash under hybrid rules: Ali could throw punches only while on his feet, while Inoki was limited to kicks when kneeling, squatting, or grounded, with no grappling permitted. What began with some expectation of collaboration devolved into a real contest, as Inoki unleashed 107 kicks primarily to Ali's legs over 15 three-minute rounds, resulting in a draw but leaving Ali with severe leg swelling that required weeks of treatment. The match, which drew approximately 14,500 spectators and generated millions in revenue, underscored the dangers of crossing combat disciplines without full preparation.^[85]^[86] In the 1980s, as the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) expanded nationally under Vince McMahon, isolated shoot incidents emerged amid territorial rivalries and backstage egos. A notable case involved "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan facing Bruiser Brody in a 1980 match in Houston, Texas, where Brody, known for his volatile style, refused to sell Duggan's offense or follow the planned finish, leading to a legitimate standoff and the abrupt end of their program. Such events were sporadic, often stemming from wrestlers asserting dominance in an era when regional promotions still clashed over talent and styles.^[87] Shoot matches typically arise from motivations like resolving personal grudges, disputing creative decisions, or proving authentic fighting prowess, as wrestlers abandon the script in the heat of competition. For example, disputes over match finishes or stiff shots—intentionally hard strikes—can escalate into full unscripted brawls, as seen in various territorial-era clashes. However, the absence of choreography amplifies risks, including severe injuries like fractures, concussions, or long-term damage, without the safety nets of rehearsed spots; participants also face immediate professional fallout, such as fines, suspensions, or blacklisting.^[87] In contemporary professional wrestling, true shoot matches remain exceedingly uncommon, particularly in major promotions like WWE, where talent contracts explicitly mandate scripted performances and prohibit unsanctioned real fights, potentially breaching agreements and inviting lawsuits or termination. Independent promotions, with looser oversight, occasionally permit or witness shoots due to smaller-scale operations and fewer legal constraints, though these are still discouraged to avoid liability. For instance, isolated incidents in U.S. indies during the 2010s involved wrestlers going off-script over booking disagreements, but documentation is limited to avoid promoting unsafe practices.^[88] The occurrence of shoot matches profoundly impacts the industry by eroding the veil of kayfabe—the unspoken code maintaining wrestling's fictional narrative—and highlighting its roots as a hybrid of sport and theater. These rare events often attract intense media scrutiny, as with the Ali-Inoki spectacle, which foreshadowed the rise of mixed martial arts by demonstrating real crossover appeal. In the 1990s, echoes of shoot intensity influenced Extreme Championship Wrestling's (ECW) hardcore era, where worked brawls mimicked unscripted violence to captivate audiences, further blurring entertainment boundaries without fully crossing into legitimacy.^[85]

Shoot wrestling

Shoot wrestling is a legitimate combat sport that blends grappling and striking techniques, drawing primarily from catch wrestling, judo, and karate to create a hybrid fighting style emphasizing real contact, submissions, and knockouts rather than scripted performances.^[89] Unlike theatrical professional wrestling, it prioritizes competitive outcomes through unscripted bouts, making it a precursor to modern mixed martial arts (MMA).^[90] The term "shoot" refers to genuine fighting ability, distinguishing it from "worked" matches.^[91] The style originated in Japan during the 1970s, when Belgian wrestler Karl Gotch introduced catch wrestling principles to Japanese professional wrestlers at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) dojo, influencing figures like Antonio Inoki to develop "strong style" wrestling with realistic elements.^[89] This evolved further in the 1980s through the Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF), founded in 1984 by former NJPW talents including Akira Maeda, Nobuhiko Takada, and Yoshiaki Fujiwara, which popularized shoot wrestling by staging matches with heightened realism and minimal scripting.^[92] Gotch served as a key trainer for the UWF roster, solidifying the integration of submission grappling and strikes.^[92] Shoot wrestling matches follow unscripted rules similar to early MMA, with victories determined by submission (tapout), knockout (KO), or referee stoppage, and bouts structured in weight classes ranging from strawweight to heavyweight.^[93] Legal techniques include punches, kicks, knees, throws, suplexes, and ground-based submissions like the Fujiwara armbar or leglocks, while prohibiting headbutts, groin strikes, and strikes to the spine; rounds typically last three to five minutes.^[89]^[94] Prominent figures include Yoshiaki Fujiwara, Gotch's top student and a UWF pioneer known for defensive grappling and the namesake Fujiwara armbar, and Minoru Suzuki, a UWF dohyo graduate who advanced shoot techniques through promotions like Pro Wrestling Fujiwara Gumi (PWFG) with suplexes and shooto holds.^[89] Over time, shoot wrestling significantly influenced early MMA, with UWF alumni like Takada starring in Pride Fighting Championships (Pride FC) events starting in 1997, blending shoot-style realism into global competitions.^[95] Today, Shooto—founded in 1985 by Satoru Sayama as an extension of his "Shooting" system—remains the premier promotion, hosting professional events that uphold the sport's hybrid legacy. As of 2025, Shooto continues to host professional events, including Shooto 2025 Vol.9 on November 16, 2025.^[96]^[90]^[97]

Publications and media

Shoot magazine

Shoot! was a prominent British football magazine aimed at young readers, primarily boys aged around 10 to 14, focusing on accessible coverage of the sport. Launched on 16 August 1969 by IPC Magazines as a weekly publication, it quickly established itself as a key title in the youth football media landscape, offering engaging content tailored to budding fans. In the 1970s, it merged with rival publication Goal, temporarily publishing as Shoot/Goal, which helped solidify its market position.^[98] The magazine emphasized British soccer, particularly the top divisions, and became a staple for schoolchildren eager for news, features, and visuals related to their favorite teams and players.^[99]^[100] The content of Shoot! revolved around elements designed to captivate its young audience, including large pull-out posters of star players and teams for bedroom walls, interactive quizzes on matches and trivia, and player interviews that highlighted emerging talents from the Premier League. Recurring features like the "Focus" interview series asked footballers standardized questions to provide relatable insights, fostering a sense of connection for readers. Unlike more irreverent competitors, Shoot! maintained a straightforward, informative tone with fun yet family-friendly language, steering clear of mature themes to suit its child-oriented readership.^[101]^[102]^[103] Throughout its run, Shoot! achieved significant commercial success, reaching a peak circulation of 120,000 copies per week in 1996.) By the 1990s, sales hovered around 100,000 weekly amid growing competition, leading to a shift to a monthly format in 2001 under the title Shoot Monthly, which sold over 33,000 copies per issue initially. The magazine faced challenges from rivals like BBC's Match of the Day, prompting a brief relaunch as a weekly in February 2008 targeted at younger children, but it ceased print publication on 30 June 2008 after just four months, with final monthly sales at about 35,830 copies. Post-closure, the brand transitioned to a digital archive in the 2020s, allowing fans to access scanned issues from 1969 to 2008 online.^[104]^[100]^[105]^[98] Shoot! left a lasting impact on UK soccer culture, earning cult status among multiple generations for introducing children to the sport through affordable, visually appealing media that sparked lifelong passions. Its spin-off, Shoot Monthly, extended the brand's reach into the 2000s, while the original weekly's nostalgic value persists through collector communities and digital revivals, distinguishing it from broader media titles in the genre.^[100]^[104]

Other media titles

In addition to the prominent Shoot! magazine, various other media titles have incorporated "shoot" into their names, spanning films, television, music, games, and periodicals. These works often explore themes of conflict, action, or revelation, reflecting the term's versatile connotations in entertainment. The 1976 Canadian-American thriller film Shoot, directed by Harvey Hart, depicts a tense confrontation between two groups of hunters that escalates into violence, based on Douglas Fairbairn's novel of the same name.^[106] In television, the episode "Shoot" from the first season of Mad Men (2007), written by Chris Provenzano and directed by Phil Abraham, centers on advertising executive Don Draper's professional temptations and personal regrets during a photoshoot opportunity.^[107] Another example is the 2016 episode "Shoot" from The Good Wife, where attorney Diane Lockhart defends a father using a provocative billboard against a gun manufacturer.^[108] In music, "Shoot" is a 2017 hip-hop track by BlocBoy JB, produced by Tay Keith, which gained popularity through its viral music video and contributed to the artist's rise in the Memphis rap scene. The Stone Roses' "Shoot You Down" (1994), a soul-infused B-side from their Second Coming sessions, showcases the band's shift toward psychedelic rock influences. Video games featuring "shoot" include the 1977 Namco arcade title Shoot Away, an early light gun shooter where players use prop shotguns to target flying clay pigeons in a skeet shooting simulation, pioneering electro-mechanical gameplay mechanics. More recently, the mobile puzzle game Shoot Away! (2023), developed by Segrok Kroto, challenges players to eliminate enemies with limited arrows in physics-based levels.^[109] Periodicals beyond the flagship Shoot! include, in Japan, Shoot Boxing media outlets, such as event coverage in martial arts publications like Full Contact Karate, document the hybrid striking and grappling sport promoted by the Shoot Boxing organization since 1985.^[110] A notable crossover in media is the wrestling genre's "shoot interviews," unscripted podcasts and documentaries where performers like Jerry Lynn or Larry Zbyszko share authentic backstage stories, contrasting scripted "work" narratives; these have proliferated since the 1990s on platforms like Title Match Network.^[111]

Slang and idioms

Exclamatory use

In American English, "shoot" functions as a mild interjection to express annoyance, surprise, or frustration, commonly serving as a euphemism for the profanity "shit." For instance, phrases like "Oh shoot!" or "Shoot!" are uttered in response to mishaps or disappointments, allowing speakers to convey emotion without using explicit language. This usage is classified as a minced oath, a softened form of swearing designed to evade offense or censorship.^[112]^[113] The exclamatory form emerged in the late 19th century, with the first known printed use dating to 1876, reflecting broader patterns of euphemistic language in polite society. It gained traction in the early 20th century through literature, such as Sinclair Lewis's 1922 novel Babbitt, where a character exclaims, "Oh shoot, that's just because you never tried a sedan." Popularization accelerated in the mid-20th century amid strict broadcasting standards, including the Radio Code of 1937 and Television Code of 1952, which prohibited profane expressions on air to maintain family-friendly content.^[112]^[114] This interjection is prevalent in children's speech and Southern U.S. dialects, where it aligns with cultural norms favoring subdued profanity in everyday and formal interactions. Literary influences from the 19th century, including Mark Twain's use of related mild expletives like "shucks" in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), helped embed such terms in American vernacular, promoting their adoption in modest or humorous contexts.^[114] A close variation is "shucks," another minced oath for "shit" that conveys disappointment, modesty, or dismissal, often as in "Aw, shucks!" It shares origins in 19th-century agrarian imagery—referring to corn husks as worthless—and is similarly embraced in polite discourse for its non-offensive tone.^[114] Today, "shoot" persists in family-oriented media, notably in children's shows like SpongeBob SquarePants, where characters employ "Oh shoot!" in episodes such as "Valentine's Day" (1999) to model clean language amid comedic frustration. Its enduring acceptance underscores a preference for euphemisms in diverse social settings, from parenting to public broadcasting.^[115]

Other expressions

In addition to its exclamatory role, the word "shoot" appears in various English idioms and slang expressions, often drawing on the metaphor of firing a projectile to describe verbal, social, or self-inflicted actions. These phrases are predominantly informal and rooted in American English, though some have broader usage. A prominent example is "shoot the breeze," an idiom meaning to chat casually and informally about trivial matters, without any serious intent or agenda.^[116] Similarly, "shoot your mouth off" refers to speaking boastfully, indiscreetly, or too freely, often revealing confidential information or making unsubstantiated claims.^[116] "Shoot off" can denote leaving a place abruptly and suddenly, as in departing in haste.^[117] Self-sabotaging actions are captured in "shoot oneself in the foot," which describes inadvertently harming one's own cause through foolish words or deeds, much like accidentally injuring oneself while handling a weapon.^[116] Relatedly, "have shot one's bolt" implies exhausting one's resources, energy, or opportunities, leaving nothing further to offer.^[116] Impulsive behavior is evoked by "shoot from the hip," signifying quick decisions or statements made without prior reflection or planning.^[116] Expressions involving interpersonal dynamics include "shoot the messenger," where the focus is on unjustly blaming or attacking the person who delivers unwelcome news, rather than addressing the underlying issue.^[116] Conversely, "straight shooter" praises someone as honest, direct, and reliable in their communication and conduct, implying forthrightness like an accurate marksman. Ease of task is highlighted in "like shooting fish in a barrel," a simile for something trivially simple, as fish trapped in a confined space offer no real challenge.^[116] Other notable phrases include "shoot someone down in flames," meaning to reject or criticize an idea harshly and decisively, and "shoot to fame," denoting a rapid rise to prominence or celebrity status.^[117] These idioms underscore the versatility of "shoot" in everyday language, blending literal imagery with abstract concepts.

References

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