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Flock

Flock Safety is an Atlanta-based American technology company founded in 2017 by Garrett Langley, Matt Feury, and Paige Todd, specializing in automated license plate recognition (ALPR) cameras, video surveillance systems, and cloud-based software platforms designed to detect vehicles involved in crimes and enable data sharing among law enforcement, neighborhoods, and businesses.^[1]^[2] The company's FlockOS operating system integrates these tools to provide real-time evidence capture, with over 80,000 AI-powered cameras deployed nationwide as of 2025, trusted by more than 5,000 agencies across 49 states.^[3]^[2] Empirical data from adopting departments indicate substantial crime reductions, including over 70% in property crimes for certain neighborhoods and specific cases like a 56% year-over-year drop in overall crime for the Delano Police Department in California.^[4]^[5]^[2] Flock Safety's technology has facilitated the resolution of an estimated 700,000 crimes annually by filling evidentiary gaps in investigations, particularly for vehicle-related offenses that constitute a significant portion of unsolved cases.^[5]^[6] However, the system has drawn controversies over privacy risks, including allegations of enabling warrantless mass tracking of drivers' movements and data sharing practices that extend beyond immediate investigations, prompting lawsuits and opposition from groups like the ACLU, which have highlighted instances of excessive surveillance such as tracking individuals hundreds of times without clear justification.^[7]^[8]^[9] These criticisms, often amplified by privacy-focused organizations with institutional leanings skeptical of proactive policing tools, contrast with the company's emphasis on objective, time-limited data retention—typically 30 days—and compliance with legal standards to prioritize causal links to criminal activity over broad monitoring.^[2]^[10]

Biological and Natural Contexts

Animal Aggregations

In biology, a flock denotes a coordinated aggregation of animals, most commonly birds during foraging or flight, or domesticated ungulates such as sheep and goats that graze or move collectively.^[11] This term emphasizes group cohesion where individuals maintain proximity and synchronized movement, distinct from looser herds or schools observed in other taxa.^[12] Flocks form transiently or persistently, influenced by environmental pressures like resource distribution and threats.^[13] Avian flocks predominate in ornithological contexts, involving species such as starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), pigeons (Columba livia), and geese (Anser spp.), where birds align velocities to sustain formation during migration or evasion maneuvers.^[14] These aggregations range from small groups of 10–50 individuals to vast murmurations exceeding 10,000 birds, as documented in European starling winter roosts, which enhance navigational efficiency through shared information flow.^[15] In sheep (Ovis aries), flocks typically comprise 20–200 animals under pastoral management, exhibiting herding instincts that promote uniform grazing patterns and reduce straggling.^[16] Goats (Capra hircus) display analogous behaviors, forming flocks for mutual vigilance on rugged terrains.^[17] Empirical data underscore adaptive advantages of flocking, including predation dilution—where per-individual risk decreases with group size—and heightened vigilance, as larger flocks detect approaching threats up to 4–5 times faster than solitaries, per experiments with quelea finches (Quelea quelea).^[18] A meta-analysis of 201 bird species across global datasets revealed that flocking species exhibit 10–15% higher annual adult survival rates compared to non-flockers, attributable to optimized foraging yields and minimized encounter rates with predators.^[15] These gains arise from causal mechanisms like geometric alignment, where animals prioritize nearest neighbors' positions over global coordination, fostering emergent stability without central control.^[19] In mixed-species flocks, such as those in tropical forests, subordinate species gain disproportionate benefits via eavesdropping on dominant foragers' detections, though core participants incur kleptoparasitism costs.^[20]

Flocking Mechanisms and Empirical Studies

Flocking in birds arises from decentralized local rules where individuals adjust their velocity to align with nearby conspecifics, thereby producing coherent group motion without central control.^[21] Empirical observations confirm three primary interaction rules: alignment, in which a bird orients its direction toward the average heading of neighbors; cohesion, maintaining proximity to the group center; and separation, avoiding immediate collisions through short-range repulsion.^[22] These rules, analogous to those in computational models, have been validated through field data on species like European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), where stereo videography tracks trajectories of thousands of individuals simultaneously.^[23] Key empirical studies on starling flocks, conducted in Rome, Italy, from 2006 to 2008, reveal that interactions are topological rather than strictly metric: each bird responds to a fixed number of nearest neighbors (approximately 6–7), independent of distance, enabling scalability across flock sizes from dozens to over 3,000 birds.^[24] This topology sustains long-range correlations, with velocity fluctuations propagating scale-free across the entire group, as quantified by analyzing 25 flocks totaling over 5,000 bird trajectories.^[25] Unlike metric-based models like the Vicsek model, which assume fixed interaction radii and predict breakdown in dense or large groups, topological rules match observed coherence, where order parameters (measuring alignment) remain high (>0.9) even in flocks spanning 10–100 meters.^[26] Further analyses derive microscopic theories from data, showing that flocking transitions mimic phase changes in statistical physics, with noise thresholds (from environmental perturbations) determining disordered-to-ordered states.^[22] In turning maneuvers, collective rotations emerge from anisotropic local forces, where birds on the flock's edge initiate bends that propagate inward via neighbor coupling, observed in high-resolution tracking of spontaneous turns in natural flocks. Comparable mechanisms appear in other taxa, such as pigeon flocks, where GPS-tracked groups of 10–20 birds exhibit alignment over distances up to 50 meters, though with shorter topological ranges (3–4 neighbors) than starlings.^[27] These findings underscore that empirical flocking relies on minimal, robust local sensing—primarily visual cues of neighbors' positions and velocities—sufficient for global order amid uncertainty.^[28]

Human Groups and Congregations

In religious traditions, particularly within Christianity, the term "flock" metaphorically designates a community of believers under the spiritual oversight of a leader, evoking the image of sheep dependent on a shepherd for protection, guidance, and sustenance. This usage originates from ancient Near Eastern pastoral economies, where sheep herding symbolized vulnerability requiring vigilant care, a motif embedded in biblical texts to illustrate divine-human relations.^[29] In Early Christianity, "flock" specifically denoted parishioners or congregation members entrusted to clergy for doctrinal instruction and moral direction.^[30] The Hebrew Bible frequently portrays Israel as Yahweh's flock, as in Psalm 100:3, which states, "Know that the Lord is God. It is he who made us, and we are his; we are his people, the sheep of his pasture." This imagery persists in the New Testament, where Jesus declares in John 10:11, "I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep," contrasting sacrificial leadership with hirelings who abandon the flock during peril. The Apostle Peter extends this to church governance, urging elders in 1 Peter 5:2 to "be shepherds of God's flock that is under your care, watching over them—not because you must, but because you are willing," emphasizing voluntary, non-coercive authority rooted in accountability to God.^[31] Ecclesiastically, a pastor's flock encompasses all individuals within their parish or ministry purview, distinct from a "congregation," which more narrowly refers to those assembled for worship services.^[32] This distinction underscores the shepherd's ongoing responsibility beyond periodic gatherings, including visitation, counseling, and crisis response, as modeled in apostolic directives. Historical church documents, such as those from early councils, reinforce this by charging bishops with overseeing scattered flocks amid persecution or dispersion.^[33] In broader social contexts, "flock" occasionally describes human groups exhibiting coordinated, conformist behavior analogous to animal herding, though less formally than in religious usage. Sociological observations note spontaneous flocking in crowds, where individuals align direction and pace without central command, driven by local interactions rather than hierarchy.^[34] Experimental studies in social psychology reveal that participants in decision-making tasks converge toward majority behaviors, termed "flocking," due to implicit social pressures rather than rational deliberation, mirroring sheep's instinctual grouping for safety.^[35] Such dynamics highlight causal mechanisms of imitation and aversion to isolation, but lack the intentional guardianship central to congregational flocks.^[36]

Materials Science

Flocking in Textiles and Manufacturing

Flocking in textiles involves the application of short, cut fibers—known as flock—to an adhesive-coated fabric substrate to produce a raised, velvety surface texture.^[37] The process enhances tactile qualities, insulation properties, and aesthetic appeal in products such as upholstery, apparel linings, and automotive interiors. Fibers typically range from 0.25 to 3 millimeters in length and 15 to 40 microns in diameter, commonly sourced from nylon, polyester, or rayon for durability and adhesion.^[38] The technique originated in China around 1000 BC, where rudimentary mechanical methods applied fibers to surfaces for decorative purposes, evolving through medieval European mechanical flocking in the 12th century using beaters or brushes to embed fibers.^[39] Industrial-scale adoption occurred in the United States around 1910, with electrostatic flocking—employing high-voltage fields to orient fibers perpendicularly—developed in the 1930s, enabling precise, uniform deposition over mechanical alternatives.^[37] In electrostatic flocking, the substrate is grounded and coated with adhesive, while flock fibers are charged positively in a gun, accelerating them vertically onto the surface at rates up to several million fibers per second, followed by drying and excess fiber removal via brushing or suction.^[40] Mechanical methods, relying on gravity or air propulsion without charge, yield less perpendicular orientation and lower efficiency, limiting their use to simple applications.^[41] In manufacturing, flocking improves functional properties empirically demonstrated in studies: for instance, adding long flock fibers to base fabrics increases thermal resistance by up to 249% with only a 20-24% rise in mass and thickness, aiding thermophysiological comfort in clothing.^[42] Applications span textile production for suede-like finishes in garments—where nylon flock predominates for abrasion resistance—and broader manufacturing for non-slip grips, sound-absorbing panels, and conductive coatings in electronics.^[38] The global flocking fabric market reached approximately USD 1.5 billion in 2024, projected to grow to USD 2.5 billion by 2033 at a 6.3% CAGR, driven by demand in East Asian apparel and automotive sectors.^[43] Advantages include expanded surface area for better insulation, filtration, or catalysis, alongside decorative versatility on irregular substrates, outperforming smooth coatings in adhesion and grip.^[44] However, flocked surfaces exhibit reduced abrasion resistance compared to unflocked fabrics, necessitating durable adhesives and fibers to mitigate wear in high-traffic uses like upholstery.^[45] Electrostatic methods enhance production efficiency for large volumes, achieving uniform coverage unattainable mechanically, though they require specialized equipment and controlled environments to avoid fiber clumping from humidity.^[46]

Computing and Algorithms

Simulation Models like Boids

The Boids model, developed by computer graphics researcher Craig Reynolds in 1986, simulates emergent flocking behavior in groups of autonomous agents termed "boids," representing bird-like objects, through decentralized rules mimicking natural animal aggregations such as bird flocks or fish schools.^[47]^[48] Each boid operates independently, evaluating local environmental data from nearby agents to compute steering forces, resulting in cohesive group motion without hierarchical control or pre-scripted paths.^[49] This approach contrasts with earlier animation techniques reliant on manual keyframing, enabling scalable simulations of hundreds or thousands of agents on 1980s-era hardware.^[47] The model's core consists of three weighted behavioral rules applied iteratively to each boid's velocity vector: separation, which directs the agent to avoid overcrowding by steering away from excessively close neighbors; alignment, which adjusts velocity to match the average direction of nearby boids; and cohesion, which propels the agent toward the centroid of local flockmates' positions.^[49] These rules are combined via vector summation, with parameters tunable for desired outcomes like flock density or turbulence; for instance, stronger separation prevents collisions, while balanced cohesion and alignment produce smooth, murmuration-like formations.^[47] Pseudocode for a single boid update typically involves perceiving a fixed-radius neighborhood (e.g., 100 units), computing rule vectors, and applying the resultant acceleration clamped to a maximum speed (e.g., 5 units per frame).^[50] Empirical tuning in Reynolds' implementation demonstrated that flocks of 20–100 boids could achieve realistic vortices and waves, validated visually against footage of starling murmurations.^[49] Reynolds formalized the model in his 1987 SIGGRAPH paper, "Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model," where it was demonstrated animating bird flocks for film and games, influencing tools like those used in early CGI productions.^[48] Subsequent extensions incorporate obstacle avoidance via additional repulsion forces or goal-seeking behaviors, as in multi-UAV path planning where Boids variants enable formation flying while evading threats.^[51] Similar models, such as orientation-based simulations like Flock2 (introduced in 2024), build on Boids by emphasizing directional cues over positional averaging to replicate social flocking in flying agents, showing improved stability in high-density scenarios through numerical experiments.^[52] These decentralized paradigms underpin broader applications in swarm robotics and crowd dynamics, where agent-based simulations reveal phase transitions from disorder to ordered motion under varying rule strengths, corroborated by agent counts up to 10,000 in computational studies.^[53] Despite successes, limitations include sensitivity to parameter selection—e.g., excessive cohesion can yield unrealistic clustering—and computational scaling issues for real-time rendering beyond 1,000 agents without optimizations like spatial partitioning.^[54]

Software Applications

Flocking algorithms, exemplified by Craig Reynolds' Boids model introduced in 1987, are integrated into computer graphics and animation software to generate emergent group behaviors for virtual entities such as birds, fish, or crowds, relying on rules for separation, alignment, and cohesion rather than individual path scripting.^[47] These implementations enable scalable simulations of hundreds or thousands of agents, reducing computational demands compared to keyframe animation.^[50] In commercial film production, Boids-derived techniques first appeared in Batman Returns (1992), where they animated the coordinated movements of an army of 100,000 penguins without manual posing.^[47] The approach was subsequently adapted for herd simulations in The Lion King (1994), particularly the wildebeest stampede sequence involving over 152,000 animals rendered with flocking-like behaviors to mimic panic and evasion.^[55] Such applications in tools like proprietary animation pipelines at Industrial Light & Magic demonstrated the model's utility for realistic, non-deterministic motion in visual effects.^[56] Game development engines embed flocking for procedural AI and environmental interactions. Unreal Engine's system, documented since 2018, employs four prioritized behaviors—cohesion to draw agents toward the flock center, separation to avoid collisions, alignment to match velocities, and reversal for obstacle handling—facilitating dynamic enemy swarms or wildlife groups in titles like open-world simulations.^[57] Similarly, Processing, an open-source platform for visual arts and education, provides a canonical Boids implementation since at least 2007, used in interactive sketches to visualize flocking with adjustable parameters for agent count and perception radius.^[58] Beyond entertainment, flocking modules appear in research and simulation software for virtual reality environments, where they model crowd dynamics or multi-agent coordination, as in Unity-based prototypes for AR training scenarios. These tools prioritize local decision-making to achieve global patterns, with empirical tuning of parameters like neighborhood radius (typically 100-500 units) ensuring stability in real-time rendering.^[59]

Surveillance and Security Technology

Flock Safety Systems

Flock Safety, established in 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia, by electrical engineer Garrett Langley and software engineer Matt Feury, develops and deploys automated license plate recognition (ALPR) systems aimed at enhancing public safety through vehicle tracking.^[1]^[60] The company's primary hardware consists of pole-mounted, solar-powered cameras equipped with infrared illuminators and high-resolution sensors capable of capturing license plate data, vehicle make, model, color, and partial images up to 35 miles per hour in various lighting conditions.^[61]^[62] These devices transmit data wirelessly to a cloud-based platform, where artificial intelligence processes the information to generate searchable records without retaining facial recognition data or personal identifiers beyond plate numbers and timestamps.^[63] The systems operate on a subscription model, with Flock Safety retaining ownership of the hardware and managing data storage, which is automatically deleted after 30 days to limit retention.^[64] Cameras are installed at strategic locations such as intersections, neighborhood entrances, and commercial sites, integrating with law enforcement databases to provide real-time alerts for vehicles matching hot lists of stolen or suspect plates.^[65] Additional features include compatibility with gunshot detection sensors and AI-enhanced video analytics for broader event correlation, though the core functionality centers on objective vehicle evidence collection.^[64] As of 2025, the platform supports over 1,200 cities, emphasizing scalability through modular deployments that avoid permanent infrastructure changes.^[64] Flock's technology differentiates from traditional fixed ALPR by prioritizing mobility and low-maintenance operation, with batteries recharged via solar panels allowing placement in remote or off-grid areas.^[66] The software interface enables users—ranging from police departments to HOAs—to query data via web portals or mobile apps, filtering by plate, location, or time without exporting raw images unless for investigative purposes.^[67] Company claims highlight 99% accuracy in plate reads under optimal conditions, though performance can vary with weather, angle, or plate occlusion, as verified in independent tests commissioned by early adopters.^[68]

Deployments and Empirical Effectiveness

Flock Safety systems, consisting of automated license plate recognition (ALPR) cameras, have been deployed in thousands of U.S. communities, with over 80,000 units operational nationwide as of September 2025.^[3] These installations span law enforcement agencies, residential neighborhoods, businesses, and schools, primarily in 49 states, enabling real-time vehicle tracking for investigations into theft, violent crimes, and missing persons cases.^[3] Deployments often involve solar-powered cameras mounted on poles, integrated with shared databases accessible to subscribing agencies within a regional network.^[6] Empirical assessments of effectiveness primarily derive from company-conducted analyses rather than independent, peer-reviewed research. A 2024 evaluation by Flock Safety personnel, drawing on surveys of 477 customer agencies (123 analyzed after filtering) and FBI Uniform Crime Reporting data, reported that one ALPR camera per sworn officer correlates with a 9.1% rise in overall crime clearance rates, with additional gains from software adoption and proximity to other users (1% increase per 20 nearby customers).^[69]^[70] The study employed multivariate regression but acknowledged limitations, including self-reported data quality issues, aggregation precluding crime-type specifics, and difficulties in isolating ALPR contributions from other factors.^[69] Flock attributes 10% of U.S. reported crimes—approximately 700,000 annually—to its technology, based on customer clearance attributions, though this claim has been contested by criminal justice academics for lacking robust verification and relying on selective agency data.^[6]^[71] Critics highlight methodological biases, such as Flock's control over data inputs, pressure on consultants for favorable framing, and focus on low-crime small agencies to inflate impacts, with participating researchers later distancing themselves from promotional interpretations.^[72] Localized data, such as in Oakland, California, post-2024 rollout, show elevated violent crime clearance rates shortly after installation, prompting endorsements from groups like the NAACP for aiding objective vehicle-linked investigations.^[73] Neighborhood deployments claim up to 70% crime drops via deterrence and evidence provision, per customer reports, but lack controlled comparisons to validate causality.^[4] Overall, while Flock systems facilitate vehicle-related leads, independent evaluations remain scarce, underscoring reliance on proponent-sourced metrics.^[74]

Criticisms and Privacy Debates

Flock Safety's automated license plate recognition (ALPR) systems have drawn widespread criticism for facilitating mass surveillance that tracks the movements of vehicles—and by extension, individuals—without individualized suspicion or warrants, raising Fourth Amendment concerns under the U.S. Constitution. Privacy advocates, including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), argue that the technology creates expansive networks capturing millions of plate reads daily, enabling retroactive geofencing of personal travel patterns across public and private spaces, which they characterize as a form of unprecedented dragnet monitoring disproportionate to public safety needs.^[7]^[75] Legal scholars have questioned whether law enforcement access to Flock's databases constitutes a "search" requiring judicial oversight, citing precedents like Carpenter v. United States (2018), which mandated warrants for prolonged cell-site location data, and noting that vehicle tracking similarly reveals intimate details of daily life.^[75] Data retention practices have intensified debates, as Flock's default policy stores encrypted images and metadata for 30 days before automatic deletion, allowing agencies to query historical data during that window for any reason, including non-criminal investigations.^[76] Critics contend this period is sufficient for compiling detailed dossiers on innocent residents, particularly in jurisdictions with overlapping camera networks spanning thousands of devices, and point to instances where data was shared with federal entities like the Department of Homeland Security without transparent public disclosure, prompting Flock to pause such pilots in August 2025 amid backlash over undisclosed practices.^[8]^[77] The Institute for Justice has dismissed these pauses as superficial, arguing they fail to curb local police retention of exported data or prevent broader interoperability risks.^[78] Allegations of misuse have further fueled opposition, including reports of law enforcement employing Flock cameras to surveil abortion seekers, domestic violence victims, or political activists by cross-referencing plates with hotlists, as highlighted in USA Today investigations revealing targeted operations post-Roe v. Wade overturn.^[79] In Eugene, Oregon, the ACLU sued the city in October 2025 for withholding Flock records under public records laws, alleging secrecy exacerbates risks of unchecked abuse in a system where private-sector data aggregation outpaces regulatory oversight.^[80] While Flock maintains it does not sell data to third parties and restricts access to authorized law enforcement, detractors from groups like the Electronic Frontier Foundation (implied in broader ALPR critiques) warn that vendor agreements often permit indefinite local archiving, undermining deletion promises and amplifying equity issues in lower-income or minority-heavy neighborhoods with denser deployments.^[63]^[81] Proponents counter that privacy safeguards, such as geofencing to private property and human verification of alerts, mitigate overreach, yet empirical gaps persist: independent audits of error rates (estimated at 10-35% for misreads under varying conditions) suggest potential for false accusations, though company-commissioned studies emphasize crime-solving benefits without addressing systemic privacy trade-offs.^[82] These tensions have spurred legislative pushes, including bans or warrants requirements in states like Michigan and Virginia, reflecting ongoing debates over whether technological efficiency justifies eroded expectations of anonymity in public transit.^[83]^[84]

Arts and Entertainment

Music

The Flock was an American jazz-rock fusion band formed in Chicago in 1965 by Fred Glickstein and Rick Canoff, initially as a garage rock outfit before evolving into a progressive jazz-rock ensemble distinguished by its use of electric violin and horn sections.^[85] The group gained recognition for its innovative blend of jazz improvisation, rock energy, and classical influences, with violinist Jerry Goodman emerging as a key figure whose virtuosic playing foreshadowed his later role in the Mahavishnu Orchestra.^[86] They signed with Columbia Records and released their self-titled debut album in 1969, featuring extended tracks like the 11-minute "The Flock" that showcased free-form jamming and modal structures inspired by contemporaries such as Miles Davis.^[87] Their follow-up, Dinosaur Swamps, arrived in 1970, incorporating denser arrangements and tracks such as "Introduction" and "Mediterranean," which highlighted the band's experimental edge but failed to achieve significant commercial breakthrough amid competition from more streamlined fusion acts.^[88] The Flock disbanded in the early 1970s after internal shifts and lineup changes, including Goodman's departure, though retrospective assessments credit them with pioneering violin integration in rock contexts and influencing Chicago's progressive scene.^[89] Lineup instability and limited radio play contributed to their cult status rather than mainstream appeal, with core members like Glickstein on guitar and Tom Malachi on drums providing continuity across recordings.^[87] In contemporary music, Flock refers to a London-based experimental jazz collective formed around 2021, comprising musicians Bex Burch, Sarathy Korwar, Al MacSween, Danalogue, and Tamar Osborn, who draw from minimalism, North African trance, and gamelan traditions in their self-titled 2022 debut album on Strut Records.^[90] This release, featuring hypnotic percussion-driven pieces like "Open" and "Movement 1," emphasizes communal improvisation and global rhythms, earning praise for its textural depth without vocals or conventional song structures.^[90] A follow-up, Flock II, was released in 2024, continuing the group's boundary-pushing approach in the UK's avant-garde jazz circuit.^[91] Additionally, Irish rock band Bell X1 issued an album titled Flock in 2005, a melodic indie effort with tracks exploring personal themes through layered guitars and harmonies, though it remains secondary to the band's core discography.

Video Games and Simulations

Flocking algorithms simulate collective animal behaviors in video games, enabling non-player characters to exhibit emergent group dynamics such as herds, swarms, or crowds without centralized control.^[92] These systems typically rely on three core rules—separation to avoid collisions, alignment to match velocities, and cohesion to stay near group centers—producing realistic movements observed in birds or fish.^[93] In real-time strategy games, flocking enhances unit pathfinding by allowing groups to navigate obstacles collectively, reducing computational load compared to individual A* algorithms while mimicking intelligent formation-keeping.^[94] A 2015 study analyzed flocking's application in RTS titles, finding it improves group responsiveness and realism in scenarios like military squads or zombie hordes, though it requires tuning to prevent unnatural clustering.^[95] Video game Flock, released on July 16, 2024, by developer Hollow Ponds and publisher Annapurna Interactive, integrates flocking mechanics in a co-operative multiplayer format where players herd flying creatures across procedurally generated skies.^[96] Players collect and nurture diverse aerial species, fostering emergent flock formations that emphasize exploration and gentle simulation over competition.^[97] The game's design draws on natural flocking for creature AI, allowing herds to respond dynamically to player actions and environmental cues.^[98] Simulation tools like Unity's Flock Box, released in 2020, provide developers with customizable Boids-based systems for integrating flocking into custom games, supporting behaviors tunable via visual editors without scripting.^[99] Such assets have been used in prototypes for simulating bird flocks or insect swarms, demonstrating scalability for large agent counts in performance-critical engines.

Literature and Other Media

In literature, "The Flock" refers to a 1906 novel by Mary Austin depicting the lives of shepherds and their sheep in the Sierra Nevada region of California, drawing from the author's personal observations of rural herding practices.^[100] The work explores themes of isolation, nature, and subsistence farming among Basque and other immigrant herders.^[101] James Patterson's Maximum Ride young adult fantasy series, beginning with The Angel Experiment in 2005, prominently features a group of genetically engineered avian-human hybrids known as "the Flock," consisting of protagonists Maximum, Fang, Iggy, Nudge, Gasman, and Angel, who evade capture while uncovering conspiracies.^[102] The series, spanning nine main novels through 2015, sold over 20 million copies worldwide and emphasizes themes of freedom, identity, and survival against scientific exploitation.^[103] More recent fiction includes Kate Stewart's 2018 romance novel Flock, the first in the Ravenhood trilogy, where the term metaphorically denotes a secretive, tight-knit group influencing the protagonist's romantic entanglements and personal growth in a small-town setting.^[104] The book achieved New York Times bestseller status and explores loyalty, deception, and forbidden relationships.^[105] In poetry, Anna Akhmatova's 1917 collection White Flock (Белая стая) compiles lyric verses reflecting personal introspection amid early 20th-century Russian turmoil, with the title evoking purity and collective vulnerability.^[106] Other media adaptations include the 2007 thriller film The Flock, directed by Andrew Lau and starring Richard Gere as a federal agent monitoring sex offenders, who suspects a parolee in a kidnapping during his final days on the job.^[107] The film, released on August 3, 2007, received mixed reviews for its tense plot but was criticized for pacing and character development.^[108]

People

Notable Individuals with Surname Flock

The Flock family from Fort Payne, Alabama, gained prominence in early American stock car racing through siblings Bob, Truman "Fonty," and Tim Flock, who competed professionally in the 1940s and 1950s.^[109] Their father, Carl Lee Flock Sr., operated a garage and encouraged mechanical aptitude and bootlegging runs that honed driving skills during Prohibition.^[110] Sisters Reo and Ethel also participated in racing events, with Reo becoming one of the earliest female competitors in the sport.^[109] Tim Flock (May 11, 1924 – March 31, 1998) achieved the most success among the brothers, securing NASCAR Grand National championships in 1952 driving a Hudson Hornet and in 1955 with a Chrysler 300, amassing 40 wins across 189 starts for a 21% victory rate.^[111] ^[110] He was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame in 2014 and known for innovations like employing a rhesus monkey named Jocko as a publicity stunt co-pilot in a 1953 race, which he won at Atlanta Speedway on May 16.^[112] Flock's career spanned 13 seasons from 1949 to 1961, including early modified division successes.^[113] Fonty Flock (March 21, 1921 – July 15, 1972), the eldest racing brother, won the 1947 National Championship Stock Car Circuit title with seven victories in 47 starts, predating NASCAR's formal inception.^[114] He competed in 154 NASCAR events over nine years, earning four wins and notoriety for racing in Bermuda shorts, including a 1952 Daytona Beach road course event.^[115] Inducted into the Georgia Automobile Racing Hall of Fame in 2004, Fonty also excelled in modified racing, claiming the 1952 NASCAR Modified championship.^[115] Bob Flock, another brother, raced alongside his siblings in the late 1940s, securing four NASCAR Grand National victories, including the 1949 race at the old Atlanta Speedway, before shifting focus away from full-time competition.^[109] The family's collective contributions helped legitimize stock car racing as a professional sport amid its moonshine-running origins.^[109]

Miscellaneous Uses

References

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Flock Safety provides the first public safety operating system that empowers private communities and law enforcement to work together to eliminate crime.
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Flock Safety
A Public Safety Technology Ecosystem. We provide safety solutions to Law Enforcement, neighborhoods and businesses.Law EnforcementCareersLicense Plate Readers (LPR)View All ProductsSearch
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1. a number of animals of one kind, esp. sheep, goats, or birds, that keep or feed together or are herded together · 2. a large number of people; crowd · 3. a ...Flock · Examples Of 'flock' In A... · Related Word Partners
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noun · a number of animals of one kind, especially sheep, goats, or birds, that keep or feed together or are herded together. · a large number of people; crowd.
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[26]
Efficient flocking: metric versus topological interactions - Journals
Sep 29, 2021 · We explore how the range of interaction versus the number of fixed interacting neighbours affects the dynamics of flocking in an unbounded space.
[27]
Changing Flight and Flocking Dynamics of Homing Pigeons ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Using GPS and accelerometry biologgers, we investigated how the flight and group behaviour of flocking homing pigeons changed in response to ...
[28]
Starling Flock Networks Manage Uncertainty in Consensus at Low ...
Flocks of starlings exhibit a remarkable ability to maintain cohesion as a group in highly uncertain environments and with limited, noisy information.
[29]
Topical Bible: Flock
The imagery of a flock is deeply embedded in the pastoral culture of the Bible, symbolizing care, guidance, and community. Literal Usage In its literal sense, a ...
[30]
The concept of Flock in Christianity
Oct 17, 2025 · In Early Christianity, the term "Flock" signifies the group of congregation members or parishioners that clergy are responsible for guiding ...
[31]
The Flock of God - Ligonier Ministries
So, this picture of the church as a flock comes straight out of the Old Testament, but even more significantly, it also comes straight from the lips of the Lord ...Missing: historical | Show results with:historical
[32]
"Flock" vs "Congregation" [closed] - English Stack Exchange
Jun 14, 2017 · A congregation is the group of people that regularly come together for services or other observations and a flock can refer to all the people a priest/pastor/ ...Missing: human | Show results with:human
[33]
The concept of Scattered flock in Christianity
May 24, 2025 · Discover the concept of a Scattered flock, symbolizing humanity's struggle with disconnection and the journey back to unity and guidance.Missing: congregation religious
[34]
Spontaneous flocking in human groups | Request PDF
Aug 6, 2025 · The results of our study to test the stability of the seemingly innate human group tendency to flock showed that introducing competition ...
[35]
Just like pigeons, people tend to flock | University of California
Sep 27, 2018 · A UC Davis researcher looked at how people behave in simple reasoning games and found that people are usually driven to “flock,” or behave similarly to others ...
[36]
[PDF] Flock Leadership
Feb 15, 2016 · This study introduces Flock Leadership, a framework for understanding and influencing emergent collective behavior in the context of human ...
[37]
The history of flocking - Flock Association of Europe
Flocking began in China 3000 years ago, mechanical flocking in the 12th century, revived in the 19th century, and electrostatic flocking in the 1930s.
[38]
Synthetic flock fibres: A population and target fibre study
Aug 10, 2025 · Flock fibres were found on 82% of garments. The majority of flock fibres were nylon (6 or 6,6) with a round cross-section, a diameter between 15 ...
[39]
[PDF] Flocking on textile: origin, evolution, innovation - AIGLE Macchine Srl
Flocking on textile dates back to 1000 BC in China, with industrial use in the USA around 1910. It evolved to include improved washability, and is now used for ...
[40]
[PDF] Basics of flocking
Flocking involves applying cut fibers vertically to a surface with adhesive using an electric field. The fibers are then cleaned after drying.<|separator|>
[41]
Understanding the flock and the flocking process. - Swicofil
The electrostatic method is perhaps the most viable flocking method, especially for the printer doing more than an occasional flocking job. Flocking material ...Missing: disadvantages | Show results with:disadvantages
[42]
Influence of flock coating on the thermophysiological comfort ...
Compared to the base fabric, long flock fiber has provided a 249% increase in thermal resistance, with at most a 20% fabric mass increment and 24% relative ...Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
[43]
Global Flocking Fabric Market Outlook And Segmentation Analysis ...
Sep 26, 2025 · Flocking Fabric Market size is estimated to be USD 1.5 Billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 2.5 Billion by 2033 at a CAGR of 6.3% ...
[44]
Basics of flocking - SCHNIER-Flock
Flock can insulate, insulate or conduct electricity. Increasing the surface area through flocking can act as a catalyst or filter.
[45]
(PDF) Abrasion Properties of Upholstery Flocked Fabrics
A statistical method was used to analyze the experimental data. Regression models were proposed to explain the relationships between carpet pile height and ...Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical<|separator|>
[46]
How Does Electrostatic Flocking Work?
Electrostatic flocking differs from mechanical or gravity flocking, where fibers fall randomly. The electrostatic method offers higher accuracy and better ...
[47]
Boids (Flocks, Herds, and Schools: a Distributed Behavioral Model)
In 1986 I made a computer model of coordinated animal motion such as bird flocks and fish schools. It was based on three dimensional computational geometry ...
[48]
Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
This paper explores an approach based on simulation as an alternative to scripting the paths of each bird individually.
[49]
[PDF] Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model 1
This paper explores an approach based on simulation as an alternative to scripting the paths of each bird individually. The simulated flock is an elaboration of ...Missing: peer- | Show results with:peer-
[50]
Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model
To build a simulated flock, we start with a boid model that supports geometric flight. We add behaviors that correspond to the opposing forces of collision ...
[51]
Boids-Based Integration Algorithm for Formation Control and ... - MDPI
This paper proposes a novel integrated algorithm based on Boids that can be applied to multi-UAV systems for obstacle avoidance and formation control.
[52]
Flock2: A model for orientation-based social flocking - ScienceDirect
Oct 7, 2024 · Empirical studies have shown that flocks are larger, flocking for longer times, and with more activity and vigilance in monitoring when ...Flock2: A Model For... · 2. Model And Simulation · 3. Results
[53]
Life as an emergent phenomenon: studies from a large-scale boid ...
Nov 13, 2017 · A large group with a special structure can become the mother of emergence. We discuss this hypothesis in relation to large-scale boid simulations and web data.Missing: peer- reviewed
[54]
Full article: The computational beauty of flocking: boids revisited
Aug 30, 2007 · We present an artificial animal construction framework that has been obtained as a generalization of the existing bird flocking models, but is not limited to ...Missing: peer- reviewed
[55]
Boids are birdlike objects - Flocking behavior for birds
Behavioral Animation is used to simulate birds flocking. Behavioral animation has been used in such movies at Batman Returns, The Lion King, and The ...
[56]
A history of CG bird flocking - befores & afters
Apr 7, 2022 · A deep dive into the history of early bird flocking tools pioneered by Craig Reynolds and Andy Kopra.
[57]
The 4 Behaviors of the Unreal Engine Flocking Algorithm
Mar 16, 2018 · The four behaviors are: Cohesion, Separation, Alignment, and Reversal. Reversal is the highest priority.<|control11|><|separator|>
[58]
Flocking / Examples / Processing.org
An implementation of Craig Reynold's Boids program to simulate the flocking behavior of birds. Each boid steers itself based on rules of avoidance, alignment, ...
[59]
19.2 Flocking Systems – Computer Graphics and Computer Animation
Flocking systems use 'boids' that avoid collisions, match velocity, and stay close to flockmates, using separation, alignment, and cohesion steering.
[60]
Report: Flock Safety Business Breakdown & Founding Story
Jan 20, 2023 · Flock Safety was founded in 2017 by CEO Garrett Langley after he was the victim of a property crime in Atlanta. Police were unable to help him ...
[61]
Flock Safety: 2025 CNBC Disruptor 50
Jun 10, 2025 · 7. Flock Safety ; Founders: Garrett Langley (CEO), Paige Todd, Matt Feury, Bailey Quintrell ; Launched: 2017 ; Headquarters: Atlanta, Georgia
[62]
The Power of Connected Intelligence - Flock Safety
Sep 17, 2025 · Flock's proprietary camera technology delivers crystal-clear images regardless of lighting conditions. Unlike traditional ALPR cameras that ...
[63]
FAQ - Flock Safety
These alerts notify local law enforcement in real-time when a wanted suspect vehicle passes by your Flock Safety cameras. Our goal is to eliminate crime across ...
[64]
Flock Secures $275 Million to Advance Crime-Solving Technology
Mar 13, 2025 · Since 2017, Flock Safety has built an integrated safety platform that includes License Plate Readers (LPRs), gunshot detection, AI-powered video ...
[65]
Flock Safety System | Everett, WA - Official Website
The Flock System cameras would be used to solve and reduce property and violent crime. Data would only be used as it pertains to criminal investigations and ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[66]
Flock Safety - CB Insights
Flock Safety serves sectors such as law enforcement, schools, property management, and businesses. It was founded in 2017 and is based in Atlanta, Georgia.
[67]
In Critical Moments, Every Second Shapes the Outcome - Flock Safety
Aug 27, 2025 · This seamless response shows how Flock Safety technology works together: real-time 911 transcription, unified video, AI-powered search ...
[68]
Flock Safety - LinkedIn
Apr 13, 2025 · We are the first public safety operating system empowering thousands of cities to eliminate crime. Our cameras and devices detect objective evidence.
[69]
(PDF) Flock Safety Technologies in Law Enforcement - ResearchGate
Feb 5, 2024 · This study analyzes data collected by a representative sample of small, medium, and large agencies that use Flock technologies to measure the impact of Flock ...
[70]
Study validates impact of Flock Safety's LPR technology on crime ...
Feb 8, 2024 · The addition of one Flock Safety LPR camera per sworn officer is associated with a 9.1% increase in the clearance rate of crimes.
[71]
Flock Installed AI Cameras In This Small City And Claimed Crime ...
Feb 29, 2024 · The paper concludes that “10% of reported crime in the U.S. is solved using Flock technology.” Six criminal justice academics found the study's ...
[72]
Studies Show Flock's ALPRs Reduce Crime… So Long ... - Techdirt.
Apr 1, 2024 · The most outrageous claim is that Flock's ALPRs are “instrumental in solving 10 percent of reported crime in America.” Whoa if true but it definitely isn't.<|separator|>
[73]
https://www.flocksafety.com/blog/flock-safety-helps-boost-oaklands-violent-crime-clearance-rate
[74]
Communities Should Reject Surveillance Products Whose Makers ...
Mar 6, 2024 · One example of a company refusing to allow independent review of its product is the license plate recognition company Flock, which is pushing ...Missing: studies | Show results with:studies
[75]
Constitutional Concerns Surrounding Flock Cameras
These cameras are touted for reducing crime and aiding police departments in unsolved cases. However, there are questions surrounding the constitutionality of ...
[76]
Privacy & Ethics - Flock Safety
By default, data collected by Flock's devices is stored in the cloud, encrypted, for 30 days, after which it is hard deleted. There is no mechanism for ...
[77]
Flock Safety halts federal Dept of Homeland Security pilot programs
Aug 27, 2025 · Flock Safety, a license plate reader company, halted federal pilot programs after admitting to poorly communicated data sharing practices.
[78]
Public Interest Law Firm Responds to Flock Safety Pausing Federal ...
Aug 28, 2025 · Last year, IJ filed a federal lawsuit against the city of Norfolk, Virginia, over its use of more than 170 Flock Safety ALPRs. Earlier this ...
[79]
Safety and privacy debate looms amid rise in license plate cameras
Sep 13, 2025 · The biggest Flock controversy centers on allegations that law enforcement has abused the company's surveillance network to target women, ...
[80]
https://www.route-fifty.com/digital-government/2025/10/alleging-secrecy-aclu-and-eugene-resident-sue-city-flock-camera-records/409050/
[81]
[PDF] Fast-Growing Company Flock is Building a New AI-Driven ... - ACLU
Mar 3, 2022 · A new and rapidly growing surveillance company called Flock Safety is building a form of mass surveillance unlike any seen before in American ...
[82]
Flock Safety Built America's Biggest License Plate Camera Network ...
Sep 16, 2025 · The system logs plate information, vehicle characteristics, and timestamps. Police can log into a dashboard, enter a case number, and search not ...
[83]
https://www.michigandaily.com/news/public-safety/spread-of-flock-safety-cameras-in-michigan-raises-concerns-of-increased-surveillance/
[84]
https://jsis.washington.edu/humanrights/2025/10/21/leaving-the-door-wide-open/
[85]
https://www.discogs.com/artist/370496-The-Flock
[86]
The Flock Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More |... - AllMusic
Chicago-based jazz-rock band whose violinist, Jerry Goodman, went on to join Mahavishnu Orchestra. Read Full Biography ...
[87]
THE FLOCK discography and reviews - Prog Archives
Like many other prog acts from Chicago, The Flock was a prog/jazz/blues rock band from the late 60's and early 70's. However, they didn't achieve the commercial ...
[88]
The Flock | Interview | Jerry Smith - It's Psychedelic Baby Magazine
Dec 24, 2023 · The Flock was a Chicago-based jazz rock band that released two albums on Columbia Records. Despite not achieving the commercial success of other jazz oriented ...
[89]
THE FLOCK discography (top albums) and reviews
The Flock were an American Rock band from Chicago, formed in 1965 by Rick Canoff and Fred Glickstein. Originally a Garage Rock band, their sound shifted ...
[90]
Flock - Album Review - All About Jazz
May 7, 2022 · There are resonances on the album of Terry Riley's early minimalism, Sun Ra's space jazz, Maghrebi trance music, Javanese tuned-percussion music ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[91]
UK - Flock II - Bandcamp
About this album Flock is a brand new collaboration between five leading musicians from London's open-minded jazz and experimental scenes: Bex Burch (Vula Viel ...
[92]
4. Flocking - AI for Game Developers [Book] - O'Reilly
Chapter 4. FlockingOften in video games, nonplayer characters must move in cohesive groups rather than independently. Let's consider some examples.
[93]
3 Simple Rules of Flocking Behaviors: Alignment, Cohesion, and ...
Jan 21, 2013 · This is known as emergent behavior, and can be used in games to simulate chaotic or life-like group movement.
[94]
Flocking behaviour of group movement in real strategy games
Flocking is a convenient method to simulate natural and intelligent group movement in computer games. This paper investigates the path-finding using flockingMissing: behavior video<|control11|><|separator|>
[95]
(PDF) Flocking behaviour of group movement in real strategy games
Aug 10, 2025 · Flocking is a convenient method to simulate natural and intelligent group movement in computer games. This paper investigates the path-finding ...
[96]
Flock - Annapurna Interactive
Flock is a multiplayer co-op game where players take on the role of flying shepherds, each tending to their own unique herd of adorable flying creatures.
[97]
Flock Review - Creature Comforts - GameSpot
Rating 8/10 · Review by Mark DelaneyJul 15, 2024 · Flock is a video game and does some video-gamey things, but it's never really keeping score. There are few fail states and no game-over screens.
[98]
Flock review – chill creature-collecting flying game is shear bliss
Jul 17, 2024 · Filling a field guide is the simple goal of this endearingly strange game, in which you float on a giant bird, collect gently surreal flying sea life, and ...
[99]
[RELEASED] Flock Box DOTS 2.0 - Flocking simulator
Mar 19, 2020 · Flock Box is a highly customizable flocking simulation based on the Boids pattern. It is easy to add and tune behaviors without any scripting at all.
[100]
The Flock - University of Nevada Press
This classic novel, first published in 1906 and based on Mary Austin's own experiences, captures the way of life of shepherds in the Sierra.
[101]
The Flock (Western Literature and Fiction Series) - Amazon.com
30-day returnsThis classic novel, first published in 1906 and based on Mary Austin's own experiences, captures the way of life of shepherds in the Sierra.
[102]
Maximum Ride | James Patterson
Fourteen-year-old Maximum Ride and the other members of the "Flock" -- Fang, Iggy, Nudge, Gasman and Angel -- are just… Read More ...
[103]
Maximum Ride | Hachette Book Group
Fourteen-year-old Maximum Ride and the other members of the "Flock" -- Fang, Iggy, Nudge, Gasman and Angel -- are just… Read More ...
[104]
Flock (The Ravenhood, #1) by Kate Stewart - Goodreads
Rating 4.1 (273,114) Jul 27, 2020 · The Ravenhood Trilogy, consisting of Flock, Exodus, and The Finish Line, as well as the spinoff series, Ravenhood Legacy, have become NYT, USA ...
[105]
Flock: Ravenhood Book 1 (The Ravenhood) - Amazon.com
30-day returnsBooks in this bestselling series are Flock, Exodus and The Finish Line. Read more. Review. "Flock isn't just a book, it's an experience. A brilliant ...
[106]
White Flock: Poetry of Anna Akhmatova - Amazon.com
30-day returnsAnna Akhmatova (June 23, 1889 – March 5, 1966) is considered by many to be one of the greatest Russian poets of the Silver Age. Her works range from short ...
[107]
The Flock (2007) - IMDb
Rating 5.7/10 (12,697) The Flock: Directed by Wai Keung Lau. With Richard Gere, Claire Danes, KaDee Strickland, Ray Wise. A hyper-vigilant employee of the department of public ...User reviews · Parents guide · The Flock · Plot
[108]
The Flock - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 32% (673) Discover reviews, ratings, and trailers for The Flock on Rotten Tomatoes. Stay updated with critic and audience scores today!
[109]
Flock Family - Encyclopedia of Alabama
The Flock family, known for their adventurous spirit, included brothers Bob, Fonty, and Tim, who were early stock-car racing stars, and sisters Reo and Ethel.
[110]
Tim Flock - Motorsports Hall of Fame
Born on May 11, 1924, Flock served in the military, was a cab driver, a soda jerk, an iron worker and loaded bootleg whiskey into cars his brothers flat footed ...
[111]
Tim Flock | Class of 2014 NASCAR Hall of Fame Inductee
Tim Flock won his first series title in 1952 while driving Ted Chester's Hudson Hornet, and his second in 1955 driving Carl Kiekhaefer's Chrysler.
[112]
The Story of "Jocko Flocko" - Tim Flock
Jocko Flocko was a Rhesus monkey and remains the only known co-driver in NASCAR history. On May 16, 1953, Jocko helped Tim win the Grand National race.
[113]
Tim Flock - Georgia Racing HOF
Born May 11, 1924, Tim Flock ran in NASCAR first competition and didn't retire until 1961, entering 187 races and winning 40 times.
[114]
Fonty Flock - Auto | HowStuffWorks
Oct 25, 2024 · Fonty was crowned the champion of the 1947 National Championship Stock Car Circuit, the forerunner to NASCAR. He finished second in the 1948 ...
[115]
Truman "Fonty" Flock - Georgia Racing HOF
Truman “Fonty” Flock, birth: March 21st, 1920, Fort Payne, AL – Death: July 15th, 1972, (aged 52), Atlanta GA. He was the brother of NASCAR pioneers Tim and ...