Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Groundhog

The groundhog (Marmota monax), also known as the woodchuck, is a large, burrowing rodent native to North America and the largest member of the squirrel family, Sciuridae.^[1]^[2] Characterized by its stocky build, grizzled brown to reddish-brown fur, short powerful legs, blunt nose, small ears, and bushy tail, adults typically measure 16 to 32 inches in total length (including a 3- to 10-inch tail) and weigh 4 to 15 pounds, with males slightly larger than females.^[1]^[3]^[2] Groundhogs are distributed across much of Canada and the eastern and central United States, favoring open habitats such as fields, pastures, woodland edges, roadsides, and human-modified landscapes like agricultural areas and suburbs.^[1]^[3]^[2] They are solitary, diurnal animals with a lifespan of 4 to 6 years in the wild, constructing extensive burrow systems up to 30 to 50 feet long and 4 to 5 feet deep, often with multiple entrances, which serve as shelters and hibernation chambers.^[1]^[3]^[2] Primarily herbivorous, they forage on green vegetation including legumes, forbs, crops like soybeans and peas, berries, and occasionally invertebrates or eggs, consuming up to 1.5 pounds of plant matter daily during the active season.^[1]^[2] Behaviorally, groundhogs are true hibernators, entering torpor from late October or early November until February or March, during which they lose 25 to 30 percent of their body weight by burning stored fat reserves without eating, drinking, or defecating.^[1]^[2] Reproduction occurs once annually, with mating in early spring shortly after emergence from hibernation; gestation lasts 31 to 33 days, resulting in litters of 2 to 6 kits (average 4) born in April, which remain in the burrow for about two months under maternal care before dispersing.^[1]^[3]^[2] Ecologically, they play a key role as prey for predators such as coyotes, foxes, hawks, and humans, while their burrows provide habitat for other species including rabbits, skunks, and reptiles.^[1] Culturally, groundhogs are notably associated with Groundhog Day on February 2, a tradition originating in Pennsylvania Dutch folklore where the animal's emergence is said to predict the arrival of spring based on whether it sees its shadow.^[1]^[3]

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Etymology

The common name "groundhog" originated in American English as a descriptive term combining "ground," referring to the animal's extensive burrowing habits, with "hog," alluding to its stout body and pig-like appearance when foraging or rooting in the soil. The earliest recorded use dates to 1784, appearing in early American natural history accounts and settler descriptions of North American wildlife.^[4] This name gained traction in colonial and post-colonial contexts, particularly among English-speaking settlers in the eastern United States and Canada, where the rodent was noted for its terrestrial lifestyle distinct from tree-dwelling squirrels. The scientific binomial name Marmota monax was assigned by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The genus name "Marmota" derives from the French "marmotte," itself from the Romansch "marmont" or Latinized "murem montis," meaning "mountain mouse," originally describing the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) and extended to related species like the North American groundhog due to superficial similarities in build and habitat.^[5] The specific epithet "monax" comes from the Greek "monos," signifying "solitary" or "alone," a reference to the animal's predominantly solitary behavior outside of brief mating or maternal periods.^[6] Alternative common names reflect regional and cultural influences. "Woodchuck," the most widespread synonym especially in the northeastern United States, stems from an Algonquian language term such as the Cree "otchek" meaning "fisher"; it is a folk etymology unrelated to wood or chucking and was first documented in 1670 by English settlers in New England.^[7] Other names include "land-beaver," evoking the rodent's beaver-like burrowing and gnawing but on terrestrial rather than aquatic grounds, and regional variants like "whistle-pig" in the Appalachian and Midwestern U.S., highlighting its alarm whistle and hog-like form.^[8]

Classification and subspecies

The groundhog (Marmota monax) is a rodent species classified in the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Mammalia, order Rodentia, family Sciuridae, and genus Marmota.^[9]^[10] This placement reflects its membership in the diverse squirrel family, where it stands out as one of the largest ground-dwelling members adapted to temperate North American environments.^[11] Within the genus Marmota, which comprises about 15 species of marmots distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, M. monax is more closely related to Eurasian species than to other North American marmots, diverging from the latter around 3–5 million years ago, coinciding with climatic shifts that promoted habitat specialization in lowland forests and meadows.^[12]^[13] The genus originated in North America during the Early Miocene around 16 million years ago, with subsequent dispersal to Eurasia via the Bering Land Bridge in the Pliocene approximately 3–4 million years ago.^[12] This evolutionary separation is evidenced by molecular phylogenies and fossil records showing M. monax as a distinct clade with adaptations for solitary burrowing lifestyles, unlike the more social, high-altitude species in the genus. Nine subspecies of M. monax are currently recognized, varying primarily in geographic distribution, pelage coloration, and body size, with northern populations generally larger (up to 7–8 kg) than southern ones (4–6 kg).^[14] These include M. m. monax, found in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, characterized by grayish-brown fur; M. m. rufescens, distributed in the southern Appalachian region and noted for its reddish-cinnamon pelage and slightly smaller size; M. m. canadensis, occupying central and eastern Canada with paler, grayer tones and extending to subarctic regions like Labrador where individuals exhibit darker, more robust builds; M. m. preblei, in the central Great Plains, showing intermediate size and buffy underparts; and M. m. ignava, in the southeastern U.S., with warmer brown hues and reduced size.^[14]^[6] Subspecies boundaries are often gradual, reflecting continuous variation across the species' broad range from Alaska to Georgia. Hybridization between M. monax and other Marmota species is rare, with no confirmed cases documented despite overlapping ranges with species like M. olympus in the Pacific Northwest; genetic barriers and ecological differences likely limit interbreeding.^[14]^[12]

Physical characteristics

Morphology and size

The groundhog (Marmota monax) is a robust rodent with a stocky build, characterized by a total body length ranging from 40 to 81 cm (16 to 32 inches), including a short, bushy tail measuring 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches).^[3] Adults typically weigh between 2 and 6.8 kg (4 to 15 pounds), with males generally larger than females; prior to hibernation, individuals can double their body mass through fat accumulation, representing up to a 100% weight increase.^[10]^[15] The body structure features short, powerful legs equipped with strong claws, a broad head, small rounded ears, and prominent curved incisors adapted for gnawing vegetation.^[10]^[16] Groundhogs possess a dental formula of I 1/1, C 0/0, P 2/1, M 3/3 (totaling 22 teeth), with notably white incisors unusual among rodents.^[17] Sensory adaptations include a keen sense of smell and hearing for detecting predators and conspecifics, though eyesight is adapted for detecting movement at a distance, with capability to spot predators up to 250-300 yards away.^[18]^[19] Coloration variations, ranging from gray-brown to reddish hues, are detailed in subsequent sections on adaptations.^[10]

Coloration and adaptations

The groundhog (Marmota monax) exhibits a typical pelage characterized by grizzled grayish-brown fur on the upper body, resulting from white-tipped guard hairs overlying a brownish base, while the underparts are yellowish and the tail features a darker tip with blackish hairs.^[20]^[21] This coloration provides effective camouflage in grassy and forested habitats. The fur undergoes a seasonal molt, transitioning from a browner summer coat to a paler, thicker winter pelage that enhances insulation against cold.^[22] Color variations occur among subspecies, reflecting geographic adaptations. Southern populations, such as M. m. rufescens, display reddish hues in their fur, contributing to a warmer overall tone suited to milder climates.^[6] In contrast, western forms like M. m. bunkeri are paler, with lighter grayish tones that blend into arid, rocky environments. These differences, while subtle, aid in thermoregulation and concealment across the species' range. Key physiological adaptations include a double-layered coat with dense underfur for thermal insulation during periods of activity and dormancy.^[23] Groundhogs possess anal scent glands that secrete musky substances used for territorial marking, allowing individuals to communicate presence and status to conspecifics. Prior to hibernation, they accumulate substantial fat reserves, comprising up to 50% of body weight through hyperphagia, which sustains them through winter.^[24] Sexual dimorphism is minimal, with no significant differences in coloration.^[1]

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

The groundhog (Marmota monax) is native to eastern and central North America, with its geographic range spanning from central Alaska eastward across much of Canada south of the treeline to Labrador, and southward through the eastern United States to Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Arkansas. To the west, the range extends to eastern British Columbia and Washington in the north, and to eastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma in the south. This distribution covers diverse landscapes from boreal forests to grasslands, though the species is most abundant in areas with open fields and forest edges.^[11]^[10] Historically, the groundhog's range expanded significantly following post-glacial recolonization around 10,000 years ago, as retreating ice sheets allowed northward migration from southern refugia. Further expansions occurred in the 19th century due to widespread deforestation for agriculture, which created suitable open habitats and reduced predator pressures, leading to increased populations and westward shifts in states like Ohio, Kansas, and western North Carolina. These changes transformed the groundhog from a primarily woodland-edge species into one thriving in human-modified landscapes across its core range.^[20]^[25]^[26] Today, the groundhog occupies greater than 2,500,000 square kilometers, with population densities varying by habitat quality. Ongoing habitat fragmentation poses localized threats, but overall distribution remains stable and extensive.^[1]

Habitat preferences

Groundhogs (Marmota monax) primarily inhabit open landscapes that provide ample foraging opportunities and suitable burrowing conditions, such as fields, meadows, forest edges, and agricultural lands characterized by short grass and loose soil.^[1] These areas allow for easy excavation of burrows while offering proximity to food sources like grasses and crops.^[10] They are highly adaptable to human-modified environments, including roadsides and suburban yards, but favor sites with a mix of open space and nearby cover.^[2] The species occupies elevations from sea level to low and mid-range altitudes, with records extending into the Rocky Mountains where they avoid high alpine zones dominated by other marmot species.^[10] They generally shun dense forests, which limit visibility and foraging, as well as wetlands that pose flooding risks to burrows.^[1] In mountainous regions like the Adirondacks, groundhogs are found up to approximately 2,500 feet (760 m), preferring lower slopes over steep, rocky terrain.^[6] Soil preferences center on well-drained types that facilitate digging extensive tunnel systems, with sandy or gravelly loams being ideal due to their friable nature and reduced compaction.^[27] These soils minimize structural collapse in burrows while allowing efficient ventilation and drainage.^[16] Groundhogs select sites near water sources, such as streams or riparian zones, for hydration and vegetation, but avoid flood-prone lowlands that could inundate their underground homes.^[1] At the microhabitat level, groundhogs favor sunny slopes that enable thermoregulation through basking, particularly during midday in summer when they emerge to absorb heat.^[10] These locations often include nearby escape features like rocks, logs, or brush piles, which provide quick refuge from predators alongside the burrow entrances.^[2] Such features enhance survival by combining solar exposure for warming with defensive options, influencing site selection in otherwise open habitats.^[27]

Behavior and ecology

Groundhogs (Marmota monax) are strictly diurnal, exhibiting activity patterns that align with daylight hours from spring through fall.^[28] In summer, their active period typically lasts 4-6 hours per day, beginning with emergence at sunrise for basking to regulate body temperature, followed by foraging during mid-morning to midday, and retreating to burrows during the hottest afternoon hours to avoid heat stress.^[29] This unimodal pattern peaks around midday in spring and shifts to early morning and late afternoon in warmer months, allowing them to balance thermoregulation and energy needs.^[2] Socially, groundhogs are largely solitary outside of the breeding season, maintaining individual territories that minimize overlap except in high-density areas where loose colonies may form.^[30] Adult males defend territories averaging 2-3 hectares, which overlap with those of 1-3 adult females, while female home ranges, typically 0.5-2 hectares, show little to no overlap among unrelated individuals early in the season but expand slightly later with minimal intrusion.^[31] These territories are marked and patrolled aggressively by males to deter intruders, fostering amicable interactions within kin groups but agonistic encounters between groups.^[31] In optimal habitats, densities can reach 3 individuals per hectare, leading to semi-social clusters centered around shared burrow systems, though most interactions remain limited to mating or familial rearing.^[11] Communication among groundhogs relies on a combination of vocal, visual, and olfactory signals to convey threats, territory, and social status.^[10] Vocalizations include a distinctive shrill whistle as the primary alarm call, often followed by a low warbling "tchuck-tchuck" sound, with variations in pitch and duration signaling different threat levels or urgency.^[17] Up to 15 distinct whistle types have been observed, differing by predator proximity or type, enabling kin to respond appropriately without visual confirmation.^[32] Postural displays, such as standing upright on hind legs with teeth bared, serve as visual warnings during territorial disputes or predator detection, while scent marking with pungent secretions from oral and anal glands delineates boundaries, primarily within 6 meters of burrows.^[10] These methods facilitate eavesdropping on heterospecific calls, enhancing group vigilance without excessive energy expenditure. Anti-predator behaviors emphasize rapid detection and escape, with groundhogs maintaining high vigilance during foraging by periodically scanning horizons while sitting upright.^[33] Upon threat detection, they emit alarm whistles to alert nearby individuals before executing a swift retreat to the nearest burrow entrance, often within seconds, as flight initiation distance correlates positively with proximity to refuge sites. In urban environments, while average vigilance remains consistent, individual variation increases, allowing adaptation to obscured sightlines from human structures.^[34] These strategies, combined with burrow-centric activity, contribute to survival rates exceeding 70% in rural settings during active seasons.^[33]

Diet and foraging

Groundhogs (Marmota monax) are primarily herbivorous, with their diet dominated by green leafy vegetation such as grasses, clover, alfalfa, dandelions, and other forbs, which provide essential proteins and nutrients. They also consume herbs, bark from shrubs and trees, fruits like berries and apples, and agricultural crops including soybeans, peas, beans, carrots, and corn, especially in areas near farmland. Animal matter, mainly insects such as grasshoppers and snails, constitutes less than 1% of their intake.^[16]^[2] Dietary preferences shift seasonally to meet nutritional needs. In spring and summer, groundhogs focus on high-fiber, succulent plants like grasses, clovers, and tender greens to support growth and maintenance, while in late summer and fall, they prioritize energy-dense foods such as corn, fruits, and legumes to accumulate fat reserves for hibernation. This strategic foraging ensures adequate body mass before winter dormancy.^[16]^[6] Groundhogs employ efficient foraging techniques adapted to their environment, using their continuously growing, chisel-like incisors to clip vegetation close to the ground and selectively graze on nutrient-rich patches within 50-100 meters of their burrows. They are diurnal foragers, with activity peaking in the early morning and late afternoon during summer to avoid midday heat, and bouts typically lasting under two hours to minimize predation risk. Social foraging is limited, often occurring solitarily or in loose family groups during the active season.^[10]^[16] Daily food intake averages 0.3-0.7 kg of fresh vegetation, scaled to body size and food availability, providing both nutrition and hydration since groundhogs rarely drink free water. To maximize nutrient extraction from fibrous plant material, they practice coprophagy, reingesting soft, nutrient-rich feces produced in the hindgut for further digestion and absorption of vitamins and proteins.^[16]^[35]

Burrowing activities

Groundhogs, or Marmota monax, construct extensive underground burrow systems that serve as primary shelters, consisting of interconnected tunnels typically measuring 15 to 30 meters in total length and rarely exceeding 2 meters in depth.^[16] These networks include multiple chambers dedicated to specific functions, such as sleeping, nesting for young, food storage, and waste disposal, with tunnels often featuring an upward incline near entrances to prevent flooding.^[2] The main hibernaculum chamber is deeper and more insulated, while separate latrine areas reflect the animal's sanitary habits, and temporary escape holes—often without visible soil mounds—provide rapid egress routes during threats.^[1] Burrow construction begins with the groundhog using its powerful foreclaws on short front legs to loosen soil and rocks, pushing the material backward with its body and kicking it out using hind feet.^[36] A single groundhog can displace up to 700 pounds (approximately 317 kg) of soil during the excavation of a full burrow system, creating prominent dirt mounds at primary entrances that can reach several feet high.^[37] Systems are annually maintained and expanded, with groundhogs reusing and modifying existing burrows to mark territorial boundaries in social contexts.^[1] Ecologically, groundhog burrowing aerates soil by exposing compacted layers to oxygen, which can enhance root growth and nutrient cycling in meadows and fields.^[38] However, the resulting spoil piles and tunnel networks contribute to soil erosion, particularly on slopes, and cause agricultural damage by undermining crop fields such as soybeans and alfalfa, interfering with planting and harvesting.^[1]

Hibernation patterns

Groundhogs, or woodchucks (Marmota monax), enter hibernation typically from late October to early November in northern latitudes, with emergence occurring from mid-February to early March, resulting in a hibernation duration of approximately 5 to 6 months.^[39] In southern regions, entry is delayed until late November or December, and emergence happens earlier in February, shortening the overall period to about 3 months.^[39] This latitudinal variation reflects adaptations to local climate, with northern populations experiencing longer, harsher winters necessitating extended dormancy.^[39] During hibernation, groundhogs undergo profound physiological changes to conserve energy, including a drop in body temperature to as low as 2°C (35°F), which aligns closely with burrow temperatures.^[40] Heart rate decreases dramatically from about 80 beats per minute in the active state to as low as 5 beats per minute, while oxygen consumption falls by approximately 95%, from around 2,679 ml/kg/hr to 71 ml/kg/hr.^[40]^[41] These reductions minimize metabolic demands, allowing survival on stored fat reserves accumulated through a pre-hibernation diet rich in high-energy vegetation.^[16] Hibernation is not continuous deep torpor but involves periodic arousal cycles, with torpor bouts lasting 5 to 8 days interrupted by 1 to 2.5 days of rewarming to near-normal body temperatures.^[39] These arousals, occurring roughly every 1 to 2 weeks and increasing in frequency toward the end of winter, consume significant energy but are essential for physiological maintenance; over the season, groundhogs lose 30 to 40% of their body weight primarily from fat depletion.^[16]^[39] Regional variations in hibernation patterns are influenced by ongoing climate change, with warmer winters since the 1980s leading to shorter hibernation periods in some populations as groundhogs emerge earlier in response to milder conditions. Recent observations as of 2025 indicate that groundhogs continue to emerge earlier, with advancements of several days compared to mid-20th century records, potentially disrupting synchronization with food availability.^[42]^[43] This shift can disrupt energy balance, as reduced dormancy time limits fat accumulation opportunities while potentially advancing food availability mismatches.^[42]

Reproduction and life cycle

Groundhogs exhibit a polygynous mating system, in which males mate with multiple females during the breeding season, often competing aggressively for access to receptive females. Mating typically occurs from March to April, shortly after the animals emerge from hibernation, with males emerging 1-2 weeks earlier than females to establish territories and dominance.^[10] Gestation lasts 31-32 days, after which females give birth to a single litter per year in April or May. Litters usually consist of 2-6 kits, with an average of 4, though sizes can range up to 9; the newborn kits are blind, hairless, and weigh about 26-27 grams.^[10]^[44] The kits open their eyes at around 4 weeks of age and are weaned at approximately 5-6 weeks (about 44 days), when they begin accompanying the mother outside the burrow to learn foraging behaviors. Maternal care is provided solely by the female, who guards the burrow and protects the young until they achieve independence at 7-8 weeks of age. Juveniles then disperse from the natal burrow during the summer, seeking their own territories.^[10]^[45]^[44] Groundhogs reach sexual maturity at 1-2 years of age, with females typically breeding annually thereafter. Juvenile mortality is high, often exceeding 50% due to predation, dispersal risks, and environmental factors, resulting in low survival rates to breeding age.^[10]^[46]

Health, predation, and mortality

Diseases and parasites

Groundhogs (Marmota monax) are susceptible to several bacterial infections, notably tularemia caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. Tularemia transmission occurs primarily through bites from infected ticks or fleas, or direct contact with infected animal tissues, resulting in symptoms such as fever, chills, weakness, and the formation of abscesses or swollen lymph nodes in affected individuals.^[47]^[48] Parasitic infestations are common in groundhogs, encompassing both external and internal species. Externally, groundhogs serve as principal hosts for the groundhog tick (Ixodes cookei), which infests them during larval and nymphal stages and can transmit Powassan virus, though it is a poor vector for Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi); however, the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) also infests groundhogs and efficiently transmits Lyme disease, with infected groundhogs capable of maintaining spirochetes that can infect feeding ticks.^[49]^[50] Internally, the stomach roundworm Obeliscoides cuniculi is prevalent, with natural infections showing mean intensities of 56 worms per host (ranging up to 118) in examined woodchucks, potentially causing gastritis though often asymptomatic in low burdens.^[51] Viral diseases affecting groundhogs are infrequent, with rabies (Lyssavirus) being the most notable, though cases represent less than 1% of overall wildlife rabies incidents in the United States. From 2011 to 2020, groundhogs accounted for the majority (over 90%) of the 401 reported rabies cases in rodents and lagomorphs, with annual positivity rates below 2.5% among tested specimens, often linked to spillover from raccoon rabies epizootics.^[52] Sarcoptic mange, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, has been documented in groundhogs, leading to hair loss, skin thickening, and secondary infections that weaken individuals.^[53]

Natural predators

Groundhogs face predation from a variety of mammalian species, including foxes, coyotes, bobcats, and weasels, which primarily target juveniles but also hunt adults opportunistically.^[16]^[54]^[2] Weasels, in particular, exploit burrow entrances to prey on kits, while larger predators like coyotes and foxes pursue groundhogs on the surface during foraging or when they are away from refuges.^[2]^[55] Predation by these mammals constitutes a primary cause of adult mortality in rural habitats, contributing significantly to annual population dynamics.^[34] Avian predators, such as red-tailed hawks, eagles, and owls, pose threats by ambushing groundhogs from the air during daylight or nocturnal hours.^[56]^[54] Great horned owls represent a notable nocturnal danger, often attacking at dusk or dawn when groundhogs emerge from burrows.^[45] These raptors exploit open habitats preferred by groundhogs, swooping down on exposed individuals, particularly young ones that are less vigilant.^[20] Reptilian predators, including rattlesnakes and black racers, occasionally enter burrows to target groundhog kits or weakened adults.^[57] These snakes use their agility to navigate tunnel systems, ambushing prey in confined spaces where groundhogs have limited escape options.^[57] Groundhogs employ several defense adaptations to counter predation, including shrill alarm whistles that alert nearby individuals to potential threats, enhancing group vigilance and reducing overall risk.^[58]^[57] Their extensive burrow systems serve as primary refuges, allowing rapid escape from pursuing predators on the surface.^[45]^[18] These behaviors, combined with upright vigilance postures, enable groundhogs to detect and evade many attacks effectively.^[57]

Lifespan and causes of death

Groundhogs (Marmota monax) in the wild typically live 3 to 6 years, although many do not survive past 2 to 3 years due to high rates of predation and other mortality factors; under favorable conditions, some individuals reach 6 years or more.^[56]^[45]^[59] In captivity, where threats like predation and environmental stressors are minimized, groundhogs can live up to 14 years, benefiting from consistent food availability and veterinary care.^[45]^[60] Mortality in wild groundhog populations is driven primarily by predation, which accounts for a significant portion of deaths, especially among juveniles dispersing from natal burrows.^[2] Human-related factors, such as vehicle collisions and legal hunting or trapping, contribute substantially to adult mortality, often exceeding natural predation in agricultural and suburban landscapes.^[2] Starvation and disease also play roles, particularly during harsh winters or resource shortages, while accidents like flooding of burrows add to overall losses.^[61] Juvenile groundhogs face the highest mortality risk in their first year, with rates often exceeding 50% due to vulnerability to predators during dispersal and limited experience foraging independently.^[2] Adult mortality peaks during active seasons from human impacts and predation, but winter hibernation can lead to failures from inadequate fat reserves or burrow collapse, though overall survival during torpor is relatively high at around 76% annually for adults in some studied populations.^[62] Groundhog populations exhibit high annual turnover of 50-70%, regulated by density-dependent factors such as resource competition and predation pressure that intensify at higher densities.^[2]

Human interactions

Cultural significance

The groundhog holds a prominent place in North American folklore, particularly through the tradition of Groundhog Day observed on February 2. This custom originated from European weather lore, specifically the German celebration of Candlemas, or Dachstag (Badger Day), where a badger's emergence from hibernation was believed to forecast the weather: a shadow indicated six more weeks of winter, while cloudy skies predicted an early spring. German settlers in Pennsylvania adapted the practice in the 18th and 19th centuries, substituting the native groundhog for the badger due to its similar burrowing habits. The tradition gained widespread popularity in 1887 when a group from the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club, led by newspaper editor Clymer H. Freas, organized the first official event at Gobbler's Knob in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, featuring Punxsutawney Phil as the prognosticator.^[63]^[64]^[65] Studies evaluating the accuracy of Groundhog Day predictions have found them to be no better than chance, with an overall success rate of approximately 50% across multiple groundhogs when compared to meteorological data on spring onset. For instance, a 2021 analysis by researchers at Lakehead University examined records from various prognosticating groundhogs and determined that their forecasts aligned with actual weather patterns about half the time, underscoring the tradition's roots in superstition rather than science. Punxsutawney Phil's specific predictions since 1887 have fared even worse, with an accuracy rate of around 39%.^[66]^[67] In broader folklore, European settlers affectionately nicknamed the groundhog the "whistle-pig" due to its high-pitched alarm call, which warns the colony of danger, a trait observed and noted in early colonial accounts. Native American tribes, such as the Algonquian and Narragansett, contributed to the animal's nomenclature, with "woodchuck" deriving from the Cree word otchek or similar terms meaning "fisher" or burrowing creature, reflecting its role in indigenous stories as a resourceful survivor. Among the Wabanaki tribes, groundhogs appear in mythology as Grandmother Woodchuck, a wise elder figure who imparts lessons on patience and community to the culture hero Glooskap.^[68]^[63]^[69] The groundhog has become a recurring symbol in media, often representing persistence, renewal, and the cyclical nature of life. The 1993 film Groundhog Day, directed by Harold Ramis and starring Bill Murray, popularized the animal through its time-loop narrative, where the protagonist relives February 2 repeatedly, using the repetition to achieve personal growth and redemption—a metaphor for enduring challenges. In literature, Richard Eberhart's 1934 poem "The Groundhog" portrays the creature's carcass as a meditation on mortality and human frailty, emphasizing resilience amid decay. Cartoons have further embedded the groundhog in popular culture, such as the 1947 Looney Tunes short "One Meat Brawl," where it serves as a comedic foil in a hunting chase, and episodes of Nature Cat and Curious George that highlight its hibernation and weather lore for educational purposes.^[70] Modern celebrations of Groundhog Day extend beyond Punxsutawney, with festivals held in numerous U.S. and Canadian communities featuring local "official" groundhogs as weather seers. In Canada, Wiarton Willie in Ontario draws thousands to an annual event in Wiarton, while Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia performs the ritual at a wildlife park. In the U.S., Staten Island Chuck at the [Staten Island Zoo](/page/Staten Island_Zoo) in New York City has gained fame for its predictions, boasting an 85% accuracy rate in some analyses, and participates in a ceremony attended by city officials. These events often include parades, live music, and family activities, transforming the folklore into vibrant community traditions that blend humor with seasonal anticipation.^[71]^[72]^[73]

Agricultural and pest impacts

Groundhogs (Marmota monax), also known as woodchucks, inflict considerable damage on agricultural crops across the United States by feeding on vegetation such as soybeans, corn, alfalfa, squash, tomatoes, peas, and grains, with individual animals consuming up to 1.5 pounds of plant material daily during active periods.^[1] This feeding behavior contributes to broader wildlife-related economic losses exceeding $4.5 billion annually for U.S. farmers and ranchers, with groundhogs accounting for notable portions in affected regions; for instance, in northcentral Indiana, groundhog damage to soybeans represented about 1.7% of reported crop value losses.^[74]^[75] Additionally, their extensive burrowing systems undermine fences, irrigation lines, and orchard roots, leading to structural failures and increased vulnerability to erosion or equipment damage, as referenced in detailed accounts of burrowing impacts.^[1] As pests, groundhogs are classified as nuisance wildlife in over 40 states, including Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut, due to their crop consumption and burrowing activities that disrupt farming operations.^[2]^[76]^[77] In urban and suburban settings, they exacerbate issues by excavating burrows under lawns, sidewalks, and foundations, causing aesthetic and safety hazards such as uneven terrain or collapsed surfaces.^[1] Management of groundhog populations as pests emphasizes integrated strategies tailored to agricultural and residential contexts. Fencing remains a primary non-lethal barrier, typically constructed from 1-inch wire mesh extending 3–4 feet above ground with at least 12 inches buried underground to deter climbing and digging.^[1] Chemical fumigants or gas cartridges, registered for use by agencies like the EPA, can be inserted into active burrows to asphyxiate occupants, while live trapping using 10 × 10 × 24-inch box traps baited with vegetation allows capture, though relocation is restricted or illegal in many areas—such as limited to within 5 miles in New Jersey—to prevent disease spread.^[1]^[78] Repellents, including commercial products scented with predator urine (e.g., fox or coyote) or capsaicin-based irritants, offer temporary deterrence by exploiting groundhogs' aversion to unfamiliar odors, though efficacy varies with application frequency and environmental factors.^[1] Groundhogs pose limited but notable zoonotic risks, primarily as reservoirs for ticks that vector pathogens to humans; they host Ixodes cookei (groundhog tick), which transmits Powassan virus, and can harbor blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) carrying Lyme disease bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi), though direct contact rarely results in human infection due to the animal's reclusive nature.^[50]^[79] Overall, human disease incidence linked to groundhogs remains low compared to other wildlife vectors.^[50]

Conservation and management

The groundhog (Marmota monax), also known as the woodchuck, is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its broad geographic range across eastern North America and stable, abundant populations with no recognized endangered subspecies.^[10] Populations remain common in suitable habitats, with densities averaging about one individual per acre of farmland in regions like Pennsylvania, reflecting overall stability despite local variations.^[18] Key threats to groundhog populations include habitat loss from urbanization, which fragments landscapes and reduces home-range sizes by up to 90% in urban compared to rural areas, limiting access to foraging and burrowing sites.^[80] Roadkill represents a significant mortality factor, particularly for juveniles and dispersing adults, as increased vehicle traffic in developed areas heightens collision risks during active seasons.^[2] Additionally, climate change disrupts hibernation patterns by shortening torpor periods through warmer winters, leading to earlier emergence, reduced body mass at den entry, and potentially smaller litter sizes that could impact reproductive success over time.^[42] Management efforts focus on balancing ecological roles with human conflicts through regulated hunting in approximately 30 U.S. states, where seasons vary but often allow year-round harvest with no bag limits in places like Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Kentucky to control local abundances.^[81]^[3]^[82] Habitat restoration initiatives emphasize preserving open meadows and edge habitats essential for burrowing and foraging, while ongoing research into population genetics helps assess connectivity and diversity in fragmented landscapes.^[83] Legal protections prohibit hunting in national parks and certain state lands, safeguarding populations in conserved areas.^[84] Humane relocation guidelines, formalized in states like New Jersey since the early 2000s, permit moving nuisance individuals within a 5-mile radius of capture sites only with landowner permission to minimize stress and disease spread.^[1]

References

[1]
Ecology and Management of the Groundhog (Marmota monax)
Groundhogs (Marmota monax) belong to the squirrel family Sciuridae, a large group of 285 rodent species including tree, ground, and flying squirrels; chipmunks; ...
[2]
Managing Human-Wildlife Interactions: Woodchuck (Marmota monax)
Nov 8, 2022 · They survive exclusively on the fat reserve they have stored in their body and will not awaken or leave their burrow until February or early ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[3]
Groundhog | NC Wildlife
The groundhog is the largest member of the squirrel family. It has a broad rounded body with short powerful legs and a short, flat, bushy tail.Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
[4]
Groundhog - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Groundhog, from ground + hog (1784), means American marmot. Originating in 1850s superstition, Groundhog Day as weather forecast named in 1869 Ohio article.
[5]
Marmot - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating c.1600 from French marmotte, from Romansch murmont and Latin murem montis "mountain mouse," marmot means a large Alpine rodent, later applied to ...Missing: genus | Show results with:genus
[6]
Woodchuck | Marmota monax - Adirondack Nature
The species name (monax) means solitary, which is a reference to the Woodchuck's social system. The Woodchuck was once referred to as Arctomys monax.Missing: Linnaeus | Show results with:Linnaeus
[7]
woodchuck, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English ...
OED's earliest evidence for woodchuck is from 1670, in the writing of W. Dyer. woodchuck is a borrowing from a Southern New England Algonquian language. See ...Missing: etymonline | Show results with:etymonline
[8]
Woodchuck vs. Groundhog: What's the Difference? - Terminix
Its scientific name for species (monax) is likely derived from a Native American word for "the digger". Today, most Americans refer to the animals as groundhogs ...
[9]
Taxonomy browser (Marmota monax) - NCBI
current name. Marmota monax (Linnaeus, 1758). basionym: Mus monax Linnaeus, 1758. Genbank common name: woodchuck. NCBI BLAST name: rodents. Rank: species
[10]
Marmota monax (woodchuck) | INFORMATION - Animal Diversity Web
Scientific Classification. Rank, Scientific Name. Kingdom, Animalia animals. Phylum, Chordata chordates. Subphylum, Vertebrata vertebrates. Class, Mammalia ...
[11]
Marmota monax | NatureServe Explorer
Classification. Scientific Name: Marmota monax (Linnaeus, 1758). Other Common Names: Groundhog (EN). ,. Marmotte commune (FR). ,. woodchuck (EN). Kingdom:.
[12]
Ultraconserved elements improve resolution of marmot phylogeny ...
Our results indicate marmots arose in North America in the Early Miocene (∼16.3 Ma) and dispersed across the Bering Land Bridge in the Pliocene (∼3–4 Ma).
[13]
The Tempo of Geographic Differentiation in Marmots (Marmota ...
Phylogenetically, Porcupine Cave Pit marmots were placed within M. monax populations, indicating an older divergence for these populations, and the m3 shape ...
[14]
Marrnota monax.
Dec 4, 1998 · Nine subspecies of Marmota monax are currently recognized (Hall ... KWIECINSKI, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF. SCRANTON, SCRANTON ...
[15]
Groundhogs May Teach People More About Diabetes and Obesity ...
Jan 31, 2003 · Gregory Florant, professor of biology at Colorado State, said that groundhogs double their body mass before hibernation each year.
[16]
Woodchuck - SUNY ESF
The woodchuck or groundhog is the largest member of the squirrel family in the Adirondacks and has grizzled, coarse fur. Above, the fur is brown to blackish ...Missing: biology | Show results with:biology
[17]
[PDF] MAMMALIAN SPECIES No. 591, pp. 1-8, 3 figs. - Marmota monax.
1-8, 3 figs. Marmota monax. By Gary G. Kwiecinski. Published 4 December 1998 by the American Society of Mammalogists. Marmota monax (Linnaeus, 1758).
[18]
Woodchuck | Game Commission - Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Its taxonomic name is Marmota monax. Woodchucks are rodents and members of the squirrel family (Sciuridae). They are closely related to tree and ground ...Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
[19]
Tuleyome's Science Corner – Groundhogs
Feb 13, 2023 · Groundhogs are diurnal and are most active during dawn and dusk. As far as seeing its shadow, groundhogs actually have pretty poor eyesight.
[20]
Woodchuck/Groundhog | Ohio Department of Natural Resources
When Ohio was first settled, groundhogs, also known as woodchucks (Marmota monax), were a rare sight. ... The coarse fur is usually grizzled grayish brown with a ...
[21]
Woodchuck - Maryland DNR
(Marmota monax). Groundhog (aka Woodchuck) - Photo by: Dan and Lin Dzurisin ... Their body is covered with grizzled, grayish brown fur down its back.
[22]
review of molt in mammals, with an emphasis on marmots (Rodentia
Jun 27, 2024 · An insulative pelage is the only trait that might serve this purpose year-round: it is predicted to mitigate fat loss during hibernation and ...Missing: groundhog | Show results with:groundhog
[23]
Woodchucks - Mammals - Animal Encyclopedia
On average, a single woodchuck can move approximately 5500 lb of soil when digging a burrow. Their coat is double layered to provide insulation during colder ...
[24]
Groundhog, facts and photos | National Geographic
Groundhogs live a feast-or-famine lifestyle: they gorge themselves all summer to build up plentiful reserves of fat, then retreat to their underground burrows.
[25]
[PDF] Groundhog (Woodchuck) - NC Wildlife
The groundhog has several nicknames, including “woodchuck,” “land beaver” and. “whistlepig.” Woodchuck likely originates from a Native American word, wejack or ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[26]
Woodchucks - K-State Extension Wildlife Management
The scientific name is Marmota monax. The first part ... Its color is usually a grizzled brownish-gray, although fur color may vary from white to black.
[27]
404 Page Not Found
**Summary:**
[28]
Diel activity patterns of urban Woodchucks (<i>Marmota monax</i ...
Mar 12, 2021 · I investigated the daily activity of urban Woodchucks (Marmota monax) by using 24-hour camera traps at backyard burrows in London, Ontario, ...Missing: scientific | Show results with:scientific
[29]
Woodchucks (Groundhogs) - Mass Audubon
Groundhog fur is reddish-brown mixed with gray guard hairs with a yellow tip. Generally, they have darker faces, tails, legs, and feet. These rodents often grow ...Missing: molt coat
[30]
Woodchuck Species Profile, Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Marmota monax maintains a stable population trend. Fast Facts. Size 2–9 pounds; Length Up to 26 inches; Lifespan 2–6 years; Range/Distribution Woodchucks are ...Missing: biology | Show results with:biology
[31]
Social organization of woodchucks (Marmota monax)
Adult females' home ranges overlap in late spring/summer. Adult males overlap with 1-3 females. Social groups include an adult male and two female kin groups. ...Missing: territory | Show results with:territory
[32]
Social behavior: communication (Chapter 13) - Marmot Biology
Alarm-calling is by far the most common vocalization. Alarm calls have been recorded for 14 of the 15 species (Fig. 13.2). The number of calls varies from one ...<|separator|>
[33]
Survival and antipredator behavior of woodchucks (Marmota monax ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Survival and antipredator behavior of woodchucks (Marmota monax) along an urban–agricultural gradient. Canadian Science Publishing. Canadian ...Missing: groundhog communication
[34]
Survival and antipredator behavior of woodchucks (Marmota monax ...
Survival rates were higher, and effects of urbanization were stronger, during the inactive season. Rural woodchucks primarily died from predation or costs ...
[35]
Cricetidae - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Other rodents such as woodchucks (Marmota monax) do hibernate, presenting an ... Rodents are monogastric, and most practice some degree of coprophagy or ...
[36]
Groundhog Architecture - Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Groundhogs excavate a complex, multi-chambered burrow system in which the total length of tunnels can measure up to 65 feet.Missing: sunny slopes thermoregulation escape
[37]
St*ff Groundhogs Say - The National Wildlife Federation Blog
Jan 27, 2012 · Groundhog enjoying my container garden “I can dig it.”– On average, the animal will remove a remarkable 700 pounds of soil to make a burrow.
[38]
Groundhogs: Celebrating the Benefits of a Hungry Troublemaker
Feb 2, 2021 · Soil Aeration ' When groundhogs dig their burrows, they expose deep, compacted soil to the atmosphere, feeding them oxygen that sustains roots. ...Missing: damage | Show results with:damage
[39]
Latitudinal Differences in the Hibernation Characteristics of ...
To address this issue, we observed differences in hibernation characteristics of three free‐ranging populations of woodchucks (Marmota monax) distributed along ...
[40]
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/groundhogs-facts/
[41]
Groundhogs Fact Sheet | Blog | Nature - PBS
Jan 29, 2020 · Groundhog (Marmota monax): one of 14 species of marmots, a group of large ground squirrels AKA: woodchuck, groundpig, whistlepig Kingdom: ...
[42]
Effect of hibernation on oxygen consumption and thyroidal I131 ...
The O2 consumption decreased from a value of 2679 to a value of 71 ml/kg/hr. The CO2 production decreased from a value of 2295 to a value of 43 ml/kg/hr.
[43]
Could Climate Change Put the Groundhog Out of Business?
Feb 2, 2012 · Warmer temperatures shorten hibernation, causing groundhogs to burrow later and rise earlier than is customary, said Curtis. While this ...
[44]
Woodchucks
### Summary of Woodchuck Reproduction and Life Cycle
[45]
Woodchuck (Groundhog) - Missouri Department of Conservation
Feb 21, 2024 · The long, coarse fur of the back is a grizzled grayish brown with a yellowish or reddish cast. Woodchucks weigh least in spring when they are ...Missing: molt | Show results with:molt
[46]
https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/CNRE/cnre-159/cnre-159.html
[47]
How Tularemia Spreads - CDC
May 14, 2024 · F. tularensis bacteria can be transmitted to humans via the skin when handling infected animal tissue. In particular, this can occur when ...
[48]
[PDF] Woodchucks - RI DEM
Like other hiber- nating animals, the woodchuck gains weight in the summer, building up enough fat reserves to sustain it through the winter. Reproduction: ...
[49]
Tularemia - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The disease commonly infects rabbits and rodents, including mice, groundhogs, squirrels, and sheep. ... Like plague, tularemia is a zoonotic infection caused by a ...
[50]
The Groundhog Tick Ixodes Cookei (Acari: Ixodidae) - PubMed
Ixodes cookei seems to be an inefficient vector of B. burgdorferi, and is unlikely to be significant in nature.Missing: Obeliscoides roundworms
[51]
Characteristics of natural infections of the stomach worm ... - PubMed
Wild lagomorphs and woodchucks collected predominantly in southern Ontario, Canada were examined for subspecies of Obeliscoides cuniculi (Graybill).
[52]
[PDF] RABIES IN RODENTS AND LAGOMORPHS IN THE USA, 2011–20
Oct 1, 2024 · From 2011 to 2020, most cases of rabid rodents and lagomorphs occurred in relatively large species (>90% of cases are from groundhogs and North ...
[53]
Effect of Urbanization and Sampling Date on Blood ...
... sarcoptic mange, with 45% affected compared to only 2% in rural populations (Gosselink et al. 2007). Groundhogs (Marmota monax) in urban environments ...
[54]
A review of sarcoptic mange in North American wildlife - PMC
This review article provides a summary of the current knowledge of mange in wildlife, with a focus on the most common clinically-affected species in North ...
[55]
Woodchuck - Kansas Mammal Atlas
The principal natural enemies of woodchucks are the red fox, coyote, bobcat, eagles large hawks and owls. Longevity of this rodent is from five to six years.
[56]
Bulletin #7154, Managing Woodchucks on Your Maine Property
University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension. Kwiecinski, G.G. 1998. Marmota monax. Mammalian Species 591:1-8. Swihart, R.K., Mattina, M.J.I., & Pignatello ...Missing: subspecies list
[57]
Five Things You Didn't Know about Groundhogs | Tufts Now
Jan 28, 2019 · (However, baby groundhogs sometimes do fall prey to raptors such as hawks, owls, and eagles.) 4. Pregnancy goes by fast for them. Groundhog ...
[58]
Woodland Wildlife Spotlight - The Woodchuck
Aug 17, 2021 · ” Predators include hawks, snakes, black bears, foxes, as well as wolves, coyotes, lynx, and bobcats. Their natural diet includes alfalfa ...
[59]
Woodchuck Species Profile, Alaska Department of Fish and Game
The woodchuck is one of three marmot species that lives in Alaska. It is a large rodent in the squirrel family weighing between two and nine pounds (1–4 kg)Missing: subspecies | Show results with:subspecies
[60]
DNR: Fish & Wildlife: Groundhog - IN.gov
They prefer meadows, pastures, crop fields and yards that are close to a woods edge. They are common in brushy or weedy areas along fence rows or road right-of ...Missing: preferences | Show results with:preferences
[61]
Groundhog Lifespan: How Long Do Groundhogs Live? - A-Z Animals
Jul 20, 2025 · Groundhogs live up to six years in the wild, though two to three years is average. This number jumps higher for captive groundhogs, also known ...
[62]
[PDF] Woodchuck (Groundhog) Ecology and Damage Management
The woodchuck (Marmota monax), otherwise known as the groundhog or whistle pig, is a large rodent common in Wisconsin. It is said they can predict how soon ...
[63]
[PDF] Survival, Habitat Selection, and Body Condition of the Woodchuck ...
We used the woodchuck (Marmota monax) to study how aspects of autecology in an urban-adapter can vary across a gradient of urbanization. We captured and ...
[64]
Groundhog Day: Ancient Origins of a Modern Celebration
Feb 1, 2022 · Specifically, it comes from parts of Europe that were Celtic in ancient times, but were later inhabited by Germanic speakers. Germans believed ...
[65]
First Groundhog Day | February 2, 1887 - History.com
Nov 24, 2009 · On February 2, 1887, Groundhog Day, featuring a rodent meteorologist, is celebrated for the first time at Gobbler's Knob in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania.
[66]
What is Groundhog Day?
In Punxsutawney, 1886 marked the first time that Groundhog Day appeared in the local newspaper. The following year brought the first official trek to ...
[67]
Lakehead University research study finds groundhog predictions ...
Jan 31, 2022 · In the end, the researchers found that, across all groundhogs, the onset of spring was predicted correctly exactly 50 per cent of the time – the ...
[68]
How accurate are Punxsutawney Phil's Groundhog Day predictions?
Feb 2, 2025 · Overall, the Stormfax Almanac says, Phil has only been right 39% of the time going back to his first recorded prediction in 1887. However, the ...
[69]
Fun Facts About Groundhogs | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Groundhogs (a.k.a. woodchucks or whistlepigs) are stout cat-sized rodents belonging to the group of large ground squirrels in the family Sciuridae.Missing: percentage | Show results with:percentage
[70]
Groundhog Day's Native American Roots - ICT News
Feb 2, 2012 · If Punxsutawney Phil sees his shadow, it's an omen for six more weeks of bad weather. But if the day is cloudy and he doesn't see his shadow, ...Missing: folklore | Show results with:folklore
[71]
Nature Cat - The Groundhog Way - PBS LearningMedia
Jun 10, 2016 · It's Groundhog Day! Today the Groundhog should tell our pals if Spring ... Winter: Ice Towers (Part 1) | Dinosaur Train. Media Gallery. Explore related ...Missing: films literature
[72]
Groundhog Day in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia
Nov 20, 2011 · Groundhog Day is celebrated in Canada and the United States every year on 2 February. Legend has it that watching a groundhog emerge from ...
[73]
Staten Island Chuck Predicts Weather on Groundhog Day - amNY
Jan 29, 2025 · NYC's favorite rodent (after Pizza Rat) is back and ready to predict the weather! Groundhog Chuck is almost set to emerge from his cozy den ...
[74]
Groundhog Day 2025: 6 furry forecasters looking to compete with ...
Jan 26, 2025 · Staten Island Chuck is getting ready for his annual weather prediction on Groundhog Day 2025. With an accuracy rate around 85%, there's no doubt the furry ...Missing: festivals | Show results with:festivals
[75]
[PDF] Identification of life Crop Depredation - Purdue Extension
Conover. (2002) estimated that wildlife-related, economic losses to farmers and ranchers in the United States exceed 4.5 billion dollars annually. Furthermore, ...
[76]
Total monetary loss due to wildlife damage reported by crop ...
soybeans, crop value losses to deer and groundhogs were 2.8 percent and 1.7 percent, respectively. Total reported losses by respondents were highest for ...
[77]
Woodchucks - Penn State Extension
Dec 8, 2006 · The woodchuck, also known as the groundhog or whistle pig, is one of Pennsylvania's most widely distributed mammals.
[78]
Woodchuck Nuisance Problems - CT.gov
Woodchucks cause feeding damage, frequent lawns, burrowing, damage to trees, and damage to decks and siding. They also establish dens under decks and sheds.
[79]
https://www.lymedisease.org/types-of-ticks/
[80]
Transmission of Powassan Virus - CDC
May 15, 2024 · Powassan virus is spread to people by the bite of an infected tick. Ticks become infected when they feed on groundhogs, squirrels, mice, or other rodents that ...
[81]
Types of Ticks (with pictures of ticks) - LymeDisease.org
The groundhog tick, also known as woodchuck tick, has a light brown or blond color. Pathogens: The groundhog tick is the primary vector for Powassan virus ...
[82]
Space use of woodchucks across an urbanization gradient within an ...
Dec 16, 2010 · As predicted, home-range size was related negatively to urbanization. Home-range size of woodchucks in urban areas was ∼10% of that of rural ...
[83]
Seasons and Bag Limits - Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
WOODCHUCKS (GROUNDHOGS). July 1 - June 30, 2026. No limit. CROWS.
[84]
Hunt - Other Species - Kentucky Fish and Wildlife
Groundhogs may be hunted statewide, year-round, with no bag limit. A hunting license is required unless the hunter is license exempt. Shooting hours are 30 ...
[85]
The diversity and evolutionary history of marmots (Part I)
Their first contacts with humans were probably with nomadic hunters who populated the periglacial zone where marmots lived. Marmot fossils are not significant ...
[86]
Mammals - Great Smoky Mountains - National Park Service
Oct 21, 2025 · Stay at least 50 yards away from bears and elk, it's the law. If your presence causes any wildlife to change its natural behavior, you're too ...