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International Rectifier

International Rectifier Corporation (IR) was an semiconductor manufacturer specializing in technologies, including rectifiers, diodes, transistors, and advanced integrated circuits for applications in automotive, industrial, , and sectors. Founded on August 9, 1947, in , , by Leon Lidow and his son Eric Lidow, the company initially focused on selenium-based rectifiers before pioneering silicon-based power devices. IR's early innovations included the introduction of rectifiers in 1954 and a (SCR) in 1959, which revolutionized in electrical systems. A major breakthrough came in 1979 with the development of the HEXFET, a power metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOSFET) technology that offered superior efficiency, speed, and reliability for switching applications. By the and , IR expanded its portfolio to include insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), intelligent power modules, Schottky and fast-recovery diodes, and analog/mixed-signal ICs, establishing itself as a leader in energy-efficient power conversion. Headquartered in , IR grew through strategic acquisitions, such as Advanced Analog in 2000 and Zing Technologies in 2000, investing over $300 million to bolster its digital and RF capabilities. By fiscal year 2004, the company reported annual sales of $1.06 billion and employed approximately 5,800 people worldwide, with manufacturing facilities in the United States, , and . Its high-reliability (HiRel) division, originating from the company's space-focused efforts since the , provided radiation-hardened components critical for , , and applications. In 2014, German semiconductor giant announced its acquisition of IR for approximately $3 billion in cash, a deal completed on January 13, 2015, which integrated IR's expertise into Infineon's broader portfolio to enhance offerings in automotive , , and industrial . Post-acquisition, IR's technologies, including HEXFET and subsequent advancements like OptiMOS and StrongIRFET MOSFETs, continue to drive innovations in efficient power systems under the Infineon brand.

Overview

Founding and early operations

International Rectifier was founded on August 9, 1947, by Leon Lidow and his son Eric Lidow in . The company, recognized as the oldest independent power semiconductor manufacturer, began with a small team of six employees and focused on producing selenium rectifiers, which convert to for use in various electronic applications. The post-World War II era created strong demand for reliable power components in military and industrial sectors, and International Rectifier quickly positioned itself as a supplier of these selenium-based devices. The Lidows drew on Eric's background in and prior work in production to build the business amid the booming . By the mid-1950s, the company had established its headquarters in , a location that would remain its corporate base for decades. Employee numbers expanded significantly during this foundational period as operations scaled to meet market needs. A key financial milestone came in September 1958, when International Rectifier went public on the under the ticker symbol IRF, enabling further growth. During these early years, the company also began exploring transitions to silicon-based technologies to improve efficiency and performance.

Corporate status and acquisition

On August 20, 2014, Infineon Technologies AG announced its agreement to acquire International Rectifier Corporation for approximately $3 billion in cash, equivalent to $40 per share. The acquisition was completed on January 13, 2015, at which point International Rectifier became a wholly owned of . The strategic rationale for the deal centered on combining the companies' complementary strengths in technologies to accelerate growth in key markets, including automotive, industrial power systems, and applications. At the time, International Rectifier reported fiscal 2014 revenue of $1.1 billion and employed approximately 4,200 people worldwide. Following the acquisition, International Rectifier was restructured and renamed Americas Corp. in October 2015, operating as a key North American subsidiary focused on power operations. The legacy International Rectifier branding has been largely phased out, with its product lines fully integrated into Infineon's broader portfolio, particularly enhancing offerings in and conversion technologies. As of 2025, International Rectifier no longer exists as an independent entity and does not produce separate financial reports; its contributions are embedded within Infineon's Power and Sensing Systems segment, supporting the parent company's global leadership in power semiconductors.

History

Inception and technological milestones (1947–1980)

International Rectifier Corporation was established on August 9, 1947, in , , by Leon Lidow and his son Eric Lidow. The company began operations with six employees, specializing in the production of selenium rectifiers for converting () to () in industrial and consumer applications. These early devices addressed growing demand for reliable power conversion in post-World War II electronics and machinery. By 1954, International Rectifier achieved a key milestone with the commercialization of rectifiers, which surpassed -based models in efficiency and performance for power conversion tasks. This innovation allowed for more compact and effective designs, gradually replacing rectifiers in applications like chargers and power supplies. The shift marked the company's entry into advanced materials, laying the groundwork for broader technological advancements. In 1959, the company introduced the (SCR), a device that enabled superior handling of high voltages and elevated temperatures compared to prior technologies. The SCR, in particular, provided precise control over electrical current, facilitating applications in motor drives and lighting systems. This development solidified International Rectifier's position as a leader in power semiconductor innovation. Demonstrating practical applications of its solar cells—introduced in 1958—International Rectifier powered the world's first solar-powered car in 1960, a modified 1912 Baker retrofitted by Charles Escoffery. The demonstration, which achieved speeds up to 7 miles per hour under sunlight, highlighted the potential of photovoltaic technology for conversion. This event underscored the company's early contributions to emerging fields beyond traditional power . In 1974, International Rectifier developed the first power transistors employing glass passivation, a process that enhanced device stability and reliability in harsh environmental conditions such as high humidity and temperature extremes. These transistors improved performance in high-power switching circuits, finding use in industrial controls and automotive systems. A major breakthrough came in 1979 with the launch of the first hexagonal power MOSFET, branded as HEXFET, which featured a unique cell structure that dramatically improved switching speeds and reduced energy losses in power supplies. This innovation revolutionized efficiency in DC-DC converters and became a cornerstone of the company's product lineup, enabling more compact and cost-effective solutions.

Growth, expansions, and innovations (1981–2014)

Extending into the early 1980s, International Rectifier introduced the world's first intelligent power integrated circuits (ICs) in 1983, integrating control logic with power devices to simplify in applications like motor drives. That same year, the company suffered a significant legal setback, losing a lawsuit to Inc. over rights to the doxycycline, resulting in a $55.8 million judgment against its subsidiary Rachelle Laboratories. To settle the case, International Rectifier divested its pharmaceutical operations, refocusing resources on core technologies. In 1995, International Rectifier underwent a significant transition when brothers Alexander Lidow and Derek Lidow were appointed as co-chief executive officers, a structure that facilitated strategic decision-making during a period of technological and market evolution. This dual leadership arrangement lasted until 1999, when Derek Lidow departed the company, leaving Alexander Lidow as the sole CEO to guide the firm through subsequent expansions. Under Alexander Lidow's direction, International Rectifier shifted focus toward advanced power management solutions, emphasizing energy-efficient technologies that addressed growing demands in high-performance applications. The company experienced substantial market growth during the and , evolving from a niche manufacturer into a global leader in power semiconductors by capitalizing on innovations in technology. By the early 2000s, International Rectifier expanded into key sectors including automotive, defense, and emerging markets, where its components supported applications such as power systems, radiation-hardened devices for satellites and , and efficient inverters for installations. This diversification was driven by the increasing need for reliable power conversion in energy-sensitive environments, with the company's products—such as low-loss diodes and switching regulators—becoming central to its portfolio and contributing significantly to revenue streams. A pivotal came in 2000 with the development of FlipFET technology, which enabled true chip-scale MOSFETs with a 100% silicon-to-footprint ratio, drastically reducing package size and improving thermal performance for high-density portable and applications. Building on this, International Rectifier introduced DirectFET packaging in 2002, a surface-mount solution that eliminated wire bonds to achieve lower package , superior through dual-sided cooling, and up to 50% reduction in board compared to traditional SO-8 packages, making it ideal for compact DC-DC converters in and . These packaging advancements enhanced device efficiency and reliability, positioning the company as a frontrunner in system-level power integration. By fiscal year 2004, these innovations and sector expansions propelled International Rectifier's sales to $1.06 billion, reflecting a 10% year-over-year increase and underscoring its transition to a dominant player in . As demand for semiconductors in sustainable technologies surged through the late and into , the company prepared for further consolidation amid a competitive , with its focus on low-power-loss solutions aligning with global trends in and . In August , Infineon Technologies announced its acquisition of International Rectifier for approximately $3 billion, a deal completed in January 2015.

Products and technologies

Power semiconductor components

International Rectifier's power semiconductor components primarily consist of discrete devices designed for efficient power conversion and control in various electronic systems. These components, including MOSFETs, diodes, and thyristors, enable high-voltage handling, low-loss switching, and reliable operation in demanding environments. The HEXFET series represents a cornerstone of International Rectifier's power MOSFET portfolio, featuring a unique hexagonal cell structure that packs thousands of cells per square inch to achieve exceptionally low on-resistance (Rds(on)). This design minimizes conduction losses while supporting high-speed switching, making HEXFET MOSFETs ideal for applications such as DC-DC converters where rapid voltage regulation is essential. For instance, these devices offer low Rds(on) values at gate-source voltages as low as 4.5 V, enhancing thermal efficiency and enabling compact power solutions. International Rectifier's diode offerings include silicon-based and fast-recovery types, optimized for tasks in . from the company provide low forward voltage drops, reducing energy loss during conduction in high-frequency circuits, while the HEXFRED series of ultrafast recovery epitaxial diodes () exhibit soft recovery characteristics to minimize switching noise and in inverters and power supplies. These diodes support efficient current flow in both forward and reverse directions, with recovery times as low as 30 ns in select models. Thyristors and silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs) in International Rectifier's lineup are high-voltage devices capable of handling substantial currents, serving as robust switches for phase control in applications. These components, such as the phase-control SCRs rated for voltages up to 1200 and currents exceeding 200 A, facilitate precise in motor drives and equipment by latching conduction once triggered. Their ability to block high reverse voltages ensures reliable operation in circuits. These power semiconductor components find widespread use in power supplies for efficient AC-DC , lighting ballasts to regulate voltage in fluorescent and CFL systems, and applications requiring radiation-hardened performance for up to 1200 V. Inverters and motor controls also leverage them for seamless power flow in and industrial setups. Later developments by International Rectifier include ()-based transistors, which offer superior efficiency over counterparts in high-frequency power applications due to their wide bandgap properties and fast switching speeds. These enhancement-mode -on-Si devices excel in RF amplification and high-efficiency converters, achieving lower on-resistance and reduced gate charge for compact, high-power-density designs. In 2025, Infineon IR HiRel introduced radiation-hardened transistors based on this platform for applications.

Integrated circuits and systems

International Rectifier (IR) developed a range of analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs) focused on power management, integrating control, sensing, and protection functions to enable efficient system-level solutions across computing, industrial, and consumer applications. These ICs combined discrete power components like MOSFETs with driver and control circuitry to reduce system complexity and board space. IR's voltage regulators, particularly the IRU series, provided low-dropout linear and switching solutions optimized for precise power delivery in environments. The IRU1205, for instance, offered better than 1% initial voltage accuracy and very low ground current, making it suitable for regulation where stable supply is critical to prevent and ensure reliability. Similarly, the IRU1075CT was designed specifically for P55C processors, delivering adjustable output from 1.25V to 5.5V with integrated monitoring for over-voltage and under-voltage protection. These regulators supported multi-phase buck converters, enabling scalable power solutions for processors up to several amperes while maintaining efficiency in compact designs. In , IR's iMOTION platform integrated hardware and software for sensorless field-oriented (FOC) of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), targeting brushless applications in appliances and automotive systems. The platform's Engine (MCE) eliminated the need for extensive development, allowing configuration via the iMOTION Solution Designer tool for rapid motor tuning. Devices like the IRMCK201 supported servo applications with closed-loop current and using encoder , while the IRMCK203 enabled high-speed sensorless drives up to 100,000 rpm for and motors in washing machines, air conditioners, and auxiliaries. These ICs integrated peripherals such as ADCs for and PWM outputs, reducing external components and improving noise immunity in variable speed drives. IR's Intelligent Power Modules (IPMs) represented highly integrated systems combining or IGBT power switches with gate drivers, , and protection circuitry to simplify three-phase inverter designs. These modules, such as the IRAM136 series, incorporated over-temperature, over-current, and under-voltage lockout features, along with insulated metal substrates to minimize . Rated for 600V and power levels from 200W to 3000W, IPMs like the IRAM136-0461G (4 A) were deployed in HVAC systems for compressor and fan drives, while higher-current variants supported inverter topologies in electric vehicles for efficient motor and . By replacing over 20 discrete components, IPMs accelerated design cycles and enhanced reliability in compact, high-efficiency power conversion. IR's mixed-signal ICs blended analog sensing with digital control for robust protection in industrial automation, including gate drivers with features like desaturation detection (DESAT) and active clamping to safeguard against short circuits and events. These hybrids, such as the IR2117S high-side driver, provided 600V operation with 0.25A source and 0.5A sink currents, integrating level-shifting for isolated gate control in motor drives and power supplies. In automation setups, they enabled precise current monitoring and fault reporting via interfaces, supporting applications like robotic actuators and conveyor systems where downtime must be minimized. The mixed-signal architecture ensured high noise immunity and fast response times, typically under 1µs for protection triggers. Following its 2015 acquisition by , IR's IC portfolio was integrated to expand offerings in automotive and sectors, combining IR's expertise with Infineon's compound technologies like for higher . This broadened applications, such as advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) in vehicles using iMOTION-derived controls and solar inverters leveraging IPMs for grid-tied power conversion, achieving margins above 15% through optimized supply chains and enhanced system solutions.

Operations

Manufacturing and global facilities

International Rectifier maintained a network of manufacturing facilities across the United States and internationally to support its production of power semiconductors. In the U.S., the company's primary assembly operations were centered at a 414,000-square-foot facility in Temecula, California, which handled key assembly processes for components. Additional U.S. sites included wafer fabrication in Mesa, Arizona (35,000 square feet) and St. Paul, Minnesota (17,000 square feet); an assembly and test facility in San Jose, California, opened in 2010 to produce hybrid DC-DC converters, as well as operations in Leominster, Massachusetts (72,000 square feet), for high-reliability products, and Irvine, California, supporting design and production activities. The El Segundo, California, site, which included wafer fabrication, served as headquarters but saw its manufacturing plant close in 2012 as part of operational streamlining. Internationally, International Rectifier operated facilities in , (451,000 square feet), focused on advanced processing, and operations in , (195,000 square feet) and (60,000 square feet). The also had production capabilities in through International Rectifier India Ltd., based in , contributing to regional and efforts. These global sites formed a pre-2015 network that employed approximately 4,165 people worldwide, enabling efficient for components. Manufacturing processes at these facilities encompassed using and () materials, particularly through IR's proprietary GaN-on-Si technology developed for high-efficiency devices, followed by die assembly, encapsulation, and rigorous testing. Facilities emphasized high-reliability standards, including MIL-PRF qualified processes tailored for and defense applications, ensuring components met stringent durability and performance requirements in harsh environments. By the early , International Rectifier had transitioned to lead-free and RoHS-compliant across its operations, aligning with environmental regulations through dedicated programs that limited hazardous substances in production. Following the 2015 acquisition by , these facilities were integrated into Infineon's broader , with some consolidations occurring, such as the 2017 sale of the to streamline frontend . This integration supported continued production while optimizing capacity for power semiconductors.

Research, development, and applications

International Rectifier maintained dedicated centers focused on advancing power semiconductor technologies. The company's design center in , supported innovations in integrated circuits and power devices. Additionally, its design center in Skovlunde, , specialized in power systems and high-reliability components, with further centers in locations including ; Tewksbury and Warwick, and ; Reigate, United Kingdom; Provence, France; and Pavia, Italy. These facilities emphasized next-generation materials such as () for improved efficiency in power conversion, stemming from over five years of proprietary . The company invested significantly in R&D to drive energy-efficient technologies, with expenses reaching $130.8 million in 2014, representing 11.8% of revenues, up slightly from $127.1 million the prior year. This funding supported advancements in ICs, MOSFETs, IGBTs, and specialized for high-performance applications. IR's technologies found applications across multiple sectors, enhancing efficiency and reliability. In automotive systems, components powered inverters and hybrid powertrains. Industrial uses included solar inverters for conversion. Computing applications featured server power supplies optimized for centers. Defense sectors relied on rugged modules for harsh environments. solutions incorporated LED drivers for energy-saving illumination. Following its acquisition by , IR's R&D integrated into broader efforts on wide-bandgap semiconductors, combining expertise with () advancements to target high-voltage systems exceeding 800V. This collaboration accelerated development of efficient power solutions for electric vehicles and data centers. By , International Rectifier held a robust portfolio in power conversion and packaging, with 71 U.S. patents granted that year alone, contributing to its leadership in innovations.

Business developments

Key acquisitions by the company

Between 1999 and 2004, International Rectifier undertook a significant acquisition strategy, purchasing eight companies for a total of approximately $300 million to bolster its technological capabilities, particularly in high-reliability applications for the and defense sectors. These acquisitions focused on integrating technologies, including radiation-tolerant components and direct-current converters suited for and naval vessels, thereby expanding the company's footprint in demanding environments. Among the key deals in this period was the acquisition of Advanced Analog Inc. in November 2000 for part of a $24 million package that also included Magnitude-3 Inc., targeting expertise in analog integrated circuits for systems. Advanced Analog specialized in high-value-added solutions for and high-reliability markets, providing International Rectifier with proprietary technologies and a customer base that enhanced its analog portfolio for mission-critical applications. Earlier that year, in March 2000, the company completed the purchase of Zing Technologies Inc. for $35.3 million, acquiring its capabilities in radiation-tolerant packaging and high-reliability multi-chip power semiconductors. Zing's technologies were pivotal for and uses, strengthening International Rectifier's offerings in radiation-hardened devices. In December 2000, International Rectifier further expanded its analog business by acquiring Unisem Inc., an Irvine, California-based supplier of analog , though specific financial terms were not disclosed. These moves during 2000, including minority investments in other U.S.-based analog IC firms, underscored a deliberate push into mixed-signal technologies. A notable later acquisition occurred in 2011, when International Rectifier acquired CHiL Semiconductor Corp. for $75 million in cash, gaining advanced digital solutions. CHiL's patented mixed-signal technologies for multi-phase power control in and applications complemented International Rectifier's existing portfolio, driving efficiencies in energy-intensive sectors. Overall, at least three major disclosed acquisitions—Lambda Advanced Analog, Zing Technologies, and CHiL Semiconductor—contributed to revenue growth in niche high-reliability markets by integrating specialized and radiation-hardened components for and applications.

Leadership and financial overview

International Rectifier was founded in by physicist Leon Lidow and his son Eric Lidow, who served as the company's CEO until 1995 and as Chairman of the Board until 2008, providing long-term that guided its early development in power . In 1995, Eric's sons, Alexander Lidow and Lidow, were appointed as co-chief executive officers, marking a generational transition in executive management. Lidow resigned from his role in June 1999, leaving Alexander Lidow as the sole CEO, a position he held until 2007, when he resigned and was succeeded by Oleg Khaykin as CEO until the company's acquisition in 2015. Alexander Lidow, with a background in , emphasized innovation in technologies during his tenure. LeFort served as of International Rectifier, overseeing operations in the lead-up to and following the 2015 acquisition. The company's governance structure, as a publicly traded entity on the until its delisting in January 2015, featured a that prioritized and strategic growth in the power sector. The board supported investments in , aligning with International Rectifier's focus on advancing technologies for automotive, , and applications. Financially, International Rectifier faced profitability challenges in the , including a $2.3 million net loss for fiscal year due to high interest rates and a market slowdown in demand, compounded by ongoing legal disputes such as the Rosenfeld, Meyer & Susman v. Cohen that began in the late and extended into the early . By the , revenues grew significantly, reaching $429 million by 1995, reflecting recovery and expansion in power components. Post-2000, the company achieved strong growth, with revenues reaching $1.107 billion in fiscal year 2014, driven by demand in energy-efficient applications. At its peak before the acquisition, International Rectifier employed about 4,200 people worldwide as of January , with a strong emphasis on recruiting and retaining talent to support its innovation-driven . This workforce was distributed across global facilities, focusing on design, manufacturing, and R&D in solutions.

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