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Istrian Democratic Assembly

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (Croatian: Istarski Demokratski Sabor; Italian: Dieta Democratica Istriana; IDS-DDI) is a regionalist political party in Croatia, centered on Istria County and advocating for the region's greater autonomy and distinct identity. Founded in 1990, the party promotes decentralization of authority from Zagreb, the preservation of Istria's multicultural heritage—including its ethnic, economic, and cultural richness—and the equitable integration of Istrian citizens into national political and developmental processes within a framework of European parliamentary democracy.^[1] As Croatia's largest regionalist formation, IDS has sustained dominance in Istrian local governance, contributing to the area's recognition as one of the country's most prosperous regions, while securing parliamentary representation, such as two seats in the 2024 elections.^[1]^[2] The party's platform emphasizes liberal principles of human rights and freedoms, often positioning it in opposition to centralizing tendencies of major national parties like the Croatian Democratic Union.^[3]

Ideology and Political Positions

Regional Autonomy and Federalism

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) has positioned itself as a proponent of decentralizing authority from the national government in Zagreb to regional levels, particularly emphasizing enhanced fiscal and administrative powers for counties like Istria to address inefficiencies inherent in Croatia's unitary structure. This stance draws on Istria's historical role as a multicultural crossroads influenced by Italian, Slavic, and other heritages, which the party argues necessitates tailored local governance rather than uniform central directives. IDS advocates constitutional amendments to devolve competencies in areas such as budgeting, infrastructure, and cultural policy, contending that regions with demonstrated economic viability—bolstered by Istria's tourism sector, which accounts for a significant portion of regional output, and agriculture—can allocate resources more effectively without national intermediation.^[4]^[5] Post-independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, IDS rhetoric highlighted Istrian identity as a bulwark against Zagreb's centralizing tendencies, framing regional autonomy as essential to preserving economic self-sufficiency amid perceived inequities in national resource distribution. During the 1990s, the party clashed with Croatia's ruling nationalists over policies that subordinated regional interests, including delays in Istrian infrastructure projects and revenue-sharing mechanisms that funneled port and toll income centrally, limiting local reinvestment. These tensions underscored IDS's critique of unitary overreach, where central control exacerbated bureaucratic delays and mismatched priorities, as evidenced by protracted disputes over Adriatic port management and highway expansions critical to Istria's connectivity. By the 2000s, such advocacy evolved into calls for structured devolution, positioning Istria as a model for asymmetric arrangements wherein high-performing regions retain greater fiscal retention to fund self-identified needs.^[6]^[5] Empirical indicators bolster IDS arguments for decentralization: Istria's GDP per capita stood at €14,866 in 2020, approximately 25% above the national average of €11,893, reflecting efficient local management of tourism-driven growth and agricultural exports that outpace many inland counties. Proponents within IDS assert that closer proximity of decision-makers to constituents minimizes waste—such as redundant national oversight layers—and heightens accountability, enabling rapid adaptation to regional economic cycles without diluting Istrian competitiveness. This favors fiscal federalism elements, like county-level tax retention, over egalitarian national redistribution, which the party views as disincentivizing productivity in outperforming areas; data from Istria's sustained above-average growth post-2000 supports claims of causal links between autonomy and prosperity, though critics from centralist perspectives question scalability across less affluent regions.^[7]^[8] The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) endorses a center-left liberal economic framework that prioritizes market-driven regional growth, particularly through tourism and agriculture, while advocating decentralization to mitigate inefficiencies from national-level policies imposed by Zagreb. The party views excessive central taxation and uniform regulations as detrimental to peripheral economies like Istria's, where resources are often redirected to core regions without accounting for local productivity variations; for instance, IDS-aligned business interests in Istria contested the nationwide fiskalizacija reforms of the 2010s, which required electronic transaction logging, arguing they imposed compliance costs on small enterprises disproportionate to any gains in revenue collection or evasion prevention.^[9] This stance reflects a preference for evidence-based local incentives, such as targeted subsidies via the Istrian Development Agency, over broad national redistribution programs that IDS critiques for ignoring regional disparities in unemployment and output—Istria's rate of 3.6% in recent data contrasts with higher national figures, linked by party supporters to autonomous fiscal management fostering entrepreneurship.^[9]^[10] On EU integration, IDS has championed post-2013 accession benefits for Istria, including structural funds for infrastructure upgrades that enhance tourism competitiveness; these have supported port expansions and road networks, sustaining the sector's role as a key economic pillar amid Croatia's overall GDP growth.^[11] The party promotes sustainable practices in tourism to preserve Istria's coastal assets, backing regional initiatives for eco-certifications like Blue Flag beaches, which cover extensive shorelines and incentivize low-impact development over rapid urbanization that could erode environmental capital.^[11] Social policies under IDS emphasize liberal values with a regional focus, including environmental safeguards for coastlines and promotion of sustainable agriculture through agency-backed subsidies for rural innovation, aiming to balance growth with ecological limits rather than relying on centralized mandates often critiqued for overlooking local ecological data.^[9] This approach favors verifiable outcomes, such as maintained sea quality metrics across 203 monitored Istrian beaches, over uniform national environmental frameworks that may not adapt to Istria's unique karst terrain and tourism pressures.^[12]

Minority Rights and Bilingualism

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) has consistently advocated for the protection of Italian minority rights in Istria, emphasizing bilingual policies in Croatian and Italian as essential to preserving regional pluralism amid Croatia's centralist tendencies. This stance aligns with Croatia's Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities (2002), which mandates bilingual signage, official use of minority languages, and education in areas where national minorities constitute at least 15% of the local population or hold reserved council seats.^[13] In practice, IDS-led local administrations in Istria County have implemented these provisions, such as dual-language road signs and administrative documents in municipalities like Buje and Novigrad, where Italian speakers form notable communities, countering historical post-World War II pressures that led to Italian emigration.^[14] Education in Italian remains a core IDS priority, with the party supporting parallel schooling systems under the constitutional guarantee allowing minority students to learn in their mother tongue while studying Croatian.^[15] In Pula, for instance, Italian-language primary and secondary schools serve hundreds of students annually, reflecting demographic realities where ethnic Italians comprise around 5-7% of Istria County's approximately 196,000 residents, concentrated in coastal areas.^[16] IDS positions these measures not as ethnic favoritism but as causally linked to social stability, citing evidence from Istria's relatively low inter-ethnic tensions compared to other Croatian regions, where minority assimilation policies exacerbated conflicts in the 1990s.^[17] While primarily focused on Croatian-Italian bilingualism, IDS has pragmatically endorsed extensions to trilingual frameworks incorporating Slovenian in northern Istria, where small Slovenian communities exist, to align with EU standards under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which Croatia ratified in 1997.^[18] This approach supports tourism-driven economies, as multilingual signage and services in Italian and Slovenian—alongside Croatian—facilitate cross-border exchanges with Italy and Slovenia, yielding measurable economic benefits like increased visitor spending without inflating romantic notions of multiculturalism.^[19] Critics from Zagreb have labeled such policies as regional separatism, but IDS rebuts this by pointing to empirical outcomes: sustained minority retention has averted demographic voids and bolstered Istria's GDP per capita above the national average through cultural heritage preservation.^[20] Istro-Romanian, spoken by fewer than 200 individuals, receives niche support via cultural programs rather than full official status, prioritizing viable implementation over symbolic gestures.^[14]

History

Founding and Early Development (1990–1995)

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) was founded on 14 February 1990 by writer Ivan Pauletta as Yugoslavia disintegrated and Croatia transitioned to multi-party democracy.^[21]^[22] Emerging from Istrian intellectual and local circles, the party responded to the Croatian Democratic Union's (HDZ) national victory in the April 1990 parliamentary elections, which signaled Zagreb's intent to centralize power and diminish regional distinctions.^[23] IDS positioned itself as the first explicitly regionalist force in Croatia, prioritizing Istria's distinct identity over unitary nationalism.^[24] The party's initial platform emphasized Istrian self-determination, advocating for greater economic and administrative autonomy to safeguard the region's bilingual (Croatian-Italian) heritage, multicultural population, and historical ties to European liberalism.^[1] This stance directly challenged HDZ-led centralism, which sought to impose uniform Croatian state structures and marginalize peripheral areas like Istria during independence struggles.^[24] IDS founders framed regionalism as a bulwark against overreach from the capital, drawing on Istria's pre-Yugoslav legacies of divided sovereignty between Italy, Austria-Hungary, and local self-rule to argue for federalist reforms within Croatia.^[23] Early electoral efforts yielded grassroots traction in Istria amid the 1990 multi-party transitions, with IDS consolidating opposition to HDZ dominance through local mobilization.^[25] By the 1992 parliamentary elections, IDS had established itself as Istria's preeminent political entity, securing representation that reflected regional preferences for autonomy over national homogenization.^[24] This momentum culminated in the 1993 county-level contests, where IDS-backed candidates, including Luciano Delbianco as Istria County prefect from May 1993, assumed control of local institutions, enabling policies aligned with self-determination goals.^[22] These outcomes underscored IDS's role in forging anti-centralist alliances and entrenching regional hegemony by 1995.^[25]

Expansion and Challenges During Croatian Independence (1995–2000)

Following the successful conclusion of Operation Storm in August 1995, which effectively ended major hostilities in Croatia, the Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) shifted focus to postwar reconstruction and economic recovery in Istria, advocating for decentralized control over regional resources amid disputes with the central government in Zagreb over funding priorities. Despite the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) achieving a commanding national victory in the parliamentary elections of 29 October 1995—securing around 45% of the vote and a majority in the 127-seat Sabor—the IDS, running in coalition with the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), Croatian People's Party (HNS), Croatian Christian Democratic Union (HKDU), and Croatian Social-Liberal Party (SBHS), contributed to the opposition bloc's 18.26% national vote share and claimed 4 seats independently.^[26] This outcome underscored the IDS's entrenched regional base in Istria, where it resisted HDZ encroachment by emphasizing local autonomy and opposition to Zagreb's centralist tendencies.^[6] The IDS encountered intensified pressures from the HDZ-dominated national apparatus, including institutional dominance attempts and media suppression targeting Istrian outlets such as Novi list and Glas Istre in 1996, alongside propaganda efforts framing the party as promoting separatism to undermine its regionalist platform.^[6] These tactics reflected broader HDZ strategies to consolidate power post-war, often prioritizing patronage networks in Zagreb over peripheral regions like Istria, where the IDS positioned itself as a bulwark against corruption and favoritism by championing transparent, regionally accountable governance. In the April 1997 local and municipal elections, while the HDZ prevailed nationally, the IDS preserved its dominance in Istrian localities, leveraging anti-centralization sentiment to expand influence among voters disillusioned with national-level inefficiencies in reconstruction aid distribution.^[27]^[26] By the late 1990s, the IDS had solidified hegemonic control in Istria, adapting to electoral system changes and internal factionalism while cautiously avoiding deep national coalitions to safeguard regional interests against HDZ hegemony elsewhere in Croatia.^[6]^[26] This period marked incremental expansion through sustained voter loyalty in Istria—driven by appeals to bilingualism, minority rights, and economic self-determination—contrasting with the HDZ's unitary nationalism, though national parliamentary representation remained limited at 4 seats heading into the 2000 elections.^[26] The party's resilience highlighted causal tensions between Croatia's post-independence centralization and Istria's historical multi-ethnic, peripheral identity, enabling survival amid recovery challenges like uneven infrastructure rebuilding and fiscal dependencies on the capital.^[6]

Coalition Politics and Regional Dominance (2000–2015)

During the early 2000s, the Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) engaged in pragmatic national coalitions primarily with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) to counter the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ)'s centralizing tendencies, as seen in the 2000–2003 government under Prime Minister Ivica Račan, which included IDS alongside SDP, the Croatian People's Party (HNS), and others.^[28] This alliance extended into 2003 parliamentary configurations where SDP partnered explicitly with IDS, facilitating IDS advocacy for devolved powers and Istrian-specific fiscal transfers amid Croatia's post-Tudjman stabilization.^[28] Such partnerships yielded tangible regional gains, including enhanced EU pre-accession funding channeled toward Istrian infrastructure, though IDS often critiqued national policies for insufficient autonomy concessions. At the local level, IDS solidified dominance in Istria County through consistent electoral successes, retaining control of the county assembly in the 2009 local elections with over 50% of votes in key municipalities, enabling continuous leadership under prefect Ivan Jakovčić from 2003 onward.^[29] This regional stronghold translated into targeted governance achievements, notably the advancement of the Istrian Water Protection System (Istarski vodozaštitni sustav), launched in phases during the mid-2000s with the commissioning of the Butoniga Waterworks expansion to secure supply for over 200,000 residents and bolster tourism-dependent agriculture.^[30] These initiatives, funded partly through county bonds and EU grants totaling approximately €150 million by 2010, addressed chronic shortages via integrated supply and drainage networks, prioritizing self-reliant resource management over Zagreb-dependent solutions.^[30] Facing the 2008 global financial crisis, which contracted Croatia's GDP by 6.9% in 2009, IDS steered Istria toward resilience by emphasizing tourism diversification and local infrastructure buffers rather than national fiscal interventions.^[31] Istria's economy, buoyed by tourism comprising 25% of regional GDP, experienced milder downturns with unemployment peaking at 10% versus the national 17%, attributable to IDS-backed policies like sustained investments in coastal facilities and water security that sustained visitor arrivals above pre-crisis levels by 2010.^[31] This approach underscored IDS's causal focus on endogenous growth, avoiding entanglement in central bailouts that exacerbated disparities elsewhere, though it drew HDZ accusations of regional favoritism.^[31]

Recent Developments and National Role (2015–Present)

Since 2015, the Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) has positioned itself primarily in opposition to the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), critiquing the latter's centralist policies and involvement in corruption scandals that have periodically undermined public trust in national governance. Amid revelations of graft in HDZ-affiliated institutions, IDS has advocated for strengthened anti-corruption frameworks, including independent oversight mechanisms, while emphasizing decentralization to empower regions like Istria against Zagreb's dominance. This stance aligns with the party's regionalist core, adapting to Croatia's post-EU accession context by framing autonomy as compatible with European integration rather than isolationist.^[32]^[33] In the April 17, 2024, parliamentary elections, IDS garnered approximately 2.2% of the national vote, securing two seats in the 151-seat Sabor and maintaining its foothold as a vocal minority representative of Istrian interests. These seats positioned the party outside the HDZ-led coalition government, enabling continued parliamentary scrutiny of central policies affecting peripheral regions. Nationally, IDS's limited gains highlight its niche role, prioritizing Istrian bilingualism, infrastructure equity, and resistance to fiscal centralization over broad ideological appeals.^[34]^[35]^[36] Throughout the 2020s, IDS has leveraged Croatia's EU membership to champion allocations from European structural and cohesion funds for Istria, arguing that such resources counteract national underinvestment in regional development. The party has supported projects enhancing digital infrastructure, such as broadband expansion initiatives under EU recovery plans, to foster economic competitiveness in Istria's coastal economy. This advocacy reflects IDS's strategic pivot toward supranational mechanisms for federalist goals, sustaining its influence in local governance while contesting HDZ's narrative of uniform national progress.^[37]^[38]

Leadership and Organization

Key Founders and Historical Leaders

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) was founded on February 14, 1990, by Ivan Pauletta, an Istrian writer, journalist, and politician of Italian descent who served as its inaugural president. Pauletta, born in 1936, emphasized the party's roots in defending Istrian regional identity amid Yugoslavia's dissolution and Croatia's emerging independence, drawing on traditions of multicultural governance and local self-determination to counter centralizing tendencies from Zagreb. His leadership focused on establishing IDS as a bulwark for bilingualism and minority rights in Istria, reflecting first-hand experiences of post-World War II demographic shifts and economic marginalization in the region.^[39]^[40] Pauletta was succeeded briefly by Elio Martinčić before Ivan Jakovčić assumed the presidency on July 7, 1991, at a party congress in Medulin, a position he held until 2020. Jakovčić, an Istrian native with a background in local administration, steered IDS through the turbulent 1990s by prioritizing electoral consolidation in Istria and forging alliances that amplified the party's regionalist agenda, including advocacy for fiscal decentralization and cultural preservation. Under his tenure, IDS expanded beyond purely local concerns, securing national parliamentary seats and influencing Croatian politics toward greater federalist elements, while maintaining a commitment to merit-based internal transitions distinct from the dynastic patterns observed in larger Croatian parties. His strategic focus on Istria's European integration trajectory solidified the party's ethos of pragmatic autonomy, evidenced by sustained dominance in regional elections from the mid-1990s onward.^[41]

Current Leadership Structure

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) is currently led by an acting president, Loris Peršurić, who assumed the role following the resignation of Dalibor Paus in the summer of 2025 due to poor performance in local elections.^[42] Peršurić, a long-serving mayor of Poreč and member of the Croatian Parliament, was appointed by the party's Presidency to ensure continuity amid ongoing internal elections for permanent leadership.^[43] As acting president, he oversees strategic direction and represents the party publicly, with recent statements emphasizing democratic processes in candidate selection to strengthen internal accountability.^[44] The core decision-making body is the Presidency (Predsjedništvo), comprising the acting president, general secretary Saša Škrinjar, and four vice presidents: Marko Paliaga, Valter Glavičić, Elena Puh Belci, and Arijana Brajko Gall.^[45] This executive committee includes additional members such as Valentina Orbanić, Anteo Milos, and others drawn from Istrian localities, ensuring regional representation in policy formulation and party operations. The Presidency handles executive functions, including alliance negotiations and disciplinary actions, as demonstrated by its prior proceedings against former leader Boris Miletić in 2023 over electoral accountability.^[46] Leadership positions are filled through internal party mechanisms, including congresses and branch-level elections, with recent 2025 activities focusing on grassroots voting across Istria to verify broad participation and democratic legitimacy.^[47] Honorary roles, such as that held by founder Ivan Jakovčić, provide advisory input without executive authority, while affiliated bodies like the Youth and Women's Clubs contribute to specialized decision-making under the Presidency's oversight.^[45] This structure prioritizes Istrian-specific mandates, with the executive committee mandating geographic diversity to align decisions with regional autonomy goals.

Party Organization and Membership

The Istrian Democratic Assembly operates with a decentralized structure emphasizing local autonomy, reflecting its regionalist orientation and enabling responsive governance in Istria County. Local branches, known as klubi or municipal organizations, are established in key Istrian towns such as Poreč and Svetvinčent, facilitating community-level engagement on regional issues like infrastructure and cultural preservation. This network supports decision-making through bottom-up input to the central party congress, which convenes periodically to adopt statutes and elect executive bodies, promoting efficiency in addressing Istria-specific priorities without heavy centralization.^[48] Funding for the party's activities derives primarily from membership dues and state subsidies allocated proportionally to electoral performance under Croatia's Law on the Financing of Political Activities, ensuring transparency via annual public reports audited by the State Electoral Commission. Additional resources come from EU grants for regional development initiatives, such as cross-border cooperation projects in Istria, compliant with national regulations requiring disclosure of all contributions exceeding specified thresholds. The party includes affiliated wings to foster broader participation: the Klub mladih IDS-a engages younger members through voluntary activities focused on education and local advocacy, while the Klub žena IDS-a supports women's involvement in policy discussions and community events without imposed quotas, prioritizing merit-based engagement. These groups operate independently at the local level, aligning with the party's emphasis on voluntary inclusivity over mandated representation.^[49]^[50]

Electoral Performance

National Parliamentary Elections

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) has contested Croatian parliamentary elections since the early 1990s, securing representation in the Sabor through concentrated support in the 8th electoral district, which covers Istria County, rather than broad national appeal. Nationally, its vote shares have typically ranged from 1% to 4%, reflecting limited viability outside its regional base, where it often garners 15-20% or more. This geographic focus has yielded 1-4 seats per election, dependent on coalitions with larger opposition parties like the Social Democratic Party (SDP) to amplify influence, though IDS has rarely exceeded marginal parliamentary roles without regional dominance. Declines correlate with Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) sweeps, as in 2003 and 2016, when national polarization reduced IDS's leverage.^[51]^[52] IDS's strongest national performance came in the 3 January 2000 elections, where it won 4 seats amid a fragmented opposition to HDZ, capitalizing on Istrian autonomy demands post-independence tensions. By 2003, under HDZ's resurgence, seats fell to 3, with vote concentration in Istria preventing total exclusion but limiting broader gains. Subsequent elections showed volatility: 3 seats in 2007 via liberal coalitions, holding steady through 2011 despite economic crises favoring centrists.^[53] In more recent cycles, IDS aligned with Restart and similar pacts for opposition unity. The 2015 and 2016 elections yielded 3 seats each, bolstered by anti-HDZ sentiment, but 2020 saw a hold at 3 amid pandemic-related HDZ stability. The 17 April 2024 snap election marked a decline to 2 seats, with over 32,000 votes nationally (approximately 2.2% share) but 17.21% in the 8th district—insufficient for a third seat due to fragmented opposition and HDZ's 61-seat plurality. This outcome underscores IDS's coalition reliance, as independent runs yield no national threshold passage, confining impact to Istrian-specific advocacy like fiscal decentralization.^[54]^[55]^[52]

European Parliament Elections

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) has participated in European Parliament elections since Croatia's EU accession, framing its regionalist agenda within a pro-European context to counterbalance centralist policies from Zagreb. The party views EU membership as a safeguard for Istrian autonomy, bilingualism, and access to structural funds, often aligning with centre-left coalitions to secure visibility beyond its regional base.^[56] In the inaugural 2014 elections on April 14, IDS joined a coalition list with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and allies like the Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats (HNS), which collectively garnered 5 seats in the 12-member Croatian delegation. Istrian candidates on the list helped elevate turnout in Istria County to over 30%, compared to the national average of 25.3%, by emphasizing EU-level advocacy for regional development funds and cross-border cooperation with Slovenia and Italy. No IDS member secured a seat, but the alliance positioned the party to influence S&D group discussions on minority protections and cohesion policy.^[57] The 2019 elections on May 26 saw similar coalition dynamics, with IDS endorsing the SDP-led list that won 4 seats amid a fragmented field. Regional candidates again boosted local mobilization, with Istria recording turnout above 35%, driven by campaigns highlighting EU opposition to Croatian government encroachments on regional competencies. IDS prioritized issues like agricultural subsidies for Istrian olive and wine producers and infrastructure grants, though direct representation remained elusive.^[58] For the 2024 elections on June 9, IDS fielded an independent list (No. 9) headed by Ivan Flego, marking a shift toward standalone contestation to underscore its distinct regional-liberal identity. The list received around 20,000 votes, approximately 2.3% nationally, insufficient for a seat in the proportional system where the SDP list secured 4 mandates with 192,314 votes. This performance reflected modest regional consolidation—Istria contributed disproportionately to the tally—but was hampered by overall turnout of 21%, the lowest in the EU, and voter preference for larger parties amid economic discontent. Despite no mandate, IDS claimed influence through advocacy for EU funding streams targeting depopulation and tourism sustainability in Istria.^[59]^[56]

Regional and Local Elections in Istria

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) has achieved consistent dominance in Istria County Assembly elections since the early 2000s, typically securing vote shares in the 40-50% range and forming majorities through coalitions with smaller regional parties such as the Istrian Party of Pensioners (ISU-PIP). This performance underscores the party's appeal rooted in localist priorities, enabling sustained control of the county's legislative body responsible for regional policy. In the 2001 elections, IDS-led lists captured a plurality sufficient for assembly leadership, a pattern repeated in subsequent cycles including 2009 and 2013, where the party maintained prefectural authority amid varying national political shifts.^[60] In the 2021 county assembly elections, the IDS coalition with ISU-PIP and the Green Alliance (Zeleni) won 23 seats, preserving a working majority despite competition from national parties like the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) and Social Democratic Party (SDP). Voter turnout in Istria reached approximately 45%, higher than the national average of 34.6%, reflecting localized engagement that favored IDS's regional platform over broader ideological appeals. The same coalition's candidate, Boris Miletić, secured the prefect position in the second round on May 30, 2021, with over 50% of the vote against HDZ and SDP challengers, extending IDS's uninterrupted hold on the executive since 1993.^[61]^[62] At the municipal level, IDS retained influence in key Istrian towns despite facing headwinds from depopulation and urban discontent in the 2020s, which reduced eligible voter bases in rural areas by up to 5% annually per census data. The party held the mayoralty in Rovinj, renominating incumbent Marko Paliaga, whose coalition emphasized retention of local autonomy to counter demographic decline. However, IDS lost the Pula mayoral race to a Most-led opposition candidate, marking a rare setback in the county's largest city, where turnout advantages eroded amid protests over infrastructure delays. These results highlight IDS's resilience in smaller, tourism-dependent municipalities, where vote shares often exceeded 45%, compared to narrower margins in urban centers.^[63]^[64]

Governance and Policy Implementation

Control of Istria County Administration

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) has exercised uninterrupted control over Istria County's executive and legislative bodies since the county's establishment in 1993, enabling sustained policy continuity in regional administration. Successive prefects, including Luciano Delbianco (1993–1997), Stevo Žufić (1997–2001), Ivan Jakovčić (2001–2009), Valter Flego (2009–2017), and Fabrizio Radin (2017–2021), were IDS members who prioritized infrastructure and economic initiatives tailored to local needs. This dominance, marked by IDS securing a majority in the 41-seat county assembly, has facilitated efficient budget execution, with the party often achieving over 50% of assembly seats in local elections.^[39]^[29] IDS-led administrations have directed significant resources toward transportation infrastructure, notably the Istrian Y highway network, which spans key routes connecting Pula, Rijeka, and inland areas. Expansions, including dual-carriageway upgrades initiated in the 2010s with investments exceeding €300 million, have enhanced accessibility for tourism-dependent economies, reducing travel times and supporting freight movement. Complementing these efforts, county budgets have funded heritage preservation projects, such as restorations of Roman amphitheaters in Pula and medieval sites in Motovun, integrating cultural assets into sustainable development plans to bolster visitor revenues. These initiatives reflect a focus on leveraging Istria's historical endowments for economic multipliers.^[65]^[66] Economically, Istria County under IDS governance has recorded GDP per capita levels above the Croatian average, reaching €12,684 in 2020 amid a tourism-driven structure that accounts for over 20% of regional output. Decentralized budgeting has allowed retention of local revenues, including surtaxes on accommodations, enabling investments yielding higher returns—such as infrastructure projects with benefit-cost ratios exceeding national benchmarks—compared to centrally imposed allocations. Efforts to maintain fiscal flexibility have included advocacy for expanded county competencies in revenue sharing, mitigating dependencies on Zagreb and sustaining growth rates that outpaced the national figure by 1-2 percentage points in pre-2020 periods.^[67]^[68]

Influence on National Legislation

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) has wielded limited influence on Croatian national legislation due to its small parliamentary representation, usually 3–4 seats out of 151 in the Sabor, necessitating reliance on coalition dynamics for leverage.^[69] As a regionalist party, IDS prioritizes blocking centralizing measures and promoting decentralization, often aligning with left-leaning coalitions to extract concessions on fiscal autonomy and minority protections. Its targeted interventions have focused on vetoing or amending bills perceived to undermine regional competencies, particularly during the 2010s when opposition to HDZ-led fiscal consolidations—aimed at EU compliance—highlighted tensions over budget centralization.^[70] In coalition governments, IDS has secured incremental gains. During the SDP-led administration from November 2015 to January 2016, where IDS provided essential support alongside HNS and HSU to form a slim majority of 80 seats, the party advocated for enhanced local self-government and regional funding mechanisms, influencing debates on administrative reforms to bolster county viability.^[71]^[72] Similarly, in the earlier 2000–2003 Račan government, IDS's initial participation facilitated progress on EU alignment prerequisites, including structural reforms, but its withdrawal in June 2001—citing unmet demands for Istrian autonomy—reduced the coalition to 117 seats, stalling legislative momentum and underscoring IDS's capacity to disrupt centralizing agendas through strategic exits.^[73] IDS has also contributed to minority rights frameworks, leveraging its Istrian base to support bilingualism and cultural safeguards for the Italian community amid national EU harmonization efforts. While not authoring major laws independently, parliamentary records show IDS backing amendments to local governance statutes that align with EU standards on regional minorities, though broader impacts remain constrained by dominant national parties' priorities.^[74] Overall, IDS's legislative footprint emphasizes veto power against fiscal centralization—evident in opposition to 2010s reforms reallocating revenues to Zagreb—over proactive lawmaking, reflecting its role as a defender of peripheral interests in a unitary state.

Key Achievements in Regional Development

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS), through its long-standing control of Istria County since the 1990s, has prioritized tourism as a core driver of regional prosperity, resulting in Istria capturing 27% of Croatia's total tourist arrivals and 35% of overnight stays, far exceeding its proportional share of national territory. This sector's dominance has diversified the local economy, with tourism revenues supporting ancillary industries like agriculture and manufacturing, and contributing disproportionately to regional GDP compared to national averages, where international tourism accounted for approximately 18.4% of Croatia's GDP as of preliminary 2007 figures, with Istria's tourism intensity amplifying local impacts.^[75]^[76] IDS-led administrations have advanced critical infrastructure to underpin this growth, notably championing expansions of the Istrian Y motorway system, a public-private partnership that has upgraded dual-carriageway sections and integrated the region more effectively with continental Croatia. The project's phases, including the completion of the Učka Tunnel on September 25, 2025, have shortened travel times from Istria to Zagreb by over an hour, facilitating increased freight movement, commuter flows, and tourist access while mitigating seasonal congestion on alternative routes. These enhancements, spanning approximately 28 kilometers in recent eastern branch constructions initiated in 2023, have directly correlated with sustained economic activity in tourism-dependent areas.^[77]^[78] Preservation efforts for Istria's multicultural heritage, including Italian linguistic and architectural elements, have been institutionalized under IDS governance, fostering cultural tourism as a complementary economic engine. The region's bilingual policies and dedicated heritage institutions, as outlined in the Istrian Cultural Strategy, safeguard tangible assets like historic sites and promote events that attract niche visitors, enhancing soft power and long-term regional branding without relying on national-level interventions. This approach has helped maintain demographic stability relative to Croatia's broader emigration challenges, leveraging heritage-driven initiatives to retain skilled labor in creative and service sectors.^[79]

Criticisms and Controversies

Tensions with Central Government over Autonomy

The Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) has historically clashed with Croatia's central government over the extent of regional autonomy, particularly regarding fiscal powers and administrative self-rule, amid the country's unitary constitutional framework that prioritizes national unity over devolved authority. These tensions often arise from ambiguities in the allocation of tax revenues and competencies between Zagreb and regional bodies, where the central state retains control over major funding streams despite nominal decentralization reforms initiated in 2001. IDS leaders have argued that such central dominance hampers Istria's ability to address local needs independently, framing it as a form of overreach that favors national priorities at the expense of regional development.^[80] A prominent example occurred on April 9, 2001, when the Istrian Regional Assembly, dominated by IDS, amended its statute to declare enhanced autonomy and official bilingualism in Croatian and Italian, aiming to strengthen local governance and cultural protections. The central government, under Prime Minister Ivica Račan, condemned the changes as unconstitutional and potentially destabilizing to national cohesion, with officials warning of expanded minority rights that could extend to other groups like Serbs. IDS president Ivan Jakovčić defended the amendments as legally grounded and demanded government clarification, refusing concessions in coalition negotiations, while Račan threatened referral to the Constitutional Court for nullification, highlighting fears of eroding unitarist principles.^[17] In the 2010s, these frictions persisted through IDS campaigns for deeper fiscal decentralization, criticizing successive HDZ-led governments in Zagreb for inadequate revenue transfers and insufficient investment in regional infrastructure, such as roads and ports, which the party linked to slower economic growth in Istria compared to national averages. Audits and policy analyses have underscored limited subnational fiscal autonomy, with regions like Istria reliant on central grants that often fall short of needs, exacerbating perceptions of unitarist policies prioritizing continental areas over coastal ones. IDS has positioned these disputes as rooted in constitutional gaps that fail to operationalize true self-governance, prompting repeated calls for reforms to grant counties greater taxing and spending powers without central veto.^[81]^[4]

Accusations of Separatism and Regional Favoritism

In the 1990s, amid the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ)'s nationalist governance under President Franjo Tuđman, the Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) encountered accusations from HDZ-aligned media and politicians portraying its regionalist platform as tantamount to separatism.^[5] These claims framed IDS's demands for fiscal decentralization and cultural preservation in Istria as undermining national unity, particularly during Croatia's post-independence consolidation.^[6] IDS responded by affirming its commitment to Croatia's sovereignty, with party leaders repeatedly stating they harbored no ambitions for secession and viewing regional autonomy as compatible with unitary state structures.^[5] Such allegations resurfaced periodically, including in 2015 when HDZ critic Tihomir Dujmović claimed IDS was preparing for Istria's detachment by rejecting national regionalization plans.^[82] Critics from nationalist perspectives argued that IDS's emphasis on Istrian identity fostered division, potentially eroding loyalty to Zagreb.^[83] In rebuttal, IDS highlighted its support for Croatia's 2013 European Union accession, which entrenched national integration, and pursued autonomy within constitutional bounds rather than independence.^[84] Regionalists within IDS maintained that their agenda preserved Istria's multicultural heritage—encompassing Croatian, Italian, and Slovene elements—against centralist overreach, benefiting all residents through inclusive policies like bilingual administration.^[85] Accusations of regional favoritism have centered on IDS-backed measures, such as co-official use of Italian in coastal municipalities, which detractors label as undue privileges for minorities at the expense of Croatian-majority interests.^[17] Proponents counter that these initiatives promote equity and economic vitality for the entire population, not exclusion, with empirical outcomes showing sustained population stability and tourism growth in Istria despite central funding disputes. Support for outright Istrian independence remains negligible, as evidenced by the absence of viable secessionist movements and explicit rejections by IDS, aligning with Croatia's unitary constitution.^[86]

Internal Divisions and Electoral Setbacks

In 2013, internal tensions within the Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) surfaced prominently when longtime member and former deputy Damir Kajin departed the party to form his own independent list for the Istrian county prefect election, citing strategic disagreements and a desire for greater autonomy from the party's established leadership under Ivan Jakovčić.^[87] This split contributed to short-term fragmentation, as Kajin's move drew some local supporters away, though IDS retained its regional dominance in subsequent local contests.^[88] A significant leadership transition occurred on February 14, 2014, when Jakovčić, who had served as party president since 1994, resigned from the position amid calls for renewal after two decades at the helm, transitioning to an honorary role while endorsing Pula mayor Boris Miletić as his successor; Miletić was elected at the party's electoral congress in Poreč with broad internal support.^[89] This change aimed to inject fresh energy but underscored the personalization risks inherent in Jakovčić's prolonged influence, which had centralized decision-making and tied the party's identity closely to his regionalist vision. Further divisions emerged in the early 2020s, exacerbated by leadership contests and policy disputes; Miletić, reelected president in 2018, stepped down in September 2021 following an internal congress vote, after which he exited the party entirely in 2022 amid reported disagreements over direction and influence.^[90] ^[91] These events, resolved through party congresses that reaffirmed commitment to Istrian autonomy, nevertheless exposed vulnerabilities to factionalism, particularly as the party grappled with balancing veteran figures against emerging voices.^[92] Electorally, IDS has faced persistent setbacks beyond Istria due to its hyper-regional focus, securing representation almost exclusively from Istrian districts in national parliamentary votes; for instance, in the 2020 elections as part of the Restart Coalition, the party contributed minimally to the alliance's gains outside the region, with its standalone appeal yielding negligible votes nationally.^[93] This pattern persisted post-2015, with stagnant national polling and challenges in expanding membership or voter base amid competition from larger center-left coalitions, highlighting the limits of regionalism in Croatia's centralized political landscape.^[94] Party congresses have periodically addressed these erosions by emphasizing core Istrian priorities, yet the reliance on personalized leadership has amplified risks of voter fatigue during periods of internal flux.^[95]

Party Symbols and Identity

Emblems, Flag, and Anthem

The emblem of the Istrian Democratic Assembly incorporates the traditional Istrian coat of arms, depicting a golden goat with red horns and hooves standing atop three green hills within a blue field. This symbol, originating from the Habsburg Margraviate of Istria in the 15th century, embodies the endurance of Istrian pastoral life and terrain, with the goat representing adaptability to the rocky landscape.^[96]^[97]^[98] The party utilizes the regional flag of Istria, consisting of a white field bearing the central coat of arms, to signify regional unity and pride. This flag, formalized in the early 1990s following Croatia's independence and the party's establishment in 1990, draws from historical precedents while asserting local identity distinct from national symbols.^[97] For ceremonial purposes, including rallies, the IDS associates with "Krasna zemljo" ("Beautiful Land"), designated as the anthem of Istria County by its assembly on September 23, 2002. The lyrics, composed in Croatian with Italian influences reflecting the bilingual heritage, praise the peninsula's natural beauty and cultural mosaic, aligning with the party's emphasis on Istrian exceptionalism.^[99]

Representation of Istrian Regionalism

The symbols associated with the Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) emphasize visual elements drawn from Istria's geography and pre-national history, such as representations of the Adriatic Sea, rolling hills, and the ancient goat motif, which evoke a shared territorial heritage transcending ethnic divisions among Croats, Italians, and Slovenes. These motifs, rooted in Roman-era iconography and Habsburg-era usage, underscore a multicultural narrative of Istria as a crossroads of Mediterranean and Central European influences, deliberately avoiding ethno-national exclusivity to promote a supranational regional identity.^[100]^[101] In Istrian governance under IDS influence, these symbols have been integrated into official regional emblems and public displays since the party's founding in 1990, facilitating cultural cohesion by reinforcing a collective "Istrian-ness" that prioritizes local autonomy and economic interests over Zagreb-centric nationalism. Surveys indicate widespread adoption, with regional identity declarations reaching double-digit percentages in Croatian censuses within Istria—approximately 12% in the 2011 census—reflecting sustained public recognition and attachment to these symbols as markers of unity rather than division.^[102]^[103] Critiques portraying Istrian regionalism as mere provincialism, often from centralist perspectives viewing it as a relic of communist decentralization or a threat to national cohesion, are countered by empirical metrics of unity, including IDS's electoral dominance in Istria County (securing over 30% of votes in regional elections as of 2021) and high cross-ethnic support, which demonstrate effective fostering of inclusive identity without fostering separatism. This approach has empirically bolstered social stability in a historically contested borderland, as evidenced by lower ethnic tensions compared to other Croatian regions.^[5]^[104]

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Mar 9, 2013 · Naime, nakon izlaska Damira Kajina iz IDS-a ta stranka u ... Ivan Jakovčić očito procijenio da mu ministar u aferi ne odgovara u ...
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Ostojić podnio ostavku; Jakovčić: IDS ostaje u Vladi - Novi list
Predsjednik Hrvatske stranke umirovljenika (HSU) Silvano Hrelja, komentirajući ostavku ministra turizma, izjavio je kako je Ivan Jakovčić očito procijenio da mu ...
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Boris Miletić je novi predsjednik, a Ivan Jakovčić počasni ... - HINA
POREČ, 14. veljače 2014.(Hina) - Dosadašnji potpredsjednik stranke i pulski gradonačelnik Boris Miletić na večerašnjem je izbornom saboru u Poreču izabran ...
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Boris Miletić više nije predsjednik IDS-a, pogledajte tko je izabran!
Sep 11, 2021 · Predsjednik na odlasku Boris Miletić u svom je izvješću o radu podsjetio da je upravo u Poreču na 25. Saboru stranke, izabran za 3. predsjednika ...
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Boris Miletić - Župan.hr
Boris Miletić prije nego što je izabran za župana 2021. godine, bio je od ... godine predsjednik IDS-a. Godine 2022. izlazi iz stranke. Uz hrvatski ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Labin - Boris Miletić ponovno izabran za predsjednika IDS-a (video)
Rezultat Izbornog Sabora je novo - stari predsjednik Boris Miletić, kao kruna unutarstranačkih IDS-ovih izbora. 1_2. „Rezultati ostvareni u protekle 4 godine ...
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Elections in Croatia: Conservatives retain the parliamentary majority
Jul 7, 2020 · ... Party/HSS and the Istrian Democratic Assembly/IDS). This, in turn ... of European integration with a greater emphasis on social cohesion and ...
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Macan Election Analysis: Croatia Decided to Stay in Center and ...
Jul 8, 2020 · IDS has been investing smartly for years, and they even scored a bit here because Bernardić damaged the Istrian SDP and basically gifted the ...
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IN MEMORIAM: Odlazak istinskog liberalnog lidera i velikog ...
Apr 30, 2021 · ... predsjednik IDS-a Boris Miletić. Tužnu vijest iz Rotterdama komentirao je i počasni predsjednik stranke Ivan Jakovčić koji je osim ...
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Heraldry - Istria on the Internet
Her coat of arms - a golden goat with red hooves and red horns on a blue background - was officially born by the final arrangements of the Margraviate of Istria ...
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Coat of arms and flag - Istarska županija
The traditional coat of arms of Istria as a Habsburg margraviate is-blue frame, the triple green hill, and the golden goat with red horns and hooves. The ...
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What's The History Behind the Istrian Goat Symbol? - Total Croatia
Oct 29, 2023 · The Istrian goat on the peninsula's flag wasn't originally a depiction of the peninsula's native breed of goat, but instead – an Alpine goat.
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I Krasna zemljo Istro mila postala nacionalistička, pa zar i himna smeta
Feb 7, 2020 · Skupština Istarske županije proglasila je 23. rujna 2002.godine pjesmu “Krasna zemljo, Istro mila, dome rode hrvatskog” himnom Istarske županije ...
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Threatened orders — Istria — a Multicultural Region
As it was under Habsburg rule, today the Istrian goat is highlighted by regionalist movements as a symbol of Istrian unity and multiculturalism.Missing: motifs | Show results with:motifs
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Hinge + Hybrid - Hoofs = Regional identity in Istria? - Marelic.net
Dec 1, 2014 · With the revival of tourism and a firm commitment to EU entry, the appeal of the IDS regional party program declined as the economic benefits of ...
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An Analysis of Istrian Regional Identification - Hrčak - Srce
This paper examines the background of regional affiliation in Istria, more exactly, the Istria County in the last twenty years. Analysis of the data from three ...
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Hinge + Hybrid -Hoofs = Regional Identity in Istria? - Academia.edu
This historical particularism created a unique hybridity that contributed to a political discourse of multicultural regional identity that refused to be ...Missing: visual motifs
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[PDF] Economic regionalism in the mirror of Croatian nationalism
of the hegemonicpower ofthe regional party of Istria, the Istrian Democratic Assembly. (IDS), and its manipulative poUcies, which poUticizedregional identity ...