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Kavli Prize

The Kavli Prize is an international scientific award established in 2008 to honor outstanding achievements in , nanoscience, and , recognizing breakthroughs that advance humanity's understanding of the universe, matter at the smallest scales, and the complexities of the . Funded by the Kavli Foundation and administered by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the prize is awarded every two years in even-numbered years, with each of the three fields receiving a total of US$1 million, a , and a shared among up to three laureates per category based on their equivalent contributions. The award was founded by Norwegian-American philanthropist to promote public interest in science, encourage international collaboration, and celebrate innovative research that transforms fundamental knowledge in these disciplines. Since its inception, the Kavli Prize has recognized 73 scientists from 18 countries as of 2024, with ten laureates subsequently receiving Nobel Prizes, underscoring its prestige in the global . Nominations are open to the international scientific community and reviewed by independent expert committees for each field, ensuring a rigorous, confidential selection process that emphasizes diversity in gender, geography, and institutional background.

History and Establishment

Founding

The Kavli Prize was established in 2005 through a collaboration between the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, and The Kavli Foundation. This initiative marked one of the early major activities of The Kavli Foundation, which had been founded in 2000 to advance scientific research and promote public understanding of science. At the center of the prize's creation was , a Norwegian-American , entrepreneur, and philanthropist who served as the primary founder. Kavli's vision was to honor scientists for their groundbreaking achievements and to foster greater appreciation for scientific discovery among the public, drawing from his lifelong passion for understanding the . He believed that recognizing excellence in key areas of would encourage further and highlight 's role in humanity's progress, as expressed in his statement: "The Kavli Prizes are a token of The Kavli Foundation’s enduring commitment to and to our fuller understanding of human beings, nature and the ." The prize was publicly announced in May 2005, with initial planning focused on structuring it as a award to be given every even-numbered year starting in 2008. Early decisions emphasized concentrating on three foundational fields—, nanoscience, and —to target transformative research in the largest, smallest, and most complex scales of scientific inquiry. This framework was developed through discussions among the partnering organizations, ensuring the prize would complement existing awards by spotlighting frontier areas of basic science.

Funding and Endowment

The Kavli Prize is funded by The Kavli Foundation, established in 2000 by Norwegian-American philanthropist , who channeled his business success into advancing scientific research and its public understanding. The foundation covers the core financial elements of the prize, including a $1 million cash award allocated to each of the three fields—astrophysics, nanoscience, and —with the amount shared among up to three laureates per field, along with a and a for each recipient. These awards are presented biennially, ensuring sustained recognition of groundbreaking achievements. The prize operates through a partnership formed in 2005 among The Kavli Foundation, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, with the latter providing ongoing support for administrative costs and hosting the ceremonial banquet in Oslo. This collaborative structure guarantees the prize's continuity, with the Kavli Foundation committing to the award funding indefinitely and the Norwegian government contributing to operational and event-related expenses. The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters oversees the management of the prize's resources, handling nominations, selections, and disbursements while maintaining the endowment's integrity to support future awards. This administration ensures the prize remains a stable and prestigious honor in the scientific community.

Fields and Criteria

Astrophysics

The Kavli Prize in Astrophysics recognizes outstanding scientific achievements that advance humanity's knowledge and understanding of the origin, evolution, and properties of the universe. This category encompasses a broad scope, including cosmology, stellar evolution, observational techniques, planetary science, solar physics, space science, astrobiology, instrumentation, and particle astrophysics, all aimed at fundamental advances in unraveling cosmic phenomena. The evaluation criteria emphasize originality, transformative impact on the field, and the potential to inspire future discoveries, with equal weight given to theoretical innovations and empirical contributions. Breakthroughs are selected for their creativity and ability to fundamentally reshape astrophysical paradigms, such as through novel models or groundbreaking observations that expand the frontiers of cosmic exploration. The prize is awarded biennially alongside the prizes in nanoscience and . In historical context, the field has been marked by pivotal 20th-century breakthroughs that highlighted the universe's vastness and diversity, setting the stage for modern recognitions like the Kavli Prize. Qualifying research areas include the detection of exoplanets, which has revolutionized our perspective on planetary systems beyond the Solar System; cosmic inflation theories, explaining the universe's large-scale structure; the discovery of quasars, unveiling highly luminous distant objects; and the observation of , providing direct evidence of spacetime ripples predicted by . These examples illustrate the prize's focus on contributions that bridge theoretical predictions with empirical verification, fostering deeper insights into stellar life cycles and the universe's fundamental forces.

Nanoscience

The Kavli Prize in Nanoscience recognizes groundbreaking advancements in the study and application of phenomena occurring at the nanometer scale, typically defined as dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometers, where materials and devices exhibit unique physical, chemical, and biological properties distinct from their bulk counterparts. This field emphasizes the manipulation of atomic, molecular, macromolecular, and cellular structures and systems, enabling innovations in materials synthesis, device fabrication, and precise control techniques that leverage scale-dependent behaviors such as enhanced reactivity or novel electronic properties. Core principles revolve around understanding how reducing size to the nanoscale unlocks quantum effects, where behavior and energy states differ markedly from macroscopic scales, fostering developments in areas like for and nanoscale tools for probing biological processes. The prize's criteria focus on breakthroughs in , , or practical applications that demonstrate broad scientific or technological implications, prioritizing work that advances fundamental knowledge while promising real-world impact, such as in or . Key themes include , where nanostructures form spontaneously through chemical interactions; engineered for tailored functionalities; and tools like for high-resolution imaging and manipulation. These elements highlight innovations in and macromolecular , which enable precise and integration of biological systems with synthetic components. Unlike traditional chemistry or physics, which often address bulk properties or larger-scale dynamics, nanoscience distinguishes itself by centering on emergent phenomena unique to the nanoscale, such as size-tunable in quantum dots or self-organizing patterns driven by nanoscale forces. Historically, nanoscience emerged prominently in the early amid significant hype, spurred by the launch of the U.S. in , which coordinated federal investments exceeding billions of dollars to explore nanoscale science and engineering amid promises of revolutionary technologies. The Kavli Prize, established in , arrived as this initial enthusiasm matured into a more rigorous discipline, setting high standards for verifiable, high-impact contributions that moved beyond speculative applications to validated breakthroughs with enduring scientific value. This evolution reflects a shift from broad promotional efforts to focused recognition of interdisciplinary work that integrates principles from multiple fields while maintaining a sharp emphasis on nanoscale-specific innovations, as exemplified by the 2024 award for the invention and synthesis of .

Neuroscience

The Kavli Prize in Neuroscience recognizes groundbreaking contributions to the understanding of function, neural circuits, and across multiple scales, from molecular and cellular levels to systems and computational frameworks. This includes advancements in , developmental , and the interplay of neural mechanisms underlying and . The category encompasses the full spectrum of the , emphasizing how these elements integrate to produce complex phenomena such as learning, , and . Awards in this field prioritize transformative insights into neural mechanisms that reveal fundamental principles of brain operation, with a strong emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches that bridge biology, physics, and . Many discoveries recognized by the prize have implications for illuminating brain disorders such as Alzheimer's or and enhancing therapeutic interventions. Selection focuses on work that not only elucidates core processes but also establishes new paradigms for investigating the , ensuring lasting impact on scientific inquiry. Neuroscience as a discipline has evolved rapidly, driven by pivotal developments in areas such as synaptic transmission—the electrochemical signaling between neurons—and brain imaging techniques that allow real-time observation of neural activity. These advances have been propelled by milestones like the sequencing of the , which enabled precise genetic manipulations, and innovative methods for mapping neural circuits in living organisms. Such progress has shifted the field from descriptive anatomy toward mechanistic models of dynamic brain function. For instance, the 2024 prize honored discoveries of neural representations of faces in the . While overlapping with in cognitive aspects and in molecular foundations, the Neuroscience category delineates itself by prioritizing rigorous, mechanistic discoveries over behavioral observations or general physiological studies. It focuses on the causal underpinnings of neural dynamics, distinguishing it from broader biological inquiries by its dedication to the brain's unique integrative properties and their implications for and .

Administration and Selection

Selection Committees

The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters appoints the three Kavli Prize selection committees—one each for , nanoscience, and —based on nominations from leading international academies and scientific organizations. For the astrophysics committee, input is provided by bodies such as the , ensuring expertise from global scientific communities. Each committee comprises five members, including a , selected to promote in and , with a priority on balancing representation between male and female scientists. Members serve staggered terms of two prize cycles (biennially), while chairs serve three cycles, fostering continuity and fresh perspectives in evaluations. The committees' core responsibilities include reviewing nominations submitted via an open international call, deliberating on candidates' contributions, and submitting a unanimous recommendation of up to three laureates per field to the Norwegian Academy for approval. This process emphasizes rigorous assessment grounded in scientific excellence and impact. To uphold impartiality, the committees function independently of one another and external entities, including the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research and the , which plays no role in nominations or selections. This structure safeguards unbiased decision-making through expert-driven, autonomous deliberations.

Nomination and Award Process

The operates on a biennial cycle, with nominations opening in July and closing on October 1 of every odd-numbered year, approximately 18 months before the awards are presented. Nominations are valid for two cycles (four years) and can be updated during that period. Eligibility is open to living scientists worldwide who have made significant advances in , nanoscience, or , with up to three individuals permitted per for collaborative breakthroughs. Nominations must come from peers, institutions, or other qualified individuals, as self-nominations are not allowed, and are submitted online via the official Kavli Prize website in five steps: selecting the field and breakthrough, providing a for each nominee, writing a nomination letter in English describing the work and its impact, and optionally including references or supporting materials. The review process involves multiple phases managed by three independent field-specific committees, each comprising international experts who conduct initial screening, shortlist candidates, and deliberate to reach unanimous recommendations for the final laureates. These recommendations are forwarded to The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters for approval, with all deliberations kept confidential for 50 years. Laureates are announced in the spring of the award year, such as June 10 for the 2026 prizes. The award ceremony takes place in Oslo, Norway, typically in early September during Kavli Prize Week, featuring a formal presentation of gold medals to the laureates at the Oslo Concert Hall, followed by public lectures delivered by the recipients at the University of Oslo. The event includes receptions and symposia to highlight the laureates' contributions, with logistics such as transportation and accommodations provided for invitees.

Laureates

Astrophysics Laureates

The Kavli Prize in Astrophysics recognizes groundbreaking advances in understanding the structure, evolution, and fundamental properties of the . Since its in 2008, the prize has been awarded biennially to one to three laureates for pioneering discoveries that have transformed the field. 2008: Maarten Schmidt () and Donald Lynden-Bell () shared the prize for their seminal contributions to understanding the nature of s. Schmidt's identification of the of 3C 273 in 1963 revealed quasars as extremely distant and luminous objects powered by supermassive black holes, while Lynden-Bell's 1969 theoretical work proposed that quasars arise from accretion onto massive black holes at galactic centers, predicting observable signatures later confirmed by observations. 2010: Jerry E. Nelson (United States), Raymond N. Wilson (United Kingdom), and Roger Angel (United States) were honored for their contributions to the development of giant telescopes that have revolutionized astronomical observations. Nelson pioneered segmented mirror technology for the Keck telescopes, Wilson advanced active optics for the , and Angel innovated lightweight honeycomb mirrors for instruments like the , enabling unprecedented views of distant cosmic phenomena. 2012: Michael E. Brown (United States), David C. Jewitt (United Kingdom, United States), and Jane X. Luu (United States) received the award for discovering and characterizing the and its largest members, which advanced understanding of our solar system's history. Their work, including the 1992 detection of the first Kuiper Belt object and subsequent findings of dwarf planets like , reshaped models of planetary formation and dynamics beyond . 2014: Alan H. Guth (United States), Andrei D. Linde (Russia, United States), and Alexei A. Starobinsky (Russia) were recognized for pioneering the theory of cosmic inflation. Their independent models in the early 1980s described a rapid exponential expansion of the universe shortly after the Big Bang, resolving key issues like the horizon and flatness problems and aligning theory with observations of the cosmic microwave background. 2016: Ronald W. P. Drever (United Kingdom, United States), Kip S. Thorne (United States), and Rainer Weiss (United States) shared the prize for the direct detection of gravitational waves. Their leadership in developing the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) enabled the 2015 observation of waves from merging black holes, confirming Einstein's general relativity in extreme regimes and opening a new era of multi-messenger astronomy. 2018: Ewine F. van Dishoeck () was awarded for her combined observational, theoretical, and laboratory contributions to , elucidating the life cycle of interstellar clouds and the formation of and . Her work on molecular processes, including the role of interstellar ices and key species like , has utilized telescopes such as Herschel and to map chemical evolution in star-forming regions. 2020: Andrew C. Fabian () received the prize for his groundbreaking research in , spanning gas flows in galaxy clusters to supermassive s in galactic centers. His discoveries, including mechanisms balancing heating and cooling in clusters and measurements of spins, have illuminated feedback processes driving . 2022: Conny Aerts (), Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard (), and Roger K. Ulrich () were honored for their pioneering work and leadership in helioseismology and asteroseismology. Their development of these fields has probed stellar interiors, refining models of solar and and through of oscillation data from satellites like and Kepler. 2024: David Charbonneau (Canada, United States) and Sara Seager (Canada, United States) shared the award for their ground-breaking work on the discovery and characterization of exoplanets and their atmospheres. Charbonneau advanced the transit method and space-based observations to detect atmospheric components like sodium, while Seager's theoretical predictions and concepts like starshades have guided searches for habitable worlds using missions such as Kepler, TESS, and JWST. The next Kavli Prize in Astrophysics will be awarded in 2026; nominations are pending as of November 2025.

Nanoscience Laureates

The Kavli Prize in Nanoscience recognizes pioneering advancements in nanoscale science and technology, with awards given biennially to up to four scientists sharing the prize. Laureates are selected for their transformative contributions to areas such as material synthesis, , , and applications in biology and medicine. From 2008 to 2024, the prize has honored 25 individuals, with the number of recipients varying from one to four per cycle, reflecting evolving collaborative trends in nanoscience research; a strong representation from the is evident, alongside contributions from , , and . As of November 2025, no awards have been announced for 2026. In 2008, the prize was awarded to (United States) and (Japan) for their pioneering discoveries of unique properties and potential applications of nanoscale materials, including colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) by Brus and carbon nanotubes by Iijima. The 2010 laureates were Donald M. Eigler (United States) and Nadrian C. Seeman (United States), recognized for developing the ability to image, characterize, and control matter at the atomic scale through atom manipulation with the by Eigler and structural by Seeman. Mildred S. Dresselhaus () received the sole 2012 award for her fundamental contributions to the electronic structure and properties of nanoscale carbon-based materials, including studies of phonons, electron-phonon interactions, and thermal transport in nanostructures like and nanotubes. In 2014, Thomas W. Ebbesen (), Stefan W. Hell (), and Sir John B. Pendry () shared the prize for innovations in controlling light at the nanoscale: Ebbesen for extraordinary light transmission through sub-wavelength holes, Hell for super-resolution fluorescence microscopy enabling nanometer-scale biological imaging, and Pendry for theoretical foundations of metamaterials with . The 2016 award went to Gerd Binnig (Germany), Christoph Gerber (Switzerland), and Calvin Quate (United States) for the invention of the atomic force microscope, which revolutionized nanoscale measurement and manipulation across insulators, semiconductors, and biological samples. Emmanuelle Charpentier (France/Germany), Jennifer A. Doudna (United States), and Virginijus Šikšnys (Lithuania) were the 2018 laureates for inventing CRISPR-Cas9, a precise nanoscale tool for editing DNA that has transformed genetic research, agriculture, and therapeutic interventions for diseases. In 2020, Harald Rose (), Maximilian Haider (), Knut Urban (), and Ondrej L. Krivanek () received the prize for developing aberration-corrected , achieving sub-ångström resolution for atomic-scale imaging and chemical analysis of materials. The 2022 laureates—Jacob Sagiv (Israel), Ralph G. Nuzzo (), David L. Allara (), and ()—were honored for pioneering self-assembled monolayers on solid surfaces, enabling molecular control of interfacial properties for applications in , sensors, and . Finally, in 2024, (), (), and () shared the prize for revolutionizing nanoscale tools in : Langer for engineered materials in and , Alivisatos for quantum dots in biological imaging, and Mirkin for spherical nucleic acids in diagnostics and therapeutics.

Neuroscience Laureates

The Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, awarded biennially since 2008, recognizes groundbreaking discoveries in understanding the brain and . Laureates are selected for their transformative contributions across molecular, cellular, systems, and cognitive levels of . The following chronicles the recipients by year, highlighting their key insights into neural mechanisms. In 2008, the inaugural prize was shared by Sten Grillner of , Thomas Jessell of the and , and Pasko Rakic of and the for elucidating the neural basis of vertebrate and the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing . Grillner's work on brainstem-spinal cord circuits provided foundational insights into , while Jessell and Rakic advanced understanding of how neurons form precise connections and cortical architectures during embryogenesis. The 2010 laureates—Richard H. Scheller of the , Thomas C. Südhof of and the , and James E. Rothman of the —were honored for discovering the molecular machinery and regulatory principles underlying trafficking and release. Their identification of key proteins like SNAREs revolutionized comprehension of synaptic transmission, essential for neural communication. In 2012, Cornelia I. Bargmann of the , Winfried Denk of , and Ann M. Graybiel of the received the prize for advancing knowledge of neural processing through genetic tools in simple organisms and innovative imaging techniques. Bargmann's studies on worm neural circuits linked genes to ; Denk's two-photon enabled deep-tissue brain imaging; and Graybiel's research on revealed habit formation and pathways. The 2014 award went to (Canada), John O'Keefe (United Kingdom), and Marcus E. Raichle (United States) for pioneering investigations into the neural underpinnings of and spatial representation. Milner's foundational work on memory systems distinguished episodic from procedural memory; O'Keefe's discovery of place cells in the illuminated spatial navigation; and Raichle's functional brain imaging techniques mapped resting-state networks, influencing modern . Eve E. Marder of the , Michael M. Merzenich of the , and Carla J. Shatz of the shared the 2016 prize for illuminating neural plasticity's role in development and sensory processing. Marder's circuit-level analyses in crustaceans demonstrated homeostatic tuning; Merzenich's studies showed experience-driven reorganization; and Shatz's work on during brain maturation established activity-dependent refinement. In 2018, A. James Hudspeth of the , Robert Fettiplace of the and , and Christine Petit of were recognized for revealing the cellular and molecular mechanisms of hearing. Hudspeth's biophysical studies on hair cells uncovered mechanotransduction; Fettiplace's research on frequency tuning explained pitch discrimination; and Petit's genetic discoveries identified genes for hereditary , bridging and auditory function. The 2020 laureates, David Julius of the and Ardem Patapoutian of and the , were awarded for identifying the molecular receptors and cellular transducers for temperature and touch, advancing . Julius pinpointed TRP channels for heat and pain; Patapoutian discovered Piezo channels for mechanical stimuli, transforming understanding of sensory signaling. In 2022, Jean-Louis Mandel of , Huda Y. Zoghbi of the and , Harry T. Orr of the , and Christopher A. Walsh of the received the prize for elucidating genetic causes of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Mandel's work on trinucleotide repeats linked to ; Zoghbi's on ATXN1 and MECP2 for and ; Orr's on SCA1 mechanisms; and Walsh's on in malformations. The 2024 Kavli Prize in was bestowed upon of the , Winrich A. Freiwald of and the , and Y. Tsao of the for discovering specialized brain regions for object and face recognition in the ventral visual stream. Kanwisher's functional MRI studies identified the ; Freiwald's work revealed face-selective patches; and Tsao's identified category-selective neurons, mapping visual category processing. Across these awards, patterns emerge in the laureates' foci: early prizes (2008–2012) emphasized molecular and systems-level neural circuits, transitioning to cognitive and imaging innovations (2014–2016), sensory (2018–2020), genetic etiologies (2022), and (2024), reflecting a progression from cellular mechanisms to integrated functions. As of November 2025, the 2026 Kavli Prize in has not yet been announced.

Impact and Recognition

Notable Achievements

The Kavli Prize has spotlighted transformative breakthroughs that have reshaped scientific understanding across its fields. In astrophysics, the 2016 award to Kip S. Thorne, Rainer Weiss, and Ronald W. P. Drever recognized their pioneering work on the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), enabling the first direct detection of gravitational waves in 2015 and confirming Einstein's predictions from general relativity. This achievement not only launched multimessenger astronomy but also contributed to the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics for the same core contributions. In nanoscience, the 2018 prize honored Emmanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer A. Doudna, and Virginijus Šikšnys for developing CRISPR-Cas9, a precise genome-editing technology that has revolutionized genetic research, therapeutic interventions for diseases, and agricultural improvements by allowing targeted DNA alterations with unprecedented accuracy. Collectively, these and other Kavli-recognized advances underscore the prize's role in accelerating paradigm shifts, such as probing the universe's origins or decoding neural mechanisms. As of 2024, the prize has been bestowed upon 73 laureates, with awards issued biennially since 2008 across , , and . Gender diversity among laureates stood at approximately 21% as of 2021, with notable female recipients including and , though this lags behind broader academic representation and highlights persistent challenges in equity. International participation is robust, with laureates hailing from 14 countries, including the , , , and , fostering global collaboration. The prize exerts substantial influence on recipients' trajectories by elevating their visibility, which often secures additional research funding and interdisciplinary partnerships; for example, CRISPR laureates have seen expanded lab resources and policy impacts post-award. It also bolsters public awareness through symposia, lectures, and media engagements that demystify complex fields, encouraging societal appreciation of scientific inquiry. In 2024, the astrophysics laureates and David Charbonneau were celebrated for innovating techniques to analyze atmospheres via transit spectroscopy, a method that detects molecular compositions and advances the quest for habitable exoplanets by identifying potential biosignatures like or oxygen. Their work underpins missions like the , enhancing prospects for discovering Earth-like worlds.

Comparison to Other Prizes

The Kavli Prize shares notable similarities with the in its emphasis on groundbreaking scientific achievements and comparable financial award of approximately $1 million USD per prize, but it differs in its narrower focus on three specific fields—, nanoscience, and —compared to the Nobel's six broader categories across physics, , or , , , and . While the Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by institutions, the Kavli Prize is presented biennially in even-numbered years and administered by the Academy of Science and Letters, reflecting a tradition of recognizing scientific excellence but with a distinct national oversight. This biennial cadence allows the Kavli Prize to spotlight emerging or specialized areas more deliberately, such as nanoscience, which lacks a direct Nobel equivalent and underscores the prize's role in highlighting transformative work at the intersection of physics and . In contrast to the privately funded , which offers $3 million USD per award and covers fundamental physics, life sciences, and on an annual basis, the Kavli Prize maintains a more modest endowment tied to the Kavli Foundation while prioritizing depth in its chosen domains over broader scope or larger sums. The Breakthrough's higher funding, supported by tech philanthropists like , positions it as a high-profile alternative aimed at accelerating research in fundamental questions, whereas the Kavli emphasizes recognition for established breakthroughs in the "largest, smallest, and most complex" scales of the universe. Similarly, the , established in 1978 and awarded annually with $100,000 USD across sciences, agriculture, , , physics, chemistry, arts, and , is older and more inclusive of but lacks the Kavli's focus on cutting-edge fields like and nanoscience. A key indicator of the Kavli Prize's prestige is the overlap with Nobel laureates; as of 2024, ten Kavli recipients have subsequently won Nobel Prizes, including Kip S. Thorne, who shared the 2016 Kavli Prize in for gravitational wave detection before receiving the 2017 , and Jennifer A. Doudna, who earned the 2018 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience for CRISPR-Cas9 and the 2020 . This pattern highlights the Kavli's role as an early validator of high-impact work, often preceding broader recognition.

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