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Lee

Lee may refer to:

Names

Given name

Lee is a given name of English origin, derived from the Old English word "leah," meaning "meadow" or "clearing in the woods."^[1] This etymology reflects its early use as a topographic name, later adopted as a personal name in English-speaking regions. The name gained traction as a given name during the 19th and early 20th centuries, appearing in the U.S. Social Security Administration's top 1,000 boys' names at No. 39 in 1900, and reaching peak popularity in the mid-20th century, particularly in the 1950s when it ranked in the top 40 for boys.^[1] It has also been used unisexually, though more commonly for males, and remains moderately popular today, especially in the United States and United Kingdom.^[1] In various Asian cultures, "Lee" serves as a romanization of surnames that have been repurposed or adopted as given names, particularly among diaspora communities. In Korean naming conventions, "Lee" (romanized from 이, pronounced "ee") originates from the Chinese character 李 (meaning "plum tree") and carries historical prestige as the surname of the royal House of Yi, which ruled the Joseon dynasty from 1392 to 1910.^[2] While primarily a surname in Korea—held by about 14.7% of the population—it is occasionally used as a given name in Western contexts by Korean descendants, blending cultural heritage with English naming practices.^[3] Similarly, in Chinese tradition, "Lee" romanizes the surname Li (李), the most common in China, symbolizing the plum tree and associated with longevity and resilience; it too appears as a given name in multicultural settings.^[4] Notable individuals with "Lee" as a given name include American actor Lee Marvin (February 19, 1924 – August 29, 1987), renowned for his portrayals of tough, gritty characters in films like The Dirty Dozen (1967) and Point Blank (1967); he won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Cat Ballou (1965).^[5] Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was a U.S. Marine veteran and political activist who defected to the Soviet Union before returning; he was accused of assassinating President John F. Kennedy in 1963 and was fatally shot by Jack Ruby two days later.^[6] Filmmaker Spike Lee (born March 20, 1957, full name Shelton Jackson Lee) is an influential director, producer, and writer known for exploring race, urban life, and social issues in works such as Do the Right Thing (1989) and Malcolm X (1992); he received the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for BlacKkKlansman (2018).^[7] These figures highlight the name's association with diverse professions and its enduring presence in American cultural history.

Surname

Lee is a common surname with multiple origins across cultures. In English-speaking regions, it derives from the Old English word "leah," meaning a wood, clearing, or meadow, often denoting someone who lived near such a feature.^[8] This topographic name gained prominence after the Norman Conquest of 1066, when Norman settlers introduced or reinforced variants in England.^[9] In East Asia, the surname corresponds to the Chinese character 李 (Lǐ), meaning "plum," which traces back to ancient lineages; one legend attributes its adoption to descendants of Li Lizhen, who survived famine by eating plums during the Zhou dynasty around 1046–256 BCE.^[10] The Korean variant Yi or Lee (이) adopts the same character 李 and originates from ancient clans, such as the Jeonju Yi, founded by Yi Han in the 9th century during the Later Three Kingdoms period, though historical records confirm its widespread use by the Goryeo period (918–1392 CE).^[11] Globally, Lee ranks as the 232nd most common surname, borne by approximately 1 in 3,196 people, with the highest prevalence in Asia where it accounts for 45 percent of occurrences.^[12] In South Korea, it is the second-most common surname, held by about 14.7 percent of the population or over 7 million individuals as of recent censuses.^[3] In the United States, Lee is among the top surnames, with 42 percent of bearers tracing Asian or Pacific Islander ancestry and 29 percent British and Irish roots, reflecting both East Asian immigration and European settlement.^[13] In the United Kingdom, it remains widespread, with over 9,000 bearers of the Chinese-origin Lee (from Li) recorded in 2011, alongside English variants.^[14] Migration patterns contributed to its spread; during the 19th century, English and Irish Lees emigrated to America amid industrialization and famine, with census records showing significant influxes to urban centers like New York and Boston between 1840 and 1880.^[15]^[16] Prominent bearers include Robert E. Lee (1807–1870), a career U.S. Army officer who rose to colonel by 1861 after distinguished service in the Mexican-American War (1846–1848), where he earned praise for engineering feats at Cerro Gordo and Contreras.^[17] Upon Virginia's secession, he resigned to command the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, leading it through major victories like Chancellorsville in 1863 but ultimately surrendering at Appomattox Court House in 1865, an act that facilitated postwar reconciliation.^[18] His legacy remains complex, revered for tactical acumen and post-war efforts as president of Washington College (now Washington and Lee University), where he promoted education and Southern reintegration, yet criticized for defending slavery and the Confederate cause.^[19] Bruce Lee (1940–1973), born Lee Jun-fan in San Francisco to Chinese parents, became a global icon as a martial artist and actor who popularized kung fu in Western media.^[20] Trained in Wing Chun under Ip Man in Hong Kong, he later developed Jeet Kune Do in the 1960s, a hybrid philosophy blending Chinese martial arts, Western boxing, fencing, and Zen principles emphasizing adaptability and self-expression over rigid forms.^[21] His films, including The Big Boss (1971) and Enter the Dragon (1973), showcased his speed and philosophy, breaking racial barriers in Hollywood and inspiring mixed martial arts; Lee's teachings, outlined in books like Tao of Jeet Kune Do (1975), continue to influence fighters and philosophers worldwide.^[20] Harper Lee (1926–2016), born Nelle Harper Lee in Monroeville, Alabama, achieved literary fame with her debut novel To Kill a Mockingbird (1960), a semi-autobiographical exploration of racial injustice in the Depression-era South through the eyes of young Scout Finch.^[22] The book, drawing from her observations of lawyer Atticus Finch—modeled partly on her father—earned the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961 and sold over 40 million copies, profoundly shaping discussions on empathy, morality, and civil rights.^[23] Its 1962 film adaptation, starring Gregory Peck, amplified its impact, and in 1998, the Library Journal named it the best novel of the 20th century, cementing Lee's legacy despite her reclusive life and single major publication until Go Set a Watchman (2015).^[22] English heraldry associates the Lee family with a coat of arms featuring argent (silver) background with a fess (horizontal band) between three sable (black) crescents, symbolizing resilience and often granted to early bearers in counties like Shropshire and Derbyshire.^[24] Common spelling variants include Lea, Leigh, Ley, and Lees, arising from regional dialects and scribal differences in medieval records.^[25]

Places

United Kingdom

Lee is a historic district and former parish in the London Borough of Lewisham, southeastern England, originally part of Kent county until its incorporation into the County of London in 1889 and subsequently Greater London in 1965 under the London Government Act.^[26] The area traces its origins to a 13th-century manor held by various landowners, including the influential Lee family, and developed as a desirable residence for London merchants due to its proximity to the city and rural setting along the River Quaggy (historically known as the rivulet Lee).^[27] By the 19th century, Lee had grown with the arrival of the railway in 1866, spurring suburban development, and today it forms part of the Lee Green ward, which had a population of 15,015 in the 2021 census.^[28]^[29] Key landmarks include Lee High Road, a bustling commercial street with Victorian-era buildings, and St. Margaret's Church, rebuilt in the 19th century on the site of a medieval structure; the district's postcodes (SE3, SE12, SE13) reflect its integration into modern Lewisham administrative wards following 1965 boundary reforms that expanded Greater London's metropolitan structure.^[30] Leigh, a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Greater Manchester, derives its name from the Old English "leah," meaning a woodland clearing or meadow, a common etymological root for many UK place names that may also have influenced the surname Lee.^[31] Historically an industrial center within Lancashire, Leigh emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries around coal mining and cotton mills, with over 20 mills operating by the mid-19th century, contributing to its role in the region's textile economy.^[32] The town gained national attention during the 1984–85 UK miners' strike, as several local collieries, including Bickershaw and Howe Bridge, were central to the dispute, affecting thousands of workers in an area long defined by its mining heritage.^[33] Administratively, Leigh forms part of the Wigan borough since 1974 local government reorganization, with a 2021 population of approximately 45,000, and its postcodes (WN7) encompass wards like Leigh Central and Leigh South.^[34] Other variants include Lee Green, a suburb primarily in Lewisham but straddling the Royal Borough of Greenwich, known for its strong transport connectivity via bus routes (e.g., 21, 321) and proximity to Lee and Hither Green stations, facilitating quick access to central London.^[35] Historically part of the broader Lee parish, it now falls under the Lee Green ward for administrative purposes. The original Lee parish in Kent, centered around what is now the Lewisham district, has evolved into an urban area, while smaller historical references to Lee in rural Kent, such as detached hamlets, integrated into the county's countryside parishes post-19th-century boundary adjustments without forming distinct modern settlements.^[36]

United States

In the United States, numerous places bear the name "Lee," often honoring prominent figures from the Revolutionary War era or early colonial leaders, reflecting ties to English settlers and American independence. These locations span counties, towns, and boroughs, primarily in the eastern states, with origins dating from the mid-18th to early 20th centuries. Many were established amid post-colonial expansion, drawing from British naming conventions while emphasizing regional development in Appalachia, the Northeast, and the Mid-Atlantic.^[37] Lee County, Virginia, was established on October 25, 1792, from portions of Russell County, during the governorship of Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee III, a Revolutionary War cavalry commander and Virginia's governor from 1791 to 1794; the county was named in his honor to recognize his military service and leadership. Located in the Appalachian region of southwestern Virginia, it covers about 436 square miles of rugged terrain, historically centered on coal mining, which boomed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as part of the broader Appalachian coalfield, employing thousands and shaping local economy until diversification into agriculture and tourism. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the population was 22,173, with a predominantly White demographic (91%) and a median household income of around $40,000, reflecting ongoing economic challenges in rural Appalachia. Unique natural features include The Cedars Natural Area Preserve, a approximately 2,315-acre karst landscape protected since 2008, with expansions since then, for its rare limestone formations, endemic species like the Lee County Cave Isopod, and biodiversity hotspots along the Powell River.^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41] Fort Lee, New Jersey, was incorporated as a borough on March 29, 1904, from parts of Ridgefield Township, but its name derives from a Revolutionary War fortification built in 1776 on the Hudson River palisades, initially called Fort Constitution before being renamed for General Charles Lee, George Washington's second-in-command, to honor his early contributions to the Continental Army despite later controversies. Situated at the New Jersey end of the George Washington Bridge, which opened in 1931 and spans the Hudson to Manhattan, the borough serves as a key commuter hub with over 5.5 million vehicles crossing annually in its early years, boosting local commerce and real estate. The 2020 U.S. Census recorded a population of 39,953, with a diverse makeup including a significant Korean-American community comprising about 25% of residents, fostering a vibrant Koreatown known for authentic cuisine and cultural events since the 1970s immigration wave. Economically, it blends residential suburbs with film history—early 20th-century "Fort Lee film colony" produced silent movies—and modern services, with a median income exceeding $90,000.^[42]^[43]^[44] The town of Lee, Massachusetts, was incorporated on April 23, 1777, from segments of Great Barrington and Washington, named after General Charles Lee for his role in the Revolutionary War, though he was later court-martialed for disobedience at the Battle of Monmouth. Nestled in Berkshire County amid the Berkshires' scenic hills, it emerged as an industrial center in the 19th century, particularly through marble quarrying, which supplied stone for iconic structures like the U.S. Capitol and St. Patrick's Cathedral, peaking with multiple active quarries by the early 1900s before shifting to paper milling and tourism. The 2020 U.S. Census reported 5,751 residents, with a median age of 47 and economy driven by arts, hospitality, and outdoor recreation in areas like October Mountain State Forest. Annual events highlight its cultural vibrancy, including the Berkshire Gateway Jazz Weekend, held each June since 2013, featuring headline concerts, free outdoor performances, and a jazz brunch that draws regional audiences to celebrate the town's "Gateway to the Berkshires" identity.^[45]^[46]^[47] Leesburg, Virginia, was founded in 1758 as the seat of Loudoun County, originally platted around a 60-acre tract owned by tavern keeper Nicholas Minor at the crossroads of key colonial roads; it was renamed from George Town by an Act of the Virginia General Assembly to honor the influential Lee family, particularly Francis Lightfoot Lee, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and brother of Richard Henry Lee. Boasting well-preserved colonial architecture, including Georgian and Federal-style homes in the 365-acre Leesburg Historic District listed on the National Register since 1970, the town served as a strategic outpost during the Civil War, changing hands multiple times and hosting sites like Ball's Bluff Battlefield, where over 1,000 casualties occurred in 1861. The 2020 U.S. Census tallied 48,788 residents, with growth fueled by proximity to Washington, D.C., and a strong economy in technology, government contracting, and wine tourism, evidenced by a median household income over $120,000 and expanding suburbs. Notable features include the Loudoun County Courthouse (c. 1817) and annual events tied to its heritage, underscoring its role as a preserved colonial hub.^[48]^[49]^[50]

Elsewhere

In Asia, several locations bear the name "Lee," often reflecting transliterations of common surnames or historical naming conventions. In Malaysia, Lee Garden is a prestigious residential enclave situated along Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman in Pulau Tikus, Penang, known for its low-density housing and proximity to urban amenities.^[51] This area exemplifies how Chinese diaspora influences have shaped place names in Southeast Asia, with "Lee" deriving from the Hokkien pronunciation of the surname Li. Similarly, in Indonesia, Lee is a small locality in the Sulawesi Tengah region, representing one of the southernmost instances of the name globally and tied to local administrative divisions.^[52] In Europe, the name "Lee" appears in various forms, influenced by linguistic adaptations. Denmark features a place called Lee in the Midtjylland region, noted as the northernmost occurrence worldwide and integrated into the country's rural landscape.^[53] In France, two sites named Lée exist—one in the Bourgogne region and another in Aquitaine—where the accented spelling reflects regional phonetic variations of a term possibly linked to Old French words for meadows or clearings, though direct etymological ties to the English "Lee" remain speculative without primary historical records.^[54] Oceania hosts notable examples shaped by British colonial and settler histories. In Australia, Lee Point is a coastal suburb north of Darwin in the [Northern Territory](/page/Northern Territory), encompassing beaches, reserves, and ongoing urban development on 132 hectares, with a history intertwined with indigenous Larrakia custodianship and post-World War II military use.^[55] The site's naming traces to early 20th-century surveys, illustrating British Empire influences on toponymy in the region. In New Zealand, Lees Valley in the Canterbury region is a scenic rural area accessed via Lees Valley Road, featuring hiking tracks, conservation huts, and diverse biodiversity within Puketeraki Forest Conservation Area, named after early European settlers and reflecting migratory patterns from Britain.^[56] These international place names often stem from surname distributions and colonial migrations, such as British influences in Oceania, where "Lee" spread via settlers adapting English toponyms to new landscapes.^[8]

Arts and entertainment

Fictional characters and works

In literature, Lorelei Lee is the protagonist and narrator of Anita Loos's 1925 novel Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, portrayed as a cunning flapper from Little Rock, Arkansas, who navigates high society through her charm and opportunistic relationships with wealthy men, subverting the "dumb blonde" stereotype with sharp social commentary.^[57] Created during the Jazz Age, the character embodies themes of gender dynamics and consumerism, with Loos drawing from her own experiences in Hollywood to craft Lee's diary-style entries filled with phonetic misspellings and ironic observations.^[58] Lee Scoresby appears as a key supporting character in Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy, debuting in the 1995 novel Northern Lights (published as The Golden Compass in the United States), where he serves as a Texan aeronaut skilled in hot-air balloon navigation across parallel worlds.^[59] Scoresby, accompanied by his dæmon Hester—a tough, plain-spoken hare—plays a heroic role as an ally to protagonist Lyra Belacqua and the armored bear Iorek Byrnison, providing comic relief through his folksy wisdom while advancing the plot against authoritarian forces like the Magisterium.^[60] His backstory is expanded in Pullman's 2007 novella Once Upon a Time in the North, highlighting his early adventures and moral code as a rugged individualist.^[59] In J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Lee Jordan is a Gryffindor student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, introduced in the 1997 novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (titled Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States) as the enthusiastic Quidditch match commentator known for his biased, humorous broadcasts favoring Gryffindor. Best friends with pranksters Fred and George Weasley, Jordan's role evolves to include participation in mischief and, during the Second Wizarding War, hosting the subversive radio program Potterwatch to counter Ministry propaganda, embodying themes of resistance and levity amid oppression across the seven books spanning 1997 to 2007. In comics, Shang-Chi, the Marvel character co-created by Steve Englehart and Jim Starlin in Special Marvel Edition #15 (1973), draws direct inspiration from martial arts icon Bruce Lee, incorporating Lee's philosophy of fluid combat and cultural heritage into the hero's backstory as a master assassin turned avenger against his criminal father, Fu Manchu.^[61] This influence is evident in the series Master of Kung Fu, where artist Paul Gulacy modeled Shang-Chi's appearance and fighting style after Lee's films, emphasizing agile nunchaku use and anti-colonial themes during the 1970s kung fu craze.^[62]

Media titles

In music, several notable songs bear the title "Lee." Tenacious D's "Lee," released on their 2001 self-titled debut album, is a comedic rock track featuring Jack Black and Kyle Gass, known for its humorous narrative and satirical style.^[63] The Bobbettes' "Mr. Lee," a 1957 doo-wop single, topped the U.S. R&B charts and reached No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100, marking an early hit for the teenage girl group with its upbeat rhythm and schoolyard-inspired lyrics.^[64] Albums titled "Lee" include Lee Brice's self-titled 2017 country release, which peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and features hits like "Boy," blending traditional country with modern production.^[65] Lee Michaels' eponymous 1969 rock album, his third studio effort, peaked at No. 53 on the Billboard 200 and showcases the artist's organ-driven sound with tracks emphasizing soulful instrumentation.^[66] In film, "Lee" (2023) is a biographical drama directed by Ellen Kuras in her feature debut, starring Kate Winslet as photographer and war correspondent Lee Miller, depicting her experiences during World War II for Vogue magazine.^[67] The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2023, received a limited U.S. theatrical release on September 27, 2024, and earned a 68% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 152 reviews, praised for Winslet's performance and its exploration of Miller's bold journalism amid wartime horrors.^[68] Its genre blends historical drama with elements of personal biography, highlighting themes of resilience and artistic pursuit. Television media titled "Lee" encompasses series and episodes across genres. "Lee and Dean" (2017–2019) is a British comedy series created by and starring Steven Camacho and Mark O'Sullivan as bumbling brothers navigating life in Stevenage, running for two seasons on Channel 4 with 12 episodes total, noted for its dry humor and regional authenticity. "Anna Lee" (1993–1994) is a British crime drama miniseries starring Imogen Stubbs as the titular private investigator, consisting of a pilot in 1993 and five episodes in 1994, adapted from Liza Cody's novels and broadcast on ITV, focusing on procedural mysteries in a gritty London setting.^[69] Additionally, the episode "Lee" from the anthology series "Dispatches from Elsewhere" (Season 1, Episode 8, 2020) on AMC, directed by Glenn Ficarra and John Requa, serves as a reflective finale where characters confront alternate realities, earning a 7.8/10 rating on IMDb for its surreal narrative and emotional depth.^[70]

Businesses

Finance

Lee, Higginson & Co. was a prominent Boston-based investment bank founded in 1848 by John Clarke Lee and George Higginson, operating as a key player in the city's financial establishment during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[71] The firm specialized in underwriting and financing major infrastructure projects, including the development of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway and other Western railroads, as well as the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company. It played a significant role in corporate formations, such as assembling General Electric in 1892 and providing financing to General Motors in 1910.^[71] Headquartered in Boston with influence extending to New York, the bank managed substantial securities distributions but faced overextension during the Great Depression. In 1931, it was suspended from the New York Stock Exchange due to insufficient capital reserves, leading to a 1932 restructuring where it ceased securities operations and began liquidating assets through a new corporation focused on investment management.^[71]^[72] No major fraud scandals were associated with the firm, though its collapse highlighted vulnerabilities in pre-regulatory era banking practices, contributing to broader calls for federal oversight in the securities industry.^[71] In the modern era, Lee Financial Company, LLC, established in 1975 by Richard R. Lee, Jr., CFP® and CFA, in Dallas, Texas, serves as an independent, fee-only wealth management firm offering financial planning, investment advisory, and portfolio management services to individuals, families, and businesses.^[73]^[74] With its primary office in Dallas and serving clients nationwide, the firm reported $1.6 billion in assets under management as of October 2025, managing accounts for approximately 431 clients.^[75] Key executives include founder and CEO Richard R. Lee, Jr., President Christina Williams, and Chief Compliance Officer Patricia Stoll, who oversee a team emphasizing objective, fiduciary advice.^[76] The firm has maintained a clean regulatory record with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, registering as a Registered Investment Adviser without notable enforcement actions or scandals, and it ranked No. 33 on CNBC's 2025 Financial Advisor 100 list for its client-focused approach.^[77]^[75] No significant mergers or acquisitions have been reported post-2008, allowing it to remain independent amid industry consolidation.^[78] Lee Bank, founded in 1852 as Lee Savings Bank in Lee, Massachusetts, operates as a mutual community bank providing retail banking, commercial lending, and wealth management services across Berkshire County.^[79] Headquartered in Lee with branches in Great Barrington, Stockbridge, Pittsfield, and surrounding areas, it held total assets of approximately $563 million as of the second quarter of 2025, focusing on local economic support through loans and deposits totaling $475 million.^[80] Under President and CEO Charles J. Kim since 2015, the bank integrates services like trust and private banking via its October Mountain Financial Advisors division.^[81] It has navigated regulatory compliance effectively under Massachusetts Division of Banks oversight, earning satisfactory Community Reinvestment Act ratings in recent evaluations with no reported scandals or major enforcement issues.^[82] Historically tied to the region's farming and industrial economy, the bank converted from mutual to stock form in the early 2010s as part of Berkshire Financial Services but continues independent operations without post-2008 mergers altering its community focus.^[83]^[84]

Manufacturers

Lee Jeans, a prominent American apparel manufacturer specializing in denim products, was founded in 1889 by Henry David Lee in Salina, Kansas, initially as the H.D. Lee Mercantile Company to supply wholesale goods including workwear.^[85] The company shifted focus to manufacturing in the early 20th century, introducing durable denim overalls and jackets reinforced with rivets for industrial workers, such as the Union-Alls line in 1913.^[85] A key innovation came in 1926 when Lee patented and launched the world's first zipper fly for pants, featured in the iconic 101-Z model, which combined riveted construction with a straight-leg fit for enhanced durability and convenience in everyday wear.^[85] Today, Lee Jeans produces a range of denim apparel, with the 101-Z remaining a signature product known for its heritage-inspired design using premium fabrics like selvedge denim.^[86] As part of Kontoor Brands, Inc., Lee Jeans reported approximately $800 million in global annual revenue in 2024, contributing to the parent company's $2.61 billion total, with sales driven by wholesale and direct-to-consumer channels across more than 70 countries.^[87] The company employs thousands as part of Kontoor's global workforce of over 13,200, with production facilities emphasizing quality control and innovation in garment assembly.^[88] Post-2020, Lee has advanced sustainable practices through initiatives like Indigood™ Denim, which uses air-based dyeing to eliminate water in the indigo process, and commitments to source 100% sustainably grown or recycled cotton by 2025, alongside science-based targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.^[89]^[90] Other notable manufacturers include Lee Metal Group Ltd., established in 1982 in Singapore, which specialized in the fabrication and distribution of reinforcement steel products for the construction industry, including bars, plates, and custom steel structures used in building projects across Southeast Asia. The company was acquired by BRC Asia Limited in 2018 and delisted from the Singapore Exchange.^[91]^[92] Similarly, Lee Spring Company, founded in 1918 by Robert Lee Johannsen in Brooklyn, New York, manufactures stock and custom mechanical springs, wire forms, and related components such as compression and extension coils for industries including aerospace, automotive, and medical devices.^[93] Innovations at Lee Spring include plastic composite compression springs developed through advanced materials research for corrosion-resistant applications, and the company was the first U.S. spring manufacturer to comply with the European Union's stringent environmental directives, ensuring RoHS compliance in production processes.^[94]^[95]

Other businesses

Lee & Associates is a commercial real estate brokerage firm specializing in services for industrial, office, retail, and investment properties.^[96] Founded in 1979 by Bill Lee in Orange County, California, the company pioneered a broker-ownership model that allows individual offices to operate as independent partnerships while benefiting from a national network.^[97] This structure has facilitated rapid expansion, with the firm now operating over 80 offices across the United States and Canada as of 2025.^[98] The company's growth includes key openings such as Wilmington, North Carolina, in 2025, and it ranks among the top brokerage firms in regions like Southern California by transaction volume.^[99]^[96] Lee Enterprises, Incorporated, is a major U.S. media conglomerate focused on local news, digital platforms, and advertising services.^[100] Established in 1890 in Iowa as a small newspaper publisher, it has evolved into a publicly traded company owning approximately 72 daily newspapers and over 350 digital and specialty publications across 26 states.^[101] Notable holdings include the Lincoln Journal Star in Nebraska, which it acquired and merged in the 1990s, alongside other regional titles like the Omaha World-Herald and St. Louis Post-Dispatch.^[102]^[103] In fiscal year 2024, the company reported total operating revenue of $611 million, with digital revenue reaching $299 million—representing about 50% of overall revenue and marking an 11% year-over-year increase driven by subscriptions and advertising.^[101] Since the 2010s, Lee Enterprises has accelerated its digital transition amid declining print circulation, emphasizing online subscriptions and targeted digital advertising.^[104] By the second quarter of 2025, digital revenue had grown to 53% of total revenue, with digital-only subscriptions up 20% year-over-year, though the company faced challenges including a 14% drop in print revenue and operational adjustments like reducing Monday print editions at several dailies and implementing layoffs.^[105]^[106] This shift reflects broader industry trends toward sustainable digital models, with total digital revenue increasing 5% year-over-year into early 2025.^[107]

Education

Schools and academies

Lee Academy in Lee, Maine, is a private, co-educational preparatory school founded in 1845 by community leaders seeking to establish an educational institution for the expanding rural region of northern Maine.^[108] Originally established as a teacher training school, it has evolved into a boarding and day institution serving grades 9 through 12, with a focus on college preparatory academics and competitive athletics.^[109] The school's curriculum emphasizes creative thinking, strong communication skills, and independent learning, aligning with Common Core standards and Maine Learning Results while incorporating place-based education tied to its natural surroundings.^[110] It offers honors courses, 10 Advanced Placement classes, and individualized English as a Second Language programs to support its diverse international student body.^[111] As of 2025, Lee Academy enrolls approximately 179 students, with a student-teacher ratio of 15:1, fostering a supportive environment for personalized instruction.^[112]^[113] Athletics play a central role, with programs in basketball, soccer, baseball, softball, tennis, volleyball, cross country, and skiing, promoting team building and physical development.^[114] Notable alumni include professional basketball players such as Youssou Ndoye, who played for St. Bonaventure University, and Ričmonds Vilde, highlighting the school's success in nurturing athletic talent. Facilities include two supervised residential dorms for up to 60 boarders, a greenhouse, planetarium, 300-seat auditorium, two gymnasiums, a music center, and wireless technology-integrated spaces to enhance learning.^[115]^[116] Robert E. Lee High School in Baytown, Texas, exemplifies public secondary schools bearing the name, opened in 1928 as a segregated institution in the petrochemical hub of the Texas Gulf Coast and serving grades 9 through 12 within the Goose Creek Consolidated Independent School District.^[117] With an enrollment of 1,802 students in the 2023-2024 school year and a student-teacher ratio of 15:1, the school maintains a diverse student body, 90% of whom are minorities, and boasts a 95% graduation rate.^[118] Its curriculum includes strong STEM programs, with the on-campus STEM Academy designated as a Texas Education Agency T-STEM Model Academy, emphasizing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to prepare students for higher education and careers.^[119] The school faced significant debates over its name following national discussions on Confederate symbols after 2020, with the district board voting 4-3 against a change in September 2020 and reaffirming the decision in 2021 amid community divisions.^[120]^[121] Notable alumni include quarterback Jermaine Alfred, who played college football at Baylor University and in arena football, and punter Kirk Botkin, who played in the NFL. Facilities feature the original 1928 building with classical architectural elements such as glazed terra cotta tiles and brick-trimmed niches, expanded over time to support modern education.^[122] Lee County Schools districts across the United States oversee numerous primary and secondary institutions named in reference to local historical or geographical contexts, providing K-12 education to diverse communities. The largest, in Lee County, Florida, is the ninth-largest district in the state and the 32nd-largest in the U.S., serving over 102,680 students across 117 schools with a $2.911 billion budget for the 2024-2025 fiscal year.^[123] This district emphasizes comprehensive curricula including STEM, arts, and vocational programs, with 70% minority enrollment and 38.9% of students economically disadvantaged.^[124] Smaller districts, such as those in Alabama (enrolling 8,519 students across 17 schools as of 2025) and Mississippi (serving approximately 6,300 students in 13 schools), focus on foundational education, community involvement, and college readiness, often founded by local boards in the early 20th century to support regional growth.^[125]^[126]^[127]^[128] These districts collectively highlight the role of "Lee"-named systems in delivering accessible primary and secondary education.

Higher education institutions

Lee University, located in Cleveland, Tennessee, was established in 1918 as the Bible Training School by the Church of God denomination, initially focusing on ministerial preparation with just 12 students.^[129] Renamed Lee College in 1947 to honor its second president, F.J. Lee, the institution transitioned to a broader liberal arts curriculum in the mid-1980s and achieved full university status in 1997, enabling it to offer master's degrees alongside undergraduate programs.^[129] Affiliated with the Church of God, it now serves over 3,700 students across more than 100 degree programs, with notable strengths in education, business, and church music, emphasizing a Christ-centered environment that integrates faith with academics.^[130] The university holds accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) for baccalaureate, master's, and specialist degrees, a status it has maintained since its regional accreditation in 1969.^[131] Post-2010 expansions at Lee University have significantly enhanced its campus infrastructure, including the completion of a $10 million Communications Building in 2013 to support media and arts programs, and ongoing housing developments such as townhouse complexes added in 2010 to accommodate growing residential needs.^[132] More recently, in 2025, the university unveiled a renovated Welcome Center in the rebuilt Higginbotham Administration Building to improve student services and campus orientation.^[133] In terms of research, Lee has secured notable grants in theology, such as a $1.24 million award from the Lilly Endowment Inc. in 2023 to establish the Center for Exemplary Pentecostal Preaching, fostering advanced studies in religious communication and ministry training.^[134] Lee College, a community college in Baytown, Texas, was founded in 1934 as Lee Junior College to provide accessible higher education in the region east of Houston.^[135] It offers associate degrees and certificates in over 100 programs, with a focus on vocational training tailored to local industries, including welding, process technology, and oil and gas-related fields like instrumentation technology.^[136] Accredited by SACSCOC to award associate degrees since 1950, the college emphasizes workforce preparation and transfer pathways to four-year institutions.^[137] Enrollment reached 8,943 students in fall 2024, reflecting its role as a key educational hub for the Baytown area with flexible scheduling for working adults.^[138]

Meteorology

Atmospheric phenomena

In meteorology, lee waves are stationary atmospheric waves that form on the leeward side of topographic barriers, such as mountain ranges, when stable, stratified airflow is forced over the obstacle. As the air rises over the windward slope, it cools adiabatically and reaches saturation, often leading to cloud formation; upon descending on the leeward side, the air warms and dries, creating a series of undulating waves that propagate horizontally downwind rather than vertically. These waves result from the balance between buoyancy restoring forces and inertial oscillation, with wavelengths typically ranging from 5 to 20 kilometers and amplitudes extending up to a few kilometers in altitude, as observed in regions like the Sierra Nevada where strong westerly winds interact with the terrain.^[139]^[140] The formation of lee waves requires specific conditions, including a stable atmosphere with sufficiently high Richardson numbers (indicating stability and minimal turbulence) and perpendicular wind flow to the barrier, often under clear skies or with characteristic cloud patterns. Pioneering research during the 1950s Sierra Wave Project documented these waves' physics through aircraft measurements in Owens Valley, California, revealing their role in generating severe clear-air turbulence that can endanger aviation by producing vertical gusts exceeding 20 meters per second.^[141]^[142] Associated with lee waves are distinctive weather features, particularly lenticular clouds known as altocumulus lenticularis, which form at wave crests where moist air is lifted to the lifting condensation level, appearing as smooth, lens-shaped or saucer-like formations that remain stationary despite strong winds. These clouds serve as visual indicators of wave activity, often stacked in multiple layers corresponding to wave amplitudes. Forecasting lee waves relies on tools like Doppler radar, which detects oscillatory patterns in radial velocity fields to identify wave trains and associated rotors—low-level counter-rotating vortices that amplify turbulence—allowing pilots and meteorologists to anticipate hazards. For instance, radar observations have captured lee wave structures during intense wind events over European mountain ranges, such as those in the Pyrenees, contributing to improved aviation safety protocols.^[143]^[144]^[145] Lee waves influence broader climate patterns, notably by enhancing rain shadows on leeward slopes where descending, dry air suppresses convection and precipitation, leading to arid conditions downwind of major ranges like the Sierra Nevada or the Alps. This airflow model describes how orographic lift depletes moisture on the windward side, while wave-induced subsidence reinforces aridity on the lee, affecting local ecosystems and water resources over large scales. In aviation contexts, these waves have been linked to historical incidents of structural damage to aircraft, underscoring their persistent hazard despite advances in detection.^[146]^[141]

Geographical terms

In geography, the lee side refers to the downwind or sheltered flank of a hill, mountain, or island, where prevailing winds are blocked, resulting in reduced exposure to wind and often drier conditions compared to the windward side.^[147] This term is commonly applied in topography to describe static landscape features that provide natural protection, such as the leeward slopes of elevated terrain.^[148] In nautical contexts, the lee side is particularly significant for sailing, as it offers shelter from prevailing winds, allowing vessels to anchor or navigate more safely; for instance, the lee sides of islands like those in Hawaii create arid coastal zones due to the rain shadow effect, where moisture-laden trade winds lose precipitation on the windward flanks, leaving the leeward coasts dry and sparsely vegetated.^[149]^[150] A related feature is the lee shore, a coastal area lying on the leeward side of a vessel relative to the wind, where onshore winds drive ships toward the land, posing a severe navigational hazard during storms. Historical records document numerous shipwrecks on lee shores.^[151] Rain shadow effects further illustrate lee-side characteristics in valleys and basins, where orographic lift on the windward side extracts moisture from air masses, depositing it as precipitation and leaving the leeward regions arid; a prominent example is the Great Basin Desert in the western United States, formed on the leeward side of the Sierra Nevada mountains, which blocks Pacific moisture and results in low annual rainfall.^[152]^[153] In topographic mapping and geographic information systems (GIS), the lee side is denoted as the downwind aspect of terrain features to analyze sheltering effects on climate, erosion, and land use at various scales, from hill slopes to mountain ranges.^[154] During historical explorations, such as Captain James Cook's voyages in the Pacific during the 1770s, sheltered lee bays were frequently noted for safe anchoring and resupply, as seen in his accounts of bays on the leeward coasts of islands where winds provided natural protection.^[155] These features can also influence atmospheric lee waves, stationary wave patterns formed downwind of obstacles.^[147]

Vehicles

Military vehicles

The M3 Lee, also known as the M3 Grant in British service, was an American medium tank developed during World War II as an interim solution to provide Allied forces with a 75 mm gun capability ahead of the M4 Sherman's full production.^[156] It featured a distinctive sponson-mounted 75 mm M2/M3 gun for hull firing and a turret-mounted 37 mm M5/M6 gun, with the Grant variant distinguished by its elevated turret position to improve visibility and firing angles.^[157] Weighing approximately 30 tons, the tank measured 5.95 m in length, 2.61 m in width, and 3.1 m in height, powered by a Continental R-975 radial engine producing 340 hp for a top road speed of 26 mph and an operational range of 120 miles.^[156] Armor thickness ranged from 30 to 51 mm, accommodating a crew of six or seven, and a total of 6,258 units were produced between August 1941 and December 1942.^[157] Development of the M3 began in July 1940 under the U.S. Army Ordnance Department, evolving from the T5E2 prototype to address the need for a medium tank with anti-tank firepower superior to the M2 Medium Tank, while incorporating British requirements for Lend-Lease aid.^[156] Production was rushed and distributed among contractors, including the American Car and Foundry Company, Pressed Steel Car Company, and Chrysler Corporation, with the first units rolling out by mid-1941 to meet urgent demands in the North African campaign.^[158] The design's unconventional layout—placing the main gun in the hull sponson due to delays in turret development—compromised ergonomics and visibility but allowed rapid deployment.^[157] In combat, the M3 Lee and Grant proved effective in early engagements against Axis forces, debuting with British Commonwealth units at the Battle of Gazala in May 1942, where its 75 mm gun outranged and penetrated German Panzer IIIs and Italian tanks.^[158] U.S. forces employed it during Operation Torch in North Africa later that year, contributing to victories at El Alamein and in Tunisia through 1943, though its high silhouette, slow off-road mobility (16 mph), and vulnerability to flanking fire limited its tactical flexibility.^[156] Soviet Lend-Lease recipients used it defensively around Leningrad and Stalingrad in 1942–1943, but overall performance declined against upgraded German armor like the Panzer IV, leading to its phased retirement by the U.S. Army in March 1944 in favor of the more versatile M4 Sherman.^[157] Some variants remained in secondary roles, such as in Burma and Italy, until 1945.^[158] Variants of the M3 included the base M3 with a riveted hull (4,924 built), the M3A1 with a cast hull for better protection (300 built), and the M3A5 with a riveted hull and twin GMC 6046 diesel engines for improved reliability (591 built).^[157] The M3A3 featured a welded hull and twin diesels (322 built), while the M3A4 had a stretched hull with a Chrysler multibank engine (109 built), and the M3A2 was a rare welded-hull prototype (12 built).^[156] The British Grant I, based on the M3, totaled 2,653 units with adaptations like the Carr turret for the 37 mm gun, enhancing its export suitability.^[158] Approximately 50 M3 Lees and Grants survive today, with notable examples on display at the Bovington Tank Museum in the United Kingdom, including a restored Grant I that participated in Tankfest events.^[156]

Civilian vehicles

Lee bicycles emerged as a distributed brand in the United States during the late 19th century bicycle boom. In 1896, the Lee Clark Andreesen Hardware Company in Omaha, Nebraska, served as the distributor for Lee bicycles, offering models suited for the era's growing cycling enthusiasm among urban and rural consumers.^[159] These early bicycles typically featured steel frames designed for durability on varied terrains, including touring models that appealed to recreational riders exploring expanding road networks. In the automotive sector, the Lee Motor Car Company operated as a prominent dealership in Los Angeles during the early 20th century, specializing in high-end brands like Cadillac and Buick from around 1905 onward. Founded by Cuyler Musgrave Lee, the company relocated to a mission-style facility at 1218-1220 South Main Street in 1906, facilitating sales and service for luxury vehicles that symbolized status in the burgeoning auto market.^[160] By 1912, internal family dynamics led to a split, with Don Lee establishing a competing venture, marking the end of the unified Lee Motor Car entity.^[161] Lee Trailer and Body Company contributed to light truck development in the 1920s and 1930s by manufacturing Leeline utility beds for commercial vehicles. These bodies were engineered for practical hauling needs, providing robust steel construction for delivery and transport applications in an era of industrial expansion.^[162] In agricultural machinery, innovation under the Lee name included George W. Lee's 1893 patent for a combined plow and harrow, which integrated soil-turning and seedbed preparation functions to streamline farming tasks. This design reflected early efforts to mechanize agriculture, reducing manual labor on midwestern and southern farms.^[163] Contemporary collector interest in these historical Lee-associated vehicles remains niche, with restored early bicycles and truck bodies occasionally appearing at auctions.

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Lee & Associates is Southern California's #5-ranked commercial real estate brokerage firm by transaction volume for 2024, led by Jeffrey M.
[104]
Lee Enterprises | Leading Provider of Local News
Lee Enterprises is a leading provider of local news and information, and a major platform for advertising, with daily newspapers, rapidly-growing digital ...Markets · Lee Enterprises’ Amplified... · Jobs · Contact
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Lee Enterprises Reports Fourth Quarter and Full-Year FY24 results
Dec 12, 2024 · Key Fiscal Year 2024 Highlights: Total operating revenue was $611 million. Total Digital Revenue was $299 million, a 11% increase over the prior ...Missing: transition | Show results with:transition
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Lincoln Journal Star | Breaking News | | Read Lincoln, NE and ...
© 2025 Lee Enterprises. Terms of Service | Privacy Policy · JournalStar.com ... © Copyright 2025 The Lincoln Journal Star, PO Box 81609 Lincoln, NE 68501.
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Lee Enterprises' troubles hurt local news consumers | Iowa Public ...
Oct 9, 2025 · ... Lincoln and an intern for the Lincoln Journal-Star. According to Lee Enterprises, it owns 12 newspapers in Nebraska, seven in Iowa and the St.
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Lee Enterprises nears digital sustainability with revenue inflection ...
Aug 1, 2024 · Total Digital Revenue(1) represented 50% of total revenue. Digital-only subscription revenue increased 34%(2) with subscriptions up 23%Missing: transition | Show results with:transition
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Lee Enterprises Q2 2025 slides: Digital now 53% of revenue despite ...
May 8, 2025 · Print revenue continued its expected decline, falling 14% year-over-year to $65 million and now accounting for 47% of total revenue. Digital ...
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Lee Enterprises cuts Monday print editions at several dailies
Oct 6, 2025 · Louis-Post Dispatch, Omaha World-Herald and Lincoln Journal Star. ... Producing 15 local newspapers every week with just four paginators ...
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Lee shows 'continued progress' in digital transformation
Feb 6, 2025 · The report states the newspaper publisher's total digital revenue increased by 5% year over year, and its digital-only subscription revenue ...
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Lee Academy (Top Ranked Private School for 2025-26) - Lee, ME
Lee Academy was founded in 1845 by strong-minded people who were determined to provide an educational institution for the growing region. We began as a school ...Missing: curriculum notable
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Lee Academy in Lee, Maine - Education - U.S. News & World Report
Learn more about Lee Academy here - See an overview of the school, get student population data, enrollment information, test scores and more.Missing: history notable alumni
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Curriculum - Lee Academy
Courses are aligned with the Common Core and Next Generation Learning Standards, in addition to the Maine Learning Results. Our curriculum is also place-based, ...Missing: facilities | Show results with:facilities
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Lee Academy School Information 2025 - FindingSchool
We offer a challenging curriculum, including Honors and 10 AP courses, competitive athletics, and five dormitories. ESL courses are individualized to fit ...Missing: notable alumni
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Lee Academy Athletics
Lee Academy athletics is an opportunity for students to learn physical skills, engage in team building activities and build strong lifelong relationships with ...Missing: history founding enrollment 2025
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Lee Academy Prep, Lee (ME) Basketball Players - RealGM
Lee Academy Prep, Lee (ME) Players ; Agwad Elias, F · 6-4 ; Akili Evans, G · 6-5 ; Cherif Fall, F · 6-8 ; Marcus Friend, G · 6-0 ...
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Residential life at Lee Academy
We currently have two residential facilities that can support up to sixty students. These facilities both have adult supervision at all times. Each ...
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[PDF] Private Boarding School LEE ACADEMY
A greenhouse, planetarium,. 300-seat auditorium, 2 gymnasiums, music center and 5 wireless dormitories represent some of the special features of Lee Academy ...
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Lee High School
School History. Built in 1928, Lee High School is located in the petrochemical industrial area of the Texas Gulf Coast. We are proud of our long history of ...Missing: 2024 founding
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Lee High School (Ranked Bottom 50% for 2025-26) - Baytown, TX
Quick Facts (2025-26) · Grades: 9-12 · Enrollment: 1,802 students · Student-Teacher Ratio: 15:1 · Minority Enrollment: 90% · Graduation Rate. : 95% (Top 50% in TX).
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Lee High School
Jun 11, 2020 · During his tenure, the school's STEM Academy was designated as a Texas Education Agency (TEA) T-STEM Model Academy and achieved National Model ...Missing: history name change
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Goose Creek CISD won't move forward with Robert E. Lee High ...
Mar 2, 2021 · WATCH: Here's a look at the virtual meeting where the Goose Creek CISD school board decided to not change the name of Robert E. Lee High School.Missing: 2020 STEM
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Robert E. Lee HS: Goose Creek ISD in limbo on name change - KHOU
Sep 10, 2020 · Baytown's Robert E. Lee High School will keep its name for now. Houston ISD removed Lee's name from a school several years ago. Tyler ISD and ...Missing: enrollment STEM
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Robert E Lee High School in Baytown, Texas on DonorsChoose
It serves 1,802 students in 9 - 12 with a student/teacher ratio of 15.7:1. Its teachers have had 26 projects funded on DonorsChoose. Know a teacher at this ...
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Robert E. Lee High School - The Historical Marker Database
Notable features include glazed terra cotta roof tiles, brick trimmed niches with urns, and Classical finials. Robert E. Lee High School, named due to the ...
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Fast Facts / Impact Reports - Lee County Schools
Total Enrollment, 102,680. *Information Based on Cycle 2 October 2024 Enrollment Count and Includes Charter Schools. Budget (2024/2025). Total Amount, $2.911 ...
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Lee County School District - Education - U.S. News & World Report
Lee County School District contains 120 schools and 100,064 students. The district's minority enrollment is 70%. Also, 38.9% of students are economically ...Missing: primary secondary
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Lee County Schools - Alabama
The mission of Lee County Schools is to prepare students to reach their full potential in education and life.For Staff · Schools · Calendar · Secondary School Menu (9-12)Missing: primary | Show results with:primary
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Lee County School District: Home
Providing Educational Opportunities for All Students. Mooreville Elementary. Find Us. Lee County School District. 1280 College View Drive. Tupelo, MS 38804.
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Lee County Public Schools - Florida - Niche
Rating 3.9 (356) Lee County Public Schools is an above average, public school district located in FORT MYERS, FL. It has 100,064 students in grades PK, ...Missing: primary secondary
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Our History - Lee University
Learn about how our history began in 1918 and how Lee University has grown to be the well-known higher-education institution that it is today.
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Quick Facts - Lee University
This convenient chart provides basic information about Lee, including enrollment, retention, campus size, athletic membership, and other data.
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Lee's Accreditations - Lee University
Lee University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award baccalaureate, masters, education ...Missing: 2025 | Show results with:2025
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[PDF] Fall 2013 - Lee University
It and the annex build- ing have since been razed to make way for a new $10 million Communications Building. Walls have begun to emerge from the building site.
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The future of Lee University starts here, literally. Our brand new ...
Aug 7, 2025 · Our brand new Welcome Center is coming together in the Centenary Room of the rebuilt Higginbotham Administration Building! With just a few ...Missing: expansions 2010<|separator|>
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Lee Receives Grant from Lilly Endowment Inc. - Lee University
Oct 9, 2023 · Lee University has received a grant of $1.24 million from Lilly Endowment Inc. to help establish the Center for Exemplary Pentecostal Preaching.
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History | About - Lee College
Lee College was established in 1934, first graduated in 1935, became Lee College in 1948, and separated from the school district in 1965.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Programs | Lee College
We offer more than 100 associate degree and certificate programs that prepare students for advanced higher education or successful careers.Pre-Engineering · Music · Instrumentation Technology · Process TechnologyMissing: enrollment | Show results with:enrollment
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Accreditation | About - Lee College
Lee College is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award associate degrees.Missing: enrollment | Show results with:enrollment
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Lee College Enrollment Highest in Its 90 Years
This fall semester, enrollment has reached 8943 students, marking a two percent increase from the previous year.Missing: University | Show results with:University
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Lee Wave - NAV CANADA Aviation Meteorology Reference
Lee waves are a type of mountain wave that are caused by a strong wind flow crossing over some type of barrier, such as a mountain range.Missing: physics | Show results with:physics
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Lee Waves in the Atmosphere | Scientific American
Formed downwind from hills and mountains, the waves create many strange and beautiful cloud types. Meteorologists neglected lee waves until sailplane pilots ...Missing: physics sources
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The Intense Lee-Wave Rotor Event of Sierra Rotors IOP 8 in
High levels of turbulence characterize rotors, which are known to pose severe aeronautical hazards and have been cited as contributing to accidents involving ...
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[PDF] OBSERVATIONS OF MOUNTAIN-INDUCED ROTORS AND RELATED
The next field investigation, the Colorado Lee Wave. Observational Project (Kuettner and Lilly, 1968), took place in the Boulder area of the Rocky Mountains in ...
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Altocumulus Standing Lenticular Clouds - National Weather Service
Altocumulus Standing Lenticular (ACSL) clouds form when air is forced over a barrier, creating waves. They appear stationary, and are often seen in winter or ...
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A Study of Mountain Lee Waves Using Clear‐Air Radar
Analysis of the data has disclosed that episodic enhancements in the variability of vertical and horizontal velocities are due to lee waves excited by obstacles ...
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A Modeling Study of a Trapped Lee-Wave Event over the Pyrénées in
Abstract. A trapped lee-wave mountain event in the southern part of the Pyrénées area is analyzed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model.
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Oregon Rain Shadow - NASA Earth Observatory
Sep 22, 2012 · On the eastern, leeward side of the mountains, the elevation drops, the air warms, and the air pressure increases. This effectively shuts ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Glossary - NOAA's National Weather Service
Lee: The side or part that is sheltered or turned away from the wind, such as with a mountain. Lee Wave: The wavelike effect, characterized by severe ...Missing: geography | Show results with:geography
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The Windward Versus Leeward Side of a Mountain - ThoughtCo
Jan 14, 2020 · Opposite from the windward side is the lee side—the side sheltered from the prevailing wind. This is often the eastern side of the mountain ...
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Leeward and Windward: What Do They Mean? - Hawaii Discount
In Hawaii, “windward” and “leeward” are used daily to describe different sides of each island, though their meanings go beyond geography. Let's take a ...
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Windward and Leeward Side of Vessel Explained - Marine Insight
Sep 10, 2024 · The windward side of a body is that side that 'directly faces the wind.' On the other hand, the leeward side is that side which faces away from the wind action.Missing: geography | Show results with:geography<|separator|>
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Sir John Franklin | Shipwrecks | Monterey Bay National Marine ...
Aug 2, 2021 · The medium American clipper ship Sir John Franklin (Captain John J. Despeaux), sailing from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) to San Francisco (California), went ashore ...
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Rain Shadows, Explained | OpenSnow
A rain shadow is a dry region on the leeward side of a mountainous area, where less precipitation falls compared to the windward side.
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Great Basin Desert | Location, Climate & Facts - Study.com
The mountain creates a rain shadow effect on its leeward side, where the Great Basin is. Nevertheless, visitors can still witness incredible biodiversity at ...
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[PDF] A knowledge-based approach to the statistical mapping of climate
Sep 6, 2025 · The major leeward and windward sides of large mountain ranges occur at relatively large scales, while north- and south-facing hill slopes with ...
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Captain Cook's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World
The Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Cook's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World, by James Cook This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at ...
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Medium Tank M3 Lee/Grant
Nov 28, 2014 · The M3 Lee (US Service) or Grant (British service) was the earliest model of medium tank mass-produced for the Allies.Missing: performance | Show results with:performance
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M3 Lee / M3 Grant (Medium Tank, M3) - Military Factory
Detailing the technical specifications, development, and operational history of the M3 Lee / M3 Grant (Medium Tank, M3) Medium Tank including pictures.
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Lee and Grant: American Generals in British Service - Tank Archives
May 13, 2018 · This article describes the General Lee and General Grant tanks, the first mass produced American medium tanks that were used by the British army.
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Bicycle Brands - The Wheelmen
The list includes 2925 bicycle brands from 1878-1918, with company, manufacturer, start/end year, city, and state. Models were identified by numbers or terms ...
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Cuyler Musgrave Lee - WordPress.com
In 1906 Don Lee handled Cadillac sales for Cuyler Lee as a Los Angeles Cadillac Sales agent, under the name “Lee Motor Car company”. In 1910 Cadillac took ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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Cuyler Lee | Miss Dona Lee American Airlines' Stewardess HOME
In 1912, Don Lee and Cuyler Lee became competitors and they were no longer the “Lee Motor Car Company” of Los Angeles headed by Cuyler Lee. You could say ...
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Lee Trailer And Body Company Leeline Utility Beds 1920s 1930s ...
In stock $6.37 deliveryUp for sale is Lee Trailer And Body Company Leeline Utility Beds 1920s 1930s Commercial Truck Body Please see our photos for more information about the item ...
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Combined Plow and Harrow. - The Portal to Texas History
Oct 23, 2025 · Lee, George W. Combined Plow and Harrow., patent, April 18, 1893; [Washington D.C.].
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John Deere Plow Site Marker - Visit Lee County
In 1837 Grand Detour blacksmith John Deere forged a plow share out of a discarded steel sawmill blade. He brought the plow across the Rock River to the Lewis ...