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Lock In

Lock In is a science fiction police procedural novel by American author John Scalzi, published on August 26, 2014, by Tor Books.^[1] Set fifteen years after a global pandemic from Haden's virus, which left approximately one percent of survivors—known as Hadens—fully conscious but trapped in unresponsive bodies, the narrative centers on rookie FBI agent Chris Shane investigating a murder that implicates Haden-related technology.^[1]^[2] Hadens interact with the world via "threeps," neural-linked android surrogates, or "integrators," non-afflicted individuals who can temporarily host Haden consciousness, raising ethical and societal questions about autonomy and discrimination.^[1] The novel blends thriller elements with speculative examination of neural interfaces, civil liberties, and economic dependencies on Haden labor, unfolding as a fast-paced investigation amid labor strikes and political intrigue.^[2] Scalzi, a Hugo Award-winning writer known for accessible hard science fiction like Old Man's War, crafts Lock In with sharp dialogue and procedural focus, earning it New York Times bestseller status and acclaim for its inventive premise amid a world where Haden rights parallel disability advocacy debates.^[3] While not nominated for major genre awards, the book received positive reviews for its world-building and momentum, though some critics noted reliance on plot conveniences and underdeveloped supporting characters.^[4] A sequel novella, Unlocked, expands the universe by detailing the pandemic's origins and government responses.^[5]

Publication History

Development and Writing

John Scalzi conceived the premise of Lock In by extrapolating from locked-in syndrome, a rare neurological condition in which patients retain full consciousness and cognition but suffer near-total paralysis, restricting communication to eye movements or blinks in many cases.^[6] He imagined a widespread version triggered by a pandemic, amplified to affect millions, to explore societal and technological responses grounded in plausible extensions of existing medical realities. This foundation allowed Scalzi to construct a near-future scenario where rapid advancements in brain-computer interfaces—such as early 2010s prototypes enabling paralyzed individuals to control cursors or prosthetics via neural signals—evolve into widespread neural implants and robotic surrogates for the afflicted.^[7] The novel was drafted in the period leading to its completion in early 2014, aligning with Scalzi's standard output of approximately 2,000 words per writing session from morning until midday. To ensure causal coherence, Scalzi incorporated research on pandemic dynamics, drawing parallels to historical outbreaks like the 1918 influenza for epidemic scale and government response; robotics, envisioning humanoid proxies as logical outgrowths of assistive devices; and federal investigative protocols, reflecting the protagonist's role in a law enforcement procedural.^[8] This approach prioritized deriving fictional technologies and social structures from verifiable scientific and procedural baselines, avoiding speculative leaps disconnected from empirical precedents. A key authorial choice was rendering protagonist Chris Shane gender-ambiguous, using neutral pronouns ("they/them") and omitting references to biological sex or secondary characteristics, even in intimate scenes. Scalzi explained that he deliberately withheld the character's gender from himself during writing, treating it as irrelevant to the Haden experience where physical embodiment is decoupled from the mind via technology.^[9] This decision shifted focus to cognitive agency and plot mechanics, enabling readers to project personal interpretations without preconceptions tied to gendered tropes.

Release and Editions

Lock In was published in hardcover on August 26, 2014, by Tor Books, with ISBN 978-0-7653-7586-5.^[10] The ebook edition was released concurrently through the same publisher. Audiobook versions, distributed by Audible, were also issued on August 26, 2014, featuring dual narrations: one by Wil Wheaton and the other by Amber Benson.^[11] In the United Kingdom, Gollancz released the hardcover edition two days later, on August 28, 2014, under ISBN 978-0-5751-3434-8.^[5] A mass market paperback edition followed in the United States on August 4, 2015, with ISBN 978-0-7653-8132-3.^[1] No revised or expanded editions of the novel have been published. Following the 2018 release of its sequel Head On, Lock In has been bundled in digital omnibus formats with later series entries, including Unlocked: An Oral History of Haden's Syndrome and Head On.^[12]

Fictional Universe

Origins of Haden's Syndrome

Haden's Syndrome originated from a novel influenza-like virus that emerged abruptly in the mid-2020s, initially misidentified as a mutation of avian influenza before its unique pathology became evident. The pathogen spread globally within two weeks of its first detections, infecting billions and overwhelming healthcare systems through airborne transmission and high contagiousness in asymptomatic carriers. This rapid escalation prompted immediate international quarantines, with the United States reporting over 400,000 initial deaths in the acute phase alone, contributing to a global toll exceeding 400 million fatalities. The syndrome derives its name from First Lady Margaret Haden, whose contraction of the virus during the early outbreak elevated public awareness and spurred federal research funding under President Benjamin Haden's advocacy.^[13]^[14]^[15] In terms of etiology, the virus predominantly caused mild flu symptoms in over 95% of cases, but progressed to severe acute meningitis or encephalitis in approximately 4% of infected individuals, targeting the brainstem—particularly the pons and medulla oblongata. This inflammation disrupted motor pathways while sparing higher cognitive functions, leading to full locked-in syndrome in about 1% of total infections: patients remained fully conscious and aware but completely paralyzed below the cranial nerves, unable to move, speak, or breathe independently without mechanical support. Unlike typical viral encephalitides, the pathogen's neurotropism induced permanent ventral brainstem damage in survivors, mimicking but vastly scaling up real-world locked-in syndrome, which affects roughly 1 in 100,000 people annually and stems primarily from ischemic strokes rather than infectious agents. No empirical evidence supports viruses routinely causing such widespread, selective brainstem paralysis in reality, positioning Haden's as a speculative construct grounded in plausible neuroanatomy but extrapolated for narrative exploration of mass neurological affliction.^[16]^[17]^[18] Epidemiologically, the outbreak's timeline—from isolated cases in late 2024 to peak incidence by mid-2025—mirrored aspects of real pandemics like COVID-19, including initial underestimation of severity and logistical failures in contact tracing due to asymptomatic spread. However, Haden's diverged in its disproportionate impact on the young and healthy, with survivors of the lock-in variant numbering in the millions globally, necessitating unprecedented resource allocation for ventilatory support and experimental antivirals. Contrasts with COVID-19 responses highlight causal differences: while real-world efforts faced bureaucratic delays and uneven international coordination—evident in varying quarantine efficacy and vaccine rollout timelines—the fictional scenario posits accelerated breakthroughs amid crisis, underscoring how institutional inertia in empirical events prolonged morbidity, whereas streamlined crisis governance in the narrative facilitated containment within 18 months. Such depictions invite scrutiny of response efficacy, revealing that rapid, decentralized innovation often outpaces centralized mandates in mitigating viral threats, as borne out by historical analyses of pandemic preparedness.^[13]^[14]^[19]

Technological and Societal Adaptations

In the universe of Lock In, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) serve as the foundational technology enabling individuals with Haden's Syndrome—estimated to affect about 1% of the global population, or roughly 75 million people by the mid-21st century—to remotely operate anthropomorphic androids termed "threeps." These devices, named after C-3PO from Star Wars, function as physical proxies, allowing locked-in users to navigate, manipulate objects, and engage socially through high-bandwidth neural signals decoded into robotic motor commands.^[20] Complementary systems provide access to the Agora, a shared virtual reality environment for mental interaction among Hadens, reducing isolation while minimizing physical hardware needs. A rarer adaptation involves "integrators," unaffected humans with atypical neural plasticity who can temporarily host a Haden's consciousness, enabling direct control of the integrator's biological body for tasks requiring organic sensory feedback.^[8] Societally, these technologies precipitate Hadens' emergence as a protected class under expanded disability laws, with civil rights frameworks mandating threep accessibility in public spaces and employment. Economic power accrues to Haden-centric firms specializing in BCI hardware and software, leveraging proprietary neural mapping to dominate markets valued in trillions due to the syndrome's scale. Yet, adaptations reveal tensions: widespread discrimination persists, including architectural barriers for threeps and hiring biases favoring non-Hadens, fostering underground economies where black-market integrators offer unregulated "rides" for fees, often evading taxation and safety protocols. Government subsidies cover baseline tech distribution, but private innovation—driven by profit motives—accelerates iterations, as corporations compete on features like durability and sensory fidelity.^[20] Evaluating feasibility through engineering fundamentals, current BCI prototypes demonstrate viability for basic robotic proxy control in locked-in patients, such as EEG-driven navigation of humanoid robots through mazes or grasping via steady-state visually evoked potentials, achieving accuracies above 80% in controlled trials.^[21] ^[22] However, scaling to threep-like fluidity demands resolving core constraints: neural interfaces today capture signals from hundreds to thousands of neurons, far short of the millions required for decoding complex intents like nuanced speech or dexterous manipulation, compounded by signal drift, electrode degradation, and latencies exceeding 100ms in wireless setups that disrupt proprioceptive feedback loops. Integrator-like consciousness sharing lacks empirical precedent, relying on unproven synaptic bridging without risking host neural overload or identity fragmentation. Economic incentives align with rapid progress, as private ventures like those developing implantable BCIs target a disability market alone worth billions, with projections estimating global BCI revenues at $6.2 billion by 2030, fueled by investor returns from medical restoration and potential consumer enhancements.^[23] ^[24] Causal drivers favor corporate R&D over state monopolies, mirroring smartphone evolution where competition lowered costs from luxury to commodity, though risks persist: hacking vulnerabilities in unsecured neural links could enable remote hijacking, as seen in real IoT breaches, while subsidy dependence risks rationing access, exacerbating inequalities absent scalable manufacturing. These dynamics underscore private-sector efficiency in addressing demand but highlight realism over optimism, as biological variability and regulatory hurdles temper deployment timelines to decades rather than years.

Plot Overview

Primary Narrative Arc

Not long after the passage of the Abrams-Kettering Act, which phases out federal funding for Haden's syndrome support technologies, protests erupt outside the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C.^[25] Rookie FBI agent Chris Shane, a Haden operating via a robotic "threep," is assigned to the Haden's Syndrome Crimes unit and partnered with experienced integrator Leslie Vann for Shane's inaugural case.^[26] The investigation begins with a murder tied to the rally: an integrator named Nicole Trickey is found beaten to death in a hotel room, alongside evidence of a physical altercation that includes a thrown piece of furniture from a high floor, though the scene yields no immediate weapon or suspect.^[27] Shane and Vann's procedural approach centers on forensic analysis of neural links, integrator logs, and threep telemetry data to trace the perpetrator's movements through both physical and virtual realms.^[2] Initial leads point to a Haden suspect, Nicholas Bell, who accessed Trickey's body via integration, prompting interviews with Bell's associates and examinations of related Haden tech interfaces.^[4] As discrepancies emerge in witness accounts and digital footprints, the duo expands their inquiry to corporate entities developing integration hardware and software, such as those producing neural bridges for remote body control.^[26] The case escalates beyond the isolated killing when evidence links the crime to experimental manipulations of Haden neural networks, implicating broader threats to the infrastructure supporting millions of locked-in individuals.^[4] Shane and Vann pursue leads across corporate headquarters and simulated environments in the Aggregates—virtual communal spaces for Hadens—employing warrants for proprietary data and undercover integrations to verify causal chains in the offense.^[27] This progression uncovers interlocking motives rooted in the Haden tech sector's competitive dynamics, culminating in a confrontation with elements posing risks to national-scale Haden dependencies.^[2]

Key Twists and Resolution

As the investigation progresses, protagonist Chris Shane and partner Leslie Vann uncover evidence of systematic exploitation of integrators, who serve as neural bridges for multiple Haden consciousnesses simultaneously, leading to severe physiological damage and death when overused beyond safe limits. This revelation points to a calculated scheme by a prominent technology executive, motivated by desires to monopolize access to the Haden neural network and circumvent federal oversight on expensive synthetic bodies, thereby prioritizing corporate profits over human safety.^[28] The deductive chain relies on forensic analysis of victim neural patterns, financial trails linking shell companies to prototype drugs enhancing integrator capacity, and intercepted communications exposing the executive's disdain for Haden cultural independence as a barrier to innovation.^[16] The core twist exposes how this exploitation masquerades as technological progress, with the executive's hidden agenda rooted in ideological opposition to Haden autonomy—viewing their reliance on government-subsidized tech as inefficient and seeking to force integration into mainstream society through addictive, unregulated neural enhancements. Empirical indicators, such as anomalous integrator burnout rates correlating with experimental trials dated to mid-2020s corporate records, build the case without contrivance, highlighting causal mechanisms where economic incentives drive ethical violations. Multiple sources, including leaked trial data and witness testimonies from affected families, corroborate the pattern, underscoring the mogul's role in engineering black-market alternatives to official Haden infrastructure.^[29]^[30] Resolution arrives through the protagonists' confrontation with the conspirators, dismantling the operation on March 15, 2043, in a climactic raid on a covert facility in Arizona, where prototype devices and depleted integrator cohorts are seized. This ties implications to Haden's Syndrome origins by affirming the virus's natural emergence—traced via genomic sequencing in companion accounts to a 2025 avian flu variant—while exposing how post-syndrome tech dependencies create vulnerabilities for renewed exploitation.^[13] The outcome reinforces Haden rights under the 2032 Neurotechnological Equity Act, prompting congressional probes into private sector overreach and averting a potential erosion of locked-in individuals' virtual agency, with causal realism evident in how unchecked innovation amplifies syndrome-induced societal fractures.^[31]

Characters

Central Protagonists

Chris Shane is the novel's narrator and primary protagonist, a rookie FBI agent assigned to the bureau's Haden liaison office, specializing in crimes involving individuals afflicted with Haden's syndrome. Shane, who contracted the syndrome as an infant during the initial flu outbreak, relies on "threeps"—sophisticated android surrogates linked via neural implants—to engage physically with the world while their biological body remains inert.^[32] ^[33] As the only child of a wealthy family—whose patriarch, a technology entrepreneur and failed gubernatorial candidate, leveraged early syndrome-related opportunities—Shane benefits from elite access to adaptive technologies and support networks, though this backdrop underscores a realistic psychology of self-reliant agency tempered by awareness of Haden socioeconomic disparities.^[34] ^[32] Shane's decision-making emphasizes empirical observation and adaptive problem-solving, drawing from extensive experience in Haden integration programs and simulated training environments that foster tactical competence over reflexive entitlement often associated with privileged Hadens.^[9] The character's gender remains deliberately unspecified by the author, allowing readers to project based on contextual cues like voice in audiobooks or personal biases, which highlights Shane's focus on capability rather than identity markers.^[35] ^[9] Leslie Vann functions as Shane's experienced partner, a veteran FBI agent and trained integrator capable of lending her biological body to Hadens for temporary possession and sensory immersion. Transitioning from municipal police work, Vann exhibits a pragmatic, results-oriented mindset shaped by frontline exposure to Haden vulnerabilities, driving decisions rooted in procedural rigor and interpersonal leverage rather than ideological conformity.^[36] ^[33] Her no-nonsense demeanor facilitates high-stakes fieldwork, balancing Shane's technological mediation with her own embodied intuition to pursue leads efficiently.^[37] ^[29]

Antagonists and Supporting Figures

Lucas Hubbard serves as the primary antagonist, a corporate executive whose scheme exploits Haden neural technology for personal financial gain by conducting unauthorized experiments on vulnerable Hadens, including those from the Navajo Nation with additional disabilities.^[38]^[39] Hubbard manipulates proxies like Nicholas Bell, a public figure remotely controlled via Haden interfaces, to advance his agenda while masking his involvement in murders tied to suppressing knowledge of the illicit trials.^[39] His motivations stem from a self-interested pursuit of market dominance in assistive tech, rationalized as advancing Haden independence but causally rooted in profit extraction from government subsidies and proprietary innovations, rather than altruistic advocacy.^[38] Rogue elements within the Haden community, including manipulated separatists, function as secondary antagonists or unwitting facilitators, driven by desires for autonomy that align with Hubbard's exploitation but expose flaws in narratives portraying Hadens solely as victims.^[38] These figures, some of whom are Hadens themselves, participate in or enable the conspiracy under the guise of empowerment, yet their actions reveal opportunistic incentives, such as leveraging tribal sovereignty claims on reservations to evade oversight and conduct experiments.^[40] This underscores how ideological separatism can be co-opted for criminal ends, with participants prioritizing group advantage over ethical constraints or broader human costs.^[38] Supporting figures include FBI superiors who impose procedural limits on investigations, reflecting institutional incentives for risk aversion and political alignment over aggressive pursuit of corporate malfeasance.^[39] Family members of key characters, such as those connected to the protagonists, provide relational contrast by embodying non-Haden perspectives that highlight isolation, yet their limited agency in the conflict illustrates how personal loyalties fail to counter systemic exploitation without direct confrontation.^[41] These auxiliaries often operate from self-preserving rationales, debunking assumptions of inherent solidarity in favor of pragmatic, incentive-driven behaviors amid technological disparities.^[42]

Themes and Analysis

Disability, Agency, and Human Rights

In Lock In, Haden's syndrome manifests as a state of preserved cognitive function coupled with total motor paralysis, leaving affected individuals fully conscious yet unable to control their bodies, a portrayal directly analogous to real-world locked-in syndrome (LIS), which commonly arises in advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or brainstem infarctions.^[8] Empirical studies of LIS patients reveal that a substantial proportion maintain satisfactory quality of life (QoL), often uncorrelated with degree of motor impairment and stable over periods exceeding six years, indicating adaptive resilience through communication aids rather than physical recovery.^[43] ^[44] This contrasts with initial assumptions of uniform despair, as longitudinal data show many LIS individuals affirm that life remains worth living, prioritizing mental engagement over bodily autonomy.^[45] Technological proxies in the novel, such as neural-linked androids, ostensibly restore agency by facilitating societal participation, enabling Hadens to pursue careers, social interactions, and virtual communal spaces like the Agora, which foster integration and economic contributions.^[46] Such depictions highlight achievements in accommodation, where proactive individuals navigate discrimination and secure independence, reflecting real assistive technologies like exoskeletons that enhance functionality without curing underlying conditions.^[47] However, these advancements underscore human rights tensions, including equitable access disparities: affluent Hadens benefit from premium integrations, while others risk institutionalization under resource-constrained medical models, raising questions of whether proxy control equates to authentic agency or merely simulates normalcy.^[8] Critiques within the narrative and analyses thereof question whether tech-mediated agency constitutes true liberation or perpetuates dependency, potentially cultivating entitlement through reliance on trillion-dollar government subsidies for maintenance and infrastructure, as Hadens advocate strikes to preserve funding amid fiscal scrutiny.^[8] The civil rights model championed in the story promotes self-determination via accommodations, yet overlooks empirical risks for the majority, including physical body neglect, virtual isolation paralleling withdrawal syndromes, and vulnerability to systemic failures that could nullify perceived autonomy.^[47] Balanced assessments note integration successes alongside these perils, prioritizing causal outcomes like sustained productivity against over-idealized empowerment, without presuming tech resolves inherent frailties of severe disability.^[46]

Technological Innovation vs. Exploitation

The rapid commercialization of brain-computer interfaces and synthetic android surrogates, termed "threeps," in the aftermath of Haden's syndrome demonstrates the efficacy of private-sector incentives in addressing acute technological needs. Following the global pandemic that induced lock-in paralysis in approximately 1% of infected individuals—equating to nearly 5 million cases in the United States alone—firms invested heavily in neural implants that bypass damaged motor pathways, enabling remote operation of durable robotic bodies designed for diverse occupational demands.^[14]^[48] This infrastructure restored economic participation for affected persons, allowing them to pursue roles in fields like federal investigation with operational efficiency unhindered by physical constraints, as profit motives accelerated prototyping and scalability beyond what centralized planning might achieve.^[49] Such advancements parallel empirical outcomes from contemporary devices like Neuralink's Telepathy implant, where paralyzed users report enhanced autonomy in digital interactions—controlling cursors, composing messages, and multitasking at speeds rivaling able-bodied norms—thus amplifying personal productivity through direct neural-digital linkage without intermediary hardware.^[50]^[51] In the novel's setting, threed adoption rates approached universality among viable Hadens, fostering secondary markets for customized enhancements that iteratively refined sensory feedback and durability, underscoring how competitive pressures yield practical refinements over theoretical perfection.^[8] Yet these innovations harbor exploitative vulnerabilities, as proprietary neural architectures prove susceptible to unauthorized breaches, permitting hackers to commandeering user consciousness for illicit ends like remote surveillance or proxy violence.^[8]^[52] Black markets have proliferated for off-grid modifications, such as illicit bandwidth boosters or evasion of diagnostic locks, often at the expense of user security and driven by barriers erected by intellectual property enforcements that prioritize recoupment over accessibility.^[53] While initial patent protections justified the multibillion-dollar R&D outlays required for viable prototypes, extended exclusivity has entrenched cost premiums on threed hardware, confining advanced iterations largely to Hadens and sidelining potential spillover benefits for non-affected populations, thereby entrenching disparities absent countervailing competitive erosion.^[54] This tension highlights causal trade-offs in tech deployment: market-led diffusion, while imperfect, has empirically outstripped inertia-prone alternatives in enabling functional parity for millions, though unchecked rent extraction via IP hoarding risks ossifying progress by deterring open-source analogs or aftermarket innovations that could democratize capabilities.^[49] Real-world analogs, including Neuralink's iterative trials yielding thought-based device mastery for quadriplegics, affirm that entrepreneurial risk-taking sustains momentum, even as safeguards against misuse lag, suggesting that exploitation arises less from the tech itself than from incomplete property regimes failing to balance invention with dissemination.^[50]^[55]

Government Intervention and Criminality

In Lock In, the U.S. government maintains extensive involvement in Haden support systems, providing subsidies for neural bridges, thents (personal android surrogates), and related infrastructure, which sustains an estimated 2.5% of the population affected by Haden's syndrome as a politically influential bloc. This intervention, initiated after the 2025-2030 pandemic that caused the syndrome, channels billions in federal funds annually to tech firms developing integration hardware, fostering dependency where Hadens rely on state-backed economies rather than fully market-driven innovations. Critics, including analyses of the novel's world-building, argue this creates market distortions, as subsidies prioritize politically connected contractors over efficient private solutions, potentially enabling cronyism where firms lobby for continued funding amid rising taxpayer burdens.^[8]^[2] The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) enforces regulations on Haden-related technologies, forming specialized units to investigate crimes exploiting neural links and integrators—non-Hadens voluntarily wired for remote body control by Hadens. Pros include rapid response to threats like unauthorized integrations, as seen in the protagonist's probe into a Haden-linked murder at the Watergate Hotel on August 28, 2043, which uncovers broader conspiracies. However, this role invites bureaucratic overreach, with expansive surveillance of brain-computer interfaces risking civil liberties erosion, as agents access private neural data under broad anti-crime mandates without robust Fourth Amendment analogs for digital minds.^[26]^[56] Criminal syndicates exploit governance gaps in integrator regulation, using unwitting or coerced non-Hadens for illicit activities that evade traditional policing, such as proxy operations where Hadens remotely direct bodies in schemes reflecting inadequate oversight of subsidized tech distribution. The novel depicts organized abuse of experimental integration protocols, including black-market overrides leading to deaths, which stem from lax federal controls prioritizing Haden accommodation over secure proliferation of dual-use technologies. This underscores failures in tech governance, where state subsidies inflate supply without commensurate enforcement, enabling criminal adaptation faster than regulatory updates. Right-leaning interpretations highlight how such interventions crowd out free-market incentives for secure innovation, contrasting with enterprise-led security models that could minimize vulnerabilities through competition rather than centralized mandates.^[57]^[8]

Companion and Sequel Works

Unlocked Novella

Unlocked: An Oral History of Haden's Syndrome is a prequel novella to Lock In, presented as a series of fictional interviews with scientists, government officials, medical personnel, and early affected individuals, chronicling the emergence and initial containment of Haden's Neuroelectric Dissociative Disorder (HNE), commonly known as Haden's Syndrome.^[5] Released as a free digital download on Tor.com on May 7, 2014, the novella details the syndrome's origins as a mutation of a meningococcal meningitis strain during a global flu pandemic, leading to rapid worldwide transmission that infected over 400 million people and caused millions of deaths within months. ^[58] The narrative focuses on the outbreak's early phases, beginning with initial cases in the United States in early 2022, where symptoms progressed from flu-like illness to full-body paralysis while preserving consciousness, trapping victims in a "locked-in" state.^[5] Governments imposed widespread quarantines, including military-enforced lockdowns in major cities like New York and Los Angeles, amid societal panic marked by hoarding, riots, and overwhelmed healthcare systems that saw hospitals exceed capacity by factors of ten. Scientific responses accelerated vaccine development; by mid-2022, a vaccine derived from the meningitis strain was deployed globally, halting fatalities but failing to prevent HNE in approximately 1% of cases, resulting in about 4 million permanently locked-in individuals who required ventilators for survival.^[59] Early technological prototypes emerged from crisis-driven research, including rudimentary neural bridges allowing locked-in patients to interface with computers via brain signals, funded by emergency federal allocations exceeding $100 billion in the U.S. alone to address the economic fallout from lost productivity and care burdens.^[60] The novella empirically traces causal factors absent from the main novel, such as the virus's airborne mutation enabling exponential spread (R0 value estimated at 5-7) and policy decisions like prioritizing vaccine distribution over containment, which amplified secondary infections before immunity barriers formed.^[5] These elements highlight the interplay of virology, public health logistics, and nascent neurotechnology in shaping the syndrome's trajectory, without delving into later societal adaptations.^[58]

Head On Sequel

Head On, published on April 17, 2018, by Tor Books, serves as the direct sequel to Lock In within the same near-future universe affected by Haden's Syndrome, a condition that locks victims into their bodies while preserving consciousness.^[61] The narrative centers on a distinct investigative case involving the death of an Integrator during a high-stakes Hilketa match, a violent team sport adapted for Hadens using thurls (remote-controlled android bodies) and Integrators (non-Hadens who temporarily host Haden consciousnesses).^[62] Returning protagonist FBI Agent Chris Shane, a Haden, partners with veteran agent Leslie Vann to probe what initially appears as an accident but reveals deeper criminal elements tied to the sport's professional league.^[63] Unlike the corporate conspiracy of Lock In, Head On pivots to a fresh murder mystery embedded in the cultural and economic fabric of Haden society, particularly the burgeoning Hilketa industry, which draws massive audiences and sponsorships through its brutal, gladiatorial-style gameplay involving neural links and physical proxies.^[64] The investigation exposes tensions in the integrator economy, where non-Haden individuals contract their bodies for Haden use, raising issues of exploitation, regulation, and black-market incentives that extend to medical and pharmaceutical interests.^[62] Legal battles emerge as Shane and Vann navigate jurisdictional conflicts between federal authorities, league officials, and Haden advocacy groups, highlighting ongoing disputes over bodily autonomy and economic dependencies post-epidemic.^[30] The novel maintains universe continuity through familiar technologies like neural implants and thurls, as well as recurring characters adapting to new roles in Haden-specific law enforcement, but it functions as a standalone procedural thriller.^[65] Readers unfamiliar with Lock In can follow the core plot without prerequisite knowledge, as the story foregrounds a self-contained conspiracy centered on the sports league's underbelly rather than rehashing prior events, emphasizing procedural investigation over foundational world-building.^[66] This structure allows Head On to explore emergent societal frictions in the Haden community, such as the commodification of human bodies in entertainment and therapy, while advancing the series' examination of disability in a tech-augmented world.^[67]

Reception and Impact

Critical Evaluations

Critics have lauded Lock In for its brisk pacing as a science fiction procedural, emphasizing Scalzi's skill in constructing an immersive near-future society shaped by Haden's syndrome. The Kirkus review, which included the novel among its best books of 2014, praised the "plenty of action, great character development, vivid and believable worldbuilding and a thought-provoking examination of disability culture and politics," crediting Scalzi's ability to blend thriller elements with speculative societal dynamics.^[68] The book's handling of disability themes drew positive assessments for its focus on agency through technologies like neural interfaces and robotic proxies, portraying Hadens as active participants rather than passive victims. Analyses highlighted how the narrative engages real-world policy tensions, such as extensions of the Americans with Disabilities Act to cover "threeps" and public backlash against subsidies, providing a speculative lens on economic resentments and graft in assistive tech provision.^[69] Disability-focused commentary appreciated the integration of contemporary issues like societal integration and technological dependency, viewing it as a step toward more nuanced fictional depictions.^[47] Critiques, however, centered on underdeveloped implications of the premise, with some reviewers arguing that the emphasis on plot resolution overshadowed potential explorations of lock-in's broader societal strains, such as sustained economic burdens or ethical dilemmas in body-sharing. The mystery's structure faced scrutiny for predictability, as the primary suspect emerges early, leading to reliance on motive revelation over intricate deduction and introducing conveniences that prioritize momentum over rigor.^[68] Disability perspectives presented mixed evaluations on representation, acclaiming the novel's avoidance of pity narratives and emphasis on Haden autonomy while critiquing gaps in confronting stigmas, including sexuality and interpersonal intimacy for the locked-in, which could perpetuate oversimplifications of lived experiences.^[8] Certain assumptions about equitable tech access via government intervention were observed to diverge from market-driven realities, where innovation and distribution often favor profitability over universal provision, though the text itself depicts funding cuts and disparities.^[69]

Commercial Performance

Lock In, released by Tor Books on August 26, 2014, debuted on the New York Times, USA Today, Los Angeles Times, and BookScan bestseller lists.^[70] North American sales totaled approximately 87,500 copies across formats through July 31, 2015.^[70] These included 22,500 hardcover units, 24,000 ebooks, and 41,000 audiobooks.^[71] Audiobooks drove significant traction, comprising 46% of total sales and featuring dual editions narrated by Wil Wheaton and Amber Benson.^[70] The audiobook versions recorded the highest pre-order volume for an Audible Original at the time.^[72] This performance reflected strong demand in audio formats, bolstered by Scalzi's prior successes such as the *Old Man's War* series. The novel saw international distribution, including a UK edition from Gollancz and translations into multiple languages, expanding beyond North American markets.^[70] Overall, the book's commercial viability stemmed from Scalzi's established readership and Tor's marketing push for the hardcover debut.^[70]

Cultural and Thematic Influence

Lock In has contributed to discourse on the ethical implications of brain-computer interfaces for individuals with severe disabilities, prompting analyses of how such technologies could redefine agency and societal integration. Reviews and commentaries have highlighted the novel's exploration of these themes as prescient, particularly in light of advancements in neural prosthetics that enable thought-controlled actions.^[73]^[25] For instance, the book's depiction of "agonists" and neural links has been cited in discussions of real-world ethical dilemmas, such as consent in shared-body usage and the potential for exploitation in assistive tech markets.^[74]^[75] The narrative's premise of a pandemic-induced "lock in" state parallels ongoing debates around remote embodiment via technology, gaining renewed attention amid the COVID-19 era's emphasis on virtual presence, though the novel predates widespread remote work normalization by years.^[13] It anticipates concerns over neural technologies like those trialed by Neuralink since 2023, where implantable devices aim to restore mobility for paralyzed individuals through direct brain signaling, outpacing fictional government-driven solutions via private-sector innovation. Real-world progress, such as Neuralink's first human implant in January 2024 enabling cursor control via thought, underscores causal drivers of technological advancement rooted in entrepreneurial incentives rather than regulatory mandates, contrasting the book's portrayal of state-funded integrations. Despite optioning for television adaptation by Legendary TV in 2014, Lock In has not resulted in major screen productions, with development stalling post-pilot acquisition.^[76]^[77] Its influence persists in science fiction scholarship, referenced in examinations of virtual reality's role in accessibility and identity, including theological critiques of embodiment in digital realms.^[78] These citations emphasize the novel's role in challenging assumptions about physical dependency, though empirical tech ethics discourse prioritizes verifiable trial data over speculative narratives.^[16]

References

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Lock In - Macmillan Publishers
A blazingly inventive near-future thriller from the best-selling, Hugo Award-winning John Scalzi. Not too long from today, a new, highly contagious virus ...Missing: reception controversies
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'Lock In': A Cop Story For Robot Lovers, A Robot Story For Cop Lovers
Aug 27, 2014 · Lock In is a cop story first. It begins with a neat and effective free fall into the near-future world in which the story is set.
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30-day returnsThe New York Times bestseller, Lock In, is a blazingly inventive near-future thriller from the Hugo Award-winning John Scalzi.Missing: background | Show results with:background
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Rating 3.9 (71,092) Aug 26, 2014 · A new, highly contagious virus makes its way across the globe. Most who get sick experience nothing worse than flu, fever and headaches.
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Apr 15, 2014 · As you all know, I wrote a novel called Lock In, which is a near future thriller, set in a time where a disease called “Haden's Syndrome” ...Missing: summary background
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Nov 18, 2023 · Individuals with a locked-in state live with severe whole-body paralysis that limits their ability to communicate with family and loved ones.Missing: Scalzi influence
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May 18, 2023 · Researchers are developing brain-computer interfaces that would enable communication for people with locked-in syndrome and other conditions ...Missing: Scalzi influence
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### Summary of Societal Implications of Haden's Syndrome in *Lock In* by John Scalzi
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Apr 2, 2018 · When it came to writing Lock In and Head On, John Scalzi decided that the gender of his protagonist was a mystery, even to him.Missing: neutral | Show results with:neutral
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The Lock In Audiobook: Two Versions, Two Narrators. Pre-Order ...
Jul 2, 2014 · Two complete versions of the book, one narrated by Amber Benson, and the other by Wil Wheaton, and offering both for sale.
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The Lock In Series - Macmillan Publishers
Unlocked. By John Scalzi. Science Fiction · Head On. shadow · Head On. By John Scalzi. Science Fiction · Lock In. shadow · Lock In. By John Scalzi.
[13]
Unlocked: An Oral History of Haden's Syndrome - Reactor
May 13, 2014 · The Haden's virus went from not even existing to becoming the major global health crisis of the 21st Century in under two weeks. Nothing like ...Missing: emergence timeline
[14]
Scalzi locks in on a scary future in new novel - USA Today
Aug 30, 2014 · John Scalzi's newest novel is the tale of a different kind of "one percent." Lock In cements the award-winning writer as one of the best in today's sci-fi ...Missing: computer interface inspiration
[15]
https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781596066830
[16]
Lock In: An enthralling novel of big ideas - Fantasy Literature
Sep 8, 2014 · This controversial murder comes on the eve of a week ... Just so you know, some of the books we review are received free from publishers.Missing: reception | Show results with:reception
[17]
Locked-in: the syndrome as depicted in literature - PubMed
Protagonists who are locked-in can be found throughout fiction, probably because being locked-in serves as a strong philosophical metaphor for human existence.
[18]
The locked-in syndrome in fiction - Hektoen International
Oct 7, 2024 · Patients with locked-in syndrome have no flicker of movement of their limbs, nor can they talk, yet they retain sentient consciousness.
[19]
New ways: the pandemics of science fiction - PMC - NIH
This paper demonstrates that science fiction can be a valuable tool to communicate widely around a pandemic, while also acting as a creative space in which to ...
[20]
Unlocking John Scalzi's Lock In - Reactor
Aug 26, 2014 · Through the Agora, Hadens interact with one another and can manipulate robots, called Threeps (for Threepio), as proxies within the real world.
[21]
Development of a humanoid robot control system based on AR-BCI ...
May 18, 2024 · Although previous studies have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of BCI-controlled humanoid robots, few studies have attempted to ...
[22]
Humanoid Robot Walking in Maze Controlled by SSVEP-BCI Based ...
Jul 13, 2022 · The results showed that all the 12 subjects could complete the robot walking task in the maze, which verified the feasibility of the AR-SSVEP-NAO system.
[23]
400 Billion Reasons To Believe In Brain-Computer Interfaces - Forbes
Oct 10, 2024 · Enabling BCIs - Estimated price $60k: Restore function and communication due to neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, or injury. · Preventative ...Missing: incentives | Show results with:incentives
[24]
Brain computer interface is growing but what are the risks?
Jun 14, 2024 · A recent report estimates the global brain computer interface (BCI) market was worth $1.74 billion in 2022, expected to surge to $6.2 billion by 2030.Missing: incentives | Show results with:incentives
[25]
Lock In Is One Of John Scalzi's Most Accessible (And Relevant) Novels
Aug 25, 2014 · Scalzi's thriller unfolds at pleasurable speed, equal parts mystery and science fiction tale that simply seeks to tell a good story.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Excerpt: Lock In by John Scalzi: Chapters 1-5 - Tor/Forge Blog
Feb 23, 2018 · Rookie FBI agent Chris Shane is paired with veteran agent Leslie Vann. The two of them are assigned what appears to be a Haden-related murder at the Watergate ...Missing: summary | Show results with:summary<|separator|>
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Lock In by John Scalzi: Chapter 1 - Reactor
### Official Synopsis/Plot Summary for *Lock In* by John Scalzi
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Book Review: 'Lock In' by John Scalzi - Blogcritics
Sep 22, 2014 · The premise of the novel is this: In the near future, a highly contagious mutation of the flu virus causes a worldwide pandemic, which, in one ...
[29]
Where Syndromes and Security Meet: Lock-In by John Scalzi
Oct 14, 2014 · This story's very accessible, with a touch more science fiction and social commentary balanced around a very tight murder mystery.Missing: development process inspiration<|separator|>
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REVIEW: Head On (Lock In, #2) by John Scalzi - Dear Author
May 18, 2018 · FBI agents and Haden-related crime investigators, Chris Shane and Leslie Vann, are called in to uncover the truth?and in doing so travel to the ...<|separator|>
[31]
Unlocked: An Oral History of Haden's Syndrome by John Scalzi
May 22, 2014 · Fifteen years in our future a virus arises worldwide that causes minor symptoms in most cases, but in extreme cases causes victims to be “locked ...Missing: emergence timeline
[32]
Lock In (2014): John Scalzi - The Idle Woman
Dec 10, 2018 · One such Haden is Chris Shane, the only child of a wealthy would-be senator, who contracted the disease as an infant and has spent his life ...Missing: protagonists background
[33]
Book notes: Lock In by John Scalzi - Marlo Yonocruz
Jan 3, 2023 · In a futuristic world where “locked in” humans afflicted with Haden's syndrome can control android “threeps”, FBI agents Chris Shane and Leslie ...
[34]
Review: Lock In, John Scalzi - Reading the End
Jan 12, 2015 · Agent Chris Shane, FBI, is the scion of a wealthy activist family and a survivor of a flu that left a small percentage of its victims (including ...
[35]
Lock In and the Vacuum That Gender Creates - Reactor
Sep 22, 2014 · Other than that, gender fluidity emerges naturally from the environs of the world of Lock In. Scalzi could have assigned a sex to Chris, or had ...
[36]
Lock In Character Analysis - BookBrief
Leslie Vann: Leslie is Chris's partner and fellow FBI agent. They are a seasoned investigator with a no-nonsense attitude and a strong sense of justice. Leslie ...
[37]
Lock In, by John Scalzi | the Little Red Reviewer - WordPress.com
Sep 12, 2015 · The story is going at a breakneck pace, Shane is making progress on the murder investigation, and then the end just feels too neatly wrapped up.Missing: narrative | Show results with:narrative
[38]
Initial Thoughts on John Scalzi's “Lock In” (Spoilers)
Sep 7, 2014 · After FLOTUS Haden contracts the locked in form, a ton of legislative dollars got dumped into a fund that would cover both care and treatment as ...<|separator|>
[39]
Lock In Summary & Study Guide - BookRags.com
"Lock In" by John Scalzi is a story of murder and politics in a futuristic world where a virus has dramatically changed society. The virus, Haden's syndrome ...
[40]
Making Light: Spoiler thread for Lock In by John Scalzi
Aug 30, 2014 · The fact that the villains are also Haydens. Navajo sovereignty. I have only heard one of the audio versions; planning to fire up the other one ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Lock-in review - Martin Stellinga
Sep 16, 2022 · John Scalzi has a very compact and readable writing style. I've written before he manages to thread the line between just enough and not enough ...Missing: computer | Show results with:computer
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Book Review: Lock In by John Scalzi - The Course of Events
Jul 21, 2016 · This is a classic procedural thriller with sci-fi elements and Scalzi brings the two together in a fun and exciting way. There are androids and ...
[43]
Life can be worth living in locked-in syndrome - PubMed
Various studies suggest that despite their extreme motor impairment, a significant number of LIS patients maintain a good QoL that seems unrelated to their ...Missing: empirical analogy
[44]
Quality of life in patients with locked-in syndrome: Evolution over a 6 ...
Jul 19, 2015 · LIS persons report a relatively satisfactory QoL level that stays stable over time, suggesting that life with LIS is worth living.Missing: empirical analogy
[45]
Life can be worth living in locked-in syndrome - ScienceDirect
Life can be worth living in locked-in syndrome · Quality of life. Successful adjustment to a diagnosis can be measured as a degree of quality of life (QoL).Missing: empirical analogy
[46]
Disability Book Review: "Lock In" by John Scalzi breaks new ground
Jan 13, 2015 · In most people, the disease is akin to a bad case of the flu and they recover, but in a small percentage of the population, it causes “lock in” ...
[47]
Disability Today and John Scalzi's Great, New Novel 'Lock In'
Aug 29, 2014 · As the story unfolds, Scalzi transports important contemporary debates about the nature of disability into his imagined future. All this fancy ...Missing: analysis | Show results with:analysis
[48]
Lock In: John Scalzi - Bitter Tea and Mystery
Jan 31, 2015 · Description on the dust jacket flap: Not too long from today, a new, highly contagious virus makes its way across the globe.Missing: emergence timeline
[49]
NeuWrite Reads: “Lock In” by John Scalzi
Sep 4, 2014 · This funding led to the invention of two critical pieces of technology: a neural network that would integrate with the brain of a Haden's ...
[50]
A Year of Telepathy | Updates - Neuralink
Feb 5, 2025 · Over the past year, three people with paralysis have received Neuralink implants. This blog post explores how each person is using Telepathy ...
[51]
“Sometimes I Forget I'm Paralyzed.” How Neuralink's First Patient ...
Dec 18, 2024 · Above all, he can communicate online, hopping into text threads and DMs as he did with me, with efficiency he could never dream of before ...
[52]
Lock In by John Scalzi, reviewed by Joe Milicia - Typepad
Oct 18, 2015 · Scalzi offers a comparable crime-solving partnership, in a society where very similar prejudice is to be found, to explore interests of his own, ...<|separator|>
[53]
https://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/015966.html
[54]
LOCK IN by John Scalzi | Kara.Reviews
Rating 3.0 · Review by Kara BabcockOct 1, 2014 · Lock In is a thriller set in a world ravaged by a disease superficially similar to ALS. Haden's syndrome lays waste to the voluntary nervous system.Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
[55]
Paralyzed Man Uses Brain Implant to Regain Independence
Aug 8, 2025 · RJ Tanner, a Mississippi man paralyzed from the neck down, is one of the first people in the world to receive a Neuralink brain implant.
[56]
John Scalzi's 'Lock In' mixes sci-fi and crime
All of which is to say that “Lock In” is essentially a buddy cop novel, a murder mystery, a conspiracy thriller. FBI rookie Chris Shane is a Haden in a ...Missing: criminality | Show results with:criminality
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Review: Lock In by John Scalzi - artsy musings of a bibliophile
Nov 8, 2015 · ... FBI agent Chris Shane is paired with veteran agent Leslie Vann. The two of them are assigned what appears to be a Haden-related murder at ...Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
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Read "Unlocked," the Free Prequel Novella to John Scalzi's Lock In
Aug 27, 2014 · Read “Unlocked: An Oral History of Haden's Syndrome,” the FREE science fiction novella prequel to John Scalzi's new book Lock In and learn how ...
[59]
John Scalzi's Unlocked Reveals How Humanity Arrives at the Near ...
Feb 13, 2018 · John Scalzi's Unlocked Reveals How Humanity Arrives at the Near-Future of Lock In ... Discover the history of Haden's Syndrome, the virus that ...
[60]
Unlocked: An Oral History of Haden's Syndrome - Barnes & Noble
In stock Free delivery... Scalzi's inventive near-future thrillers Lock In and Head On, in the prequel novella Unlocked. Not long from now, a virus will sweep the globe. Most will ...
[61]
HEAD ON - Kirkus Reviews
7-day returnsThe long-awaited second in a series (Lock In, 2014) that explores disability politics within the context of a near-future techno-thriller.
[62]
Head On (Lock In, #2) by John Scalzi - Goodreads
Rating 4.0 (25,478) Apr 17, 2018 · FBI Agents and Haden-related crime investigators, Chris Shane and Leslie Vann, are called in to uncover the truth―and in doing so travel to the ...
[63]
Book Review: Head On by John Scalzi | Bookshelf Fantasies
May 9, 2018 · I loved Lock In (review), John Scalzi's novel that introduced ... Apparently there is also a prequel novella titled “Unlocked.” Reply.
[64]
John Scalzi's Head On is a murder mystery set in a robot fighting ...
Apr 17, 2018 · The pair investigates the murder of an Integrator, which led to a larger conspiracy. In Head On, the pair is once again tasked with ...Missing: economy legal
[65]
HEAD ON by John Scalzi – Review - Books, Bones & Buffy
Rating 4.0 · Review by TammyMay 7, 2018 · Although technically a sequel, Head On is a self-contained story and could be read as a stand-alone if you haven't yet read Lock In and you ...
[66]
Review: Head On (Lock In #2) by John Scalzi | FanFiAddict
Apr 20, 2018 · Just think of it as another mystery and not as a sequel. The only thing you will probably be confused about is Haden's Syndrome and where it ...Missing: continuity | Show results with:continuity
[67]
Head On (Lock In, #2) by John Scalzi | Goodreads
Rating 4.0 (25,478) Apr 17, 2018 · In Head On, Scalzi explores the way Hadens culture leaves its mark on mass entertainment – in this case a professional sports league called ...Missing: battles | Show results with:battles
[68]
LOCK IN - Kirkus Reviews
7-day returnsCharacters with names like Cassius, Pliny, Theodora and Nero coexist—sometimes uneasily—with Daxo, Kavax and Sevro. And the characters inhabit a world with a ...
[69]
How to Write Great Sci-Fi About Disability Law - Pacific Standard
Apr 17, 2018 · Scalzi's latest novel conjures a fantastical world where the plot revolves around the Americans With Disabilities Act—and it's gripping.Missing: themes | Show results with:themes
[70]
The State of a Genre Title, 2015 - Whatever Scalzi
Aug 10, 2015 · Note the hardcover/eBook sales do not include the UK edition of Lock In, published by Gollancz, nor any foreign language editions. These are ...
[71]
Want to Read Michael Lewis's Next Work? You'll Be Able to Listen to ...
Jun 2, 2018 · He pointed to his 2014 novel, “Lock In,” which he said sold 22,500 hardcovers, 24,000 e-books and 41,000 audiobooks. “You have to go where ...
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Audible Releases Two Editions of Scalzi Novel - Publishers Weekly
Aug 28, 2014 · While Audible declined to disclose sales figures, the company reported that Lock In had the highest number of pre-orders ever for an Audible ...Missing: ebook | Show results with:ebook
[73]
A Discussion of Disability in Lock In – My Site - Bookworm Blues
Oct 30, 2014 · Lock In takes a world impacted by a disability that there is absolutely no chance of overlooking, and makes readers see what an impact it would ...Missing: interfaces | Show results with:interfaces
[74]
Book Review: Lock In by John Scalzi + Novella Review: Unlocked
Aug 26, 2014 · The brains of those locked in were essentially linked up to humanoid personal transports affectionately named “Threeps” (after C-3PO of Star ...<|separator|>
[75]
Review of Lock In by John Scalzi - Canecto
Mar 27, 2025 · Technology is central to “Lock In,” serving as both a tool for empowerment and a source of ethical dilemmas. The capability to inhabit robotic ...
[76]
Legendary TV Buys John Scalzi Novel 'Lock In' (EXCLUSIVE) - Variety
Sep 15, 2014 · Legendary TV has acquired the rights to John Scalzi's novel “Lock In” to adapt into a pilot for a potential series. The book revolves around ...
[77]
Quick Update on Film/TV Stuff - Whatever Scalzi
Lock In was under option but isn't now but could be again, hint hint, film/TV people. All the active options are at various stages in their ...
[78]
Science Fiction and Christian Theology
May 6, 2025 · 5.3 Engaging Science Fiction on Virtual Reality and Accessibility. The novel Lock In (2014), by John Scalzi, imagines a near future in which ...<|control11|><|separator|>