Offset
Kiari Kendrell Cephus (born December 14, 1991), known professionally as Offset, is an American rapper and songwriter who rose to prominence as one-third of the hip hop trio Migos, alongside Quavo and the late Takeoff.[1][2] Offset's career gained mainstream traction through Migos' trap-influenced sound, exemplified by the group's 2016 single "Bad and Boujee" featuring Lil Uzi Vert, which topped the Billboard Hot 100 and earned a Grammy nomination for Best Rap/Sung Performance.[3] The trio's albums, including Culture (2017) and Culture II (2018), achieved multi-platinum status and Billboard 200 chart-topping positions, solidifying their influence in hip hop.[3] Transitioning to solo endeavors, Offset released Father of 4 in 2019, which debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 and featured hits like "Clout" with Cardi B, and followed with Set It Off in 2023, marking continued commercial output amid group dynamics strained by Takeoff's 2022 death.[3] His personal life has intersected prominently with his public image, including a 2017 marriage to rapper Cardi B—marked by separations and divorce filings—and fatherhood to eight children from multiple relationships.[1] Offset has faced recurrent legal scrutiny, beginning with probation violations and jail time during Migos' early rise, escalating to 2024 felony charges for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, marijuana, and methamphetamine after a Georgia traffic stop.[4] Additional issues include a 2021 civil lawsuit over an alleged strip club assault (later contested) and IRS tax liens totaling over $1.5 million for unpaid 2021 obligations.[5][6] These factors, alongside music revenue from sales, streaming, and tours, contribute to an estimated net worth of $40 million as of 2025.[7]Technical and engineering applications
Offset printing
Offset printing, also known as offset lithography, is a printing technique that transfers an inked image from a metal plate to a rubber blanket cylinder and then to the printing substrate, such as paper or other materials. This indirect transfer method, which gives the process its name, relies on the lithographic principle that oil-based inks and water repel each other, allowing precise separation of image and non-image areas on the plate. The image areas on the plate are hydrophobic and oleophilic, attracting ink while repelling water, whereas non-image areas absorb water to prevent ink adhesion.[8][9][10] The origins of offset printing trace back to 1875, when Robert Barclay in England invented the first press using offset lithography with a cardboard-covered transfer cylinder for indirect printing from lithographic stones. Modern offset printing emerged around 1904 through the work of American printer Ira Washington Rubel, who accidentally discovered the rubber blanket transfer when ink from an undried lithographic plate adhered to a rubber impression cylinder and successfully printed onto paper, solving issues with direct plate-to-paper contact that caused wear and inconsistencies. Rubel patented his lithographic offset press in 1903 while operating a shop in Nutley, New Jersey. German-American printer Caspar Hermann independently developed a similar process around the same time and built the first web-fed offset press in 1912, enabling high-speed continuous printing on rolls of paper.[11][12][13][14] In the printing process, an aluminum plate is first prepared using computer-to-plate (CTP) technology or traditional exposure methods, where the image is etched so that raised or sensitized areas hold ink. The plate cylinder rotates against a water (or fountain) roller to dampen non-image areas and an ink roller to coat image areas. The inked plate then contacts the rubber blanket cylinder, transferring the image via offset without direct abrasion on the substrate. Finally, the blanket presses the image onto the paper via an impression cylinder. Presses typically operate in a four-color process using cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK) inks for full-color reproduction, with multiple units in tandem for each color. Sheet-fed offset handles cut sheets for shorter runs, such as brochures or packaging, while web-fed offset uses continuous paper rolls for high-volume applications like newspapers and magazines, achieving speeds up to 15,000 sheets per hour in modern presses.[15][16] Offset printing excels in producing high-quality, consistent results with sharp details and vibrant colors due to the rubber blanket's even pressure distribution, making it suitable for large-scale production where per-unit costs decrease significantly after setup—often economical for runs exceeding 1,000 units. It accommodates a wide range of substrates, from thin newsprint to thick cardstock, and supports specialty finishes like varnishes or foils. However, the process involves substantial upfront costs for plate-making and press setup, rendering it inefficient for short runs compared to digital alternatives, and lead times can extend to days due to preparation steps. Despite competition from digital printing, offset remains dominant for commercial volumes, with the global offset printing market valued at approximately $3 billion in 2024 and projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 14.1% through 2030, driven by packaging and label demands.[17][18][19][20]Offset in computing and data structures
In computing, an offset denotes the displacement, usually in bytes, from a base address or the start of a data structure to a target location, facilitating relative addressing rather than absolute memory references.[21] This concept underpins efficient data access in arrays, where the offset for the i-th zero-based element equals i multiplied by the element's size, aligning directly with contiguous memory allocation for sequential reads.[22] Offsets play a critical role in memory segmentation schemes, as seen in operating systems where a logical address comprises a segment identifier and an offset d specifying the intra-segment position, bounded by the segment's length to prevent overruns.[23] In structured types like C structs, member offsets are compiler-determined to satisfy alignment constraints, which require data types to begin at addresses divisible by their size (e.g., 4-byte integers at multiples of 4) for optimal CPU fetch efficiency on most architectures.[22] Failure to align can degrade performance by necessitating multiple bus cycles or violating hardware assumptions, prompting compilers to insert padding bytes—unused gaps between members—such that each member's offset modulo its alignment requirement equals zero.[24] The C standard library provides theoffsetof macro in <stddef.h>, which evaluates to the compile-time byte offset of a specified member within its enclosing struct or union, enabling portable introspection of layout without runtime computation. For example, in a struct containing a 1-byte char followed by a 4-byte int, the int's offset is typically 4, with 3 padding bytes after the char to align the int; the struct's total size rounds up to a multiple of the largest member's alignment (here, 8 bytes if a larger type follows).[24] Programmers can suppress padding via compiler pragmas or attributes (e.g., #pragma pack(1) in GCC), though this risks portability and performance losses on misaligned accesses.[22]
Beyond structs, offsets appear in file systems for seek operations, where the file offset represents the current read/write position as a non-negative integer from the file's origin, with POSIX limiting it to the maximum allowable value per open file description to avoid overflow.[25] In network protocols, offsets index fields within packet headers, such as TCP's 16-bit data offset field indicating the header length in 32-bit words. These applications underscore offsets' universality in abstracting location within bounded, linear address spaces, with hardware and software conventions ensuring consistency across systems.[23]