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Mark II

Mark II (or Mk. II) designates the second version or model in a Mark series, commonly used in engineering, military, and other fields to indicate an iterative design or product. It may refer to various specific uses, including:

Military hardware

Tanks and armored vehicles

The British Tank, Mark II, developed in 1916–1917 during World War I, served as a prototype heavy tank intended as an improved variant of the Mark I, but was produced primarily as an unarmored training vehicle using mild steel boiler plate (up to 10 mm thick) with similar mobility to its predecessor.^[1] Male variants were armed with two 6-pounder guns and additional machine guns, while female versions mounted four 0.303-inch Vickers machine guns, accommodating a crew of eight in a 28-ton chassis powered by a 105 hp Daimler engine achieving 3.7 mph.^[2] Although designed primarily as an unarmored training vehicle to conserve resources for combat tanks, 50 units were produced, and due to shortages, 26 Mark IIs, including armed models, participated in the Battle of Arras in 1917, where they demonstrated reliability but vulnerability to artillery.^[1] Full-scale production was curtailed as the war concluded in 1918, limiting its influence to early tank doctrine testing rather than widespread deployment.^[1] The Medium Mark II, also known as the Vickers Medium Mark II and developed from the 1923 Vickers 20-ton tank prototype, represented a British interwar effort to create a more agile medium tank for export and experimental mechanized forces in the 1920s.^[3] Weighing 11.7 long tons, it featured innovative sprung suspension for improved cross-country performance, a three-man turret mounting a 47 mm QF 3-pounder gun, and up to six machine guns, operated by a five-man crew with a top speed of 15 mph from a 90 bhp Armstrong Siddeley V-8 engine.^[3] Approximately 167 units were built between 1924 and 1927, with limited adoption by the British Army for training and trials, including the 1927 Experimental Mechanised Force exercises that shaped cruiser tank concepts.^[3] Exports included 15 units to the Soviet Union in 1931 for evaluation and a single Mark C variant to Japan in the late 1920s, which influenced the Japanese Type 89 medium tank design, though British restrictions prevented broader sales.^[4]^[5] In Japanese service, the Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank, classified by the Imperial Japanese Army as the Medium Tank Mark II as the successor to the Type 89 (Mark I), entered production in 1937 as the primary medium tank for infantry support during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.^[6] The original model, weighing 15 tons with a crew of four, mounted a short-barreled 57 mm gun and two 7.7 mm machine guns in a riveted hull with 25 mm maximum armor, powered by a 170 hp diesel engine for 24 mph road speed.^[6] Over 2,100 units were produced through 1943, including 1,162 standard variants and 930 upgraded Shinhoto Chi-Ha models from 1942 onward, which replaced the 57 mm gun with a longer 47 mm Type 1 high-velocity anti-tank gun effective against light Allied armor like the M3 Stuart.^[6] These tanks played key roles in Pacific War offensives, such as the 1942 Guadalcanal campaign where Chi-Has supported Japanese counterattacks against U.S. Marines, though they struggled against superior American tanks in later defensive battles like Saipan and Okinawa due to thin armor and limited firepower.^[7] Post-2020 developments in Mark II-designated armored vehicles remain limited, with no major production models or drone-assisted prototypes entering service by 2025, though upgrades to legacy systems like the Indian Arjun Mk II continue in testing phases without altering the Mark II nomenclature significantly.^[8]

Weapons and munitions

The British No. 2 Mark II hand grenade, introduced in February 1915, served as an emergency measure during World War I to address shortages of the No. 1 grenade, evolving from a commercial design by Marten Hale that had been rejected in 1907 trials.^[9] It featured a percussion graze fuze for nose-first detonation upon impact, an improvement over the No. 1's crushcap mechanism, and was filled with Tonite explosive composed of guncotton and barium nitrate.^[9] The design included variants such as the No. 2 Mk I with a 16-inch cane handle for throwing and the shorter No. 2 Mk II with a 7-inch handle and stabilizing streamers, making it suitable for trench warfare where grenades were thrown high to ensure proper orientation.^[9] Approximately 130,000 units were produced before it was declared obsolete in 1920 and likely phased out by 1916 due to handling risks and the adoption of safer time-fused alternatives like the Mills bomb.^[9] The Ordnance Quick-Firing (QF) 2-pounder Mark II, a 40 mm anti-tank gun developed by Vickers-Armstrong starting in 1934, was adopted by the British Army in 1939 for use against early World War II armored threats.^[10] It achieved a muzzle velocity of 2,626 feet per second (approximately 800 m/s) with armor-penetrating rounds capable of defeating 53 mm of armor at 500 yards (457 m).^[10] The gun's effective range reached 600 yards (549 m), though its traverse was limited to 360 degrees on a two-wheeled carriage, and it lacked high-explosive ammunition until later modifications, restricting its versatility.^[10] Deployed extensively by the British Expeditionary Force, it proved effective in North Africa campaigns against Italian and early German tanks but became obsolete by 1942 against heavier armor like the Panzer IV, often requiring combined arms tactics with infantry support for optimal use.^[10] The Whitehead Mark II torpedo, an early self-propelled naval weapon adopted by pre-World War I navies including the U.S. Navy, was produced in 18-inch (45 cm) diameter variants known as the "short" (3.55 m) and "long" (5.0 m) models.^[11] The long version carried a 132-pound (60 kg) wet guncotton warhead and achieved a range of 1,500 yards (1,370 m) at 28.5 knots, while the short model had a 118-pound (53.5 kg) warhead with 800 yards (730 m) at 28 knots, powered by compressed air.^[11] These torpedoes were launched from surface ships for coastal defense and fleet actions, marking a significant advancement in underwater ordnance with their balance stability and piston-engine propulsion.^[11] The design evolved into the Mark 2C variant, which increased air flask pressure by 20% for extended range and incorporated the Mark 1 Mod 1 gyro for improved straight-running accuracy, influencing subsequent U.S. torpedo developments through the 1920s.^[11] The U.S. Mark II bomb series during World War II encompassed general-purpose high-explosive munitions, exemplified by the 100-pound AN-M30A1, which measured 36 inches overall with an 8.2-inch body diameter and a 0.16-inch wall thickness for balanced blast and fragmentation effects.^[12] Filled with either 54 pounds of 50/50 Amatol or 57 pounds of TNT—yielding a charge-to-weight ratio of 49-50%—it was deployed from aircraft via single or cluster suspension (using the M22 adapter for four bombs) and featured tail assemblies like the M81 for stability during high-altitude drops from heavy bombers.^[12] Fusing options included nose fuzes such as the AN-M103A1 for impact detonation or tail fuzes like the AN-M100A1 for delay, with specialized variants for missions like VT (variable time) proximity or long-delay attacks against ground and maritime targets.^[12] These bombs supported Allied air campaigns by providing versatile ordnance for tactical bombing, often integrated with armored advances in ground operations.^[12]

Vehicles

Automobiles

The Jaguar Mark II, produced from 1959 to 1967, was a British luxury saloon renowned for its elegant design and performance capabilities. Powered by inline-six engines in 2.4-litre, 3.4-litre, and 3.8-litre displacements, the top 3.8-litre variant delivered 220-225 bhp, achieving a top speed of up to 125 mph.^[13]^[14] It featured independent front suspension with double wishbones and torsion bars, contributing to superior handling for its era, while the rear used a live axle with leaf springs.^[15] Over 83,800 units were manufactured, making it a commercial success and a staple in British automotive history.^[16] The model gained prominence in motorsport, with modified versions competing successfully in saloon car racing, and remains a highly sought-after classic collector's item today due to its timeless styling and engineering.^[17] The Toyota Mark II, a mid-size sedan produced from 1968 to 2004 across six generations, originated as the Corona Mark II and evolved into a flagship model for the Japanese market, later exported as the Cressida in some regions from 1976 to 1992.^[18] It retained rear-wheel drive throughout its run, with engine options progressing from initial four- and six-cylinder units to more powerful inline-six configurations in later models, such as the 2.5-litre 1JZ-GE producing around 180 hp.^[19] Some wagon variants, like the Qualis, incorporated a 2.5-litre V6 (1MZ-FE) with 200 hp for enhanced family utility.^[20] Cumulative production exceeded 6.5 million units in Japan, underscoring its enduring popularity and market dominance, particularly in the 1990s when annual sales occasionally surpassed the Corolla.^[21] The model was discontinued in 2004, succeeded by the Mark X, which built on its rear-drive platform for sportier performance.^[22] The Reliant Scimitar GTE (SE5 and SE5a series, 1968–1975), a British sports estate also known in its GTE configuration, targeted niche markets with its innovative fiberglass body that resisted corrosion better than steel contemporaries.^[23] It was equipped with a Ford Essex 3.0-litre V6 engine producing 135-146 hp, paired with a four-speed manual or three-speed automatic transmission, and offered 4+1 seating for practical grand touring.^[24] Approximately 9,400 units of the SE5 and SE5a series were built during this period, appealing to enthusiasts and celebrities alike for its blend of sports car dynamics and estate versatility.^[25] This model solidified Reliant's reputation in the UK's specialist vehicle sector, emphasizing lightweight construction and affordability in a market dominated by conventional saloons.^[26]

Rail and amusement systems

The British Rail Mark 2 carriages, introduced in 1963 and produced until 1975, served as the second generation of standard-gauge passenger coaches, featuring semi-integral steel construction that provided greater structural strength and safety compared to the previous Mark 1 design. These coaches were primarily deployed in InterCity services for long-distance travel, with monocoque-like integral bodywork contributing to improved ride quality and reduced maintenance needs. Over their production run, the design evolved through sub-variants including Mk 2a, Mk 2b, Mk 2c, Mk 2d, Mk 2e, and Mk 2f, incorporating progressive innovations such as fluorescent lighting in earlier models, air-conditioning and sealed windows in Mk 2d and later variants, and electric train heating for compatibility with electric locomotives. Typical second-class open coaches accommodated 72 passengers, supporting efficient mass transit on high-speed routes. Many Mark 2 carriages remain in use on heritage railways, where preservation efforts maintain their operational integrity for tourist and special services.^[27]^[28]^[29] The Disney Mark II Monorail, operational from 1961 to 1969 at Disneyland, exemplifies early beam-supported urban transport systems designed for amusement park integration, utilizing an elevated concrete guideway to ferry guests efficiently. This system featured 4-car trains to support transportation beyond mere attraction status, with electric motors providing propulsion along a 2.5-mile loop that connected the park to external facilities like the Disneyland Hotel. Key operational advancements included automatic speed regulation for safety, ensuring controlled acceleration and braking to prevent collisions, alongside expansions in 1961 that extended the route for broader accessibility. The monorail's design emphasized reliability, with top speeds reaching approximately 35 mph under normal conditions and safety protocols like pilot-operated doors and trackside signaling. Ongoing maintenance has sustained the system's role in guest mobility, influencing subsequent monorail deployments in theme parks.^[30] Indian Railways' Mark II coaches, introduced in the 2010s, represent a line of high-capacity passenger rolling stock built on the Linke Hofmann Busch (LHB) design, with double-decker variants optimizing space for dense routes through multi-level seating. These coaches feature air-conditioned chair car accommodations providing up to 120 seats per unit, arranged across two levels to balance comfort and efficiency during daytime journeys. Double-decker Mark II models, such as AC EOG variants with widths up to 3250 mm, incorporate enhanced aerodynamics and larger windows for improved passenger experience on premium services. Deployed on flagship trains like the Rajdhani Express, these coaches facilitate high-volume travel with features like onboard catering support and centralized air-conditioning, contributing to Indian Railways' network capacity expansion. Technical drawings and maintenance standards for these double-decker configurations are documented by the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO), ensuring compliance with safety and operational norms.^[31]

Technologies and scientific instruments

Computing hardware

The Harvard Mark II, also known as the Aiken Relay Calculator, was an electromechanical computer developed under the direction of Howard Aiken at Harvard University and completed in 1947 for the U.S. Navy's Naval Proving Ground at Dahlgren, Virginia.^[32] It represented a significant advancement in relay-based computing, designed to handle complex numerical analysis, data reduction, solutions to algebraic and transcendental equations, numerical integration, and differential equations, particularly for ballistics and ordnance applications during and after World War II.^[32] The machine's architecture emphasized reliability through nonvolatile relay storage and sequential data transfer via a single bus connecting registers, arithmetic units, and control mechanisms.^[32] Key features included approximately 13,000 electromechanical relays (Autocall Model HHA-JD) for internal operations, with around 6,200 dedicated to storage of about 100 ten-digit numbers and 5,000 more for supplementary functions.^[32] Arithmetic was performed using two addition units and four multiplication units, employing methods like Newton-Raphson iteration for roots and Aitken's delta-squared process for interpolation, achieving addition times of 125 milliseconds and multiplication times of 250 milliseconds.^[32] Numbers were represented in a coded-decimal system with four binary digits per decimal digit, supporting floating-point operations in the form N = p \times 10^j where $1 \leq p < 10 and -15 \leq j \leq +15, enabling computations to 8-9 significant figures.^[32] Input and output relied on punched paper tape loops via up to 12 Teletype mechanisms (Models 15, 10B, 12A), with provisions for keyboard entry and high-speed page printers or tape punches; these loops allowed repeated access to function tables and data for iterative tasks.^[32] Built by IBM in collaboration with Harvard, the Harvard Mark II—sometimes referred to in context as an IBM contribution to naval computing—featured about 3,500 relays specifically for arithmetic processing.^[33] The system weighed approximately 25 tons (23 metric tons) and occupied over 4,000 square feet (370 m²) of floor space, incorporating innovations like mechanical locking relays for nonvolatile storage and cam-operated switches for pulse distribution, which enhanced its suitability for prolonged naval computations.

Optical and radio equipment

The Mark II radio telescope, completed in 1964 at Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire, United Kingdom, features an elliptical 38 m by 25 m parabolic dish designed to maximize collecting area for radio astronomy observations.^[34] This instrument operates across a frequency range including L-band around 1.5 GHz, enabling high-sensitivity detections in radar astronomy, such as planetary surface mapping, and searches for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) by monitoring narrowband signals.^[35] It has been integral to interferometric arrays like MERLIN, linking with other telescopes to achieve resolutions down to milliarcseconds for studying compact radio sources and quasars.^[36] Additionally, the telescope supported space mission tracking, including contributions to Apollo program communications during the 1960s and 1970s.^[37] In optical astronomy, the Mark II spectrograph, developed in the late 20th century for use on mid-sized telescopes like the 1.3 m instrument at McGraw-Hill Observatory, facilitated detailed spectral analysis of celestial objects.^[38] Equipped with a grating system providing resolutions around 8 Å in the 4000–7200 Å wavelength range, it enabled precise measurements for stellar classification, identifying spectral types through line profiles and continuum shapes in surveys of faint stars and galaxies.^[38] Later iterations, such as the multi-mode Mark II spectrograph on smaller telescopes, incorporated gratings up to 1200 lines/mm, achieving resolving powers from 1400 in low-dispersion mode to over 18,000 in echelle configuration for applications like radial velocity determinations and metallicity assessments in stellar atmospheres.^[39] In the 2020s, the Mark II radio telescope continues to benefit from enhancements through integration into advanced arrays, including e-MERLIN's upgraded optical fiber links for real-time data transfer (completed in the mid-2010s), supporting precursor observations for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) by improving sensitivity in pulsar timing and transient event detection.^[36] These upgrades have expanded its role in multi-wavelength studies without major structural changes to the dish.^[40] Computational tools aid in processing the voluminous interferometric data from such systems, enabling efficient analysis of astronomical signals.^[35]

Photography equipment

The Canon EOS 5D Mark II, released in September 2008, marked a pivotal advancement in digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras by introducing full-frame 21.1-megapixel CMOS sensor technology capable of capturing 1080p full HD video, a feature that was groundbreaking for stills cameras at the time and earned it the nickname "the filmmakers' DSLR."^[41]^[42] This model supported an ISO range up to 25,600 for low-light performance and offered a burst shooting rate of 3.9 frames per second, enabling hybrid photo-video workflows that influenced professional videography and cinema production.^[43] Production of the EOS 5D Mark II continued until its discontinuation in 2012, following the launch of its successor, but it remained a staple for enthusiasts and professionals well into the 2010s due to its balance of image quality and accessibility.^[43] Shifting to Canon's mirrorless lineup, the EOS R6 Mark II, announced on November 2, 2022, builds on its DSLR heritage with a 24.2-megapixel full-frame CMOS sensor optimized for hybrid use, delivering up to 40 frames per second in electronic shutter mode and 4K video at 60 frames per second without crop.^[44]^[45] Its Dual Pixel CMOS AF II system features 1,053 autofocus zones for subject detection, including people, animals, and vehicles, enhancing reliability in dynamic scenarios like sports and wildlife photography.^[44] Battery life reaches approximately 580 shots per CIPA standard with the LP-E6NH pack, an improvement over prior models that supports extended all-day shooting.^[46] This camera solidified Canon's position in the mirrorless market by prioritizing speed and video capabilities for content creators. The EOS R5 Mark II, launched in July 2024 with shipping starting in August, represents a high-end evolution with a 45-megapixel stacked back-illuminated CMOS sensor that enables 30 frames per second burst shooting and 8K RAW video recording at 60 frames per second.^[47]^[48] It introduces eye-control autofocus, allowing users to select focus points by gazing through the viewfinder, alongside advanced overheating mitigation through improved heat dissipation and optional cooling accessories, addressing limitations noted in the original R5.^[49] Priced at $4,299 for the body, this model targets professional photographers and videographers requiring uncompromising resolution and performance in demanding environments like event coverage and cinematic production.^[47] As of November 2025, the Canon EOS R7 Mark II remains unannounced and in the rumor stage, with leaks suggesting a release in the first half of 2026 for this APS-C mirrorless camera featuring a 32.5-megapixel sensor and enhanced in-body image stabilization (IBIS) rated up to 8.5 stops, aimed at wildlife and sports photographers seeking affordable high-speed options.^[50]^[51] These specifications, if realized, would build on the original R7's strengths by incorporating stacked sensor technology for faster readout and reduced rolling shutter, potentially positioning it as a mid-range powerhouse.^[52] Among compact options, the Canon PowerShot G7 X Mark II, introduced in February 2016, offers a 20.1-megapixel 1-inch CMOS sensor paired with a 24-100mm equivalent f/1.8-2.8 zoom lens, supporting Full HD 1080p video at 60 frames per second and remaining popular in 2025 for vlogging thanks to its tilting touchscreen and pocketable design.^[53]^[54] Its DIGIC 7 processor enables 8 frames per second continuous shooting, making it a versatile entry for casual creators prioritizing portability over interchangeable lenses.^[53] These Mark II designations in Canon's photography lineup underscore a progression from DSLR video pioneers to advanced mirrorless hybrids, emphasizing sensor innovation and autofocus to meet evolving demands in digital imaging.

Other uses

Fiction and media

In the video game series, Mortal Kombat II (commonly abbreviated as MKII) serves as the 1993 sequel to the original Mortal Kombat, developed and published by Midway Games for arcades. Released on November 16, 1993, the game expands on its predecessor's one-on-one fighting mechanics by introducing new features such as chain combos, multiple fatalities per character, and "friendship" and "babality" finishing moves, which added layers of strategy and humor to the brutal combat system.^[55] Featuring a roster of 12 playable fighters—including returning characters like Liu Kang and Johnny Cage, alongside newcomers such as Kitana and Jax—the title's narrative continues the tournament storyline in the realm of Outworld, where warriors battle to prevent Shao Kahn's invasion of Earthrealm.^[56] Mortal Kombat II achieved significant commercial success, grossing over $600 million in arcade revenue worldwide and influencing the fighting game genre by popularizing digitized graphics, expansive move sets, and competitive esports elements that shaped titles like Street Fighter II and later 2D fighters. In science fiction media, the Mark II armor represents an early prototype in Tony Stark's Iron Man suit lineage within the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), debuting in the 2008 film Iron Man. Constructed in Stark's Malibu workshop shortly after his escape from captivity, the suit refines the rudimentary Mark I design with a sleeker silver exoskeleton, integrated arc reactor power source, and advanced flight capabilities powered by repulsor thrusters.^[57] During its inaugural test flight, the Mark II demonstrates supersonic speeds reaching Mach 1, though it encounters icing issues at high altitudes, highlighting initial engineering limitations in the MCU lore.^[58] The armor plays a pivotal narrative role when it is stolen by Obadiah Stane, who reverse-engineers its technology to create the Iron Monger suit, underscoring themes of technological proliferation and ethical innovation in the franchise.^[57] While the Mark II originates from Marvel Comics as one of Stark's foundational powered armors in the 1960s, the 2008 film adaptation emphasizes its role as a transitional prototype in the cinematic evolution of Iron Man's arsenal.^[58]

Historical figures and miscellaneous

Patriarch Mark II of Alexandria, also known as Markianos, served as the eighth Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church from 141 to 152 AD, succeeding Pope Eumenes and preceding Pope Celadion. Born in Alexandria, Egypt, he held the position of Dean of the Catechetical School of Alexandria prior to his election, a role that positioned him as a key figure in early Christian education and theology during the era of Roman Emperor Hadrian. His tenure, lasting approximately 11 years, occurred amid growing theological debates in the early church, though specific contributions to doctrine are not extensively documented in surviving records; he is commemorated in the Coptic Synaxarion on the 6th day of Tobi for his pastoral leadership in consolidating the fledgling Christian community in Alexandria following the evangelistic work of Saint Mark the Evangelist.^[59] Patriarch Mark II of Constantinople held the office of Ecumenical Patriarch from autumn 1465 to autumn 1466, succeeding Joasaph I in a period of intense political instability under Ottoman rule, just over a decade after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Elected by the hierarchy and clergy of the Patriarchate, he came from a distinguished family and was noted for his education, yet his brief reign was overshadowed by ecclesiastical intrigues and tensions with Ottoman authorities, leading to his resignation. Following his patriarchate, Mark II was appointed Archbishop of Ohrid in 1467, a position he maintained until his death around 1480, contributing to the preservation of Orthodox ecclesiastical structures in the Balkans during the transition from Byzantine to Ottoman dominance. His tenure exemplifies the challenges faced by Orthodox leaders in navigating imperial politics while upholding Byzantine theological legacies.^[60] In historical nomenclature prior to 1900, "Mark II" occasionally denoted revisions or second iterations in various standards and artifacts, such as in the 1890 production of the Mance heliograph signaling device, where the Mark II variant improved upon the original design for optical communication, though such uses were more common in technical patents than in numismatics. In numismatic contexts, terms like "mark" referred to mint marks or privy marks on coins, but specific "Mark II" designations for currency revisions pre-1900 are rare and typically appear in descriptive catalogs rather than official coinage, as seen in Roman imperial coinage where secondary marks indicated officina or value iterations without formal "II" labeling. Bridging to more recent cultural references, the term "Mark II" appeared in 2025 branding for the group exhibition Land / Mark II at Tim Melville Gallery in Auckland, New Zealand, exploring themes of landscape and identity through contemporary art, presented as a sequel to prior shows and highlighting evolving artistic interpretations of place.^[61]

References

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The Harvard Mark II was an electromechanical computer built under the direction of Howard Aiken and was finished in 1947.
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Log Book With Computer Bug | National Museum of American History
In 1947, engineers working on the Mark II computer at Harvard University found a moth stuck in one of the components. They taped the insect in their logbook.
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[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - Rolling Stock - I
This class used to have 45 or 46 berths depending on equipment placement, but these coaches have been phased out now. The AC 3-tier sleeper coaches have 64 ...
[38]
[PDF] HIGH-SPEED COMPUTING DEVICES
... Harvard Mark II Calculator. General. This cal- culator was designed and constructed by Harvard University6 for the Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren, Va. The ...
[39]
Howard Aiken - CHM Revolution - Computer History Museum
Completed in 1944, Aiken's “Harvard Mark I” calculator helped design America's atomic bomb. More sophisticated Mark II, III, and IV versions followed.Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
[40]
Down to the details, a giant in computing history - Harvard Gazette
Apr 7, 2014 · Designed by Harvard mathematician Howard Aiken (1900-1973) and built by IBM, it was 51 feet long, 8 feet high, and weighed 10,000 pounds. The ...Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
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Eclipse MV8000 computer - 102751925 - CHM
At the top of the front are a run light, a reset switch, a power switch, and an 8-inch floppy disk drive. The sides have doors that open.Missing: Mark II specifications<|control11|><|separator|>
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The MKII Radio Telescope - Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics
Jan 7, 2009 · In 1964 the second large fully steerable radio telescope was built at Jodrell Bank on the site of the 218ft Transit Telescope.
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Jodrell Bank Observatory - VLBI Group
Feb 16, 2023 · The telescopes in use are the 28-m Mk2 telescope (generally for frequencies above L-band; 1.4-1.6 GHz) and the 76-m Lovell telescope (generally ...Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
[44]
e-MERLIN
e-MERLIN is an array of seven radio telescopes spanning 217 km (135 miles) across Great Britain connected by a superfast optical fibre network.Observe · Proposal Tool · News · Support
[45]
The Story of Jodrell Bank
This accidental discovery was the start of radio astronomy at Jodrell Bank. ... In 1969 Jodrell Bank tracked the Apollo 11 mission, following the descent ...
[46]
Spectral types for objects in the KISO survey. II - Data for 61 stars
... McGraw-Hill 1.3 m telescope and Mark II spectrograph. The original resolution was about 8 A and the spectra have been corrected for atmospheric extinction ...
[47]
[PDF] Multi-mode spectrographs for small telescopes: design, operation ...
That a well designed, flexible and multi-mode spectrograph can produce high-impact scientific data even on modest size telescopes is proven by the. Mark.II ...
[48]
Telescopes - Jodrell Bank
Mark II. The Mark II telescope, completed in 1964, has a parabolic reflecting surface with an elliptical outline to increase the collecting area over a circular ...
[49]
On this day 2008: Canon launches EOS 5D II, the filmmakers' DSLR
Sep 17, 2024 · 16 years ago today, Canon revealed a camera that would help define the final years of DSLR dominance: the EOS 5D II.
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EOS 5D Mark II - Canon Camera Museum
The EOS 5D Mark II features a newly developed full-size 21.1-megapixel CMOS sensor that not only realizes outstanding resolution performance and rich gradation ...Missing: production end
[51]
Canon EOS 5D Mark II Review - The-Digital-Picture.com
Rating 5.0 · Review by Bryan CarnathanJan 9, 2009 · The 5D II's big news is the increased resolution - matching the 1Ds III's 21.1 megapixel number. Learn more about DLA (Diffraction Limited Aperture)
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Canon EOS R6 Mark II in-depth review - DPReview
Rating 4.7 (5) Feb 22, 2023 · Battery. The R6 II uses the same LP-E6NH battery found on many other EOS cameras, although Canon has improved battery life. It gives the R6 II ...What's new · How it compares · Body & handling · Image quality
[53]
Specifications & Features - Canon EOS R6 Mark II Camera
... canon app (iOS/Android). Power Source. Batteries. Rechargeable Li-ion Battery LP-E6NH (supplied)/LP-E6N. Battery Life. With LCD Approx. 760 shots (at 23°C) With ...
[54]
Canon EOS R6 Mark II review: An improvement to a winning formula
The battery life has been improved as well. With its LP-E6NH Rechargeable Lithium-Ion battery, the R6 II can shoot up to 580 shots, up from its predecessor's ...
[55]
Canon EOS R5 Mark II Mirrorless Camera - B&H
In stock Rating 4.6 (239) Boasting enough horsepower to allow Canon's highest resolution mirrorless sensor to shoot a speedy 30 fps and capture 8K60p raw video.
[56]
Canon EOS R5 Mark II Review - The-Digital-Picture.com
Jul 17, 2024 · The R5 Mark II is a compelling upgrade to the R5, taking the R series 5 series model to a significantly higher performance level, especially for sports, ...
[57]
Canon EOS R5 II in-depth review - DPReview
Rating 4.9 (3) Sep 12, 2024 · All cameras overheat at some point but, despite the fact that Canon published the expected limits of the R5 at launch (and certainly not helped ...
[58]
We finally have a hint at the Canon EOS R7 Mark II release date
Sep 2, 2025 · The EOS R7 Mark II was originally rumored to be expected in the second half of 2025, but the ever-updated timeline and constant spec leaks have ...
[59]
The latest on the Canon EOS R7 Mark II
Oct 31, 2025 · Stacked Sensor!? The big mention from the world of anonymous: The EOS R7 Mark II will have a brand-new stacked CMOS sensor. The EOS R6 Mark ...
[60]
https://ec-patr.org/en/ecumenical-patriarchate/history/former-patriarchs/
[61]
Second Time Around: Canon PowerShot G7 X Mark II Review
Rating 4.4 (9) Jul 20, 2016 · Key Features · 20MP 1"-type BSI CMOS sensor · 24-100mm F1.8-F2.8 lens · 3" tilting touchscreen LCD · Click/click-less front dial · 8 fps continuous ...
[62]
Canon PowerShot G7X Mark II review | Cameralabs
Rating 4.0 · Review by Gordon LaingJul 24, 2016 · The G7X Mark II is the latest version, sharing the same 1in sensor and 4.2x / 24-100mm / f1.8-2.8 zoom as its predecessor, but now with an ...
[63]
Mortal Kombat II - Videogame by Midway Games - Arcade Museum
Mortal Kombat II is a Videogame by Midway Games (circa 1993). A fast-paced, head-to-head fighting game with twelve characters to choose from -- each one ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[64]
Mortal Kombat II (Video Game 1993) - IMDb
Rating 8.2/10 (3,204) It has a good story, incredible action, great music, awesome characters, very fun, really interesting looking stages, and more! Below is an In-depth review of ...
[65]
Every Version Of The MCU Iron Man Armor Tony Stark Built
Sleek and aerodynamic, the Mark II is the first Iron Man suit to integrate Stark's AI JARVIS and a fully-functioning HUD, apart from the hundreds of carefully ...
[66]
Iron Man's Armor: Every Suit Tony Wore In the MCU - Game Rant
Jan 10, 2023 · Mark II, the shiniest of the pair of silver suits, was designed after he returned to his California home and is the first of Tony's many models ...
[67]
Pope Markianos - Coptic Orthodox Church
Markianus, the 8th Pope of Alexandria, departed. He was born in Alexandria. When Pope Eumenius departed, the fathers of the church gathered with the people ...
[68]
List of Previous Patriarchs - Ecumenical Patriarchate
Mark II. He succeeded Patriarch Joasaph I, being elected into Patriarch by the vote of the hierarchy and the clergy of the Patriarchate. He was well-educated ...
[69]
https://artcollector.net.au/gallery-event/group-exhibition-land-mark-ii/